COMPLEMENT

collective term designating a complex series /mixtures of plasma proteins that have functions of zymogen. Group of non Ig circulating in the blood in biologically inactive form

to C3a & C3b ,allowing C3b or C4b to form covalent bond with protein and carbohydrate Classical Pathway

Complement System C was discovered several years ago as a heat labile of normal plasma that augment opsonization of bacteria by Ab complement the antibacerial activity of Ab Consist of approximately 30 serum molecules 10% of the total serum proteins One of the major defense system of the body Major functions of the Complement System Control of inflammatory reaction and chemotaxis Clearance of the immune complexes Cellular activation and antimicrobial defense It is a major effector in immune pathological diseases Complement Activation classical pathway which is activated by Ab bound to Ag the lectin pathway activated by carbohydrates Alternative pathway activated in the presence of various microbial pathogen The protein of the system act in enzyme cascade The Mannose Binding Lectin Pathway The MB-lectin pathway uses a protein very similar to C1q to trigger the complement cascade MB-lectin binds specifically to mannose residues on pathogens surfaces It is present at low conc. in normal plasma and during acute phase reaction its production increase by liver MB-lectin forms a complex with two protease : MBL associated serine protease; MASP-1 and MASP-2 Closely homologous to C1r and C1s and activated to cleave C4 and C2 Hydrolysis of C3 causes initiation of Alternative Pathway Spontaneous hydrolysis of plasma C3 C3b is produced at a significant rate by spontaneous cleavage (C3 tick over) through spontaneous hydrolysis of the thioester in the C3 to form C3(H2O), allowing binding factor B. factor D plasma protease cleave factor B to form C3(H2O)Bb a fluid C3 convertase, and can cleave C3 to C3a and C3b. Most of these C3b inactivated by H2O C5 Convertase C5 convertase are formed when a large number of C3b on the surface of pathogene bind to C4b2b or C3bBb C5a is the most anaphylatoxine C5b initiate the assembly of the terminal complement component Anaphylatoxins: C3a, C4a, C5a (local inflammation) C5a is more active than C3a which is more active than C4a C5a is a potent mast cell activation, degranulate mast cell mediators; histamine and TNF induce inflammation C5a can enhance phagocytosis of opsonised microorganism

Consequences of Complement Activation it generate large numbers of activated complement proteins that bind covalently to pathogens, opsonizing them for engulfment by phagocytes bearing receptors for complement the small fragments of some complement proteins act as chemo-attractants to recruit more phagocytes to the site of complement activation and also to activate these phagocytes the terminal complement components damage certain bacteria by creating pores in the bacterial membrane C1 Complex C1q bind to Ab complexed with Ag C1q can also bind directly to the surface of some pathogenes C1q bind to 2C1r and 2C1s zymogene Binding of C1q heads to the pathogen surface cause enzymatic activity of C1r, then cleave C1s to generate serine protease C3 and Thioester Bond The chain of C3 and C4 contain a thioester bond between cystein and a glutamine, fallowing cleavage