Published in November 2009 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with the Ministry of Manpower.

All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, in whole or in part, without prior written permission. The information provided in this publication is accurate as at time of printing. All cases shared in this publication are meant for learning purposes only. The learning points for each case are not exhaustive and should not be taken to encapsulate all the responsibilities and obligations of the user of this publication under the law. The Workplace Safety and Health Council does not accept any liability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following this publication.

Workplace Safety & Health Guidelines

Workplace Traffic Safety Management

Contents
1. Introduction 2. Risk Assessment/Risk Management 3. Hierarchy of Risk Control 4. Safe Work Procedures 5. Residual Risks 6. Sample Risk Assessment 7. Elements of Workplace Traffic Management Plan 8. Training/Competency 9. Emergency Response Planning 10. Checklist 11. Useful References 12. Acknowledgements 02 03 05 08 08 09 10 31 33 34 39 40

Year of Issue: 2009

1. Introduction
Workplace traffic is an integral part of operations for many industrial sectors, including but not limited to the construction, marine and logistics industries. If not managed well, workplace traffic can pose high risks to persons in the workplace, with the potential to cause fatalities or serious injuries. While statistics showed that work involving cranes had been an area of concern, a new concern arising from workplace traffic has emerged. This arose from incidents where victims were struck by traffic (including prime movers and trailers) at the workplace while performing work. These Guidelines aim to: Provide information and guidance on the identification of traffic hazards within workplaces; and Establish a Workplace Traffic Management Plan to ensure safety and health at work.

2. Risk Assessment/Risk Management

The process of risk assessment helps to identify and prevent hazards at the workplace. It also helps in the implementation of effective risk control measures before risks escalate into accidents and injuries. Under the Workplace Safety and Health (Risk Management) Regulations, every workplace, including factories, should conduct risk assessments for all routine and non-routine works. It is the process of: Identifying and analysing safety and health hazards associated with work; Assessing the risks involved; and Prioritising measures to control the hazards and reduce the risks.

The types of vehicles covered in these guidelines include: Forklifts/telescopic handlers; Mobile cranes/lorry cranes; Prime movers/trailers and heavy trucks/lorries; Stackers; and Mobile Elevated Work Platforms (MEWP) - scissor lifts and boom lifts.

Before conducting risk assessment, adequate preparation must be done. A risk assessment team should be formed, preferably consisting of personnel from the various levels in the work activity. Relevant information should be collated to facilitate better understanding of the work process. After completing the preparation work, workplace risks can then be assessed in 3 simple steps:

STEP 1: Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification involves identifying hazards associated with the activity of each process and potential accidents or ill health that could result from these hazards. It also identifies the person(s) who may be at risk as a result of being exposed to these hazards.

The general guidelines for traffic safety management can apply for other vehicles in the workplace, such as: Unregistered passenger vehicles used within construction sites ; and Dumpers/Excavators and other construction equipment.

STEP 2: Risk Evaluation

Risk evaluation is the process of estimating the risk levels of the hazards and their acceptability. This is used as a base for prioritising actions to control the hazards to minimise safety and health risks. Risk evaluation is made up of 2 parts: Estimating the SEVERITY of the hazard; and Estimating the LIKELIHOOD of the incident or ill-health occurring with the existing risk controls.

STEP 3: Risk Control

Based on the risk evaluation in STEP 2, risk controls should be selected to reduce or confine the identified risk to an acceptable level. These risk controls must be effective yet practicable. To control hazards and reduce risks, the control measures below should be observed in the following order: Elimination; Substitution; Engineering controls; Administrative controls; and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

3. Hierarchy of Risk Control

The selection of control measures for hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures:

ELIMINATION SUBSTITUTION

See Pg 9 for a sample Risk Assessment. For more information, please refer to the Guidelines on Risk Assessment available on the MOM website at www.mom.gov.sg

ENGINEERING CONTROLS ADMINISTRATIVE

Risk assessment, when carried out appropriately, would allow a better understanding of the risks at the workplace and their control measures. It is a key component of risk management. Besides risk assessment, good risk management also consists of other components such as communication, record keeping, and implementation and review. Together they form the risk management process captured in the chart below.

PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Safe Worker

Communication
1 Preparation 2 Hazard Identification 3 Risk Evaluation 4 Risk Control 5 Record Keeping 6 Implementation and Review

In considering each measure in the above hierarchy of control, the following elements of what is reasonably practicable must be considered, i.e. The likelihood of a hazard or risk occurring (i.e. the probability of a person being exposed to harm); The degree of harm if the hazard or risk occurred (i.e. the potential seriousness of injury or harm); The persons degree of understanding on the hazard or risk, and any possible ways of eliminating or reducing the hazard or risk; and The availability and suitability of ways to eliminate or reduce the hazard or risk.

> Form RA Team > Gather relevant information

> Identify hazards > Estimate risk levels based > Identify on identified potential hazards accidents/ incidents > Prioritise the hazards to be controlled

> Formulate control measures according to the Hierarchy of Controls: Elimination Substitution Engineering controls Administrative controls Personal protective equipment > Analyse and evaluate residual risk

> Keep risk assessment reports for at least 3 years

> Review risk assessments: Once every 3 years; Whenever new information on WSH risks surfaces; When there are changes to work processes and/or; After any accident/incident

Risk Assessment (RA)

Hazard Identification

Risk Evaluation

Risk Control

Control measures are not usually mutually exclusive. It may be necessary to use more than one of these measures to reduce a risk to its lowest possible level when no single measure is sufficient on its own. For example, engineering controls can be implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures.

Elimination
Elimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectively eliminating the possible occurrence of incidents and ill health. This would be the permanent solution and should be attempted in the first instance. When a hazard is eliminated, the associated risks cease to exist as a result. An example to illustrate the above - if reversing vehicles at workplaces are causing a significant number of incidents, the most effective way of eliminating such a risk is to implement a one-way traffic system at the workplace.
It is safer to use a lorry that comes equipped with an overhead cover and canvas curtains.

Administrative Controls
These reduce or eliminate exposure to a hazard by adherence to procedures or instructions. Documentation should emphasize all the steps to be taken and the controls to be used in carrying out the activity safely. For example, only a trained and authorised operator who has passed the Forklift Drivers Training Course should be permitted to operate a forklift.

Forklift ownership can be scheduled clearly, with authorised users assigned to their respective forklifts.

Substitution
This involves replacing a hazard with one that presents a lower risk. For example, instead of having a worker standing on a loaded lorry to drag a plastic canvas over the materials, it would be safer to use a lorry that comes equipped with an overhead cover and canvas curtains.

