AlternativeFuelsDataCenterFuelPropertiesComparison

Gasoline Chemical Structure FuelMaterial (feedstocks) C4toC12 Diesel(No.2) C8toC25 Biodiesel Methylesters ofC12toC22 fattyacids Fatsandoils fromsources suchassoy beans,waste cookingoil, animalfats, andrapeseed B100has 103%ofthe energyinone gallonof gasolineor 93%ofthe energyofone gallonof diesel.B20 has109%of theenergyof onegallonof gasolineor 99%ofthe energyofone gallonof diesel. 119,550 Btu/galfor B100(g) Propane(LPG) C3H8(majority) andC4H10 (minority) Abyproduct ofpetroleum refiningor naturalgas processing Compressed NaturalGas (CNG) CH4(8399%), 2H6(113%) Underground reserves Liquefied NaturalGas (LNG) CH4 Ethanol CH3CH2OH Methanol CH3OH H2 Hydrogen Electricity N/A

CrudeOil

CrudeOil

Underground reserves

Corn,grains,or agricultural waste (cellulose)

Naturalgas, coal,or, woody biomass

Naturalgas, methanol,and electrolysisof water

Coal,nuclear, naturalgas, hydroelectric, andsmall percentages ofwindand solar 33.70kWh has100%of theenergyof onegallonof gasoline.

GasolineGallon Equivalent

100%

1gallonof dieselhas 113%ofthe energyofone gallonof gasoline.

1gallonof propanehas 73%ofthe energyofone gallonof gasoline.

5.66pounds or126.67cu. ft.ofCNGhas 100%ofthe energyofone gallonof gasoline.[1]

1gallonofLNG has64%ofthe energyofone gallonof gasoline.

1gallonofE85 has73%to 83%ofthe energyofone gallongasoline (variationdue toethanol contentin E85).1gallon ofE10has 96.7%ifthe energyofone gallonof gasoline.[2]

1gallonof methanolhas 49%ofthe energyofone gallonof gasoline.

1kgor2.198 lbs.ofH2has 100%ofthe energyofone gallonof gasoline.

EnergyContent (Lowerheating value)

116,090 Btu/gal(g)

128,450 Btu/gal(g)

84,950Btu/gal (g)

20,268Btu/lb (g)[1]

74,720Btu/gal (g)

76,330Btu/gal forE100(g)

57,250 Btu/gal(g)

51,585Btu/lb (g)

3,414 Btu/kWh

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AlternativeFuelsDataCenterFuelPropertiesComparison
Gasoline EnergyContent (Higherheating value) PhysicalState CetaneNumber PumpOctane Number FlashPoint Autoignition Temperature Maintenance Issues 124,340 Btu/gal(g) Diesel(No.2) 137,380 Btu/gal(g) Biodiesel 127,960 Btu/galfor B100(g) Liquid 4865(a) N/A 212to338F (a) ~300F(a) Hosesand sealsmaybe affectedby higher percent blend. Lubricityis improved overthatof conventional dieselfuel. Propane(LPG) 91,410Btu/gal (g) Compressed NaturalGas (CNG) 22,453Btu/lb (g)[1] Liquefied NaturalGas (LNG) 84,820Btu/gal (g)

Ethanol 84,530Btu/gal forE100(g)

Methanol 65,200 Btu/gal(g)

Hydrogen 61,013Btu/lb (g)

Electricity 3,414 Btu/kWh

Liquid N/A 8493(c) 45F(o) 495F(o)

Liquid 4055(a) N/A 165F(o) ~600F(o)

Pressurized Liquid N/A 105(f) 100to150F (o) 850to950F (o) Somefleets reportservice livesthatare2 3yearslonger, aswellas extended intervals between required maintenance.

Compressed Gas N/A 120+(d) 300F(o) 1,004F(o) Highpressure tanksrequire periodic inspection and certification.

CryogenicLiquid N/A 120+(d) 306F(p) 1,004F(p) Highpressure tanksrequire periodic inspectionand certification.

Liquid 054(b) 110(e) 55F(o) 793F(o) Special lubricantsmay berequired. Practicesare verysimilar,if notidentical, tothosefor conventionally fueled operations.

Liquid N/A 112(e) 52F(o) 897F(o) Special lubricants mustbeused asdirectedby thesupplier andM85 compatible replacement partsmustbe used.

CompressedGas orLiquid N/A 130+(f) N/A 1,050to1,080 F(o) Whenhydrogen isusedinfuel cellapplications, maintenance shouldbevery minimal.

Electricity N/A N/A N/A N/A Service requirements arelessthan withgasoline ordiesel.No tuneups,oil changes, timingbelts, waterpumps, radiators,or fuelinjectors arerequired. Itislikelythat thebattery willneed replacement beforethe vehicleis retired.

