A metro station or subway station is a railway station for a rapid transit system, often known by names such as "metro",

"underground" and "subway". Some metro systems, such as those of Montreal, Stockholm, Prague and Moscow, are famous for the beautiful architecture and public art. The Paris Mtro is famous for its art nouveau station entrances; while the Athens Metro is known for its display of archeological relics , Sir Norman Foster's new system in Bilbao, Spain uses the same modern architecture at every station to make navigation easier for the passenger, though some may argue that this is at the expense of character. In some stations, especially where trains are fully automated, the entire platform is screened from the track by a wall, typically of glass, with automatic platform-edge doors (PEDs). These open, like elevator doors, only when a train is stopped, and thus eliminate the hazard that a passenger will accidentally fall (or deliberately jump) onto the tracks and be run over or electrocuted. The largest metro station in the world is the Paris Mtro-RER station Chtelet-Les Halles in France[1]. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Locale

National Capital Region, India

Transit type

Rapid transit

Number of lines

Number of stations

132[1][2]

Daily ridership

1.5 million[3][4]

Chief executive

E. Sreedharan

Headquarters

Metro Bhawan, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi

Website

www.delhimetrorail.com

Operation

Began operation

December 24, 2002[5]

Operator(s)

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (DMRC)

Number of vehicles

188 trains[6]

Train length

4/6 coaches[7][6]

Technical

System length

156 kilometers (97 mi)[1][2]

Track gauge

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge and 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 12 in) standard gauge

Electrification 25 kV, 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary

The Delhi Metro (Hindi: Dill Mero) is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Gurgaon and Noida in the National Capital Region of India. The network consists of six lines with a total length of 156 kilometres (97 mi) with 132 stations of which 31 are underground. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade and underground lines and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock.

Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC). As of November 2010, DMRC operates around 2,700 trips daily between 6:00 and 23:00 running with an interval of 2.5 minutes between trains at peak frequency.[8][4] The trains have four coaches, but there are plans to shift to six coach trains to increase capacity. [7][8][9][6] The power output is supplied by 25-kilovolt, 50 Hertz alternating current through overhead catenary. The metro has an average daily ridership of 1.5 million commuters,[3] and, as of August 2010, had carried over 1.25 billion commuters since its inception. [10] Planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system for the city. The Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) in 1995. Construction started in 1998, and the first section, on the Red Line, opened in 2002, followed by the Yellow Line in 2004, the Blue Line in 2005, its branch line in 2009, the Green and Violet Lines in 2010. Subsequently, these lines have been extended and new lines are under construction in Phase II of the project, including the Delhi Airport Metro Express whose opening has been postponed until December 2010 due to safety concerns. [11]

[edit] History [edit] Background The concept of a mass rapid transit for Delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study carried out in the city in 1969.[12] Over the next several years, many official committees by a variety of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment and governmental jurisdiction. [13] In 1984, the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system, which would consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as well augmenting the city's existing suburban railway and road transport networks.[14] While extensive technical studies and search for financing the project were in progress, the city expanded significantly resulting in a twofold rise in population and a fivefold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998.[14] Consequently, traffic congestion and pollution soared, as an increasing number of commuters took to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable to bear the load.[12] An attempt at privatising the bus transport system in 1992 merely compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes, resulting in long waiting times, unreliable service, extreme overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless driving.[15] To rectify the situation, the Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on March 5, 1995 with E. Sreedharan as the managing director.[16] [edit] Construction Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on October 1, 1998. [17] After the previous problems experienced by the Calcutta Metro, which was badly delayed and 12 times over budget due to "political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays", the DMRC was given full powers to hire people, decide on tenders and control funds. [18] As a result, construction proceeded smoothly, except from one major disagreement in 2000, where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use broad gauge despite the DMRC's preference for standard gauge.[19] The first line of the Delhi Metro was inaugurated by Atal Behari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister of India on December 24, 2002[5] and thus it became the second underground rapid transit system in India, after the Kolkata Metro. The first phase of the project was completed in 2006[20] on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described by BusinessWeek as "nothing short of a miracle".[21] [edit] Network Main article: List of Delhi metro stations The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Phase I completed 65.11 km (40.46 mi) of route length, of which 13.01 km (8.08 mi) is underground and 52.10 km (32.37 mi) surface or elevated. The inauguration of the IndraprasthaBarakhamba Road corridor of the Blue Line marked the completion of Phase I on October 27, 2006.[20] Phase II of the network comprises 128 km (80 mi) of route length and 79 stations, and is presently under construction, with the first section opened in June 2008 and a target

completion date of 2010.[22] Phases III (112 km) and IV (108.5 km) are planned to be completed by 2015 and 2021 respectively, with the network spanning 413 km (257 mi) by then.[23] [edit] Current routes As of October 3, 2010, the whole of Phase-I and parts of Phase-II are complete, with the network comprising five lines with 130 metro stations and a total length of 156 km (97 mi).[1][2][24] Lengt First Last Stations[ h operatio Extensi 24] Terminals (km)[2 nal on 4] 21 25.1 Dilshad Garden

Lie

Rollin g Network Map stock 23 Rithal trains[2 a 5]

Decembe June 4, Red r 24, 2008 Line 2002

Decembe Septemb Yello r 20, er 3, 34 w 2004 2010 Line Decembe October r 31, 44 30, 2010 Blue 2005 Line January 6 8, 2010 April 3, Green 2010 Line October Viole 3, 2010 t Line [edit] Red Line Main article: Red Line (Delhi Metro) 14

45

HUD 45 Jahangirp A City trains[4 uri Centre ] Noida City Centre Yamuna Bank Inderlok Dwark a Sector 59 [8 trains 21 ] Anand Vihar 13 Mund trains[2 ka 6]

50

6.25 15.1

13

15

Central 29 Sarita Secretaria trains[2 Vihar 7] t

The Red Line was the first line of the Metro to be opened and connects Rithala in the west to Dilshad Garden in the east, covering a distance of 25.09 kilometres (15.59 mi).[25] It is partly elevated and partly at grade, and crosses the Yamuna River between Kashmere Gate and Shastri Park stations.[28] The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on December 24, 2002, caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a ride.[29][30] Subsequent sections were inaugurated from Tis Hazari Trinagar (later renamed Inderlok) on October 4, 2003,[31] Inderlok Rithala on March 31, 2004, and Shahdara Dilshad Garden on June 4, 2008.[32] [edit] Yellow Line Main article: Yellow Line (Delhi Metro) The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and was the first underground line to be opened. [33] It runs for 44.36 kilometres (27.56 mi) from north to south and connects Jahangirpuri with HUDA City Centre. The northern and southern parts of the line are elevated, while the central section through some of the most congested parts of Delhi is underground. The first section between Vishwa Vidyalaya and Kashmere Gate opened on December 20, 2004, and the subsequent sections of Kashmere Gate Central Secretariat opened on July 3, 2005, and Vishwa Vidyalaya Jahangirpuri on February 4, 2009.[32] This line also possesses the country's deepest Metro station at Chawri Bazaar, situated 30 metres (98 ft) below ground level.[34][35] On 21 June 2010, an additional stretch from Qutub Minar to HUDA City Centre in Gurgaon was opened, initially operating separately from the main line. However, Chhatarpur station on this line opened on August 26, 2010. Due to delay in acquiring the land for constructing the station, it was constructed using pre-fabricated structures in a record time of nine months and is the only station in the Delhi metro network to be made completely of steel. [36][37] The connecting link between Central Secretariat and

