FRIDAY, August 2, 1914 Vol.

When there are people, there are problems. When there are no people, there are no problems.

KAISER GEYSER
Conflicts explode whithin German embassy
Wilhelms policies disgust local fish monger
Germany deserves not a place in the sun, although I would venture to assert that the dear Wilhelm II has for himself reserved a place amongst the flames. Overly aggressive, self assured and with a short patience, any upset which threatens to burn the fuse, and lead to a messy explosion which will not only destroy Germany, and any pride those people may maintain, but the shrapnel of which threatens the peace of the continent itself. As I was strolling the roads, offering my fine fish product (only 1 kopek per fish, come and get them while they are freshthe best aquatic creature you and your family will ever experience!), the teachings of Freud began to recite themselves to my wandering mind. Wilhelms relationship with his father no doubt shaped and traumatized the young boy. Aside from the clear feeling that his English mother had betrayed him, destroyed much of his pride and manliness by birthing him with a withered arm, Wilhelm was clearly confused by this disgust and blame and the Oedipus Complex that every young boy experiences. It was likely this persevering confusion, ever present in the boys mind that led to his instability. With such a history, how can such a man be considered competent?

ew telegrams reveal the beginnings of a great European war! Telegrams between our leader Tsar Nicholas II and German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II expose increasing animosity between the two powers and the mobilization of the German army against the allies. The first of the telegrams was sent on July 29th from Nicholas in which he mentions to the Kaiser the impending pressure to fight he feels forced upon him. He implores the Kaiser to prevent his allies (tumultuous Austria-Hungry and weak Italy) from going too far, referring to military mobilization. The Kaiser responds with a similar desire; he describes his hope that Austria will be able to peacefully work out its problems. The Kaiser also predicts that the ensuing war may become the most horrible war Europe will ever witness! Let us hope that prediction does not come true! As the

telegrams progress so too does the frequency of the mentions of violence, as well as the awkwardness between the two cousins. The Kaiser reveals how all too aware his is of the deteriorating situation in Russia when he writes to Nicholas I fully understand how difficult it is for you and your Government to face the drift of your public opinion. He knows! Tensions escalate between the two when the Kaiser denies Nicholas suggestion that the Austro-Servian conflict be decided at the Hague conference. The suggestion is left out of any of the Kaisers responses. A disagreement over the language of the German ambassador to Russia, Count Pourtales, furthers the rift between the two cousins, and soon the Kaiser is aggressively insisting to Nicholas that the peace of Europe may still be maintained by you. Throughout all the telegrams both leaders repeatedly state that they by no means want to become involved

in a war. Nonetheless, the Kaisers obligation to mobilize Germanys army stated in the last telegram hardly comes as a surprise considering the feuding between the two powers and the situation of the European nations. While the telegrams reveal an obvious rift in the two leaders relationship and cooperation this is not the first time that Germany acted brashly toward Russia. After all, it was Otto van Bismarck who created an alliance with Russia and Austria-Hungry only to secretly create another alliance with only Austria-Hungry. The last words of the Kaisers final telegram to Nicholas is a direct order for Nicholas to prohibit Russian troops from trespassing into German land. These final words make it all too clear that the Kaiser is no longer looking at Nicholas as his cousin and friend, but instead as his enemy in battle. ISABELA MILLEROV

Russia gives up port to agressive island country

n the recent war with Japan over Korea and Manchuria. The causes of the war started when Russia sought a warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean for their navy was well as maritime trade. Russias port, Vladivostok, was only operational during the summer and Port Arthur, in China, was operational year-round. From the end of the Sino-Japanese War in 1903, negotiations with Japan proved impractical. In 1905, the Japanese attained victory over the Russians and the conclusion of the war, the Treaty of Portsmouth, consisting of eight total articles, was signed at Portsmouth, New

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Hampshire on September 5, 1905. Article I of the treaty states that peace shall be attained between their Majesties the Emperor of Japan and the Emperor of all the Russias. The Russian government acknowledging that Japan possesses Koreas and their interests are not to interfere with the measures of their guidance. Also, the two parties agree to abstain on the Russian-Korean frontier from taking any military measure which may menace the security of Russian or Korean territory. Japan and Russia both agree to evacuate Manchuria and to grant control back to China. The Imperial Rus-

sian Government transfers and assigns to the Imperial Government of Japan, with consent of the Government of China, the lease of Port Arthur and the additional waters. In the treaty, it is stated that Russia cedes the Island of Saghalin and all adjacent islands to the Imperial Government of Japan. In all perspectives, Russia was defeated by Japan and by the Treaty of Portsmouth, has agreed to cede land wanted by The Imperial Government of Japan. They lost their hold on Port Arthur and failed to obtain a warm-water port. ANNA PROVANOV