Forklift number 1 2 3
Wrapping the goods in plastic prior to transportation secures them in place and keeps them water-proof.

Staff-in-charge Moran B Pyetan Rahmat D. Jimin Jumari B Sirses Chu Yong Chou Md Zein D Md Ali They Eng Hin S Sundaram

Remarks Pending for trade-in for a new forklift -

4 5 6 7

Engineering Controls
Engineering controls are physical means that limit the hazard. These include structural changes to the work environment or work processes by erecting a barrier to interrupt the transmission path between the worker and the hazard. For example, prior to transportation, loose goods should be properly secured by suitable means to ensure that the goods do not topple in the process.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

The proper use of PPE can help to keep the workers safe at work. However, PPE should only be used in addition to other forms of control measures (e.g. engineering control measures) or when these other measures are not feasible or practical. PPE can also be considered for short term contingency such as for emergencies, infrequent maintenance or repair works. For PPE to be effective, it must be properly worn at all times when exposed to the hazards and must be the correct fit for the user. PPE must also be cleaned and maintained regularly and stored in an appropriate place when not in use.

Strapping the drums prevents toppling during transportation.

Safety shoes must be worn correctly and fit well to effectively protect feet from injury.

4. Safe Work Procedures (SWPs)

After risk assessment has been carried out, Safe Work Procedures (SWPs) should be implemented to manage safety and health risks. SWPs should include emergency plans in addition to safety precautions. It should also reiterate the importance of proper usage of PPE.

6. A Sample Risk Assessment

Included below is a sample risk assessment conducted on a transport vehicle at the workplace.
Risk Assessment Form Company: Process/Location: Approved by: (Name, designation) (Date) ABC Logistics Pte Ltd Receiving Goods/Logistics Department Mr. DEF Managing Director 3 June 2009 Conducted by: (Names, designations) (Date) Last Review Date: Mr. GHI (Supervisor)/Mr. JKL (Logistic Manager)/Mr. MNO (Driver) 1 June 2009 3 June 2009 Next Review Date: 3 June 2012

1. Hazard Identification
A sample SWP displayed at workplaces.

2. Risk Evaluation 1d. Possible Accident/ Ill Health & Persons-atRisk 2a. Existing Risk Control 2b. Severity 2c. Likelihood 2d. Risk Level 3a.

3. Risk Control 3b. Action Officer, Designation (Follow-up date)

1a. No.

1b. Work Activity

1c. Hazard

Additional Risk Control

5. Residual Risks
01

Hazards and control measures listed are not exhaustive Driving transport vehicles into the companys premises. Hitting other road users or transport vehicles. Possible injury to other road users and drivers. Only qualified and authorised drivers should be permitted to drive transport vehicles. Drivers are to be properly briefed on in-house traffic/safety rules. Drivers are to comply with the speed limit of 15km/h. Drivers are to conduct pre-operation checks on their transport vehicles before setting out. Drivers are to be briefed regarding the crossing of pedestrians at the work area and instructed to give way to pedestrians at all times. Provide pedestrian crossings for pedestrians. Drivers are not to reverse vehicles in the compound and if reversing is required, it should be done under the direction of a qualified Banksman/Signaller. Moderate Remote Low At daily tool box meeting, all drivers are to be instructed not to overtake vehicles while driving within the premises and to avoid taking shortcuts by driving across the roads. Transport Manager 3 September 2009

Residual risks are the remaining risks following the implementation of risk controls. The risk assessment team should ensure that residual risks are acceptable and manageable.

7. Elements of Workplace Traffic Management Plan

The Workplace Traffic Management Plan should be prepared with the advice of WSH personnel and endorsed by the top management. It is a plan to manage and control the traffic and operation of transport vehicles at workplaces. The following key elements (not exhaustive) should be included in an effective Workplace Traffic Management Plan:

All designated workplace areas for traffic routes, storage areas, passageways and pedestrian walkways should be clearly marked with appropriate floor lines or traffic/safety signs.

The following points (not exhaustive) should be included in traffic layout and route planning for workplaces: Maintain a safe distance from transport vehicles during use as per stated in the operations manual; Enhance visibility by minimising intersections, traffic cross-flows and blind spots. Convex mirrors should also be erected for blind corners (See notes below on enhancing visibility.);

a) Workplace Traffic Planning

At this stage, management should identify the safety and health objectives to be accomplished under a Workplace Traffic Management Plan. Suitable programs and resources should then be established to achieve them. To establish the safety and health objectives for a workplace traffic management plan, the management should: Conduct an initial status analysis; Carry out risk assessments on all workplace traffic and transport activities, and types of vehicles used; Establish the measurement standards for performance monitoring; and Conduct periodic analyses on its implementation.

Visibility
Good frontal visibility enables drivers to spot and avoid hazards with ease. Stipulated speed limits and safe stopping distances at work areas will help vehicle drivers to maintain good visibility even while they are changing directions, thus avoiding hazards. Other factors affecting visibility are illumination, dust levels weather conditions, height of vehicle above road level and the positioning of the vehicles windows. Good visibility at junctions and bends is vital to safety as this allows drivers and pedestrians to spot and avoid potential hazards. Avoid creating sharp or blind bends. Where possible. If they are inevitable, consider measures such as mirrors to aid vision around corners. When visibility at a blind spot cannot be improved for safe driving, convex mirrors, road humps, stop signs and suitable traffic signals should be installed. Alternatively, a oneway traffic system or entry prohibition should be considered for implementation in the area.

Managements commitment is the most important factor to ensure the success of the Workplace Traffic Management Plan. Therefore, a written policy which clearly states the managements commitment and approach towards the workplace traffic management plan should be established and endorsed. This written policy should also be communicated to all levels of staff, including contractors and vendors.

Workplace Traffic Layout/Routes

Safety of people should be the most important aspect in the workplace traffic management plan. Therefore, the workplace traffic layout/routes should be planned based on the risk assessment conducted on the movement of pedestrians and transport vehicles at workplaces. Potentially hazardous points/areas that pose a higher risk of collisions between pedestrians and transport vehicles, or transport vehicles and buildings/facilities, should be identified so that the necessary control measures can be put in place. The following pointers are useful for planning the layout, routes, facilities and signage at workplaces: The perimeter of all workplaces involving the use of transport vehicles should be fenced to keep out unauthorised access. People who need to enter the industrial premises are directed to the appropriate entry point(s) to facilitate effective control on movement within the workplace traffic area; and

Keep pedestrians out of the path of transport vehicles by setting up physical barriers to barricade the workplace; Draw highly visible traffic lines and/or use signage to differentiate the pedestrian walkways from the work areas and provide operational personnel stationed at these areas with reflective vest(s); Erect speed limit signs and boundary lines at the traffic operational areas of the workplace (Refer to notes on Speed Limit on page 12.); Provide and maintain adequate lighting and good ground conditions along internal roads and at workplaces; Provide highly visible markings and/or signage to warn against any obstruction, low height, doorways, edges or drains at workplaces; and Provide pedestrian crossings where required.

