UNIVERSITY

Research Methods
Alcoholism
Students Name 5/5/2012

Research Hypothesis

Hypothesis One
There is significant correlation between the gender of the student and his/her alcohol drinking habits

Hypothesis Two
There is a significant correlation between the drinking habits of the student and his/her perception to personally getting rid of those drinking habits

Hypothesis Three
There is a significant correlation between the drinking habits of the student and his/her propensity to drive after drinking

SPSS Findings

After the data collected has been coded and entered to the SPSS, the following frequency tables were revealed in order to shows the data about alcoholism in a descriptive manner. Cross tabulations will then be maintained to uncover relationships among variables and to test the research hypothesis.

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Table 1 Age Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

1 3.225806 3.225806 3.225806 18 3 9.677419 9.677419 12.90323 19 8 25.80645 25.80645 38.70968 20 8 21 25.80645 25.80645 64.51613 6 19.35484 19.35484 83.87097 22 1 3.225806 3.225806 87.09677 23 3 9.677419 9.677419 96.77419 24 1 3.225806 3.225806 100 25 31 100 100 Total Table 1 shows that among the respondents, the majority (25%, 25% and 19%) ranges between 20 and 22 Valid years old. Yet, considering that the age of the respondents given ranges between 18 and 25, thus there are no wide differences in age groups. Table 2 Marital Status Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

29 Single 93.54839 93.54839 93.54839 0 Married 0 0 93.54839 0 Divorced 0 0 93.54839 0 Widowed 0 0 93.54839 2 Engaged 6.451613 6.451613 100 31 Total 100 100 Table 2 shows the marital status of the respondents, among which the majority are single, none is Valid married, and neither divorced nor widowed. Table 3 Gender Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

18 58.06452 58.06452 Male 58.06452 13 41.93548 41.93548 Female 100 31 100 100 Total Table 3 shows that, among the respondents, 18 are males and 13 are females. Valid

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Table 4 Academic Level Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 9.677419 80.64516 100

Valid

College undergrad graduate Total

3 22 6 31

9.67741935 70.9677419 19.3548387 100

9.67741935 70.9677419 19.3548387 100

Table 4 shows the academic level of the respondents, among which the majority are undergraduates Table 5 Employment Status Frequency Percent Valid Percent 64.51613 6.451613 19.35484 9.677419 100 Cumulative Percent 64.51613 70.96774 90.32258 100

Valid

Unemployed Employed Part-timer Selfemployed Total

20 2 6 3 31

64.51613 6.451613 19.35484 9.677419 100

Among the participants in this survey, the majority (64%) are unemployed, and among the working groups, the majority are part-timers (19%) followed by self-employed (9.6) and then full-time employees (6.4%). Table 6 Are you a heavy drinker Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent 41.93548 58.06452 100

Cumulative Percent 41.93548 100

Valid

Yes No Total

13 18 31

41.9354839 58.0645161 100

Table 6 shows the respondents of the participants when asked about their drinking habits, described in being heavy drinkers or not, the majority (58%) revealed that they are not heavy drinkers. 4|Page

Table 7 Number of alcohol drinks per week Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

<5 <10 >10 Total

16 7 8 31

51.6129032 22.5806452 25.8064516 100

51.6129032 22.5806452 25.8064516 100

51.6129 74.19355 100

Table 7 shows that the majority of the respondents (half of the sample, 51%) drink less than 5 alcohol drinks on weekly basis, yet a significant percentage which stands for around one fourth of the respondents (25%) drink more than 10 alcohol drinks per week.

Table 8 Do you usually get drunk? Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent 16.12903 35.48387 67.74194 100

Valid

Often Sometime Rarely Never

5 6 10 10

16.1290323 19.3548387 32.2580645 32.2580645

16.1290323 19.3548387 32.2580645 32.2580645

31 Total 100 100 When asked about getting drunk, the majority of the respondents (64%) answered that they rarely to never get drunk. However, also a significant percentage (16%) said that they often get drunk. Table 9 Do you drive after drinking alcohol Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent 16.12903 38.70968 61.29032 100

Valid

Often Sometime Rarely Never

5 7 7 12

16.1290323 22.5806452 22.5806452 38.7096774

16.1290323 22.5806452 22.5806452 38.7096774

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Total

31

100

100

Table 9 shows the answers of the respondents when asked whether they drive after drinking alcohol or not, 16% of the respondents said that they often do, 22% answered by sometime, similarly for rarely. However, 38% of the respondents said that they never drive after drinking alcohol. Table 10 Awareness Campaigns on the dangers of drinking while driving are effective Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Percent Percent Valid Strongly A. Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly DA Total 6 15 8 0 2 31 19.3548387 48.3870968 25.8064516 0 6.4516129 100 19.35484 48.3871 25.80645 0 6.451613 100 19.35484 67.74194 93.54839 93.54839 100