cartoon by Isabela Millerov

ussias course has been toward global dominance. It righteously created Bulgaria in 1878 to protect the Orthodox Christians and encouraged unity through Pan-Slavism. But nationalism and expansion have been threatened by our fellow European state-Germany. In 1887, Germany and Russia signed the Reinsurance treaty to maintain peace between the two nations and ensure their neutrality if either country were to engage in war. It recognized Russias influence in Bulgaria and made exceptions for neutrality if Russia were to act aggressively toward Austria-Hungary, or Germany toward France. While the document appears to act as a beacon of friendship between Germany and Russia, in reality, it is a German attempt to steer Russia toward their own interests. It should first be noted that Germany cannot be trusted. This is their second attempt at a non-aggression treaty. The first, known as the Three Emperors League fell apart when Germany disgracefully forged the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary, showing that Germany does not have any real commitments toward Russia. If Germany truly considered Russia as a friend, Otto Von Bismarck, Germanys tyrannical ruler, would have turned to Russia before Austria Hungary. The document instead is a means through which Germany may acquire power. It explicitly details how disputed territory should be handled by the two countries. It mentions Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia as well as the relationships with Austria-Hungary and France. However, it also discusses interaction with Turkey, noting how Germany would propose dividing the spoils if the sick man of Europe were to fall. With this, Germany attempts to establish itself as the leading European power and protects its own self interests. In reality, Germany felt threatened by Russias im-

Reinsurance treaty revealed as product of German selfishness, irresponsibility

mense power and its abounding gain of territory. Germanys selfishness has only been a source of trouble for Russia. While Russia hopes to expand, Germany hopes to hold back its power. While Russia stays ever faithful to its commitments, Germany betrays them carelessly. It is not with Germany that Russia should unite with, it is with France and Britain that have been our true allies through this century long labyrinth of politics and conflict. While Russia maintains its unsteady peace with Germany, it is uncertain how long such a peace can last. If Germany fails to re-sign the Reinsurance Treaty in three years, it will prove its undying egotism and betrayal. Germanys irresponsibility is also one of the reasons why discomfort has been rising in Europe. With their formation of the Triple Alliance with Italy and Austria-Hungary, and their shameless rejection of Russia, Otto Von Bismarck (the man responsible) has shown aggression toward countries such as Russia, Britain, Turkey, Serbia and France. Since Turkey and Serbia cannot be relied on, it is up to a new group of superpowers that is, Russia, France and Britain to ally and fight back against Bismarcks tyrannical ways. If war is near, Russia must be prepared. The Reinsurance treaty shows that tension between our nation and Germany is present, and furthermore, that Germany is to blame. Russias expansion and grasp for power should be unhindered by less-powerful countries that hope establish themselves as major global powers. But it will be when Germany doesnt reissue the treaty that will determine whether to take true action. When it does, Germany can go with Austria-Hungary and Russia will find a true companion in France. SOFYA DYERSTOEVSKY

War likely with Austrian neighbor

ar seemed to loom ever closer and heavier as the days passed. The Serbian Prime Minister, Pashitch, seemed to have accepted not only the possibility of war, but the sorrowful probability by July 24th. Servia being an ally of Russias, would, of course, have no choice but to aid the fight against the overbearing nation of Austria. It further transpired that the strangely delicate pride of Austria could not withstand a tug even from Servia, and so then became threatened with the might of Russias outstanding army. A telegram received only several days ago by the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs reads that even after attempts to convince the Austrian Minister of the justifications in allowing Servian peace as a necessary way to assure that the possibility of terrible consequences was to be avoided, this plea was met each time in the negative. After a time of tense patience, a telegram from the 25th of this month was received which it was revealed that the British Ambassador at Vienna was in accord with the idea that the ultimatums timeline be extended. This phraseology, the use of the word ultimatum, was actively discouraged by the Austrian Ambassador, who instead redefined the situation as a step. The reaction to which would determine international relationships. It was at this moment stressed that failure to meet with this step did not, by this redefinition, necessarily translate into war, as everyone had feared. Nonetheless, the air remained thick with concern. A rather unanticipated opening to an informational telegram was received the following day, which opened with the words I HAD a long and friendly conversation to-day with the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador. It continued to detail the points not of contention, but perhaps of cohesion between the conversing sides. It was mercifully agreed that the AustroHungarian Ambassador might privately share views and ideas of reform with the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, with a the desired outcome of a diplomatic agreement concerning Servia. The tone of yesterdays telegram appeared to be written with much more confidence and comfort than any by which it was immediately preceded. Today, the tone became again wearied and worrisome. Although it was confessed that [Austria] harbours no designs against the integrity of Servia and only desires peace, that Russia is considered responsible for the prevention of war. This assertion, along with the completion of this sentiment along with the claim that the matter amounted... to a dispute between Austria and Russia. The meeting is reported to have ended in a stubborn silence. CARMEN ALTOVSKY


