1.

Axial skeleton (80 bones) -consists of skull, vertebral column and thoracic cavity/cage (costal cartilage, sternum, ribs) a) skull (22 bones) -consists of cranial and facial bones -skull bones are flat except for mandible -adult skull bones are united by sutures. i) cranial bones/ cranium/ neurocranium (8 bones) -function: -protect the brain -attachment for neck and head muscle - entire group of cranial bones is called cranial vault /calvaria -consists of frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, squamous, ethmoid ii) facial bones / viscerocranium (14 bones) function: -framework of the face -cavity for the special sense organ -opening for food and air - secure the teeth - facial muscle expression -only mandible and vomer are unpaired bone -maxillae, zygomatics, nasals, lacrimals, palatines and inferior nasal conchae are paired bones 2. 8 cranial bone: a) frontal bone (1) -articulate posteriorly with parietal bone via coronal suture. -anterior part is the forehead/ frontal squama -form superior orbit and anterior cranial fossa. -supraorbital notch/ foramen: allow supraorbital artery and nerve to pass to the forehead -glabella: smooth portion between frontal bone and orbit -frontal bones meet the nasal bone at frontonasal suture -frontal sinuses: area lateral to glabella and riddled with sinuses. b) parietal bone (2) -form superior and lateral aspect of the skull (cranial vault) - 4 suture: coronal (frontal &parietal), sagittal ( 2 parietal), lambdoid (parietal &occipital), squamous (parietal & temporal) c) occipital bone (1) join the sphenoid bone via basioccipital that bear pharyngeal tubercle form posterior cranial fossa (support cerebellum) foreman magnum: spinal cord hypoglossal canal: hypoglossal nerve occipital condyle: articulate with atlas (permit a nodding movement of head) external occipital protuberance & nuchal line: neck & back muscle external occipital crest: secure ligamentum nuchae that connect cervical vertebrae to the skull

d) temporal bone (2) - form inferolateral aspects of the skull and part of cranial floor - divide into squamous, tympanic, mastoid, petrous region - squamous region 1) zygomatic process + zygomatic bone = zygomatic arch 2) mandibular fossa + mandibular condyle = temporomandibular joint -tympanic region 1) external acoustic meatus: external ear to eardrum 2) internal acoustic meatus: CN VII, VIII 3)styloid process: tongue & neck muscle, stylohyoid ligaments attached the lesser horns/ cornua of hyoid bone to the styloid process -mastoid region 1) mastoid process: tongue & neck muscle 2) stylomastoid foramen: facial nerve (CN VII) - petrous region (between sphenoid and occipital) 1) carotid canal: carotid artery 2) jugular foramen: jugular vein 3) foramen lacerum 4) middle and internal ear cavities ( receptor for hearing and balance) e) sphenoid bone (1) - keystone of cranium (articulate with all other cranial bone) - consists of central body and 3 processes (greater wing, lesser wing, pterygoid process) - greater wing = middle cranial fossa and dorsal wall of orbit - lesser wing = anterior cranial fossa and medial wall of orbit - pterygoid process =pterygoid muscle (important for chewing) - sella turcica tuberculum sellae hypophyseal canal (pituitary gland/ hypophysis) dorsum sellae posterior clinoid process (secure brain within the skull) - optic canal: ophthalmic nerve - supraorbital fissure: CN that control eye movement (CN III, IV, VI) - foramen rotundum &foremen ovale: CN V - foramen spinosum: meningeal artery f) ethmoid bone (1) bony area between nasal cavity and orbit crista galli: falx cerebri / dural membrane (secure brain in cranial cavity) cribriform plate: olfactory foramina => smell receptor perpendicular plate: divide nasal cavity into right and left halve orbital plate = lateral surface of ethmoid lateral mass that form medial wall of orbit superior & inferior nasal conchae/ turbinate = increase turbulence of air flow

*** Sutural bones = irregular bone appear in the lambdoid suture, represent additional ossification centers when the skull expanding rapidly during fetal development.

3) facial bones (14 bones) a) mandible -coronoid process: insertion point for temporalis muscle (elevate lower jaw during chewing) -mandibular fossa + mandibular condyle = temporomandibular joint -mandibular symphysis: 2 mandibular bones fuses during infancy -mandibular foramen: tooth sensation to the lower jaw -mental foramen: blood vessel & nerve to pass to chin and lower lip b) maxillary bones - keystone of facial skeleton (articulate with all facial bones except mandible) -anterior nasal spine= maxillae meet medially -frontal processes= form lateral aspects of the nose -hard palate = roof of the mouth -incisive fossa = passageway for blood vessels and nerve -maxillae articulate with zygomatic bones via zygomatic processes -inferior orbital fissure= zygomatic nerve, maxillary nerve and vessles to pass to the face -infraorbital foramen =infraorbital nerve and artery to reach the face. c) zygomatic bones = cheek bones d) nasal bones (attach to cartilage that form skeleton of external nose) e) lacrimal bones -form medial wall of orbit -contain lacrimal fossa (deep groove) that houses lacrimal sac => allow tears to drain from the eye surface to the nasal cavity. f) palatine bones -2 bony plate:

 horizontal plate (posterior hard palate) perpendicular plate (posterolateral walls of nasal cavity and orbit) - 3 articular process ( pyramidal, sphenoidal, and orbital) f) vomer form the nasal septum g) inferior nasal conchae form lateral wall of nasal cavity ( the largest of the conchae)