Table 10 shows that the majority of the respondents (48% + 19%) agree to strongly agree on the effectiveness of the awareness campaigns on drinking while driving. A small percentage (6%) of the respondents did oppose this idea. Yet, the answers of the majority do emphasize on the effectiveness of such campaigns, which also reflects their readiness to participate in and their awareness of the dangerous activities and effects resulting from drinking while driving and their tendency and concern towards fighting against this behavior. Table 11 You feel you can personally get rid of the drinking habit Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid Strongly A Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly D Total 8 11 7 3 2 31 25.8064516 35.483871 22.5806452 9.67741935 6.4516129 100 25.80645 35.48387 22.58065 9.677419 6.451613 100

Cumulative Percent 25.80645 61.29032 83.87097 93.54839 100

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Table 11 shows the answers of the respondents when asked if they personally feel that they can get rid of their drinking habit. More than half of the sample (35% + 25%) revealed high tendency and confidence in their ability to personally get rid of the drinking habit. However, there exist a significant percentage which opposed this idea and revealed lack of confidence in their ability to get rid of this habit (9.6% +6.4%). Table 12 Parents play the most important role in preventing more alcohol addicts Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Percent Percent Valid Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Total 6 10 8 4 3 31 19.3548387 32.2580645 25.8064516 12.9032258 9.67741935 100 19.35484 32.25806 25.80645 12.90323 9.677419 100 19.35484 51.6129 77.41935 90.32258 100

Table 12 also shows that around half of the respondents (32% +19%) emphasize the role of the parents in preventing more alcohol addicts. 25% of the respondents view this role as neutral, while a significant 21% did disregard this role. Table 13A In your opinion texting while driving is Frequency Percent

Valid Percent 32.25806 67.74194 100

Cumulative Percent 32.25806 100

Valid

Justified Unjustified Total

10 21 31

32.2580645 67.7419355 100

Table 13A shows that the majority of the respondents (67%) think that texting while driving is unjustified

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Table 13B In your opinion, drinking alcohol because of peer pressure is Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Percent Percent 27 Avoidable 87.0967742 87.09677 87.09677 4 Unavoidable 12.9032258 12.90323 100 31 Total 100 100 Table 13B shows that the majority of the respondents (87%) believe that drinking alcohol because of Valid peer pressure in avoidable, which reflects a significant level of awareness and consciousness among the students.

Table 13C In your opinion, drunk driving in Lebanon is Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid Widespread Limited Total 31 0 31 100 0 100 0

Cumulative Percent 100 100

100 100 Table 13C shows an interesting result. 100% of the respondents considered that drunk driving in Lebanon is widespread. Table 14A In your opinion, Treating alcohol addiction starts in the Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid

Cumulative Percent

29 Family 93.5483871 93.54839 93.54839 2 Clinic 6.4516129 6.451613 100 31 Total 100 100 Table 14A shows that the majority of the respondents (93%) weigh high importance on the role of family, as they consider that treating alcohol addiction starts in the family

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Table 14B the problem of alcohol drinking is mostly because of such reasons Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Percent Percent 14 Economic 45.1612903 45.16129 45.16129 17 Social 54.8387097 54.83871 100 31 Total 100 100 Table 14B shows that 54% of the respondents viewed the problem of alcohol drinking is mostly because Valid of social concerns, while 45% weighted more importance on economic concerns Table 14C In your opinion, drunk driving is a sign of Frequency Percent

Valid Percent 25.8064516 64.516129 9.67741935 100

Cumulative Percent 25.80645 90.32258 100

Valid

Confidence Unawareness Weakness Total

8 20 3 31

25.8064516 64.516129 9.67741935 100

Table 14 C shows the answers of the respondents when asked about their opinion regarding the designation of drunk driving. 64% of the respondents said its a sign of unawareness, 25% said its a sign of confidence and 3% said it s a sign of weakness Table15 The government's regulation of alcohol drinking is Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

0 Strong 0 0 0 0 Sufficient 0 0 0 3 Acceptable 9.677419 9.677419 9.677419 17 Insufficient 54.83871 54.83871 64.51613 11 non-existent 35.48387 35.48387 100 31 Total 100 100 Table 15 shows that 54% of the respondents view the governments regulation in Lebanon regarding Valid alcohol drinking is insufficient, while 35% view it as non-existent, and 9% said it is acceptable. However, none of the respondents said that the regulations are strong or sufficient.

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Table 17 In your opinion, alcohol is a Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent 16.12903 19.35484 100

Valid

100 100 The majority of the respondents (80%) considered that alcohol is both a health and safety risk.