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Speed Limit
Limiting vehicle speed is an important measure in traffic control. The best way to achieve this is to use fixed features (traffic calming features) to prevent speeding. Some examples of how to do this would be installing road humps and rumble strips, raising kerbs or chicanes and narrowing routes with the use of bollards. It is important to note however, that the use of wrong traffic calming features can sometimes increase risk by affecting the stability of vehicles or rendering loads lesssecure. Hence, traffic calming features such as road humps need to be installed with discretion. Assess the various traffic calming features available and select the appropriate features specific to the needs of the work area. Another point to note is that these features and measures should be lit or made reflective to ensure they are made clearly visible. Speed limits should be determined and implemented at the workplace by taking the following factors into consideration: Traffic routes/layout of work area; Weight and type of loads being transported; Road surface type; Work activities being carried out at the workplace; and Other potential hazards.

Case Study 1
Worker run over by a forklift.

Incident
A worker was crossing an operations area between a warehouse and a wharf when he walked into the path of an approaching forklift. He was killed when the forklift ran over him.

Investigation findings
Both the deceased and the forklift driver were deemed to have failed to keep a proper look out. No markings on the ground to indicate pedestrian walkways or crossings between the warehouse and the wharf. No tyre brake marks were observed at the incident scene. This could indicate that there was no sudden braking of the forklift before the incident.
1. Warehouse. 2. Forklift involved in the incident. 3. Position of the deceased.
1 2 3

Systemic failures
No demarcation of pedestrian crossings and walkways with proper warning signage at the wharf aprons. Failure of both pedestrian and vehicle driver to keep a lookout for traffic/pedestrian. Inadequate risk management in vehicular and pedestrian movements.

In deciding on an appropriate speed limit, consider the route layout and road usage at the workplace. For example, a lower speed limit would be appropriate where pedestrians are present or where fork-lift trucks and road-bound vehicles share the roadway. Different speed limits would apply for different work areas depending on the various considerations.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

All workers who are exposed to traffic and transport hazards at workplaces should wear highly visible reflective vests, safety shoes and other additional personal protective equipment. The type of PPE to be donned would be specific to the respective hazards identified at the workplaces. Workers should be provided with training and supervision on the proper use of PPE. All PPE should be properly maintained to ensure maximum functionality. They should be replaced periodically in accordance with the manufacturers recommendation, or when found to be defective.
A signaller wearing a reflective vest and safety shoes while directing traffic.

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Case Study 2
Worker run over by a lorry while carrying out paint works.

Incident
A worker was carrying out paint works in a bin storage area to demarcate lorry parking bays. A lorry reversed into the area and ran over him.

Investigation findings
The painting area was not barricaded and no warning signs were put up. No traffic watchmen were assigned to direct traffic for that area. The worker did not wear a highly visible reflective vest, and the clothes he wore were very similar in colour (light blue and grey) to the ground surface (grey cement) that he was working on. No tyre brake marks were observed at the incident scene. This could indicate that there was no sudden braking of the lorry before the incident. The lorry was in good working condition, including the brakes. The lorry driver was deemed to be inattentive to the road conditions while driving.

Allow only authorised transport vehicles or personnel to enter workplaces; Observe the traffic flow and transport/traffic safety measures at workplaces; Observe the notices and safety/traffic signage displayed at workplaces; Ensure that the designated pedestrian walkways are used; Observe the safe speed limit signs displayed at workplaces; Turn on the flashing warning light on the transport vehicles whenever in operation; Keep within the vehicles safe working load; Avoid reversing vehicles within the compound; and Perform reversing of vehicles only under the direction of the Banksman/Signaller.

2 3

Lighting
Adequate lighting should be provided for all workplaces such as along internal roads, junctions, pedestrian walkways, loading/unloading bays, etc. Situations may require additional measures to ensure adequate lighting. For example, lighting placed at the centre of loading/unloading bays can become blocked by tall transport vehicles. To get around this, additional lights should be placed between the bays to ensure sufficient lighting. Lighting should be strategically placed such that they do not dazzle drivers reversing into the work area either directly or indirectly via their mirrors. There should not be sudden changes in lighting levels lighting levels in the internal and external areas of the work area should not contrast sharply. Gradual changes in lighting levels would allow the eyes to adjust safely.

1. Lorry involved in the incident. 2. Position of the deceased. 3. Hair, scalp and blood stains were found on these 2 left rear- tyres.

Permanent/Mobile Ramp Systemic failures

No risk assessment was conducted for the painting work. The lorry driver was not informed of the ongoing painting works at the bin storage area before the incident. The following requirements are to be considered when using a ramp: Ramp is of adequate width and strength; The gradient of the ramp being used does not exceed what is permitted under the operational manual of transport vehicles used; Ramp surface has good traction even in wet weather; and Ensure that a proper securing mechanism is in place if a mobile ramp is being used.
A permanent mobile ramp must be of adequate width and must be sloped gently enough for safe travel.

Workplace Traffic Rules and Regulations

A set of written workplace traffic rules and regulations should be established for compliance by all levels of staff, vendors, contractors and visitors. These can serve as a constant reminder to them of their obligations and responsibilities. Key legal requirements such as the Workplace Safety and Health Act and its subsidiary regulations should be incorporated into these rules and regulations. More specific rules and regulations can be developed by the individual company to suit its own requirements. The following points (not exhaustive) should be included:

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b) Safe Movement/Operation of Transport Vehicles

Use the right vehicle for the right job should be the key criterion in the selection and use of transport vehicles. Check that the respective safety devices of the selected vehicles such as horns, lights, reflectors, reversing lights, alarms and brakes, etc are provided and in good working condition before use.

