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Study Guide for the

Jewish Day of Constructive Co

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The Pardes Center for Judaism and Conflict Resol

2012-2013
Rabbi Daniel Roth

The Constructive Conflict of Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel

Mishnah Avot, 5:17 (3rd Cen. CE)

Every controversy (machloket) that is for

the sake of Heaven will continue to exist;

but one that is not in the name of Heaven
.
will not continue to exist.
?
Which is the [kind of] controversy that is for
.
the sake of Heaven? Such as was the
controversy between Hillel and Shammai.
What is a controversy for the sake of Heaven? What about it will continue to exist?
Why was the controversy between Hillel and Shammai considered to be for the sake of
Heaven?

Explanation #1
Bertinoro, Avot 5:17
(Rabbi Ovadiah Bertinoro, Italy and Land of
Israel, 1440-1530)
Every controversy that is in the name of
Heaven, the end thereof will continue to exist
- That is to say that the people of controversy
are destined to exist and not be destroyed, as
with the dispute between Hillel and Shammai
that were not destroyed. Neither them nor the
students of Hillel and Shammai.
Babylonian Talmud, Yevamoth 14b (6th
Cen. CE)
Although Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel are in
disagreement on the questions of (marital
and personal status) Beit Shammai did not,
nevertheless, abstain from marrying women
of the families of Beit Hillel, nor did Beit Hillel
refrain from marrying those of Beit Shammai.
This is to teach you that they showed love
and friendship towards one another, thus
putting into practice the Scriptural text, 'Love
ye truth and peace' (Zechariah, 8:16).

: ,

-
,

.

"
...
,
, ,
): ,
.( :

Carsten K. W. De Dreu, Evert Van De Vliert, Using Conflict in Organizations, 1997

(p. 24) Positive conflict results in strong relationships, higher performance and
mature and competent individuals, which in turn foster more effective conflict in
a beneficial, reinforcing cycle.
Explanation # 2
Bertinoro, Avot 5:17
And I heard the explanation of the end, 'its
purpose', and 'the matter that is needed'. The
controversy which is in the name of Heaven,
the purpose and its desirable end is to obtain
the truth, and this continues to exist, as they
said that from a disagreement the truth will be
revealed, as was revealed in the disputes
between Hillel and Shammai - that the law
was like the school of Hillel. And a
controversy which is not for the sake of
Heaven, its purpose is to achieve power and
the love of victory, and its end will not

: ,
," ",
.
,
, ,
,

, .

,.

Copyright 2013 Daniel Roth. This may not be reproduced without permission of the author/PCJCR.

- 3-

continue to exist.

David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson, and Dean Tjosvold. "Constructive

Controversy: The Value of Intellectual Opposition." Morton Deutsch and
Peter T. Coleman, eds., The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and
Practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bas Publishers, 2000, pp. 65-85.
(p. 81) Motivation to improve understanding: Participants in a constructive
controversy tend to have a more continuing motivation to learn about the issue
and come to the best reasoned judgment possible than do participants in
concurrence seeking debate, and individualistic efforts.
Explanation # 3
Magen Avot, 5:17
(Rabbi Shimon Ben Zemach Doran, Algeria,
1361-1444)
And it is possible to explain that the opinion of
both will continue to exist, the one who forbids
and the one who permits, because both are
the words of the living God. (Eruvin 13b).

Babylonian Talmud, Eruvin 13b

R. Abba stated in the name of Samuel: For
three years there was a dispute between Beit
Shammai and Beit Hillel, the former
asserting, The halacha is in agreement with
our views and the latter contending, The
halacha is in agreement with our views. Then
a bat kol (a Heavenly voice) issued
announcing, [The utterances of] both are the
words of the living God, but the halacha is in
agreement with the rulings of Beit Hillel.
Since, however, both are the words of the
living God what was it that entitled Beit Hillel
to have the halacha fixed in agreement with
their rulings? Because they were kindly and
modest, they studied their own rulings and
those of Beit Shammai.