Qutub Minar opened on September 3, 2010.[38] Interchanges are available with the Red Line at Kashmere Gate station, and with the Indian Railways network at Delhi and New Delhi railway stations.[39][40] [edit] Blue Line Main article: Blue Line (Delhi Metro) The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be opened, and the first to connect areas outside Delhi.[41] Partly overhead and partly underground,[42] it connects Dwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east, covering a distance of 47.4 kilometres (29.5 mi).[41] The first section of this line between Dwarka and Barakhamba Road was inaugurated on December 31, 2005, and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka Dwarka Sector 9 on April 1, 2006, Barakhamba Road Indraprastha on November 11, 2006, Indraprastha Yamuna Bank on May 10, 2009, Yamuna Bank Noida City Centre on November 12, 2009, and Dwarka Sector 9 - Dwarka Sector 21 on October 30, 2010.[32] This line crosses the Yamuna River between Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations,[28] and has India's first extradosed bridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan.[43] A branch of the Blue line, inaugurated on January 8, 2010, takes off from Yamuna Bank station and runs for 6.25 kilometres (3.88 mi) up to Anand Vihar in east Delhi.[44] A small stretch of 2.76 kilometres (1.71 mi) from Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 was inaugurated on October 30, 2010.[1][2] Interchanges are available with the Yellow Line at Rajiv Chowk station,[42] and with the Indian Railways network at the Anand Vihar Railway Terminal.[45] [edit] Green Line Main article: Green Line (Delhi Metro) Opened in 2010, the Green Line was the first standard-gauge corridor of the Delhi Metro.[26] The fully elevated line connects Mundka with Inderlok, running for 15.1 kilometres (9.4 mi) mostly along Rohtak Road.[46] An interchange with the Red line is available at Inderlok station via an integrated concourse.[47] This line also has the country's first standard-gauge maintenance depot at Mundka.[48] [edit] Violet Line Main article: Violet Line (Delhi Metro) The Violet Line is the most recent line of the Metro to be opened, and the second standard-gauge corridor after the Green Line. The 15 km (9.3 mi) long line connects Sarita Vihar to Central Secretariat, with 9 km (5.6 mi) being overhead and the rest underground.[27] It was inaugurated on October 3, 2010, just hours before the inaugural ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and connects the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium which is the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the event. [49] Completed in just 41 months, it includes a 100 m (330 ft) long bridge over the Indian Railways mainlines and a 167.5 m (550 ft) long cable-stayed bridge across an operational road flyover, and connects several hospitals, tourist attractions and a major industrial estate along its route.[27] Services are provided at intervals of 2 min 40 sec, the shortest on the network. [49] An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at Central Secretariat through an integrated concourse.[27] [edit] Routes under construction Phase II consists of 127 km (79 mi) of railway lines, of which the following sections are under construction.[23]

Construction work in progress for the Phase II extension to Gurgaon. Planned Opening Date Route December 2010[50] December 2010 March 2011 June 2011[51] [edit] Airport Express Main article: Delhi Airport Metro Express The Airport Express line runs for 22.7 km (14.1 mi) from New Delhi Railway Station to Dwarka Sector 21, linking the Indira Gandhi International Airport. The line will be operated, by the Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Limited (DAMEL), a subsidiary of Reliance Infrastructure, the concessionaire of the line.[52] Constructed at a cost of 2,885 crore (US$ 637.59 million),[53] the line will have six stations with check-in facilities, parking and eateries.[54] Originally scheduled to open before the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the line failed to obtain the mandatory safety clearance, and was rescheduled to open by the middle of November 2010.[55][11] The line is still to be completed with its final safety inspections and get clearances which is scheduled in December 2010.[56] Rolling stock is expected to consist of six-coach trains operating at intervals of ten minutes and having a maximum speed of 135 km/h (84 mph).[54] [edit] Planned extensions Several extensions to the Delhi Metro network have been planned. [edit] Phase III [edit] Routes within Delhi Phase III, tentatively composed of six routes covering 69.57 kilometres (43.23 mi), has a 2015 deadline. The following routes have received Cabinet clearance and are expected to commence construction by the end of 2010[57]: Terminals Length Stations Airport Express New Delhi IGI Airport Dwarka Sector 21 22.7 km (14.1 mi) 5 Violet Line Green Line Blue Line Sarita Vihar Badarpur Kirti Nagar Ashok Park Main Anand Vihar Vaishali 5.16 km (3.21 mi) 3 3.32 km (2.06 mi) 2 2.5 km (1.6 mi) 2

Central Secretariat to Red Fort (6.8 km) - Violet Line Rajouri Garden to Mukundupur (12.4 km) - New line Jahangirpuri to Badali (3.4 km) - Yellow Line

Three lines are still pending approval[57]:

Anand Vihar to Dhaula Kuan (25.66 km) - New line Malviya Nagar to Kalindi Kunj (11.64 km) - New line Ashok Park to Delhi Gate (9.64 km) - Unconfirmed

[edit] Routes beyond Delhi border In addition, a 13.8 km (8.6 mi) long extension of the Violet Line from Badarpur into Faridabad in neighbouring Haryana at a cost of 2,533 crore (US$ 559.79 million) has received budgetary and other clearances, and construction is set to begin in October 2010.[58] [edit] Phase IV Phase IV has a 2020 deadline, and tentatively includes further extensions to Sonia Vihar, Reola Khanpur, Palam, Najafgarh, Ghazipur, Noida Sector 62, Gurgaon and Faridabad, having a total length of 108.5 km (67.4 mi).[23] Apart from these lines in Phases I to IV, plans have been mooted to construct a new line from Noida Sector 62 to Greater Noida which will intersect

Indraprastha Noida Sector 32 line.[59] The Ghaziabad Development Authority is planning to extend Delhi Metro lines deeper into Ghaziabad in three phases, including the extension of the Blue Line from Anand Vihar to Vaishali, and subsequently to Mehrauli via Indirapuram, as well as the extension of the Red Line from Dilshad Garden to the new Ghaziabad bus stand. [51][60] The independently operated Gurgaon Metro, if built, will also interchange with the Delhi Metro.[61] [edit] Finances [edit] Funding The capital cost of Phases I and II has been estimated to be 14,430 crore (US$ 3.19 billion) at 2004 prices.[62] However, more recent estimates have placed the cost of construction at 200 crore (US$ 44.2 million) per kilometre.[63] Thirty percent of the total investment for Phases I and II has been raised through equity capital with the Government of India (GoI) and Government of Delhi contributing equal shares,[62] and approximately another 60 percent has been raised as either long-term or subordinate debt, through soft loans from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation.[64] The rest of the investment is proposed to be recovered from internal revenues through operations and property development. [62] The Metro also received 1,914.3 crore (US$ 423.1 million) as grant-in-aid from various agencies for the financial year ending March 2009. [65] As of August 7, 2010, Delhi Metro has paid back an amount of 567.63 crore (US$ 125.45 million), which includes loan amount for Phase I and interest amounts for Phases I and II, to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). [66] [edit] Revenue and profits In 2007, the Delhi Metro claimed to be one of only five metro systems in the world that operated at a profit without government subsidies. This was enabled by keeping maintenance costs to a minimum and harnessing additional revenue from advertisements and property development, apart from ticket sales.[67][68] The Metro also generates revenue by leasing out its trains and stations for film shoots. Due to its increasing association with Delhi as an image of the city's everyday life, it has been a popular filming location for production houses, and several films and advertisements have been shot on board. [69][70] Producers have to pay as much as 1 lakh (US$ 2,210) for every hour of filming, besides a security deposit and insurance. [69] For the financial year ended March 2008, the Metro reported operating revenues of 305.27 crore (US$ 67.5 million) and a profit before tax of 19.98 crore (US$ 4.42 million),[71] which rose to 723.77 crore (US$ 160 million) and 90.43 crore (US$ 20 million) respectively for the financial year ended March 2009. [65] [edit] Operations