Safe Operation of Transport Vehicles

For safe operation of transport vehicles at workplaces, they should be frequently maintained and inspected according to statutory requirement and manufacturers recommendations. For example, all lifting gears, lifting appliances and lifting machines should be inspected by an authorised examiner on an annual basis. A valid statutory inspection certificate should be made available at the workplace for inspection. The respective operators of transport vehicles should conduct a pre-use check to ensure that they are in good working condition before use. The pre-use check should be conducted with reference to a specific checklist prepared according to the operations manual. Operators should observe the operating conditions and restrictions stipulated in the operations manual of transport vehicles. No transport vehicle should be used to handle a load greater than its safe working load. Only competent and authorised operators should be permitted to operate designated transport vehicles. The operator should receive proper training in the operation of these machines before authorisation to operate the vehicle is given. For example, the operators of mobile cranes should hold a valid licence issued by the Ministry of Manpower. Operators of forklifts should possess forklift driver training certificates issued by the approved training provider.

Body/limbs caught in moving parts of the forklift; Speeding; Pedestrians and forklifts moving in the same vicinity; Forklift travelling on gradients; Obstruction in the path e.g. overhead obstruction and blind corners; Raised forks; Poor ground conditions e.g. slippery and uneven ground and potholes; Tyres in bad condition e.g. without thread markings; Falling loads; Overloading of forklifts; and Electrocution (Battery operated forklift).

An example of a pre-use checklist for forklifts.

The following are some points (not exhaustive) to be observed for such transport vehicles: Allow only trained and authorised personnel/workers to operate forklifts/stackers; Conduct a pre-operation check before operation; Check the load and determine if it is safe for lifting; Ensure there are no loose materials that will fall off during lifting; Do not take a ride on forklift/stacker; Do not raise load over any worker; Do not carry the load exceeding the safe working load; Adhere to the speed limit; Lower the forks to the lowest practicable position when travelling; Drive the forklift/stacker in reverse when the load obscures the operators frontal vision; Do not allow any person to stand or pass under the elevated forks; Park the forklift/stacker with the forks fully lowered; When the forklift/stacker is left unattended, turn off the engine with the brakes engaged, the ignition key removed, the forks tilted forward and flushed with the floor and clear of the passageway. Park the forklift/stacker at designated parking lots when not in use; Do not park the forklift/stacker on a gradient. If so required, it should be left in neutral with parking brake engaged and wheels chocked; Keep pedestrians at a safe distance away from the forklift/stackers operation; Sound the warning device when passing the doorway and blind corner; Stop and allow time for the eyes to adjust to the visibility when driving from a dimly lit to a bright area or vice versa; Arrange for a signaller to assist the forklift/stacker driver where a clear and unrestricted view is not present to ensure safe operation of the equipment; Always use seatbelts. Hold on firmly and stay within the cabin in the event of an overturn;

Safe Use of Forklift/Stacker

For safe operation of forklifts/stackers, operators should follow the safe operating instructions in the respective operations manuals. The following are some potential hazards involving forklift operations: Unauthorised operation of forklifts; Untrained forklift operators; Lifting of persons on the forks;

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Do not bypass the speed limiters or reversing beeping system; Do not use mobile phone or other communication devices while operating a forklift; Exercise extra care when operating in conditions such as on gradients and near waterways. Travel slowly and keep away from the edges. Do not make a fast or sharp turn when operating on gradients. Provide three point contacts on forklifts (steps with good footing, anti-slip surfaces and handles); Review operation procedures (e.g. work out how to reduce the number of times the driver has to get on and off the forklifts); and Consider an ergonomically designed forklift when procuring.

Safety devices Always use the seatbelts. Hold on firmly and stay within the cabin in the event of an overturn. Do not bypass the speed limiters or reversing beeping system. Mobile phones and talking devices Operators should not be using the mobile phone or other communication devices while operating a forklift. Environmental conditions Exercise extra care when operating in conditions such as on gradient and near waterways. Travel slowly and keep away from the edges. Do not make a fast or sharp turn when operating on gradients. Safety precautions All workers should keep away from the forklift when it is operating.

Safe Operation of Forklift Truck (not exhaustive)

Following risk assessment, safe work procedures (SWP) should be developed and implemented to control risks. SWP should include the following components: Adequately trained and authorised operators Before an operator is authorised to operate the forklift, he/she must undergo and pass an appropriate forklift driving course. An effective system to control the use of forklifts Only trained and authorised operators are permitted to operate a forklift. Employers should implement a control system to prohibit unauthorised use of forklifts. Workers should be briefed on the control system and only authorised forklift operators should be permitted to operate a forklift. Electronic systems such as swipe cards and pin codes can help to control the use of forklifts. Load and load handling Operators should check any load for its weight, shape and size so that precautions for lifting the load can be taken. Do not exceed the rated load capacity. Always travel with the load and forks lowered to the ground. If the operators frontal view is blocked by the load, he should always travel in the reverse direction or have another worker keep a look out for him. Always sound the horn and slow down when approaching corners, intersections and doorways. Assessment of work environment The working area of the forklift should be checked for overhead obstructions, uneven ground, puddles of oil or potholes etc. Good operating condition of the forklift Ensure that the operator has performed daily maintenance checks and the forklift is serviced in a timely manner according to the manufacturers recommendations. Poor conditions of the forklift such as worn tyres or ineffective brakes will increase the risks of a forklift overturning or not stopping in time.

The following are some potential hazards involving forklift operations:

Unauthorised operation of forklifts; Untrained forklift operators; Lifting of persons on the forks; Body/limbs caught in moving parts of the forklift; Speeding; Pedestrians and forklifts moving in the same vicinity; Forklift travelling on gradients; Obstruction in the path e.g. overhead obstruction and blind corners; Raised forks; Poor ground conditions e.g. slippery, uneven, potholes; Tyres in bad condition e.g. without thread markings; Falling loads; Overloading of forklifts; Electrocution (Battery operated forklift); Failure to inspect the forklifts daily (to provide an inspection checklist); and Failure to maintain forklifts well.

Unless raised to lift loads from an elevated position, the forklifts forks should be lowered at all times.

Possible Control Measures

Ensure that forklifts are operated by trained and authorised operators;

Signal lights on a forklift can help improve forklift safety.

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Implement an effective control system for the use of forklifts; Conduct briefings on forklift operations prior to operation of forklifts; Implement safe work procedures; Implement effective traffic management plans; Provide designated pedestrian crossings; Provide a map for area management; Practice good housekeeping; Ensure that the workplace is adequately lit; Clearly display signs and warnings where required at the workplace; Provide safety features (such as reverse warning lights, turn signal lights and audio warnings, rear view mirrors and flashing lights) and have them inspected regularly; Provide three point contacts on forklifts (steps with good footing, anti-slip surfaces and handles); Review operation procedures (e.g. the number of times operators have to get on and off their forklifts can be reduced); and Consider an ergonomically designed forklift when procuring equipment.

