Astronomy C - Variable Stars

A. Pulsating Variables: 1) Long Period Variables a) Mira type b) Semiregular 2) Cepheids 3) RR Lyrae 4) RV Tarui B. Cataclysmic (Eruptive) Variables: 1) T Tauri 2) Novae 3) Dwarf Novae 4) Recurrent Novae 5) Supernovae a) Type II b) Type Ia

Astronomy C - Variable Stars

A. Pulsating Variables: 1) Long Period Variables a) Mira type Mira b) Semiregular Betelgeuse 2) Cepheids Delta Cephei 3) RR Lyrae [Globular Clusters] 4) RV Tarui R Scuti B. Cataclysmic (Eruptive) Variables: 1) T Tauri [Protostars] 2) Novae GK Persei, Nova Aquilae 3) Dwarf Novae Z Cam, SS Cygni 4) Recurrent Novae [between Dwarf and Nova] 5) Supernovae a) Type II Cas A, SN 1987A, DEM L316 b) Type Ia Tychos SNR, DEM L316

Light Curves Variation over Time

Maximum (Maxima) Minimum (Minima) Period

Apparent Magnitude vs Julian Day

A. Pulsating Variable Stars; 1) Long Period Variables (LPVs)

a) Miras Omicron Ceti (Mira) 80 1000 days, 2.5 5.0 mag b) Semiregular Variables Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis)

30 1000 days, 1.0 2.0

Semiregular

Mira Instability Strip

2) Cepheid Variable Stars

Delta Cephei

2) Cepheids

[Periods of 1 70 days, 1.0 2.0 mag]

Delta Cephei

A Cepheid Variable Star in M100

3) RR Lyrae Variable Stars

47 Tuc

Periods of a few hours to one day, .3 2.0 mag

Cepheid and RR Lyrae Variable Stars

Period-Luminosity Relationship and The Distance Modulus: M = m - 5log10 (r) 10

[Mv = 0.75]

4) RV Tauri a Stellar Missing Link?

R Scuti

Cepheid Instability Strip Semiregular

RR Lyrae

Mira Instability Strip

B. Cataclysmic (Eruptive) Variables 1) T Tauri; proto-star stage for mid-sized stars

Cepheid Instability Strip RV Tauri RR Lyrae Semiregular

T-Tauri

Mira Instability Strip

Stellar Nurseries - sites of protostar & T-Tauri formation

M 42 The Orion Nebula

2) Novae
Close binary systems main sequence star & a white dwarf 1 to 300 days, 7.0 16.00 mags

Novae:

GK Persei

Nova Aquilae

3) Dwarf Novae
Dwarf Novae: Close binary systems main sequence star, white dwarf and an accretion disk Two of three subclasses; U Gem SS Cygni Z Cam Z Cam

SS Cygni

Dwarf Novae:
SS Cygni

Z Cam

4) Recurrent Novae
Close binary systems main sequence star & a white dwarf 1 to 300 days, 7.0 16.00 mags *** Similar to novae but often resemble dwarf novae

5) Supernovae a) Type II
Cas A

SN 1987A

b) Type Ia
Tychos SNR Mira

DEM L316

Type Ia Supernova

Type II Supernova

MZ 3 The Ant Nebula (planetary nebula)

Algol Beta Persei

Eclipsing Binary

Cosmological Distances

Variables

Spectroscopic Parallax

Cepheids RR Lyrae

Cosmological Distances
Spectroscopic Parallax The Distance Modulus: M = m - 5log10 (r) 10

Cepheids d The Distance Modulus: M = m - 5log10 (r) 10

Cosmological Distances & Candles

Type Ia Supernovae Standard Candle

Mv = -19.5

Basic Equations and Relationships

The Distance Modulus: M = m - 5log10 (r) 10 Keplers 3rd Law: (MA + MB) = a3 p2 v = d ; a = v ; 2 a = vP ; Fc = mac ; ac = v2 = r2 t t r 1 pc = 206,265 au = 3.26 ly = 3.08 x 1016m 1 = 60 arcmin = 60 ; 1 = 60 arcsec = 60 Inverse Square Law: L = 1/r2 Circumference, Area, Surface Area, and Volume of a Sphere REARRANGE ALL EQUATIONS FOR EACH VARIABLE

JD 2449050

JD 2449110

JD 2449150

JD 2449180

JD 2449240

JD 2449300

JD 2449350

JD 2449375

JD 2449435

JD 2449500

JD 2449540

JD 2449635

JD 2449700

JD 2449740

JD 2449760

JD 2449800

JD 2449870

JD 2449950

JD 2449835
43

74

55 64 W Cyg 61 40 68 67 67 69 75 55 69 59 53

70

JD 2449859

43

74

55 64 W Cyg 61 67 67 75 69 40 59 53 68 55 69

70

JD 2449917

43

74

55 W Cyg 61 67 67 75 69 40 59 53 68 55 69

70

JD 2449951

43

74

55 64 W Cyg 61 67 69 75 40 68 55 69 67 59 53

70

JD 2449979

43

74

55 64 W Cyg
53

59 40 68 67 55 69 75 69

61

67

70

JD 2449991

43

74

55 W Cyg 64 61 40 53 68 55 67 67 69 75 70 69

59

JD 2450013

43

74

55 W Cyg 64 61 67 69 75 70 40 68 55 69 53 59

67

Phase Diagrams
1) Cepheid Light Curve 2) Superposition of Periods

3) Same Data Plotted Twice 4) Same data starting at Maxima

O C Diagrams (Observed minus Calculated)

Theory Matches Observation Perfectly Periodic Correct Epoch Wrong Period **True Period longer Perfectly Periodic Change in Period **True Period Shorter then Lenthens Perfectly Periodic

Correct Epoch Correct Period

Perfectly Periodic

Periodic Period Unchanged Epoch has Changed

NOT Perfectly Periodic

Correct Period Wrong Epoch

Different Period Each Day

** The slope of each line is the difference between its period and the estimated period.

Stellar Evolution A Journey with Chandra

Stellar Evolution A Journey with Chandra

Stellar Cycles Sets and Cosmic Connections Request URL: http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/epo/request_special.html Stellar Cycles Card Set:

http://www.chandra.harvard.edu/edu/epo/request.html donna.young@tufts.edu http://www.tufts.edu/as/wright_center/

Additional Resources:

The American Association of Variable Star Observers

http://www.soinc.org/store/TG-DVD-06v10.htm

UPDATED COACHES MANUAL COMING SOON!!! (AVAILABLE ONLINE AT THE NSO WEBSITE)