French, Russian leaders exchange national pastries, form alliance

Persia granted independence, namesake cats not as excited

he governments of protecting the peace between us that are supported by the Russian Russia and Great Britain and regarding our mutual interests government. In return, Russia have finally come to an in the area. will fulfill the same stipulations agreement concerning the Firstly, we must stipulate regarding concessions beyond independence of Persia. The powers that Great Britain refrain from a line starting from Gazik, and in question have agreed to preserve seeking any concessions of a passing through Birjand, Kerman, order throughout the country political or commercial nature, and ending at Bunder Abbas. and work in favor of its peaceful including but not limited to Secondly, Russia and Britain agree development to uphold any and and lastly all concessions to ensure at The powers in question have agreed to existingtime in the advantages present the preserve order throughout the country and aforementioned equally to trade between all work in favor of its peaceful development and regions. other nations. Lastly, In lastly to ensure advantages equally to trade the event of Acknowledging irregularities in between all other nations. the fact that the payment of each Russia interest on the and Great Persian loans, Britain have, for the reasons of railways, banks, telegraphs, roads, Russian and British governments both geographical and economic, transport, insurance, etc. from agree to enter into a friendly a specially maintained interest beyond a line starting from Kasr- exchange of ideas to determine, in the enforcement of peace and i-Shirin, and passing through in agreement with each other, the order in the whole of Persia and Isfahan, Yezd, Kakhk, terminating measures necessary to control the its surrounding states, including at the intersection of the Russian outcome without interfering in the the Russian frontier and those of and Afghan frontiers on the edge principles in previously mentioned Afghanistan and Baluchistan, an of the Persian frontier. Britain agreements. agreement must be made between must also agree not to oppose the CLARA WALSHOVSKY our two powers in the spirit of demands for similar concessions

The Hope for Serb-ival:

36

Serbian princes fate wound around responses from readers

Should the Serbians receive aid?

N JUNE 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and wife Sophia were assassinated by a member of the Nationalist group, Young Bosnia, in Sarajevo. The couple were en route to the Royal Palace when the event transpired. Earlier that day, another assassination attempt had been made when a grenade was thrown at their car. It was unsuccessful, however, because Ferdinand deflected the grenade and it detonated far behind them as Ferdinand is known to have yelled at local officials: So this is how you welcome your guests? On July 24, 1914, Russia received a telegram from the troubled Prince of Serbia, pleading for our help. The Imperial Russian Government, in all its glory, cannot decide whether or not to help the troubled prince. He states that the much appreciated goodwill which your Majesty has so often shown towards us inspires us with the firm belief that once again our appeal to your noble Slav heart will not pass unheeded. What do you think, Russia, should we help them? Should we? Please send us your comments via telegram or mail. If we believe you provide us with quality information, we will send you a complimentary jar of Russias finest caviar. ANNA PROVANOV

he governments of Russia and Great Britain have finally come to an agreement concerning the independence of Persia. The powers in question have agreed to preserve order throughout the country and work in favor of its peaceful development and lastly to ensure advantages equally to trade between all other nations. Acknowledging the fact that each Russia and Great Britain have, for the reasons of both geographical and economic, a specially maintained interest in the enforcement of peace and order in the whole of Persia and its surrounding states, including the Russian frontier and those of Afghanistan and Baluchistan, an agreement must be made between our two powers in the spirit of protecting the peace between us and regarding our mutual interests in the area. Firstly, we must stipulate that Great Britain refrain from seeking any concessions of a political or commercial nature, including but not limited to railways, banks, telegraphs, roads, transport, insurance, etc. from beyond a line starting from Kasr-i-Shirin, and passing through Isfahan, Yezd, Kakhk, terminating at the intersection of the Russian and Afghan frontiers on the edge of the Persian frontier. Britain must also agree not to oppose the demands for similar concessions that are supported by the Russian government. In return, Russia will fulfill the same stipulations regarding concessions beyond a line starting from Gazik, and passing through Birjand, Kerman, and ending at Bunder Abbas. Secondly, Russia and Britain agree to uphold any and all concessions existing at the present time in the aforementioned regions. Lastly, In the event of irregularities in the payment of interest on the Persian loans, Russian and British governments agree to enter into a friendly exchange of ideas to determine, in agreement with each other, the measures necessary to control the outcome without interfering in the principles in previously mentioned agreements. CLARA WALSHOVSKY

percent of people polled believe Serbia should be aided

64

percent of people polled believe Serbia should NOT be aided

French president Henri Poincar