Case Study 3
Employer was struck by a pile of timber knocked over by a reversing forklift.

Incident
A forklift was used to transfer timber when it struck a stack of unsecured timber in its path while reversing. Some timbers fell off the stack and struck the deceased who was standing next to the stack.
1 2 3

Rear view mirrors help improve forklift safety.

Investigation findings
The forklift operator was not trained; The timber stack was not secured; and The timbers were properly stacked in the factory but they were not tied into secure bundles.
1. Stack of timber that was struck. 2. Position of deceased. 3. Forklift truck involved in the incident.

Systemic failures
A sign can be used to remind operators of the forklift speed limit, which must be adhered to.

Unsafe storage of timbers; they were stacked but not secured in bundles; and Lack of safe work procedures to keep personnel out of the area while timbers are being transported by forklifts.

Useful Tips for Operators

The forklift operator should belt up. The seatbelt ensures that the operator remains within the cabin should the forklift overturn; Forklifts should be operated with forks lowered at all times; Forklifts should not be made to turn and raise the load simultaneously; Sudden sharp turns should not be made; The brakes should not be applied suddenly especially when the forklift is loaded; Speed limits should be strictly adhered to; Watch out for overhead obstructions such as pipes and beams; Slow down and horn when approaching corners or blind spots; Apply the handbrake before disembarking from the forklift truck; Travel in reverse when frontal vision is obscured; and Conduct daily inspection of the forklift using the checklist.

Safe Use of Mobile Elevated Work Platform (MEWP)

For safe operation of MEWP, the operator should follow the safe operating instruction in the respective operations manual. The following are some points (not exhaustive) to be observed for such transport vehicles: Ensure ground conditions are safe (e.g. slope and softness) for MEWP to operate and travel on; Use a full body harness with a short lanyard for working in the MEWP. The harness should be suitably anchored at all times; Anchor the safety harness on suitable anchorage while working on MEWP; Implement additional traffic control systems for work being carried out in areas at which additional risks are present due to the presence of other moving transport vehicles; Demarcate work areas at which the risk of being struck by transport vehicles is present;

The harness and lanyard system is to prevent workers from climbing out of the MEWP unintentionally.

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Ensure workers do not position themselves between overhead structures and the rails of the basket; Ensure that there is no overhead obstruction during the operation and implement overhead protective measures as needed; Conduct a pre-operation check; Report any faults found immediately to the supervisor or the person-in-charge. Do not operate faulty MEWP; Ensure that the MEWP undergoes a thorough examination and testing by an authorised examiner at least once every six months; Ensure MEWP is maintained in accordance with the manufacturers operations manual; and Use MEWPs with overhead protection if operators are exposed to the risk of being crushed between overhead structures and the basket while carrying out the work.

When coupling trailers: The driver should check that the trailers parking brakes are engaged. Air brakes should never be engaged by detaching suzie hoses; and For automatic coupling, the cabin should be reversed slowly under the trailer, with the kingpin aligned with the locking mechanism. Listen to hear the fifth wheel lock onto the kingpin.

For manual coupling, the driver should ensure that the following is observed: Reverse the vehicle into place; Ensure that the parking brakes are engaged; Attach the coupling mechanism manually; Do a tug test. Try to drive forward slowly in a low gear to check whether the fifth wheel is engaged; Apply the tractive unit parking brakes before leaving the cabin; Inspect the locking mechanism to ensure it is secured and fit in any safety (dog) clips; Connect all brake hoses and the electrical supply to the trailer. Check whether they are secured; Wind up any landing legs on the trailer and secure the handle; Fit number plates and check whether the lights are working; and Disengage the trailer parking brakes.

Safe Use of Mobile Crane/Lorry Crane

For safe operation of mobile crane/lorry crane, the operator should follow the safe operating instructions in the respective operations manual. The following are some points (not exhaustive) to be observed for such transport vehicles: Conduct a pre-operation check; Ensure that ground conditions at the workplace are safe for the mobile crane/lorry crane to operate and travel on; Do not hoist any loose load; Do not hoist a load over any person; Do not hoist a load to where the field of vision is restricted or where the overhead clearance is limited; Do not lift loads when visibility levels are compromised due to adverse weather conditions; Stop operations immediately when there is any malfunction or activation of any warning device; Lift off the load from the chassis of a lorry only after the locks on the chassis are disengaged; Observe the safe working load limit; Ensure that pedestrians are kept a safe distance away from the mobile crane/lorry crane in operation; and For safe operation of mobile cranes, reference should be made to the SS CP: 536 Code of Practice for Safe Use of Mobile Cranes.

When Uncoupling trailers, the coupling procedure in reverse should be followed: Ensure that the ground is firm enough to hold the trailer and its legs, and that the cabin brakes are engaged before getting out of the cabin.

Loading and Unloading of Trailer and Heavy Trucks/Lorries

To ensure safe loading and unloading, the operation should be carried out at a designated area such as the loading/unloading bay. The operator should follow the safe operating instruction as laid out in the operation manuals of the respective transport vehicles. The following are some points (not exhaustive) to be observed for such transport vehicles: Important considerations for loading/unloading areas: Ensure the area is clear of traffic, pedestrians and personnel not involved in the operation; Ensure the area is clear of overhead cables, pipes and other dangerous obstructions; Ensure that the vehicle is parked on firm and level ground; Ensure that the link between the loading/unloading bay and the transport vehicle is firm and level; Provide fencing or edge protection where necessary to keep workers from falling off during the process of loading/unloading goods; Adopt measures to guard against bad weather when necessary. For example, strong winds

Coupling and Uncoupling of Prime Movers/Trailers

Hauliers and the persons-in-charge should ensure that the prime mover and trailer are coupled and uncoupled on a firm and level ground with adequate natural or artificial light. The drivers should be properly instructed to follow the coupling and uncoupling procedures as stated in the operations manual. A list of safety precautions (not exhaustive) follow:

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can be very dangerous during loading and unloading operations; Ensure that the loads is spread out as evenly as possible during loading and unloading. Uneven loads can render the transport vehicle unstable. The load should be properly secured and arranged such that it does not slide off in the process; Ensure the brake of the vehicle has been properly engaged and that all stabilisers are properly positioned before commencing with the loading or unloading. The transport vehicle should be kept as stable as possible; and Use wheel chocks on slopes whenever necessary.