Inside a Metro Station. Trains operate at a frequency of 3 to 4.5 minutes between 6:00 and 23:00. Trains operating within the network typically travel at speeds below 80 km/h (50 mph), and stop about 20 seconds at each station. Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English. Many stations have services such as ATMs, food outlets, cafs and convenience stores. Eating, drinking, smoking, and chewing of gum are prohibited in the entire system. The Metro also has a sophisticated fire alarm system for advance warning in emergencies, and fire retardant material is used in trains as well as on the premises of stations.[72] Navigation information is available on Google Transit.[73] The first coach of every train is reserved for women only. Delhi Metro is the second contemporary rapid transit system in the world to do so after the Dubai Metro.[74][75][76] [edit] Security

Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), who have been guarding the system ever since they took over from the Delhi Police in 2007.[77] Closed-circuit cameras are used to monitor trains and stations, and feed from these is monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at their respective control rooms. [78] Over 3500 CISF personnel have been deployed to deal with law and order issues in the system, in addition to metal detectors, X-ray baggage inspection systems and dog squads which are used to secure the system.[79] Intercoms are provided in each train car for emergency communication between the passengers and the driver.[80] Periodic security drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness of security agencies in emergency situations.[81] [edit] Ticketing For the convenience of customers, Delhi Metro commuters have three choices for ticket purchase. The RFID tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day of purchase and the value depends on the distance travelled, with fares for a single journey ranging from 8 (US$ 0.18) to 30 (US$ 0.66). Fares are calculated based on the origin and destination stations using a fare chart.[82] A common ticketing facility for commuters travelling on Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) buses and the Metro will be introduced in 2011.[83] Travel cards are available for longer durations and are most convenient for frequent commuters. They are valid for one year from the date of purchase or the date of last recharge, and are available in denominations of 50 (US$ 1.11) to 800 (US$ 17.7). A 10% discount is given on all travel made on it. [84] A deposit of 50 (US$ 1.11) needs to be made to buy a new card.[82] Tourist cards can be used for unlimited travel on the Delhi Metro network over short periods of time. There are two kinds of tourist cards valid for one and three days respectively. The cost of a one-day card is 100 (US$ 2.2) and that of a three-day card is 250 (US$ 5.5), besides a refundable deposit of 50 (US$ 1.11) that must be paid at the time of purchasing the card.[82] [edit] Issues

A long line of commuters waiting to purchase tickets at the Yamuna Bank station in east Delhi. As the network has expanded, high ridership and technical snags in new trains have led to increasing instances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro.[85][86] To alleviate the problem, orders for new coaches have been placed and an increase in the frequency of trains has been proposed.[85] Infrequent, overcrowded and erratic feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also been reported as an area of concern.[87][88] In 2010, severe overcrowding on the Yellow Line, which connects the north and south campuses of Delhi University, was reported to be a reason for students missing or reporting late for classes.[89] [edit] Accidents On October 19, 2008, a girder launcher and a part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath. Workers were lifting a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge with the help of a crane when the launcher collapsed along with a 34 metres (112 ft) long span of the bridge on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a labourer.[90] On July 12, 2009, a portion of a bridge under construction collapsed when its launching girder lost balance as it was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, on the Central Secretariat Badarpur corridor. Six people were killed and 15 others injured.[91] The day after, on July 13, 2009, a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, and with a bowling pin effect collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six.[92] On July 22, 2009 a steel beam fell on a worker at the under-construction

Ashok Park Metro station, killing him.[93] Over a hundred people, including 93 workers, have died since work on the metro began in 1998.[94] [edit] Rolling stock

A Phase I broad gauge train, supplied by Hyundai Rotem-BEML.[95]

A Phase II broad gauge train, supplied by Bombardier. The Metro uses rolling stock of two different gauges. Phase I lines use 1,676 mm (5.499 ft) broad gauge rolling stock, while three Phase II lines use 1,435 mm standard gauge rolling stock.[96] Trains are maintained at seven depots at Khyber Pass and Sultanpur for the Yellow Line, Mundka for the Green Line, Najafgarh and Yamuna Bank for the Blue Line, Shastri Park for the Red Line and Sarita Vihar for the Violet Line.[97][27][98][99][100]

One of the new six coach trains. [edit] Broad gauge The broad gauge rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppliers. For the Phase I, the rolling stock was supplied by a consortium of companies comprising Hyundai Rotem, Mitsubishi Corporation, and MELCO. The coaches were initially built in South Korea by ROTEM,[101] then in Bangalore by BEML through a technology transfer arrangement.[102] These trains consist of four 3.2-metre (10 ft) wide stainless steel lightweight coaches with vestibules permitting movement throughout their length and can carry up to 1500 passengers,[103] with 50 seated and 330 standing passengers per coach.[104] The coaches are fully air conditioned, equipped with automatic doors, microprocessor-controlled brakes and secondary air suspension,[105] and are capable of maintaining an average speed of 32 km/h (20 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[104] The system is extensible up to eight coaches, and platforms have been designed accordingly.[103] The rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by Bombardier Transportation, which has received an order for 498 cars worth US$828 million. [106] While initial trains were made in Germany and Sweden, the remainder will be built at Bombardier's Indian factory in Savli, near Vadodara.[107] These trains are a mix of four-car and six-car consists, capable of accommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively. The coaches possess several improved features like Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras with eight-hour backup for added security, charging points in all coaches for cell phones and laptops, improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius even in packed conditions and heaters for winter.[108]

[edit] Standard gauge The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore. The trains are four-car consists with a capacity of 1506 commuters per train,[109] accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach. [104] These trains will have CCTV cameras in and outside the coaches, power supply connections inside coaches to charge mobiles and laptops, better humidity control, microprocessor-controlled disc brakes,[110] and will be capable of maintaining an average speed of 34 km/h (21 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[104] [edit] Signalling and telecommunication

Inside a Metro coach. The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised automatic train control system consisting of automatic train operation, Automatic Train Protection and automatic train signalling modules.[111] A 380 MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system from Motorola is used on all 3 lines to carry both voice and data information.[112] For Line 3, Siemens Transportation Systems has supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas, the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and the automation control system LZB 700 M.[113] An integrated system comprising optical fibre cable, on-train radio, CCTV, and a centralised clock and public address system is used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergencies.[114] -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Delhi Metro
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Delhi Metro

Info Locale Transit type Number of lines Number of stations National Capital Region, India Rapid transit

132[1][2]

Daily ridership 1.5 million[3][4] Chief executive E. Sreedharan Metro Bhawan, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi www.delhimetrorail.com

Headquarters

Website

Operation Began operation Operator(s) Number of vehicles Train length

December 24, 2002[5]

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (DMRC)

188 trains[6]

4/6 coaches[7][6] Technical

System length

156 kilometers (97 mi)[1][2] 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge and 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 12 in) standard gauge 25 kV, 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary

