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EN634 Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics Introduction to two-phase flow

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TWO-PHASE FLOWS

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Has a large industrial relevance

Chemical (Reactors, Distillation Columns ,etc.) Petroleum (Oil-Gas Lines, Refinery) Geothermal (Boiling) Power (Boilers, Fluidized Beds) Space (Fuel Tanks)

Kannan Iyer Kiyer@me.iitb.ac.in

Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

The subject matter is extremely complex

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Classification
Dispersed Separated

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Dimensionality
One dimensional Multi-dimensional

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Engineering Approach

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Flow Patterns

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This course will emphasize on one-dimensional areaaveraged analysis The key issue in engineering is to compute the state of the system during steady and transient conditions Computation of pressure gradients and heat transfer coefficients play a central role In single-phase well established correlations have been developed for laminar and turbulent flows In two-phase flows, this becomes complicated as fluids can distribute themselves in a pipe in many patterns

Bubbly Slug Flow Flow

Churn Flow

Annular Flow

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Flow Pattern Maps

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Definitions-I
Definitions
Volume averaged void fraction or gas hold up
These are defined after time averaging

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The gradients of velocity and temperature at the wall will depend on flow pattern Maps have been generated to identify the type of flow that may exist

V =

Vg Vg + Vl

dV
=
g

dV
g+ l

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Definitions (Contd-II)
Area averaged void fraction or gas hold up
A = Ag Ag + Al

Definitions (Contd-III)
Superficial Velocity or Volume Flux
jg = Qg A pipe ; jl = Ql A pipe

dA
=
g

dA
g +l

Homogeneous Velocity
j = uH = Total Volume flowrate A pipe Qg + Ql = = jg + jl A pipe

For a well distributed steady system

A = V

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Definitions (Contd-IV)
Phase Averaged Velocity
ug = Qg Ag ; Q ul = l Al

Definitions (Contd-IV)
Volume fraction
= Qg Q g + Ql ; = jg jg + jl

From above definitions

jg = u g ; jl = u l (1 )

Relative Velocity
ur = ug ul

Slip
s=

ug ul

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Definitions (Contd-IV)
Relation between , and s
Qg Qg + Ql
s = = s + (1 ) Ag u g + Al u l
Ag u g

Definitions (Contd-VI)
Static Quality
xs = Vg g Vg g + Vl l =

dm
g

dm
g +l

Flow Quality
x= gA g u g g A g u g + l A l u l & dm =
g

& dm
g +l

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Definitions (Contd-VII)
Thermodynamic equilibrium Quality
xe = h hf h fg s =

Definitions (Contd-VIII)
Static Density
Mass of mixture Volume V[ g + (1 )l ] V

When Thermodynamic equilibrium exists

xe = x

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Definitions (Contd-IX)
Drift Velocity
ud = ug j

Definitions (Contd-X)
Similarly
jlg = (1 )( u l j)

We can see the following relationship Drift Flux

Volume flux of gas relative a surface moving with a velocity j

jgl = ( u g j) = u g j = j jl j = (1 ) j jl = (1 ) j (1 )u l = (1 )( j u l ) = jlg

jgl = ( u g j)

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Void, Quality, Slip Relations

x= g A g u g g A g u g + l A l u l = 1 (1 ) 1 1+ l g s

By rearrangement

1 (1 x ) 1+ g s l x

s=

x 1 l (1 x ) g