There must be safeguards against drivers accidentally driving the transport vehicle away too early. This is extremely dangerous. The following are the safety measures (not exhaustive) to be taken: Install traffic lights to control the movement of transport vehicles; Use the transport vehicles restraints; and Prevent unauthorised operation or movement of the vehicle by only allowing the person-in-charge to possess the vehicle key. Alternatively, a key permit system can be implemented for such a purpose.
Stuffing checklist.

Additional safety measures may be applicable in certain work situations as follows: Implement a fall protection system (anchored safety harness) to protect workers working at height; Allocate safe holding places at the workplace where drivers can wait while work they are not involved in is being carried out; Drivers should not remain in their cabins if they are not needed to operate the vehicle; Workers should not remain or loiter in the loading/unloading area if they are not required in the area; Transport vehicles must never be overloaded. Overloaded transport vehicles can become unstable and difficult to steer and braking also becomes less effective; Always check the floor or deck of the loading area to ensure it is safe before commencing loading/unloading operations; Practice good housekeeping at all times - clear the area of any debris present; When loading a transport vehicle, think about how it will be unloaded later. If it is to be unloaded in stages, ensure that this can be done easily, without compromising the stability and the proper distribution of the remaining load; When loading non-containerised cargo, consider installing fittings made from suitable channel materials along the sides of the trailer (round bars or tubular fittings are not suitable); Loads must be suitably packaged. When pallets are used, the driver must ensure that they are stable and properly secured to the transport vehicle to prevent them falling off the vehicle; The tailgates and dropsides of transport vehicles should be closed whenever possible. If overhang (outward projection of goods from the back or front) cannot be avoided, it should be kept to a minimum and clearly marked; Some goods are difficult to secure during transport. Hauliers and recipients will need to exchange information on the details of loads in advance, so that the goods can be unloaded safely. For example, stuffing checklists with photographs taken during loading can be sent to the recipient; and Before unloading, the recipient should check that the goods have not shifted during transportation and confirm that they are not likely to move or fall off when restraints are removed before commencing with unloading.

Stuffing list.

Photographs were taken progressively during loading.

A photograph was taken at the end of loading to show how the load was secured with suitable means.

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Case Study 4
Worker crushed by unsecured pipes which rolled off from the trailer during loading.

Parking

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All transport vehicles should be parked at the designated parking areas which should be level, firm, well-lit, well-drained and clearly marked; Drivers should ensure their transport vehicles are properly parked with brakes engaged, engine turned off, starter key removed and load/equipment lowered and secured; For parking or stopping the transport vehicles on a slope, drivers should follow the same steps above with the gear engaged (if safe to do so) and wheel chocks used, where appropriate; and Failure to engage handbrake alarm system can be installed in the vehicles to remind the driver not to leave the cabin without engaging the handbrake.

Incident
Some workers were loading large pipes onto a trailer using a forklift. After the forklift was disengaged, all the pipes rolled off the trailer and the trailer driver was crushed to death.

Investigation findings
The pipes had not been packed on skids as stated in the delivery order. Packing the pipes on skids will prevent the pipes from rolling off easily. Trailer was not equipped with any fittings to prevent round pipes from rolling off. The pipes were not wedged to prevent them from rolling off.
1. Forklift used to lift pipes onto trailer. 2. Trailer was not equipped with fittings that can prevent the pipes from rolling off. 3. Position of the deceased. 4. Pipes that have rolled off the trailer.

Reversing
Accident statistics showed that there were substantial numbers of deaths and cases of damage to vehicles, equipment and property caused by reversing of vehicles at workplaces. The most effective way of reducing such risk is elimination. However, if the need to do a hazardous reversing at a drive-through loading/unloading bay is unavoidable, then the traffic route at this area should be re-organised into a one-way traffic system. For sites where reversing is unavoidable: Reversing areas should be planned out and clearly marked, and made visible to drivers and anyone else in the area; People who do not need to be in the reversing areas should be kept clear from the area; and Portable radios or suitable communication systems should be used.

Systemic failures
There was no established safe work procedure requiring the fitting of U-guards on the trailer to prevent the round pipes from rolling off the trailer.

Avoiding Overturn of Trailer and Heavy Trucks/ Lorries

The following are safety measures (not exhaustive) to be observed to prevent overturning of transport vehicles: Do not travel on slopes that are too steep; Do not travel on slippery surfaces such as oil patches; Do not travel on soft ground, potholes or uneven terrain, curbs, steps or other edges; Do not overload; Do not load unevenly; Do not drive too fast, especially around corners; Do not use the transport vehicle for unsuitable tasks; Do not carry loads above the height limit; and Provide the drivers with the adequate workplace transport and traffic information.

The visibility and safety for drivers and pedestrians can be enhanced by: Increasing the work area allowed for reversing; Installing fixed mirrors; Keeping vehicle mirrors clean and in good working condition; Fitting refractive lenses to vehicle rear windows, or rear-view CCTV, to provide drivers with a clear rear view; Having vehicle reversing alarms fitted and kept in good working order. Alarms should be loud and distinct enough so that it can be heard over any background noise; Using visible warning systems such as flashing warning lights; Fitting vehicles with other safety devices such as a sensing or trip systems, which either warn the driver or stop the reversing vehicle when it comes too close to or into contact with an obstruction; Installing physical barriers or buffers in highly visible colours in suitable positions at loading/unloading bays; Having lateral white traffic lines on the floor to help the driver position the vehicle accurately. In cases where vehicles need to reverse up to structures or edges, barriers or wheel stops can be used to warn drivers when they need to stop; and

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Using a trained signaller/banksman to assist in directing the vehicle at the workplace when the rear-view is compromised and where rear-view aids are unavailable during reversing.

c) Duties and Responsibilities

The duties and responsibilities of personnel who manage and implement the workplace traffic management plan should be defined for all levels of staff. Key legal requirements, such as the Workplace Safety and Health Act and its subsidiary regulations, should be consulted when assigning duties and responsibilities. More specific duties and responsibilities can be established by the individual company to suit its own requirements. The following are examples of roles and responsibilities of involved parties:

Use all safety devices and personal protective equipment as provided to protect themselves. Never misuse, interfere with or modify any of these devices or equipment; Report any damage, malfunction or suspected defect of plant, equipment, safety device or protective equipment to the respective supervisor; Report accidents, incidents, diseases and any workplace hazards to the supervisor or the person-in-charge; and Suggest ways to improve traffic safety at the workplace if they identify any in the course of work.