: "
,
,
]] ....

"
:
,

.
:
. ,

?
,
.

Johnson, (above), p. 84-85

Advocacy teams reverse perspectives and positions by presenting one of the opposing
positions as sincerely and forcefully as team members can. Advocacy pairs strive to
see the issue from all perspectives.
Explanation #4

Magen Avot, 5:17

Controversies for the Sake of Heaven will
continue to exist means that they will
concede to each other, for they have no
intentions to defeat the other, rather only to
clearly establish the matter, and when the
proofs of one are upheld, those of the other
will be annulled, as we learned, the school of
Hillel reverted to instructing in accordance
with the school of Shammai (Gittin 41b).

: "

' ' ....

,
,
, ,
.(, )

Copyright 2013 Daniel Roth. This may not be reproduced without permission of the author/PCJCR.

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Johnson (above), p. 75-76

Skilled Disagreement: For controversies to be managed constructively, participants
need collaborative and conflict management skills. The skills are necessary for the
following and internalizing the norms (for example): I change my mind when the
evidence clearly indicates that I should do so.

The Destructive Conflict of Beit Hillel and Beit Shammai

Mishnah Shabbat 1:4
And these are some of the regulations
enacted in the attic of Hananiah b.
Hezkiyah b. Gorion, when the rabbis came
to visit him. They did a roll call and found
that the disciples of Shammai were more
numerous than those of Hillel, and they
enforced eighteen regulations on that day.

:


" " " .

Jerusalem Talmud, Shabbat 1:4 (3c)

( ) ":
That day was as wretched for Israel as the

day on which the [golden] calf was made.
...
It was taught in the name of Rabbi
Yehoshua Oniya:
:
The students of Beit Shammai stood below
"
them and began to slaughter the students
.
of Beit Hillel.

It was taught: Six of them ascended and
' .
the others stood over them with swords and
lances.
What exactly did Beit Shammai do to Beit Hillel that day?
Korban Edah, Jerusalem Talmud 1:4
Rabbi David ben Naftali Hirsch Frankel
(17071762, Berlin)
And they began to slaughter the students of
Beit Hillel Only if they (Beit Hillel) wanted
to go up [to vote], however G-d forbid, they
did not [actually] kill anyone, so it seems to
me.

( ) ": ,
"
, " ) (
.(" )

Pney Moshe, Jerusalem Talmud 1:4

(Rabbi Moshe Margalit, 1710-1780,
Lithuania)
That day- because Beit Shammai killed
students of Beit Hillel, as we will see further
on.

" ... .''
" .

Solomon ben Yerucham

(10th cen. Kararite)
And the Pitomi (R. Saadya Gaon, 892- 942,
Babylonia) denied (this, claiming) that there
was no war or killing of one another between
Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel. And I brought
the Talmud of the people of the Land of
Israel, and opened up the laws where this
incident is mentioned there.1

.

)(
.

The 9th of Adar

Hilkhot Eretz Yisrael min HaGeniza,
Mordecai Margaliot, Jerusalem, 1974, p.
142.
On the fourth of Adar a dispute erupted
between the students of Shammai and Hillel
and many were killed.

,
142 ' , ", ,

.

Shulchan Aruch, Laws of Fasts (580)

'
(Rabbi Yosef Karo, 14881575, Spain/Land

of Israel)
....
These are the days that tragedies befell our
.' )(
forefathers and it is worthy to fast on them.
'
On the 9th (of Adar) Beit Shammai and Hillel
disagreed.
In the future, Hashem will turn these days into
days of rejoicing and happiness.
What exactly does it mean that Shammai and Hillel disagreed? Why should this day be
declared a fast day?

1 See B. Ratner, Ahavat Zion ve Yerushalim, J.T. Shabbat, Vilna, 1901, p. 24-25.

Copyright 2013 Daniel Roth. This may not be reproduced without permission of the author/PCJCR.