Track gauge

Electrification

The Delhi Metro (Hindi: Dill Mero) is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Gurgaon and Noida in the National Capital Region of India. The network consists of six lines with a total length of 156 kilometres (97 mi) with 132 stations of which 31 are underground. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade and underground lines and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC). As of November 2010, DMRC operates around 2,700 trips daily between 6:00 and 23:00 running with an interval of 2.5 minutes between trains at peak frequency.[8][4] The trains have four coaches, but there are plans to shift to six coach trains to increase capacity.[7][8][9][6] The power output is supplied by 25-kilovolt, 50 Hertz alternating current through overhead catenary. The metro has an average daily ridership of 1.5 million commuters,[3] and, as of August 2010, had carried over 1.25 billion commuters since its inception.[10] Planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system for the city. The Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) in 1995. Construction started in 1998, and the first section, on the Red

Line, opened in 2002, followed by the Yellow Line in 2004, the Blue Line in 2005, its branch line in 2009, the Green and Violet Lines in 2010. Subsequently, these lines have been extended and new lines are under construction in Phase II of the project, including the Delhi Airport Metro Express whose opening has been postponed until December 2010 due to safety concerns.[11]

Contents
[hide]

1 History o 1.1 Background o 1.2 Construction 2 Network o 2.1 Current routes 2.1.1 Red Line 2.1.2 Yellow Line 2.1.3 Blue Line 2.1.4 Green Line 2.1.5 Violet Line o 2.2 Routes under construction 2.2.1 Airport Express o 2.3 Planned extensions 2.3.1 Phase III 2.3.1.1 Routes within Delhi 2.3.1.2 Routes beyond Delhi border 2.3.2 Phase IV 3 Finances o 3.1 Funding o 3.2 Revenue and profits 4 Operations o 4.1 Security o 4.2 Ticketing o 4.3 Issues o 4.4 Accidents 5 Rolling stock o 5.1 Broad gauge o 5.2 Standard gauge 6 Signalling and telecommunication 7 Environment and aesthetics 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links

[edit] History

[edit] Background
The concept of a mass rapid transit for Delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study carried out in the city in 1969.[12] Over the next several years, many official committees by a variety of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment and governmental jurisdiction.[13] In 1984, the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system, which would consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as well augmenting the city's existing suburban railway and road transport networks.[14] While extensive technical studies and search for financing the project were in progress, the city expanded significantly resulting in a twofold rise in population and a fivefold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998.[14] Consequently, traffic congestion and pollution soared, as an increasing number of commuters took to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable to bear the load.[12] An attempt at privatising the bus transport system in 1992 merely compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes, resulting in long waiting times, unreliable service, extreme overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless driving.[15] To rectify the situation, the Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on March 5, 1995 with E. Sreedharan as the managing director.[16]

[edit] Construction
Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on October 1, 1998.[17] After the previous problems experienced by the Calcutta Metro, which was badly delayed and 12 times over budget due to "political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays", the DMRC was given full powers to hire people, decide on tenders and control funds.[18] As a result, construction proceeded smoothly, except from one major disagreement in 2000, where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use broad gauge despite the DMRC's preference for standard gauge.[19] The first line of the Delhi Metro was inaugurated by Atal Behari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister of India on December 24, 2002[5] and thus it became the second underground rapid transit system in India, after the Kolkata Metro. The first phase of the project was completed in 2006[20] on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described by BusinessWeek as "nothing short of a miracle".[21]

[edit] Network
Main article: List of Delhi metro stations

The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Phase I completed 65.11 km (40.46 mi) of route length, of which 13.01 km (8.08 mi) is underground and 52.10 km (32.37 mi) surface or elevated. The

inauguration of the IndraprasthaBarakhamba Road corridor of the Blue Line marked the completion of Phase I on October 27, 2006.[20] Phase II of the network comprises 128 km (80 mi) of route length and 79 stations, and is presently under construction, with the first section opened in June 2008 and a target completion date of 2010.[22] Phases III (112 km) and IV (108.5 km) are planned to be completed by 2015 and 2021 respectively, with the network spanning 413 km (257 mi) by then.[23]

[edit] Current routes

As of October 3, 2010, the whole of Phase-I and parts of Phase-II are complete, with the network comprising five lines with 130 metro stations and a total length of 156 km (97 mi).[1][2][24]
Leng First Last Station th Line operatio Extensi s[24] (km)[ nal on 24] Decemb June 4, Red er 24, 2008 Line 2002 Decemb Septem Yello er 20, ber 3, w 2004 2010 Line Decemb October er 31, 30, 2005 2010 Blue Line January 8, 2010 6 Rollin g stock

Terminals

Network Map

21

Dilshad 25.1 Garden

23 Rithal trains[ a 25]

34

45

HUDA 45 Jahangir City trains[ Centr 4] puri e Noida City Centre Dwar ka Secto 59 r 21 trains[
8]

44

50

Anan Yamuna d 6.25 Bank Vihar 13 Mund trains[ 15.1 Inderlok ka 26]

Gree April 3, n 2010 Line October Viol 3, 2010 et

14

13

15

Central 29 Sarita Secretari trains[ Vihar 27] at

Line

[edit] Red Line

Main article: Red Line (Delhi Metro)

The Red Line was the first line of the Metro to be opened and connects Rithala in the west to Dilshad Garden in the east, covering a distance of 25.09 kilometres (15.59 mi).[25] It is partly elevated and partly at grade, and crosses the Yamuna River between Kashmere Gate and Shastri Park stations.[28] The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on December 24, 2002, caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a ride.[29][30] Subsequent sections were inaugurated from Tis Hazari Trinagar (later renamed Inderlok) on October 4, 2003,[31] Inderlok Rithala on March 31, 2004, and Shahdara Dilshad Garden on June 4, 2008.[32] [edit] Yellow Line
Main article: Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)

The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and was the first underground line to be opened.[33] It runs for 44.36 kilometres (27.56 mi) from north to south and connects Jahangirpuri with HUDA City Centre. The northern and southern parts of the line are elevated, while the central section through some of the most congested parts of Delhi is underground. The first section between Vishwa Vidyalaya and Kashmere Gate opened on December 20, 2004, and the subsequent sections of Kashmere Gate Central Secretariat opened on July 3, 2005, and Vishwa Vidyalaya Jahangirpuri on February 4, 2009.[32] This line also possesses the country's deepest Metro station at Chawri Bazaar, situated 30 metres (98 ft) below ground level.[34][35] On 21 June 2010, an additional stretch from Qutub Minar to HUDA City Centre in Gurgaon was opened, initially operating separately from the main line. However, Chhatarpur station on this line opened on August 26, 2010. Due to delay in acquiring the land for constructing the station, it was constructed using pre-fabricated structures in a record time of nine months and is the only station in the Delhi metro network to be made completely of steel.[36][37] The connecting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on September 3, 2010.[38] Interchanges are available with the Red Line at Kashmere Gate station, and with the Indian Railways network at Delhi and New Delhi railway stations.[39][40] [edit] Blue Line
Main article: Blue Line (Delhi Metro)

The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be opened, and the first to connect areas outside Delhi.[41] Partly overhead and partly underground,[42] it connects Dwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east, covering a distance of 47.4 kilometres (29.5 mi).[41] The first section of this line between Dwarka and Barakhamba Road was inaugurated on December 31, 2005, and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka Dwarka Sector 9 on