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AlternativeFuelsDataCenterFuelPropertiesComparison
EnergySecurity Impacts Gasoline Manufactu redusing oil,of which nearly2/3 isimported (n). Diesel(No.2) Manufacture dusingoil,of whichnearly 2/3is imported(n). Biodiesel Biodieselis domestically produced, renewable, andreduces petroleum use95% throughout itslifecycle(i). Propane(LPG) Approximately halfoftheLPG intheU.S.is derivedfrom oil,butnooilis imported specificallyfor LPG production. Compressed NaturalGas (CNG) CNGis domestically produced. TheUnited Stateshas vastnatural gasreserves. Liquefied NaturalGas (LNG) LNGis domestically produced. Ethanol Ethanolis produced domestically. E85reduces lifecycle petroleumuse by70%and E10reduces petroleumuse by6.3%(l). Methanol Methanolis domestically produced, sometimes from renewable resources. Hydrogen Hydrogenis produced domestically andcanbe producedfrom renewable sources. Electricity Electricityis generated mainly throughcoal firedpower plants.Coalis theUnited Statesmost plentifuland pricestable fossilenergy resource.

Notes
[1]Duetotheinfinitetemperatureandpressurecombinationsofgaseousfuelsandtheireffectonfueldensity,ft3unitsarenotgiven.MostofthesefuelsaredispensedbyCoriolisflowmeters,whichtrackfuel massandreportfueldispensedona"gallonofgasolineequivalent"(GGE)basis. [2]E85isahighlevelgasolineethanolblendcontaining51%to83%ethanol,dependingongeographyandseason.Ethanolcontentislowerinwintermonthsincoldclimatestoensureavehiclestarts.Based oncomposition,E85'slowerheatingvaluevariesfrom83,950to95,450Btu/gal.Thisequatesto73%to83%theheatcontentofgasoline.

Sources
(a)R.L.McCormick.BiodieselHandlingandUseGuidelinesFourthEdition,NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory,2009. (b)AmericanPetroleumInstitute(API),AlcoholsandEthers,PublicationNo.4261,3rded.(Washington,DC,June2001),Table2. (c)PetroleumProductSurveys:MotorGasoline,Summer1986,Winter1986/1987.NationalInstituteforPetroleumandEnergyResearch. (d)K.OwenandT.Coley.1995.AutomotiveFuelsReferenceBook:SecondEdition.SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers,Inc.Warrendale,PA. (e)J.Heywood.1988.InternalCombustionEngineFundamentals.McGrawHillInc.NewYork. (f)AmericanPetroleumInstitute(API),AlcoholsandEthers,PublicationNo.4261,3rded.(Washington,DC,June2001),TableB1. (g)GreenhouseGases,RegulatedEmissions,andEnergyUseinTransportation(GREET)Model,version1.7.2007.InputFuelSpecifications.ArgonneNationalLaboratory.Chicago,IL. (h)TheNationalBiodieselBoardwebsitereportsthat"mostmajorenginecompanieshavestatedformallythattheuseofblendsuptoB20willnotvoidtheirpartsandworkmanshipwarranties."Accessed 11/15/12athttp://www.biodiesel.org/usingbiodiesel/oeminformation/oemstatementsummarychart (i)J.Sheehan,V.Camobreco,J.Duffield,M.Graboski,andH.Shapouri.1998.AnOverviewofBiodieselandPetroleumDieselLifeCycles.ReportofNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)andUS DepartmentofEnergy(DOE). (j)R.L.McCormick,A.Williams,J.Ireland,M.Brimhall,andR.R.Hayes.2006.EffectsofBiodieselBlendsonVehicleEmissions.NRELMilestoneReportNREL/MP54040554. (k)K.Kelly,L.Eudy,andT.Coburn.1999.LightDutyAlternativeFuelVehicles:FederalTestProcedureEmissionsResults.ReportofNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL),NREL/TP54025818. (l)M.Wang.2005.EnergyandGreenhouseGasEmissionsImpactsofFuelEthanol.PresentationtotheNGCARenewableFuelsForum,August23,2005.ArgonneNationalLaboratory.Chicago,IL. (m)J.Murray,BenLane,K.Lillie,andJ.McCallum.2000.AnAssessmentoftheEmissionsPerformanceofAlternativeandConventionalFuels.ReportoftheAlternativeFuelsGroupoftheCleanerVehiclesTask Force.Norwich,UK. (n)EnergyInformationAdministration.MonthlyEnergyReview.Summaryfor2006. (o)MethanolInstitute.FuelProperties.Accessed11/14/2012athttp://www.methanol.org/Energy/Resources/AlternativeFuel/AltFuelProperties.aspx (p)Foss,Michelle.2012.LNGSafetyandSecurity.BureauofEconomicGeology,JacksonSchoolofGeosciences.UniversityofTexasatAustin.

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