Signallers/Banksmen
A trained signaller/banksman may be appointed to assist in directing transport vehicles at the workplace in difficult manoeuvres. Where the driver has difficulty sighting one signaller/ banksman, two or more signallers/banksmen or alternatives should be appointed. Signallers/banksmen should be briefed on the risks they are exposed to and properly trained to direct traffic. The following are some responsibilities (not exhaustive) of a signaller/banksman: Observe safe work procedures/safe traffic measures; Remain highly visible to drivers at all times; Use a clear/standard signalling system understood by the driver; Stand at a safe position while guiding the transport vehicle; and Wear highly visible reflective vests at all times.

Responsibilities of Management Staff (includes Person-In-Charge Managers, Engineers, Safety and Health Personnel, Supervisors and Foremen, etc)
Develop and implement a workplace traffic management plan; Ensure that the workplace traffic management plan is conveyed to all staff and implemented effectively; Ensure that workplace traffic safety rules, training program and safe work procedures are followed by all staff; Provide all staff with information, instruction, training and supervision as necessary to ensure their safety and health at the workplace; Provide and ensure proper use of personal protective equipment; Provide all necessary emergency facilities as required at the workplace such as first aid kits; Ensure that there are safe means of access to and egress from any part of the workplace; Ensure that any plant and equipment used is properly maintained in accordance with the manual. Statutory equipment should to be thoroughly examined and certified by an authorised examiner in accordance with statutory requirements; Ensure that all workers under their charge have attended the relevant safety training course and possess the relevant certification for the work that is to be carried out; Ensure that workers are well familiar with the contingency or emergency plan; and Keep records of reported accidents, incidents and diseases and take necessary action to prevent a recurrence.

In this context, banksman and signaller means a person who signals to a driver/crane operator respectively to guide the manoeuvring of their transport vehicles or lifting operation.

d) Workplace Traffic Signs and Signage

Suitable workplace traffic/safety signs should be used to warn or inform driver and pedestrians at workplaces. Please refer to the following photographs for some common traffic/safety signs used at workplaces. In general, the workplace traffic/safety signage can be summarized as follows: Use route markings to indicate traffic lanes, route edges, priority at junctions, stop lines, pedestrian crossings and so on and to instruct drivers (e.g. SLOW); Use warning signs to indicate hazards along the way. Traffic lights, speed sensors and flashing warning signs can be used to control traffic flow and speed; Use white traffic markings to regulate traffic flow and yellow ones for parking; Ensure signs are prominent enough so that people can sight them early and take necessary steps to avoid the hazard; and

Responsibilities of Employees
Follow workplace traffic instructions and safety warnings/signages at the workplace; Attend workplace traffic safety and health training or briefing sessions arranged for them; Operate or use any plant or equipment provided only if they hold a valid licence, possess the relevant safety certification and have been given the authorisation to do so; Observe emergency procedures, instructions and arrangements as laid out and instructed; Operate the equipment with care and never use operate plants or equipment beyond their capacity or designated purpose;

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Use warning signs where overhead clearance is limited. Reflective or illuminative signs should be used to enhance their visibility in darker areas.

e) Housekeeping
All workplaces including traffic and pedestrian routes should, as far as reasonably practicable, be kept free from obstruction and from anything that may cause slips and falls. Keep the workplace clean and free from obstruction and debris. Spilled loads, anything that falls from a transport vehicle, used packaging and anything else that poses a falling or tripping hazard should be removed promptly.

Stop Sign.

Speed Limit Sign.

One way traffic lanes must be marked with a no-entry sign on the exit.

A well-maintained driveway kept free of obstruction.

A well-maintained loading/unloading bay kept free of obstruction.

Caution sign at forklift operational area.

Signage to prohibit pedestrian access.

Demarcated Pedestrian Walkway.

8. Training/Competency
Safety and health training is important in equipping staff with the required knowledge and skills to work in a safe manner. The management should identify the safety training needs for their employees and work out a training plan.

Sign to reinforce safety guidelines.

Demarcated Pedestrian Crossing Zone.

Workplace Traffic/Safety Signs are on display at the loading/unloading bay.

a) Mandatory Training
Employers are required to ensure that their employees at all levels i.e. workers, supervisors and managers possess basic workplace safety and health (WSH) competencies and training for their respective work. The following are some relevant mandatory courses (not exhaustive) and their Approved Training Providers (ATPs) extracted from the list on the MOM website: http://www.mom.gov.sg. Risk Management Course for personnel involved in conducting risk assessments. Lifting Safety Course for Supervisors or personnel appointed as lifting supervisors for lifting operations by a mobile or tower crane. Forklift Drivers Training Course for operators who drive or operate forklifts and telescopic handlers.

Signage sited at the loading/ unloading bay to remind drivers to chock the wheels of their vehicles before commencing loading/unloading.

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Riggers Course for personnel appointed as riggers for lifting operations by a mobile or tower crane. Signalmens Course for personnel appointed as signalmen for any lifting operation by a mobile or tower crane.

9. Emergency Response Planning

The establishment and effective implementation of an emergency response plan is crucial in saving lives and mitigating losses in an emergency situation. There should therefore be an emergency plan to cater for situations such as collision of vehicles and pedestrians being struck by moving vehicles at every workplace. Management should ensure that all staff are familiar with the plan and procedures in the event of an emergency. Regular drills and exercises should be conducted. An evaluation of the drill performance should be carried out and learning points should be used to improve the plan. The following points (not exhaustive) should be included in the establishment of an emergency response plan: Procedures for the raising of alarm; Procedures for the evacuation and rescue of victim; Provision of the means of rescue and first aid; Provision of a means of communication with the relevant government authorities and response agencies; and Establishment of an emergency response team with the duties and responsibilities of each member clearly defined.

b) In-house Training
A safety orientation/refresher orientation/periodic safety training should be conducted for all staff under the following situations: New employees; New equipment or processes are introduced; Transfer of staff to another department; Periodic for existing staff; and All road users.

In particular, the in-house safety and health training for drivers/operators/banksmen/signallers should include the following topics (not exhaustive): Safe operation and control of transport vehicles; Risk assessments and safe work procedures related to their work; Training on the proper usage of personal protective equipment; The duties and responsibilities under workplace traffic management plan; In-house safety/traffic rules; and Emergency response plans.

A stand-by vehicle for emergency response purposes.

The in-house safety and health training for management staff should include the following topics (not exhaustive): The duties and responsibilities under the workplace traffic management plan; Supervision on the proper usage of personal protective equipment; In-house safety/traffic rules; and Emergency response plans.