April 1, 2006, Barakhamba Road Indraprastha on November 11, 2006, Indraprastha Yamuna Bank on May 10, 2009, Yamuna Bank Noida City Centre on November 12, 2009, and Dwarka Sector 9 - Dwarka Sector 21 on October 30, 2010.[32] This line crosses the Yamuna River between Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations,[28] and has India's first extradosed bridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan.[43] A branch of the Blue line, inaugurated on January 8, 2010, takes off from Yamuna Bank station and runs for 6.25 kilometres (3.88 mi) up to Anand Vihar in east Delhi.[44] A small stretch of 2.76 kilometres (1.71 mi) from Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 was inaugurated on October 30, 2010.[1][2] Interchanges are available with the Yellow Line at Rajiv Chowk station,[42] and with the Indian Railways network at the Anand Vihar Railway Terminal.[45] [edit] Green Line
Main article: Green Line (Delhi Metro)

Opened in 2010, the Green Line was the first standard-gauge corridor of the Delhi Metro.[26] The fully elevated line connects Mundka with Inderlok, running for 15.1 kilometres (9.4 mi) mostly along Rohtak Road.[46] An interchange with the Red line is available at Inderlok station via an integrated concourse.[47] This line also has the country's first standard-gauge maintenance depot at Mundka.[48] [edit] Violet Line
Main article: Violet Line (Delhi Metro)

The Violet Line is the most recent line of the Metro to be opened, and the second standard-gauge corridor after the Green Line. The 15 km (9.3 mi) long line connects Sarita Vihar to Central Secretariat, with 9 km (5.6 mi) being overhead and the rest underground.[27] It was inaugurated on October 3, 2010, just hours before the inaugural ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and connects the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium which is the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the event.[49] Completed in just 41 months, it includes a 100 m (330 ft) long bridge over the Indian Railways mainlines and a 167.5 m (550 ft) long cable-stayed bridge across an operational road flyover, and connects several hospitals, tourist attractions and a major industrial estate along its route.[27] Services are provided at intervals of 2 min 40 sec, the shortest on the network.[49] An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at Central Secretariat through an integrated concourse.[27]

[edit] Routes under construction

Phase II consists of 127 km (79 mi) of railway lines, of which the following sections are under construction.[23]

Construction work in progress for the Phase II extension to Gurgaon. Planned Opening Date Route Terminals Length Stations

December 2010[50]

Airport
Express

New Delhi IGI Airport Dwarka Sector 21

22.7 km (14.1 mi) 5.16 km (3.21 mi) 3.32 km (2.06 mi) 2.5 km (1.6 mi)

December 2010

Violet Line Green Line Blue Line

Sarita Vihar Badarpur

March 2011

Kirti Nagar Ashok Park Main

June 2011[51]

Anand Vihar Vaishali

[edit] Airport Express

Main article: Delhi Airport Metro Express

The Airport Express line runs for 22.7 km (14.1 mi) from New Delhi Railway Station to Dwarka Sector 21, linking the Indira Gandhi International Airport. The line will be operated, by the Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Limited (DAMEL), a subsidiary of Reliance Infrastructure, the concessionaire of the line.[52] Constructed at a cost of 2,885 crore (US$637.59 million),[53] the line will have six stations with check-in facilities, parking and eateries.[54] Originally scheduled to open before the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the line failed to obtain the mandatory safety clearance, and was rescheduled to open by the middle of November 2010.[55][11] The line is still to be completed with its final safety inspections and get clearances which is scheduled in December 2010.[56] Rolling stock is expected to consist of six-coach trains operating at intervals of ten minutes and having a maximum speed of 135 km/h (84 mph).[54]

[edit] Planned extensions

Several extensions to the Delhi Metro network have been planned. [edit] Phase III
[edit] Routes within Delhi

Phase III, tentatively composed of six routes covering 69.57 kilometres (43.23 mi), has a 2015 deadline. The following routes have received Cabinet clearance and are expected to commence construction by the end of 2010[57]:

Central Secretariat to Red Fort (6.8 km) - Violet Line Rajouri Garden to Mukundupur (12.4 km) - New line Jahangirpuri to Badali (3.4 km) - Yellow Line

Three lines are still pending approval[57]:

Anand Vihar to Dhaula Kuan (25.66 km) - New line Malviya Nagar to Kalindi Kunj (11.64 km) - New line Ashok Park to Delhi Gate (9.64 km) - Unconfirmed

[edit] Routes beyond Delhi border

In addition, a 13.8 km (8.6 mi) long extension of the Violet Line from Badarpur into Faridabad in neighbouring Haryana at a cost of 2,533 crore (US$559.79 million) has received budgetary and other clearances, and construction is set to begin in October 2010.[58] [edit] Phase IV Phase IV has a 2020 deadline, and tentatively includes further extensions to Sonia Vihar, Reola Khanpur, Palam, Najafgarh, Ghazipur, Noida Sector 62, Gurgaon and Faridabad, having a total length of 108.5 km (67.4 mi).[23] Apart from these lines in Phases I to IV, plans have been mooted to construct a new line from Noida Sector 62 to Greater Noida which will intersect Indraprastha Noida Sector 32 line.[59] The Ghaziabad Development Authority is planning to extend Delhi Metro lines deeper into Ghaziabad in three phases, including the extension of the Blue Line from Anand Vihar to Vaishali, and subsequently to Mehrauli via Indirapuram, as well as the extension of the Red Line from Dilshad Garden to the new Ghaziabad bus stand.[51][60] The independently operated Gurgaon Metro, if built, will also interchange with the Delhi Metro.[61]

[edit] Finances
[edit] Funding
The capital cost of Phases I and II has been estimated to be 14,430 crore (US$3.19 billion) at 2004 prices.[62] However, more recent estimates have placed the cost of construction at 200

crore (US$44.2 million) per kilometre.[63] Thirty percent of the total investment for Phases I and II has been raised through equity capital with the Government of India (GoI) and Government of Delhi contributing equal shares,[62] and approximately another 60 percent has been raised as either long-term or subordinate debt, through soft loans from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation.[64] The rest of the investment is proposed to be recovered from internal revenues through operations and property development.[62] The Metro also received 1,914.3 crore (US$423.1 million) as grant-in-aid from various agencies for the financial year ending March 2009.[65] As of August 7, 2010, Delhi Metro has paid back an amount of 567.63 crore (US$125.45 million), which includes loan amount for Phase I and interest amounts for Phases I and II, to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).[66]

[edit] Revenue and profits

In 2007, the Delhi Metro claimed to be one of only five metro systems in the world that operated at a profit without government subsidies. This was enabled by keeping maintenance costs to a minimum and harnessing additional revenue from advertisements and property development, apart from ticket sales.[67][68] The Metro also generates revenue by leasing out its trains and stations for film shoots. Due to its increasing association with Delhi as an image of the city's everyday life, it has been a popular filming location for production houses, and several films and advertisements have been shot on board.[69][70] Producers have to pay as much as 1 lakh (US$2,210) for every hour of filming, besides a security deposit and insurance.[69] For the financial year ended March 2008, the Metro reported operating revenues of 305.27 crore (US$67.5 million) and a profit before tax of 19.98 crore (US$4.42 million),[71] which rose to 723.77 crore (US$160 million) and 90.43 crore (US$20 million) respectively for the financial year ended March 2009.[65]

[edit] Operations

Inside a Metro Station.

