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N
A
= 6.022 10
23
mol
1
G = 6.674 10
11
N m
2
kg
2
g = 9.81 m s
2
m
e
= 9.109 10
31
kg
m
p
= 1.673 10
27
kg
e = 1.602 10
19
C
k = 1/(4
0
) = 8.988 10
9
N m
2
C
2
c = 2.998 10
8
m/s
Permittivity, free space,
0
= 8.854 10
12
C
2
N
1
m
2
Permeability, free space,
0
=4 10
7
T m A
1
= (H/m)
1 J = 1 N m 1 eV = 1.602 10
19
J
1 C = 1 A s 1 V = 1 J/C
1 = 1 V/A 1 F = 1 C/V
1 Wb = 1 T m
2
1 H = 1 T m
2
/A
1 Hz = 1 s
1
1 T = 1 N/(A m) [10
4
Gauss]
(1 +x)
n
= 1 +nx +n(n 1)x
2
/2! +
n(n 1)(n 2)x
3
/3! +...if |x| < 1
sin( ) = sin cos cos sin
cos( ) = cos cos sinsin
Uniform linear acceleration: v
2
f
= v
2
i
+ 2as
s
f
= s
i
+v
i
t +
1
2
a(t)
2
v
f
= v
i
+at
Uniform circular acceleration: |a| =
v
2
r
Spring-block:F = ks U
sp
=
1
2
k(s)
2
W > 0 energy transferred to an object by force
K =
1
2
mv
2
, K = K
f
K
i
U
g
= mgh
Ignoring dissipative energy losses:
E
sys
= K + U = W
ext
or E
f
= E
i
+W
ext
Conservation E
mech
in an isolated system (W
ext
= 0):
E
mech
= K + U = 0
Work-KE theorem: K = W
net
[J]
Work W
force
=
_
f
i
F ds [J]
Power P = dW/dt =
F v [W]
U = U
f
U
i
= W
force
[J]
If external agent does work against force:
U = W
ext
A force is conservative if the work to move a mass or
charge between two points is path independent.
Coulombs Law:
F
1on2
= F
2on1
=
k|q
1
||q
2
|
r
2
[N]
Shell Theorems: A shell of uniform charge: 1) attracts
or repels an external charge as if all of the shells charge
were at its centre; and 2) exerts no net electrostatic force
on a charge in its interior.
E =
F/q
0
[N C
1
or V/m]
Electric Dipole
2 charges +q, q separated by s; dipole
moment | p| = qs directed from q to +q
= p
E U = p
E
Electric Fields:
point charge: |
E| =
1
4
0
q
r
2
and
E = |
E| r
non-conducting sheet: |
E| = /(2
0
)
conducting sheet: |
E| = /(
0
)
Gausss Law:
e
=
_
E d
A =
Qin
0
Electric potential, V = U/q
0
[V] where U
is the electrostatic potential energy
V = V
f
V
i
=
_
f
i
E ds
E from V: E
s
=
V
s
V of point charge: V =
1
4
0
q
r
System of 2 charges: U
12
= V
1
q
2
=
1
4
0
q
1
q
2
r
for several charges: U = U
12
+U
13
+U
23
+...
Capacitance: C = Q/V
C
[F]
parallel-plate capacitor: C =
0
A
d
in series: 1/C
eq
=
i
1/C
i
in parallel: C
eq
=
i
C
i
U
C
=
1
2
C(V
C
)
2
u
E
=
1
2
0
E
2
with dielectrics:
0
=
0
,
dielectric constant: = /
0
Current: I = dQ/dt [A]
Current density:
J : |
J| = I/A in direction of
E.
v
d
is drift speed: n
e
is conduction e
/m
3
J = n
e
ev
d
Resistance: R = V
R
/I []
Ohms law R independent of V
R
R = L/A units of resistivity are [m].
Conductivity = 1/ [
1
m
1
]
J = E J = n
e
ev
d
R in parallel:
1
Req
=
i
1
R
i
1
R in series: R
eq
=
i
R
i
Power, P = iV (general case).
If Ohms law holds: P = i
2
R = V
2
/R
emf: E =
dW
dQ
[V]
Kirchhos Rules:
Loop:
i
V
i
= 0
Junction
i
I
i
= 0
RC circuit:
Discharging: Q(t) = Q
0
e
t/
= RC [s]
Charging: Q(t) = Q
max
(1 e
t/
) Q
max
= CE
Magnetic elds: Force from
B
moving charge:
F
on q
= qv
B
wire current:
F
wire
= I
B
2 parallel wires: F
|| wires
=
0
I
1
I
2
2d
(|| attract, anti|| repel)
Amperes Law:
_
B ds =
0
I
through
+
0
0
de
dt
long straight wire:
B =
0
2
I
d
(tangent to circle,rhr)
B
solenoid
=
0
nI where n = N/
Biot-Savart Law, current element Ids:
d
B =
0
4
Ids r
r
2
Magnetic dipoles:
loops magnetic dipole moment: = NIA (rhr I)
mag eld on axis:
B
loop
=
0
4
2
z
3
Torque on current loop: =
B
Potential energy of magnetic dipole: U =
B
Magnetic Flux through loop:
m
= N
_
loop
B d
A [Wb]
Faradays Law: E =
dm
dt
, or |E| =
dm
dt
0
N
2
A
E
coil
= L
dI
dt
2 V
rms
= V
max
/
2
E
rms
= E
max
/
2 P
ave
= I
2
rms
R
Travelling waves:
v = f k = 2/ = vk
D(x, t) = Asin(kx t +
0
)
Electromagnetic waves:
E = E
max
sin(kx t), B = B
max
sin(kx t)
c = 1/
0
E = cB
E
B
Poynting vector:
S =
1
0
E
B [W/m
2
]
I = S
ave
= E
2
rms
/(c
0
)
index of refraction: n = c/v
Maluss Law
initially unpolarized: I =
1
2
I
0
initially polarized: I = I
0
cos
2
z
=
_
_
z
x
x
_
2
+
_
z
y
y
_
2
+...
_1
2
for z = ax +by cu +...
z
=
_
(a
x
)
2
+ (b
y
)
2
+ (c
u
)
2
+...
_1
2
for z = Ax
n
y
m
u
p
z
= z
_
(n
x
/x)
2
+ (m
y
/y)
2
+ (p
u
/u)
2
+...
_1
2
Last edited: 2012-01-03 15:40:00
2