Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account by Anil Kumar Gupta

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Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account

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While introducing the subject of accounting to the readers previously it was stated that one of the main objectives of financial accounting is to provide information about the profits earned or loss suffered by the business during a particular period. Free PDF Download - Secret Reserves - By Anil Kumar Gupta
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Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account

In this series of articles we will also discuss: 1. Balance Sheet Explained 2. Trading and Profit and Loss Account 3. Adjustments of Final Accounts Previously while discussing the basic accounting equation it was noted that A - L = P, where A represents assets (property and possession) owned by the business; L represents liabilities (claims against the business of the creditors) and P represents the proprietor's funds (equity) in the business., Accounting Concept of Income The concept of 'income' is different to the economists and accountants. Economists concept of income is that of 'real income' meaning thereby the increase-in real terms of the ownership funds between two points of time. In accounting the term income is known as 'net profit'. It was stated earlier : Sales - Merchandising cost = Gross profit and Gross profit - Expenses of doing business = Net profit In other words, Revenue - Expenses = Net profit. These terms are explained below:

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Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account by Anil Kumar Gupta

http://www.evancarmichael.com/Accounting/3626/Balance-Sheet-and-P...

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It is the monetary value of the products sold or services rendered to the customers during the period. It results from sales services and source like interest, dividend and commission etc. For example, sales affected by the business and charge made for services rendered by the business constitutes revenue. However, all cash receipt may nott be revenue. Thus, money borrowed leads to cash receipt but it does not constitute revenue. Similarly additional capital brought in increases proprietor's funds but it is not revenue. Expenses/Cost of (doing business) Expenditure incurred by the business to earn revenue is termed as expense or cost of doing business. Examples of expenses are raw materials consumed, salaries, rent, depreciation, advertisement etc. Cash v/s Accrual Basis of Accounting Small business, individual professionals and non-trading concerns usually adopt cash basis of accounting. Under this system, incomes are considered to have been earned only when received ill cash and expenses are considered to have been incurred only actually paid. Hence, under this system the profit or loss of an accounting period is the difference between incomes received and the expenses paid. Though the cash basis of accounting is simple (no adjustment is required) but il loses its comparability. Under accrual basis all incomes are credited to the period in which earned irrespective of the fact whether received or not. Similarly, all expenses are debited to the period in which incurred irrespective of the fact whether paid or not. It is a scientific basis of accounting, though a bit difficult. Matching Concept. Requires that expenses should be matched to the revenues of the appropriate accounting period. So we must determine what are the revenues earned during a particular accounting period and the expenses incurred to earn these revenues. It is the matching concept which justifies accrual basis of accounting.

Accruals and Deferrals Accounting is expected to measure or ascertain the net income of the business during the accounting period. Normally, it is the calendar year (1st January to 31st December) but in other cases it may be Financial year (Ist April to 31st March) or any other period according to the convention of the business community of the area. The combined impact of matching concept and the accounting period concept on accounting has resulted in accruals and deferrals.

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Accrued or Outstanding expenses It is the term which denotes that expenditure has been incurred during the accounting period but the same has not been paid in cash e.g. Salary, Rent, Wage etc. becoming due but not paid.

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Deferred or pre-paid expenses It is the term which denotes that payment in cash has been made "in advance but the full benefit of this payment has not been reaped by the current accounting period, e.g., Insurance paid in advance.

Accrued or outstanding Income It is the term which denotes that the income has been earned but the cash has not been received against the same. Income has accrued due but not received e.g. Interest on investments etc.

Differed or Received in-advance Income

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Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account by Anil Kumar Gupta

http://www.evancarmichael.com/Accounting/3626/Balance-Sheet-and-P...

It is the term which denotes income which has been received (in cash) in advance but it has not been earned so far e.g. rent received in advance. All the accruals and deferrals arc not be adjusted at the end of the accounting period (end-period adjustments) in order to find out the income of the business during the period under review. The procedure of ascertaining (i) business income and (ii) financial position is being described, in detail below: In fact, these arc two most important of many objectives of book-keeping. In order to know the profits earned by him he prepares a trading and loss account and in order to know the financial position of his business on the last day of the financial period he prepares a balance sheet. Such accounts are called 'Final Accounts'. Preparation of final accounts is the concluding step of accounting cycle. In fact, final accounts include a number of accounts (i) Manufacturing/ Production account, (ii) Trading account, (iii) Profit and loss account and (iv) Balance sheet. Practically balance sheet is a statement but for accounting purposes here it is treated as a part vital accounts. The preparation of above all or any of the above accounts depends upon the nature of the business being carried on by the business concerned. In case of a manufacturing business manufacturing account, trading account, profit and loss account and balance sheet form the parts of final accounts whereas in case of trading business all other accounts are prepared with the exception of manufacturing account. Each of these accounts provide a specific vital information to businessman to help to control and organize the business activities in a batter way.

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Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account by Anil Kumar Gupta

http://www.evancarmichael.com/Accounting/3626/Balance-Sheet-and-P...

Proprietor of HiTech Computer Services, Anil Kumar Gupta, Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.) in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India, Year of passing : May, 1985, is born on January 7, 1964 , Age : 40+, and is Indian national. Services Offered by HiTech Computer Services : Standard software for various business segments, Customized Software Development, Websites and web based ASP applications development, Financial Accounting and business management software, website hosting and promotion. HiTech Group Websites, Visit us at: www.hitech-on-web.com * www.accounts-on-web.com * www.e-trading.bz * www.accountingsoftware.bz * www.onlineaccounting.bz * www.websitedesign.bz * www.softwaredevelopment.bz * www.businesssoftware.tv * www.businessaccounting.in * www.freeaccounting.in * www.freeaccountingsoftware.org * www.freesoftware.US.com * www.accounting.EU.com * www.our-earth.net * www.CityAtLeisure.com Click here to visit Anil's website.

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Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account by Anil Kumar Gupta

http://www.evancarmichael.com/Accounting/3626/Balance-Sheet-and-P...

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Mina Ruth Darwin, Northern Territory Wow Need help with profit and loss account. Reply 1 Like February 22 at 2:37am Mina Ruth Darwin, Northern Territory Please can u help me with Profit and loss to accumulated funds Reply Like February 29 at 9:59pm Dixit Sharma HPU Add a comment...no. Reply Like February 16 at 6:01am Priyanshu Majumder Uttarpara Raja Peary Mohon College no Reply Like November 16, 2011 at 3:10am Ravi Nishad Adminstrador at The Times of India no Reply Like September 13, 2011 at 12:28am Francis Opoku Antwi Stunner Account Clerk at TAFO HOSPITAL balance sheet and profit and loss. Reply Like April 24, 2011 at 7:24am
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