Trains operate at a frequency of 3 to 4.5 minutes between 6:00 and 23:00. Trains operating within the network typically travel at speeds below 80 km/h (50 mph), and stop about 20 seconds at each station. Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English. Many

stations have services such as ATMs, food outlets, cafs and convenience stores. Eating, drinking, smoking, and chewing of gum are prohibited in the entire system. The Metro also has a sophisticated fire alarm system for advance warning in emergencies, and fire retardant material is used in trains as well as on the premises of stations.[72] Navigation information is available on Google Transit.[73] The first coach of every train is reserved for women only. Delhi Metro is the second contemporary rapid transit system in the world to do so after the Dubai Metro.[74][75][76]

[edit] Security
Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), who have been guarding the system ever since they took over from the Delhi Police in 2007.[77] Closed-circuit cameras are used to monitor trains and stations, and feed from these is monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at their respective control rooms.[78] Over 3500 CISF personnel have been deployed to deal with law and order issues in the system, in addition to metal detectors, X-ray baggage inspection systems and dog squads which are used to secure the system.[79] Intercoms are provided in each train car for emergency communication between the passengers and the driver.[80] Periodic security drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness of security agencies in emergency situations.[81]

[edit] Ticketing
For the convenience of customers, Delhi Metro commuters have three choices for ticket purchase. The RFID tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day of purchase and the value depends on the distance travelled, with fares for a single journey ranging from 8 (US$0.18) to 30 (US$0.66). Fares are calculated based on the origin and destination stations using a fare chart.[82] A common ticketing facility for commuters travelling on Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) buses and the Metro will be introduced in 2011.[83] Travel cards are available for longer durations and are most convenient for frequent commuters. They are valid for one year from the date of purchase or the date of last recharge, and are available in denominations of 50 (US$1.11) to 800 (US$17.7). A 10% discount is given on all travel made on it.[84] A deposit of 50 (US$1.11) needs to be made to buy a new card.[82] Tourist cards can be used for unlimited travel on the Delhi Metro network over short periods of time. There are two kinds of tourist cards valid for one and three days respectively. The cost of a one-day card is 100 (US$2.2) and that of a three-day card is 250 (US$5.5), besides a refundable deposit of 50 (US$1.11) that must be paid at the time of purchasing the card.[82]

[edit] Issues

A long line of commuters waiting to purchase tickets at the Yamuna Bank station in east Delhi.

As the network has expanded, high ridership and technical snags in new trains have led to increasing instances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro.[85][86] To alleviate the problem, orders for new coaches have been placed and an increase in the frequency of trains has been proposed.[85] Infrequent, overcrowded and erratic feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also been reported as an area of concern.[87][88] In 2010, severe overcrowding on the Yellow Line, which connects the north and south campuses of Delhi University, was reported to be a reason for students missing or reporting late for classes.[89]

[edit] Accidents
On October 19, 2008, a girder launcher and a part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath. Workers were lifting a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge with the help of a crane when the launcher collapsed along with a 34 metres (112 ft) long span of the bridge on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a labourer.[90] On July 12, 2009, a portion of a bridge under construction collapsed when its launching girder lost balance as it was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, on the Central Secretariat Badarpur corridor. Six people were killed and 15 others injured.[91] The day after, on July 13, 2009, a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, and with a bowling pin effect collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six.[92] On July 22, 2009 a steel beam fell on a worker at the under-construction Ashok Park Metro station, killing him.[93] Over a hundred people, including 93 workers, have died since work on the metro began in 1998.[94]

[edit] Rolling stock

A Phase I broad gauge train, supplied by Hyundai Rotem-BEML.[95]

A Phase II broad gauge train, supplied by Bombardier.

The Metro uses rolling stock of two different gauges. Phase I lines use 1,676 mm (5.499 ft) broad gauge rolling stock, while three Phase II lines use 1,435 mm standard gauge rolling stock.[96] Trains are maintained at seven depots at Khyber Pass and Sultanpur for the Yellow Line, Mundka for the Green Line, Najafgarh and Yamuna Bank for the Blue Line, Shastri Park for the Red Line and Sarita Vihar for the Violet Line.[97][27][98][99][100]

One of the new six coach trains.

[edit] Broad gauge

The broad gauge rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppliers. For the Phase I, the rolling stock was supplied by a consortium of companies comprising Hyundai Rotem, Mitsubishi Corporation, and MELCO. The coaches were initially built in South Korea by ROTEM,[101] then in Bangalore by BEML through a technology transfer arrangement.[102] These trains consist of four 3.2-metre (10 ft) wide stainless steel lightweight coaches with vestibules permitting

movement throughout their length and can carry up to 1500 passengers,[103] with 50 seated and 330 standing passengers per coach.[104] The coaches are fully air conditioned, equipped with automatic doors, microprocessor-controlled brakes and secondary air suspension,[105] and are capable of maintaining an average speed of 32 km/h (20 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[104] The system is extensible up to eight coaches, and platforms have been designed accordingly.[103] The rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by Bombardier Transportation, which has received an order for 498 cars worth US$828 million.[106] While initial trains were made in Germany and Sweden, the remainder will be built at Bombardier's Indian factory in Savli, near Vadodara.[107] These trains are a mix of four-car and six-car consists, capable of accommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively. The coaches possess several improved features like Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras with eight-hour backup for added security, charging points in all coaches for cell phones and laptops, improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius even in packed conditions and heaters for winter.[108]

[edit] Standard gauge

The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore. The trains are four-car consists with a capacity of 1506 commuters per train,[109] accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach.[104] These trains will have CCTV cameras in and outside the coaches, power supply connections inside coaches to charge mobiles and laptops, better humidity control, microprocessor-controlled disc brakes,[110] and will be capable of maintaining an average speed of 34 km/h (21 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[104]

[edit] Signalling and telecommunication

Inside a Metro coach.

The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised automatic train control system consisting of automatic train operation, Automatic Train Protection and automatic train signalling modules.[111] A 380 MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system from Motorola is used on all 3 lines to carry both voice and data information.[112] For Line 3, Siemens Transportation Systems has supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas, the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and the automation control system LZB 700 M.[113] An integrated system

comprising optical fibre cable, on-train radio, CCTV, and a centralised clock and public address system is used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergencies.[114]

[edit] Environment and aesthetics

The Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations,[115] RINA,[116] and the International Organization for Standardization,[116] becoming the second metro in the world, after the New York City Subway, to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction.[117] Most of the Metro stations on the Blue Line conduct rainwater harvesting as an environmental protection measure.[118] It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism,[119] and has so far earned 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on its trains.[120] The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of community infrastructure, and community artwork depicting the local way of life has been put on display at stations.[121] Students of local art colleges have also designed decorative murals at Metro stations,[122] while pillars of the viaduct on some elevated sections have been decorated with mosaic murals created by local schoolchildren.[123] The Metro station at INA Colony has a gallery showcasing artwork and handicrafts from across India,[124] while all stations on the Central Secretariat Qutub Minar section of the Yellow Line have panels installed on the monumental architectural heritage of Delhi.[125]

[edit] Notes
1. ^ a b c d "DMRC Extends Metro Services To Dwarka Sector 21 on Line-3". Press Releases (DMRC). 2010-10-30. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=qZpXzaO5CaMlld. Retrieved 2010-10-30. 2. ^ a b c d "Noida Metro line extended to Dwarka Sec-21". The Hindu. 2010-10-30. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article859532.ece. Retrieved 2010-10-30. 3. ^ a b "Highest ridership for Metro on Monday". Hindustan Times. 2010-11-16. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Highest-ridership-for-Metro-on-Monday/Article1627181.aspx. Retrieved 2010-11-18. 4. ^ a b c "Delhi Metro Operations Update". Press Release. DMRC. 2010-11-26. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=DxsisLpwLn09clld. Retrieved 2010-1207. 5. ^ a b "Indian PM launches Delhi metro". BBC News. 2002-12-24. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2602907.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 6. ^ a b c "DMRC To Induct Two Six-Coach Trains By The End Of This Month On Line-3". Press Release. DMRC. 2010-12-03. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=DiJlX4UgMBMlld. Retrieved 2010-1207. 7. ^ a b "Delhi Metro to add extra coaches". Business Standard. 2010-01-06. http://www.businessstandard.com/india/news/delhi-metro-to-add-extra-coaches-to-trains/356346/. Retrieved 201001-06.