- 7-

Levush, Orach Chayim, 580

,'
(R. Mordechai Yaffe,1530-1612, Poland)
On the ninth [of Adar], Beit Shammai and Beit "
" ,
Hillel disagreed with one another, and since a
"
machloket [disagreement] fell between the

scholars of Israel, even though their
. ,
disagreement was for the sake of heaven,
nevertheless the Torah had become, G-d
forbid, as if it was two Torahs, this one forbids
and this one permits, this one declares a
matter impure, and the other declares it pure,
and no law is known completely. Behold this
is like a tragic day and we fast on it.
Eliyah Rabba, Orach Chayim 580:7
(Rabbi Eliyahu Shapiro (1660-1712, Prague)
"On the (9th) of Adar they disagreed: And
three thousand of the students died."
Ravya, Part III, Laws of Fasts, 889.
(Rabbi Eliezer ben Yoel HaLevi (11401225,
Germany)
On the 9th (of Adar) they decreed a fast day
because Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel
disagreed, and that day was as difficult as the
day the [golden] calf was made.

:
' .''

- "

,
.

Parshat Terumah and Constructive Conflict2

Babylonian Talmud, Baba Batra 99a
How did they [the cherubim] stand?
R. Johanan and R. Eleazar [are in dispute on
the matter].
One Says: They faced each other; and the
other says: Their faces were inward.
But according to him who says
that they faced each other, [it may be asked]:
Is it not written, And their faces were inward
(Chronicles II, 3:13)?
[This is] no difficulty: The former (Exodus
25:20) [was] at a time when Israel obeyed the
will of the Omnipresent; the latter (Chronicles
II, 3:13) [was] at a time when Israel did not
obey the will of the Omnipresent.

"
?
: , '
. : ,
,"
! :

Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch,

Exodus 25:20
(1808 -1888, Germany)
In the Sanctuary, the nation is represented in
a twofold manner, as one single united whole
by the number One, and as a large number of
members belonging together, by the number
Two, the minimum symbol of plurality.
Accordingly, here, too, the whole nation of
Israel is represented not by one cherub but
by two, by a pair of cherubs.... Israel will
become a pair of cherubim who in mutual
respect and consideration are peacefully
directed one to the other, each one there for
the other, each a guarantee for the other,
each entrusted to the other- in brotherly cooperation, a whole nation keeping and
protecting the whole community.

: ,"

:
,
.

:
, - -
- -
. ,
, - -
- , -
....
:
, ,
, ,
- ;
...

What is the symbolism of the two cherubim facing each other? How might this connect
to the Jewish Day of Constructive Conflict?
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2 Parshat Terumah is the Torah reading that falls out on the Shabbat proceeding the 9th of Adar
this year.

Copyright 2013 Daniel Roth. This may not be reproduced without permission of the author/PCJCR.

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Copyright 2013 Daniel Roth. This may not be reproduced without permission of the author/PCJCR.

- 13 -

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Copyright 2013 Daniel Roth. This may not be reproduced without permission of the author/PCJCR.

- 15 -

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Copyright 2013 Daniel Roth. This may not be reproduced without permission of the author/PCJCR.

- 17 -

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Copyright 2013 Daniel Roth. This may not be reproduced without permission of the author/PCJCR.

- 19 -

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Copyright 2013 Daniel Roth. This may not be reproduced without permission of the author/PCJCR.

- 21 -

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Copyright 2013 Daniel Roth. This may not be reproduced without permission of the author/PCJCR.

- 23 -

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Copyright 2013 Daniel Roth. This may not be reproduced without permission of the author/PCJCR.

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000040000002701ffff030000000000 Personal Reflection:
The 9th of Adar has been declared the Jewish Day of Constructive Conflict by the
Pardes Center for Judaism and Conflict Resolution together with its international
partners asking that people study and practice constructive conflict.
Can you think of one way you could practice constructive conflict on this day?

Copyright 2013 Daniel Roth. This may not be reproduced without permission of the author/PCJCR.

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