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management plan? 5 Is the level of lighting sufficient for the pedestrian and vehicles activity? Do transport vehicles traffic routes have firm and even surfaces? Are traffic routes for transport vehicles and pedestrian walkways free from obstructions and other hazards? Are the traffic routes marked properly? Are there standard traffic signs installed at necessary locations? Are convex mirrors (to provide greater vision at blind bends), road humps (to reduce transport vehicles speeds), or barriers (to keep transport vehicles and pedestrians apart) provided where necessary? Are traffic routes wide enough? Is the width of the passageways at least 1.12 metres? Training Has the driver/employee gone through the company safety induction course? Has the driver/employee gone through the company refresher training for drivers (If applicable)? Does the driver have a valid license and experience to operate the powered vehicle? Has the signalman or banksman been trained to guide the manoeuvring transport vehicles? Traffic/Operation Are suitable transport vehicles and attachments chosen for the tasks to be carried out? Have any observations been made of drivers who do not operate their transport vehicles in a safe manner and obey the traffic rules (e.g. use the correct routes or drive within the speed limit)? Do managers / supervisors / driver / signalman / banksman/ employees wear the PPE provided, such as wearing visibility vests?

10. Checklist
A sample inspection checklist shown below can be used when conducting regular safety and health inspections. Go over every aspect of the workplace with this checklist to identify and remove possible hazards, unsafe acts and conditions at workplaces.

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Workplace Traffic Checklist

This checklist is designed to assess traffic hazards at the workplaces. This checklist is NOT exhaustive and there may be hazards/controls that have not been covered. Specific hazards at each respective workplace should be identified and included in this checklist for actual implementation at the workplace. 10

11 Name of Company/Department/Section : Location : Date & Time: Name of Inspectors: B 1 2 Yes A 1 2 3 4 5 6

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12

No

NA

Closed by 3

Workplace, Traffic Layout, Traffic Routes and Pedestrian Walkways Are the roads and walkways suitable for the types of vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic? Are surfaces of roads and walkways slipresistant? Are transport vehicles and pedestrians kept safely apart? Are the road, walkways and parking areas marked properly according to the traffic management plan? Are lighting levels sufficient in the pedestrian areas and for vehicle activity? Do transport vehicles traffic routes have firm and even surfaces? Are traffic routes for transport vehicles and pedestrian walkways free from

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drivers who do not operate their transport vehicles in a safe manner and obey the traffic rules (e.g. use the correct routes or drive within the speed limit)? Do managers/supervisors/driver/signalmen/ banksmen/employees wear the PPE provided, such as wearing visibility vests? Are control and warning devices such as horn, flashing lights, brakes and turning lights etc in good working condition? Do the drivers carry out pre-operation checks before actual operation? Are personnel cleared of the areas before reversing the powered vehicle? Is there a signalman or banksman provided to guide the manoeuvring transport vehicles (If applicable)? Does the signalman or banksman position themselves at a safe position? Are the transport vehicles parked on level ground (Wheels Chocked if applicable) with their parking brakes on and the ignition key removed? Loading And Unloading Are loading/unloading operations carried out in an area away from passing traffic and pedestrians? Are the right powered vehicle(s) used for loading or unloading? Are loading/unloading activities carried out on ground that is flat, firm and free from potholes? Are parking brakes used to prevent unwanted movement, e.g. when coupling transport vehicles? Are the transport vehicles brakes and/ or stabilizer used to prevent unsafe movements during loading and unloading operations? Do the lifting equipment/appliance/gears used for (un)loading transport vehicles possess valid statutory inspection certificate(s)? Is loading/unloading carried out such that the load is spread evenly to avoid the powered vehicle or trailer from becoming unstable?

/ gears used for (un)loading transport vehicles possess valid statutory inspection certificate(s)? Is loading/unloading carried out such that the load is spread evenly to avoid the powered vehicle or trailer from becoming unstable? Are checks made to ensure that the load is adequately secured and not over-loaded before the powered vehicle leaves the workplace? Are there any unsafe act observed during loading/unloading? Do employees follow the safe work procedures, when (un)coupling, (un) loading and securing loads, etc.? Management and Supervision Are workplace traffic rules documented and distributed? Are managers/supervisors/driver/ signalmen/banksmen/employees and others, including contractors and visitors, aware of the workplace traffic rules? Has a risk assessment been conducted for work activities and briefed to all concerned personnel prior to operation? Has action been taken on violation to the workplaces traffic rules (if any)? Traffic Layout/Traffic Routes/ Pedestrian Walkways Are the roads and walkways suitable for the types and volumes of vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic? Are transport vehicles and pedestrians kept safely apart? Are there adequate numbers of suitable parking places provided for all parking needs? Is the level of lighting sufficient for vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic? Do powered vehicle traffic routes have firm and even surfaces? Are vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic free from obstructions and other hazards? Are traffic routes arranged in a manner
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9 10

E 1

D 1 2 3

3 4

F 1 2 3 4 5 6

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vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic? 5 Do powered vehicle traffic routes have firm and even surfaces? Are vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic free from obstructions and other hazards? Are traffic routes arranged in a manner which avoid sharp or blind turns? Are the traffic routes marked properly according to the traffic management plan? Are standard traffic signs installed at necessary locations? Are convex mirrors (to provide greater vision at blind bends), road humps (to reduce powered vehicle speeds), or barriers (to keep transport vehicles and pedestrians apart) provided where necessary? Is the width of passageways at least 1.12 metre?

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11. Useful References

A. Guidelines on Risk Assessment at MOM website:
www.mom.gov.sg/wsh/risk_management

B.

The following legislations at :

www.mom.gov.sg/legislation/wsh.html Workplace Safety and Health Act Workplace Safety and Health (General Provisions) Regulations Workplace Safety and Health (Risk Management) Regulations Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations Workplace Safety and Health (First Aid) Regulations Workplace Safety and Health (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations

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Inspection by

Regulations
TAs and Publications at WSHC website Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice Singapore Standard CP 101 : 2004 Code of Practice for Safe Use of Powered Counterbalanced Forklifts Singapore Standard CP 536 : 2008 - Code of Practice for The Safe Use of Mobile Cranes

Name and signature

Singapore Standards can be purchased from SNP Corporation (Legal) Ltd, Legal Publication Retail Outlet, 1 Kim Seng Promenade #18-01/06,Great World City East Tower, Singapore 237994. Tel: (65) 6826 9691 http://www.snpcorp.com/webshop Code of Practice: Coupling or Uncoupling and Parking of Large Goods Vehicle Trailers from The Society of Operations Engineers (SOE).

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12. Acknowledgements
All pictures used for illustrative purposes in this guidelines are reproduced with courtesy of CWT Logistics Private Limited.

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