8. ^ a b c "More trains from Dwarka to Noida". The Times of India. 2010-11-27. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/More-trains-from-Dwarka-toNoida/articleshow/6997744.cms. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 9. ^ "Metro starts shift to six-coach trains to boost capacity". Hindustan Times. 2010-09-25. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Metro-starts-shift-to-six-coach-trains-to-boostcapacity/687516/. Retrieved 2010-09-29. 10. ^ "Delhi metro's total ridership since 2002 crosses the total population of India". Press Release. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. 2010-08-23. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=FzMnclfd2o1oMlld. Retrieved 201008-27. 11. ^ a b Lalchandani, Neha (2010-10-26). "Metro's IGI line delayed, will open by end-Dec". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Metros-IGI-line-delayed-will-openby-mid-Nov/articleshow/6811953.cms. Retrieved 2010-11-01. 12. ^ a b Siemiatycki 2006, p. 279 13. ^ Siemiatycki 2006, pp. 279280 14. ^ a b "History of Delhi Metro". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/needformetro/history.aspx. Retrieved 2009-09-17. 15. ^ Pucher, John; Nisha Korattyswaroopam, Neenu Ittyerah (2004). "The Crisis of Public Transport in India". Journal of Public Transportation 7 (4): 120. http://131.247.19.1/jpt/pdf/JPT%2074%20Pucher.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-17. 16. ^ "Structure of Delhi Metro". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/needformetro/metroneed.aspx. Retrieved 2009-09-17. 17. ^ "Delhi metro rail work begins but without fanfare". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981002/27550424.html. 18. ^ "Delhi Metro showcases public sector success". The Indian Express. 2007-04-13. http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=84775. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 19. ^ "Delhi Metro Rail to adopt BG system". The Hindu Business Line. 2000-08-07. http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/08/07/stories/140760l1.htm. Retrieved 200909-10. 20. ^ a b "Phase 1 complete, Pragati Maidan now on Metro map". Express India. 2006-10-27. http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=206789. Retrieved 2010-04-18. 21. ^ Nandini Lakshman (2007-03-19). "The Miracle-Worker of the Delhi Metro". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_12/b4026009.htm. Retrieved 2009-0910. 22. ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran (2007-09-17). "Delhi Metro confident of meeting deadline". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/17/stories/2007091753860400.htm. Retrieved 200909-10. 23. ^ a b c "Delhi Metro Phase I and II". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/project_updates.aspx. Retrieved 2010-03-25. 24. ^ a b c Sanjay Kapoor (2010-09-04). "Metro:The Complete Picture". Hindustan Times. http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/PUBLICATIONS/HT/HD/2010/09/04/ArticleHtmls/Taken-fora-ride-feel-commuters-04092010004002.shtml?Mode=1. Retrieved 2010-09-04. 25. ^ a b Atul Mathur (2009-09-17). "A swankier, smarter Metro". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-swankier-smarter-Metro/Article1454767.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-12. 26. ^ a b "Delhi Metro crosses new horizons". Hindustan Times. 2010-04-03. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Delhi-Metro-crosses-newhorizons/Article1-526409.aspx. Retrieved 2010-04-04.

27. ^ a b c d e "Additional Information". Press Release. DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/PressReleaseDocuments/20/41Additional_Information.doc. Retrieved 2010-10-03. 28. ^ a b "On May 3, Metro to cross Yamuna again". The Times of India. 2009-04-24. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/On-May-2-Metro-to-cross-Yamunaagain/articleshow/4441285.cms. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 29. ^ "Prime Minister inaugurates Metro Rail services between Tis Hazari and Shahdara". Press Release. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 2002-12-24. http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rdec2002/24122002/r241220027.html. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 30. ^ "Passengers swamp Delhi's new metro". Sydney Morning Herald. 2002-12-27. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/12/26/1040511133673.html. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 31. ^ "70,000 travel by Tri Nagar-Tis Hazari Metro rail". The Times of India. 2003-10-05. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/70000-travel-by-Tri-Nagar-Tis-Hazari-Metrorail/articleshow/216425.cms. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 32. ^ a b c "Metro Station Information". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/station-info.aspx. Retrieved 2009-03-29. 33. ^ "A subterranean journey begins". The Times of India. 2004-12-20. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/964370.cms. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 34. ^ "Metro creating a marvel in Walled City". The Hindu. 2004-01-08. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010805490300.htm. Retrieved 2010-0329. 35. ^ "Technological marvel set to unfold on July 2". The Hindu. 2005-06-29. http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/29/stories/2005062920010300.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 36. ^ "Chhattarpur Metro Station To Become Operational From Tomorrow". DMRC. 2010-08-25. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=IT8bnclZM5cBAlld. Retrieved 2010-0926. 37. ^ "Chattarpur station to open today". The Times of India. 2010-08-26. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Chattarpur-station-to-opentoday/articleshow/6435360.cms. Retrieved 2010-09-26. 38. ^ "Gurgaon gets a lifeline as CST-Qutub corridor opens". Sify News. 2010-09-04. http://sify.com/news/gurgaon-gets-a-lifeline-as-cst-qutub-corridor-opens-news-nationalkjduEhecbaj.html. Retrieved 2010-09-04. 39. ^ Nidhi Sharma (2005-06-29). "New Delhi Metro station, your connect with National rail". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/New-Delhi-Metro-station-yourconnect-with-National-rail/articleshow/1154950.cms. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 40. ^ "Secretariat to DU in 18 minutes flat". The Hindu. 2005-07-01. http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/01/stories/2005070111420400.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 41. ^ a b "Metro enters Noida, set to change travelling habits of people". Daily News and Analysis. 2009-11-12. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_metro-enters-noida-set-to-changetravelling-habits-of-people_1310610. Retrieved 2009-01-12. 42. ^ a b "Metro to travel underground and overhead". The Times of India. 2005-12-28. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Metro-to-travel-underground-andoverhead/articleshow/1349130.cms?flstry=1. Retrieved 2010-04-04. 43. ^ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar (2006-11-12). "Delhi Metro just got bigger and better". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/12/stories/2006111212620100.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-04.

