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The sounds of English and the International Phonetic Alphabet

This chart contains all the sounds (phonemes) used in the English language. For each sound, it gives: The symbol from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), as used in phonetic transcriptions in modern dictionaries for English learners that is, in A. C. Gimsons phonemic system with a few additional symbols. The chart represents British and American phonemes with one symbol. One symbol can mean two different phonemes in American and British English. See the footnotes for British-only and American-only symbols. Two English words which use the sound. The underline shows where the sound is heard. The links labeled Amer and Brit play sound recordings (Flash is required) where the words are pronounced in American and British English. The British version is given only where it is very different from the American version. To print the chart, use the printable PDF version.

vowels

consonants

IPA examples

listen

IPA examples

listen

cup, luck

Amer

bad, lab

Amer

arm, father

Amer / Brit

did, lady

Amer

cat, black

Amer

find, if

Amer

met, bed

Amer

give, flag

Amer

away, cinema

Amer

how, hello

Amer

turn, learn

Amer / Brit

yes, yellow

Amer

hit, sitting

Amer

cat, back

Amer

i:

see, heat

Amer

leg, little

Amer

hot, rock

Amer / Brit

man, lemon

Amer

call, four

Amer / Brit

45

no, ten

Amer

put, could

Amer

sing, finger

Amer

u:

blue, food

Amer

pet, map

Amer

five, eye

Amer

red, try

Amer

now, out

Amer

sun, miss

Amer

say, eight

Amer

she, crash

Amer

go, home

Amer

tea, getting

Amer

boy, join

Amer

check, church

Amer

where, air

Amer / Brit

17

think, both

Amer

near, here

Amer / Brit

this, mother

Amer

pure, tourist

Amer / Brit

voice, five

Amer

wet, window

Amer

zoo, lazy

Amer

pleasure, vision

Amer

just, large

Amer

1.

1. Almost all dictionaries use the e symbol for the vowel in bed. The problem with this convention is that e in the IPA does not stand for the vowel in bed; it stands for a different vowel that is heard, for example, in the German word Seele, or at the beginning of the e sound in English. The proper symbol for the bed vowel is (do not confuse with :). The same goes for e vs. .

2.

2. In and :, the is not pronounced in BrE, unless the sound comes before a vowel (as in answering, answer it). In AmE, the is always pronounced, and the sounds are sometimes written as and .

3. 4. 5. 6.

3. In AmE, : and are one vowel, so calm and cot have the same vowel. In American transcriptions, hot is written as h:t. 4. About 40% of Americans pronounce : the same way as :, so that caught and cot have the same vowel. See cot-caught merger. 5. In American transcriptions, : is often written as : (e.g. law = l:), unless it is followed by r, in which case it remains an :. 6. In British transcriptions, o is usually represented as . For some BrE speakers, o is more appropriate (they use a rounded vowel) for others, the proper symbol is . For American speakers, o is usually more accurate.

7.

7. In e , the r is not pronounced in BrE, unless the sound comes before a vowel (as in dearest, dear Ann). In AmE, the r is always pronounced, and the sounds are often written as er r r.

8.

8. All dictionaries use the r symbol for the first sound in red. The problem with this convention is that r in the IPA does not stand for the British or American r; it stands for the hard r that is heard, for example, in the Spanish word rey or Italian vero. The proper symbol for the red consonant is .

9.

9. In American English, t is often pronounced as a flap t, which sounds like d or (more accurately) like the quick, hard r heard e.g. in the Spanish word pero. For example: letter. Some dictionaries use the t symbol for the flap t.

special symbols

IPA what it means

The vertical line () is used to show word stress. It is placed before the stressed syllable in a word. For example, /kntrkt/ is pronounced like this, and /kntrkt/ like that. Word stress is explained in our article about phonetic transcription.

is not a sound it is a short way of saying that an r is pronounced only in American English. For

example, if you write that the pronunciation of bar is /b:/, you mean that it is /b:r/ in American English, and /b:/ in British English. However, in BrE, r will be heard if is followed by a vowel. For example, far gone is pronounced /f: gn/ in BrE, but far out is pronounced /f: rat/.
i is usually pronounced like a shorter version of i:, but sometimes (especially in an old-fashioned British

accent) it can sound like . Examples: very /veri/, create /kriet/, previous /pri:vis/, ability
/blti/.

l means that the consonant l is pronounced as a separate syllable (the syllabic l, which sounds like a

vowel), or that there is a short sound before it. Examples: little /lt l/, uncle /k l/. Instead of the l symbol, some dictionaries use an l with a small vertical line underneath, or simply l, as in /ltl/.

n means that the consonant n is pronounced as a separate syllable (the syllabic n, which sounds like a

vowel), or that there is a short sound before it. Examples: written /rt n/, listen /ls n/. Instead of the n symbol, some dictionaries use an n with a small vertical line underneath, or simply n, as in /rtn/.

Does this chart list all the sounds that you can hear in British and American English?
No. This page contains symbols used in phonetic transcriptions in modern dictionaries for English learners. It does not list all the possible sounds in American or British English. For example, this page does not list the regular t (heard in this pronunciation of letter) and the flap t (heard in this one) with separate symbols. It groups them under a single symbol: t. (In other words, it groups a number of similar sounds under a single phoneme, for simplicity. To understand how sounds are grouped into phonemes, read the article on phonemic transcription.) So this page actually lists phonemes (groups of sounds), not individual sounds. Each symbol in the chart can correspond to many different (but similar) sounds, depending on the word and the speakers accent.

Take the phoneme p in the above chart. It occurs in the phonemic transcriptions of pin /pn/ and spin /spn/. In pin, this phoneme is pronounced with aspiration (breathing). This aspirated p sound has its own special symbol in the IPA: p. In spin, the phoneme is pronounced normally; this normal p sound is represented by p in the IPA. So the p phoneme represents two sounds: p and p. (This can be confusing, because p can mean both the p phoneme and the p sound.)

Typing the phonetic symbols

You wont find phonetic symbols on your computers keyboard. How do you type them in a Word document, e-mail message, or SRS collection? There are two solutions: You can go to the IPA phonetic keyboard at ipa.typeit.org, type your transcriptions, and copy & paste them to your document. You can use the ASCII Phonetic Alphabet, which replaces IPA symbols with characters that you can type on your keyboard.

Learning to pronounce the sounds

We offer English pronunciation software called PerfectPronunciation which teaches learners to pronounce the most frequently used English words. It lets you listen to examples of English sounds, practice your pronunciation, and review your knowledge. PerfectPronunciation uses the ASCII Phonetic Alphabet.
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