4. orbit -eyes encased and cushioned by fatty acid -contain muscle that control the eye movement and tear producing lacrimal gland - form by 7 part of bones a) roof : sphenoid lesser wing + orbital plate of frontal bone b) medial wall: sphenoid body + ethmoid orbital plate + maxilla frontal process + lacrimal bone c) lateral wall: sphenoid greater wing + zygomatic process of frontal bone + orbital surface of zygomatic bone d) floor : palatine orbital process+ maxillae orbital surface +zygomatic bone

Movement occur between vertebrae are 1) flexion and extension (anterior/ posterior straightening of spine) 2) lateral flexion (bending upper body to the right/ left) 3) rotation Characterist Cervical ic 1.body Small (wide side to side) 2.spinous process 3.vertebral foramen Short, project posteriorly (bifid ) except C7 Triangular Thoracic Medium (Heart shape, 2 costal facet) Long, project inferiorly (sharp) Circular Lumbar Massive (Kidney shape) =>resist most stress Short, project posteriorly (blunt) Triangular

4. transverse processes 5. superior articulate process 6. inferior articulate process 7. movement allowed

Contain transverse foramen

Bear facet for rib (except T11 &T12)

Thin and tapered

Superior facet directed Superior facet directed superoposteriorly posteriorly Inferior facet directed inferoanteriorly Inferior facet directed anteriorly i) lateral flexion limited by ribs ii) rotation * no flexion and extension

Superior facet directed medially Inferior facet directed laterally i) flexion and extension ii) lateral flexion *no rotation

i) Flexion and extension ii) lateral flexion iii) rotation (it has the greatest range of movement) Sternum/ breastbone -anterior midline of the thorax --fusion of 3 bones

a) manubrium: articulates with clavicles (via clavicular notches) ,1st , 2nd pair of ribs b) body: articulate with cartilages of 2nd to 7th ribs c) xiphoid process: articulate only with sternal body (attachment point for abdominal muscles) -3 important landmarks a) jugular notch: central indentation() in superior border of the manubrium b) sternal angle: horizontal ridge between manubrium and sternal body function: i) allow the sternal body to swing forward when inhale. ii) reference point for finding 2nd ribs in physical examination iii) listen to sounds made by specific heart valves. c) xiphisternal joint: a point where sternal body and xiphoid process fuse. ( 9th TV)

Appendicular skeleton : coronoid process = temporalis muscle (mandible) conoid tubercles =clavicle posterior end coracoid process (scapula)=>stabilize the joint acromion (scapula) glenoid cavity (scapula)=> shoulder joint 1. Appendicular skeleton is the bones of limbs and their girdle that appended to the axial skeleton, forming the longitudinal axis of the body. 2. pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) -consists of clavicle and scapula - scapula attached to the thorax and vertebral column by muscles - light and allow upper limbs a degree of mobility because a) scapula can move freely across the thorax (only clavicle attach to axial skeleton) b) glenoid cavity (shoulder joint socket) is shallow and does not restrict the movement of humerus 3. clavicle/ collarbone extend horizontally across the superior thorax sternal end(cone-shaped) attached to manubrium of sternum acromial end (flat) attached to the acromion of scapula = acromioclavicular joint superior end is smooth inferior end is ridged and grooved by ligament and muscle (eg. Conoid tubercle) function ii) act as a brace (hold scapula and arm laterally)

i) anchor muscle and ligament

iii)transmit compression force from upper limbs to the axial skeleton 4. scapula -triangular flat bone -each scapula has 3 border superior = shortest medial/ vertebral =parallel to vertebral column inferior/ axillary = armpit - each scapula has 3 angles/ corners

 superior angle: superior + medial border lateral angle: superior + lateral border inferior: medial + lateral border - anterior surface is concave and featureless -posterior surface bears a spine that end laterally into acromion -coracoid process anchor the biceps muscles of the arm -supraorbital notch is a nerve passage -suprapinous fossa and infraspinous fossa are superior and inferior to the spine respectively -subspinous fossa formed the entire anterior scapular surface 5. upper limb/ arm/ humerus -arm =between shoulder and elbow -articulates with scapula (head fits into glenoid cavity) ; radius and ulna (forearm bones)at elbow -greater tubercle and lesser tubercle (attachment for rotator cuff muscles) are separated by intertubercular sulcus/ bicipital groove (guide biceps tendon to its attachment point at glenoid cavity) - anatomical neck and surgical neck (most frequently fracture part of humerus) -deltoid tuberosity <=> deltoid muscle of shoulder -radial groove <=> radial nerve -2 condyles at distal end a) trochlea (medial) =ulna ( form the elbow joint with humerus) b) capitulum (lateral) =radius (carries the hand) -medial and lateral epicondyles = muscle attachment site - ulnar nerve, run behind medial epicondyle responsible for painful, tingling sensation when hit the funny bone -coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa( trochlea ) allow ulna to move freely when the elbow is flexed and extended. -radial fossa receives radius head when the elbow is flexed.

Carpal (wrist) Proximal row: scaphoid(lateral), lunate, triquetrum, pisiform(medial) Rmb key: She look too pretty Distal row: trapezium(lateral), trapezoid, capitate, harnate(medial) Rmb key: Try to catch her -scaphoid bone is a small carpal bone on the thumb side (radial side) of the wrist. It is the most commonly fractured carpal bone.This is probably because it actually crosses two rows of carpal bones, forming a hinge.

12 pair of cranial nerve: Oh = olfactory Oh = optic Oh = occulomotor They = trochlear Traveled = trigeminal And =abducens Found = facial Voldermort = vestibulocochlear Guarding = glossopharyngeal Very = vagus Ancient/secret = accessory (spinal) Horcruxes =hypoglossol

Oh oh oh , they touch and feel virgin girl vagina and high Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more S= sensory m= motor b= both