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97. ^ Sweta Dutta (2009-05-13). "Eight depots for Metro as it chugs along ever-widening network". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Eight-depots-for-Metro-as-it-chugsalong-ever-widening-network/458341/. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 98. ^ "Delhi Metro, India". railway-technology.com. http://www.railwaytechnology.com/projects/delhi/. 99. ^ "Metro gets first standard gauge depot". The Hindu. 2010-02-23. http://beta.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article111997.ece. Retrieved 2010-07-28. 100. ^ "Delhi Metro constructs Asia's highest train washing plant". The Economic Times. 2010-04-25. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5855991.cms. Retrieved 201007-28. 101. ^ "Delhi Metro, India - Key Data". railway-technology.com. http://www.railwaytechnology.com/projects/delhi/. 102. ^ P. Manoj (2005-08-25). "BEML to rake in big money from proposed metro projects". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/25/stories/2005082504340500.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 103. ^ a b "Second Metro rail arrives in Delhi". The Times of India. 2002-10-15. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/25298669.cms. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 104. ^ a b c d "Rolling Stock: Ensuring Passenger Comfort, Safety and Reliability". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/metro_museum/images/7.jpg. Retrieved 2010-09-27. 105. ^ "Metro Rail gets first train". The Hindu. 2002-07-27. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/07/27/stories/2002072703730400.htm. Retrieved 2009-0926. 106. ^ "Bombardier Wins New Contract in Delhi to Deliver Further 74 MOVIA Metro Cars". Press Release. Bombardier. 2010-06-30. http://bombardier.com/en/transportation/mediacentre/press-releases/details?docID=0901260d8011809b. Retrieved 2010-07-28. 107. ^ "Bombardier to supply coaches to Delhi Metro". projectsmonitor.com. http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=14183. 108. ^ "Metro to get swankier, bigger coaches". The Times of India. 2009-09-17. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/city/delhi/Metro-to-get-swankier-biggercoaches/articleshow/5019847.cms. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 109. ^ "BEML delivers India's 1st standard gauge metro car". The Economic Times. 2009-0911. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4999078.cms. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 110. ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran (2009-07-30). "Trial run begins on first standard gauge Metro line". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/30/stories/2009073055731200.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-26. 111. ^ "Technical Notes: Signalling". DMRC. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20080312053117/www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/technicaln otes/tn_signalling.html. Retrieved 2009-11-23. 112. ^ "Delhi Metro Railway Corporation, India". Motorola Electronics. http://www.motorola.com/staticfiles/Business/Products/_Documents/Case%20Studies/staticfil e/TETRA_Transportation_India_Delhi_Metro_Railway_Corporation.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 113. ^ "Metro Line 3, New Delhi, India". Siemens AG. http://references.transportation.siemens.com/refdb/showReference.do?r=1881&div=2&l=en. Retrieved 2008-07-06. 114. ^ "Technical Notes: Telecommunication". DMRC. Archived from the original on 2007-1226.

http://web.archive.org/web/20071226184202/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/tech nicalnotes/tn_telecom.html. Retrieved 2009-11-23. 115. ^ "Delhi Metro gets UN certificate for preventing carbon emission". The Times of India. 2009-02-22. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Delhi-Metro-gets-UNcertificate/articleshow/4169221.cms. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 116. ^ a b "Delhi Metro gets OHSAS 18001". DMRC. Archived from the original on 2008-06-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20080607074341/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/ecof riendly/ohsas18001.html. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 117. ^ "Delhi Metro Receives ISO 14001 For Eco-friendly Systems". Press Release. USAID. 2002-12-24. http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/dec24_2.htm. Retrieved 201009-27. 118. ^ "Delhi Metro shows the way with water harvesting units". The Times of India. 200509-26. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1242306.cms. Retrieved 2010-09-27. 119. ^ "Delhi Metro is first rail project to earn carbon credits". The Economic Times. 2008-0105. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-byindustry/transportation/railways/Delhi-Metro-is-first-rail-project-to-earn-carboncredits/articleshow/2676012.cms. Retrieved 2010-02-02. 120. ^ Neha Sinha (2009-12-20). "Delhi Metro on track to earn carbon credits". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/delhi-metro-on-track-to-earn-carboncredits/556699/. Retrieved 2010-02-02. 121. ^ Siemiatycki 2006, p. 284 122. ^ Anuradha Mukherjee (2002-12-13). "Vibrant murals bring cheer". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Vibrant-murals-bringcheer/articleshow/31101558.cms. Retrieved 2009-11-30. 123. ^ Preeti Jha (2007-10-10). "Murals by Salwan Public School students decorate Metro pillars on Pusa Road". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/murals-bysalwan-public-school-students-decorate-metro-pillars-on-pusa-road/226660/. Retrieved 201002-02. 124. ^ "At INA Metro station, a gallery for traditional art, crafts". Indian Express. 2010-09-02. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/at-ina-metro-station-a-gallery-for-traditional-artcrafts/676125/0. Retrieved 2010-09-21. 125. ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran (2010-09-02). "Delhi metro gets a handicrafts gallery". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/02/stories/2010090252320200.htm. Retrieved 201009-21.

[edit] References

Siemiatycki, Matti (June 2006). "Message in a Metro: Building Urban Rail Infrastructure and Image in Delhi, India". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 30 (2): 259277. http://web.iitd.ac.in/~tripp/delhibrts/metro/Metro/message%20in%20a%20metro%20%20Matti.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-17.

[edit] Further reading

G. S. Dhillon (2004-01-29). "Trenchless tunnelling". The Tribune. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040129/science.htm#1.

A dream revisited: an archival journey into the making of the Delhi Metro Rail. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. 2003. OCLC 54073649 A journey to remember. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. 2008. pp. 94. OCLC 300027063

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Rapid Rail Transit in India

In operation Delhi Metro Kolkata Metro Chennai Metro Hyderabad Metro Under Construction Jaipur Metro Mumbai Metro Namma Metro (Bangalore) RMRG (Gurgaon) Chandigarh Metro Kanpur Metro Kochi Planned Metro Ludhiana Metro Lucknow Metro MEGA (Gandhinagar & Ahmedabad) Pune Metro Navi Mumbai Metro

Under Construction

Mumbai Monorail Bangalore Monorail Chennai

Planned

Monorail Delhi Monorail Kolkata Monorail Navi Mumbai Monorail Pune Monorail

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro" Categories: New Delhi | Delhi Metro | Public transport in India | Siemens Transportation Systems projects | Underground rapid transit systems | 2002 establishments | Rapid transit in India | Transport in Delhi Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from September 2010 | Articles containing Hindi language text | Good articles

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question 1: [57] While initial trains were made in Germany and Sweden, the remainder will be built at Bombardier's Indian factory in Savli, near ________. Your Answer: Vadodara Correct!

Question 2: Where are the headquarters of Delhi Metro? Your Answer: Metro Bhawan, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi Correct!

Question 3: Who operates Delhi Metro? Your Answer: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd Correct!

Question 4: The Delhi Metro uses ________ along with a centralised Automatic Train Control system comprising of automatic train operation, Automatic Train Protection and automatic train signalling modules. Your Answer: Cab signalling Correct!

Question 5: [69] Most of the Metro stations on the Blue Line conduct ________ as an environmental protection measure. Your Answer: Rainwater harvesting Correct!

Question 6: Phase I lines use 1,676 millimetres (5.499 ft) broad gauge rolling stock, while three Phase II lines will use ________ rolling stock. Your Answer: Standard gauge Correct!

Question 7: [13] As a result, construction proceeded smoothly, except from one major disagreement in 2000, where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use broad gauge despite the DMRC's preference for ________. Your Answer: Rail gauge Wrong. Should have been Standard gauge

Question 8: [63] A 380 MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system from ________ is used on all 3 lines to carry both voice and data information. Your Answer: Motorola Correct!

Question 9: ________ are provided in each train car for emergency communication between the passengers and the driver. Your Answer: Walkie-talkie Wrong. Should have been Intercom ---------------------------------------------------------------------------00--------------------------------------------Question 1: Each line of the Delhi Metro is identified by a specific ________. Your Answer: Primary color Wrong. Should have been Color

Question 2: The system uses rolling stock of both ________ and standard gauge and has a combination of elevated, at-grade and underground lines. Your Answer: Rail gauge Wrong. Should have been Broad gauge

Question 3: This is a List of metro stations of the Delhi Metro (Hindi: ), a rapid transit system in ________, the capital city of India. Your Answer: Delhi Correct!

Question 10: Automated station announcements are recorded in ________ and English. Your Answer: Hindi Correct!