Healthrisk Safetyrisk Both Total

5 1 25 31

16.1290323 3.22580645 80.6451613

16.1290323 3.22580645 80.6451613

Cross-Tabulation Analysis
For clarity, Table 18 shows which cross-tabular relate to which frequency analysis tables Table 18 Cross Tabulation Table Table 19 Table 20 Table 21 Frequency Tables Table 3 Table 6 Table 6 Table 6 Table 11 Table 9

The frequency tables did interpret each single variable by itself, yet it is not useful to maintain relationships between variables and answer the research question and hypotheses. Accordingly, this subsection will include cross-tabulations that will uncover the association between specified variables. Similarly to the frequency table, the cross-tabulation is also explained through percentages and counts, yet it encompasses more than one variable to determine relationships.

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Table 19 Gender*Are you a heavy drinker? Cross Tabulation Gender Female 10 3

Male Are you a heavy drinker? Yes Count

Total 13

% within Gender % of Total No Count % within Gender

75% 75.00% 8 42.00%

25.00% 25.00% 10 58%

100.00% 100.00% 18 100.00%

% of Total Total Count % within Gender % of Total

42.00% 18 42.00% 42.00%

58.00% 13 58.00% 58.00%

100.00% 31 100.00% 100.00%

Table 19 shows a cross tabulation between the gender of the respondent and his/her description of their drinking habits (are you a heavy drinker). The table shows an interesting relationship between the two variables. The table reveals that the majority (75%) of those who consider themselves heavy drinkers, are males. This shows that there is significant difference among drinking approaches based on gender, considering the sample on hand. Accordingly, the first hypothesis is proved such that it can be argued that there is significant correlation between the gender of the student and his/her alcohol drinking habits.

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Table 20 You feel you can personally get rid of the drinking habit * Are you a heavy drinker Cross Tabulation You feel you can personally get rid of the drinking habit Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Total agree Disagree Are you Yes Count 1 1 1 2 8 13 a heavy drinker? % within 8% 8% 8% 10% 72% 100.00% you feel you can personally get rid of the drinking habit % of Total 8.00% 8.00% 8.00% 10.00% 72% 100.00% No Count % within you think you can personally get rid of the drinking habit % of Total Count % within you think you can personally get rid of the drinking habit % of Total 7 11.00% 10 70.00% 6 8.00% 2 5.00% 1 4.00% 18 18.00%

11.00% 8 11.00%

70.00% 11 70.00%

8.00% 7 8.00%

5.00% 3 5.00%

4.00% 2 4.00%

100.00% 31 100.00%

Total

11.00%

70.00%

8.00%

5.00%

4.00%

100.00%

Table 20 shows a cross-tabulation between the drinking habits of the students and his/her opinion regarding their ability to get rid of their drinking habit. The table shows that 72% of those who consider they are heavy drinkers strongly disagree that they can personally get rid of

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their drinking habit. This proved the second Hypothesis in this research and reveals that there is a significant correlation between the drinking habits of the student and his/her perception to personally getting rid of those drinking habits.

Table 21 Do you drive after drinking alcohol* Are you a heavy drinker Cross Tabulation Do you drive after drinking alcohol? Often Sometime Rarely Never Total Are you Yes Count 7 3 2 1 13 a heavy drinker? % within 80% 8% 7% 5% 100.00% do you drive after drinking alcohol % of Total 80.00% 8.00% 7.00% 5.00% 100.00% No Count % within do you drive after drinking alcohol % of Total Count % within do you drive after drinking alcohol % of Total 1 1.00% 9 86.00% 3 4.00% 7 7.00% 18 100.00%

1.00% 5 1.00%

86.00% 7 86.00%

4.00% 7 4.00%

7.00% 12 7.00%

100.00% 31 100.00%

Total

1.00%

86.00%

4.00%

7.00%

100.00%

Table 21 shows a cross-tabulation between the drinking habit of the students and their drunken driving approaches. The table shows that 80% of the respondents, who answered that they drink heavily, do often drive while they are drunk. This proved the third hypothesis and reveals that
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there is a significant correlation between the drinking habits of the student and his/her propensity to drive after drinking

Conclusions and Recommendations

The reports concludes that there is significant correlation between the gender of the student and his/her alcohol drinking habits, there is a significant correlation between the drinking habits of the student and his/her perception to personally getting rid of those drinking habits and there is a significant correlation between the drinking habits of the student and his/her propensity to drive after drinking. The recommendations are provided accordingly. It is essential to start taking action as the consequences of drinking can be considered too damaging, and cannot be disregarded, especially as they are becoming engaged with driving practices. To start with, an alcohol prevention plan manual has to be distributed to universities, colleges and households. This manual has to include guidance to evaluating the drinking habits and accordingly taking the right action in the right time. As the role of parents has been highly prioritized among the respondents within the research findings, they are the key personnel in changing the culture of drinking among adolescents, teenagers and young men and women. Brochures, awareness campaigns, orientations and seminars in university campuses and schools can be maintained. However, nothing would be effective if not accompanies with serious governmental regulations and strict legal considerations. Forbidding under-age drinking is a need and a must in the Lebanese context. Starting from young age, the culture of drinking can be shifted to a more responsible approach.

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