Bridge structural analysis document

130237643.xls.
ms_office
A. Structural Picture of Bridge (Superstructure & Substructure).

X
12750 1250 1250 450 0 0 0 10250 0 9350 0 0 450 1250 1250 Toe 2525 450 5500
300 2525
BF - 01
1775
450
BF-03
BF-02
0 0
1250
450
3450
2450 12750
3450
450
1250
X
Abutment Plan
130237643.xls.ms_office 375 300 700
400 450
150
4947
H1 6147 H
Toe 0 0 0 0 0 0 450 450 1775 1775 0 300 300 450 450 2525 2525
130237643.xls.ms_office 5500 A1 and A2
0 0.300
25.000 24.400 25.000 PC Girder Plan
0 0.300
2000 200 3 2 4 4 150 0 1 3 2 200 800 2000
130237643.xls.ms_office
150
150
0 1650 1800 0 0 2000
350
7 0 6 0 350 350 0
PC Girder Section X-X Mid Section
100
100
PC Girder Section Y-Y End Section
75
250
75 75
PC Cross Girder Section
1625
1070 3570
1700
130237643.xls.ms_office 1070 Curb Slab and wearing Girder 300 200 2000 4000 B H1 Ka.g.H1 ka.g.H1 H2 Ka.g.H2 Earth Pressure 3570
4000
24,400 Effect area = 87.11 m2
Toe
Wind Action Area
Sylhet
18.833
19.592
19.592
18.833
Balagonj
16.556 A1 13.683
17.315
16.86 P1 6.3 42.68

3.716
16.86 P2 6.3
17.315
16.556 A2
36.6 RL
15.080
36.6
6.200 13.657
10000 1750 150 600 5000 4 1

3
2500
455
1200
3
300 1750 6500 1750
600
700 4007.5
8015
300
11015
1200
11000 2100
3000
5000
3000
Pile Cap
6000
11000
1800 1200 300
A1P1 P1P2
1800 1200 300
15
60
130237643.xls.ms_office 10000 11015 10560 Tie Beam 1200 dia circular column 8615
8160
Strap Beam
Pile Cap
1200
1200
11000 Pier P1
End Span / 2 1070 3400 300 200 1830
Mid Span / 2
Railing
curb slab Girder
Railing
curb slab Girder
1070 3776 300 200 2206
1200 300 12769 A1P1 Span 11,015
1254 1200 300 P1P2 Span 8615 1500 1500 300 1200
130237643.xls.ms_office 1200
Pier P1
Mid Span / 2 1070 3170 300 200 1600
End Span / 2 Railing curb slab Girder 1070 2715 300 200 1145
Railing
curb slab Girder
1254
4039.00
P1P2 Span
P2A2 Span
1200
Pier P2
5500
2147
600 300
1900
1200
H2
900 4 1
900
2, 3 1800
300 2100 6000
1200 1800
300 2100
12957
3812
B. Load Analusis of Bridge Structure :

a. National Highway b. Regional Highway working stress for pile load bearing capacity calc c. District Road 3 d. Bridge Type Simple Supported Single Span T- Girder e. End Span Length,C/C 24.400 m f. Total Girder Length 25.000 m g. Cross Section Category RCC h. Stem Height 1.900 m i. H1, Back wall top to Well cap top 4.947 m j. H2, Well cap height 1.200 m k. H, Back wall top to Well cap bottom (Toe) 6.147 m l. Ko , Co-efficient of Active Horizontal Earth Pressure , 0.441 (AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1.) kN/m2 m) Dp-ES, DL Surcgarge Horizontal Pressure Intensiy (ES) 7.935 2. Calculations for Dead Loads Of Super-structure : A. Super Imposed Loads on Girders : i. Exterior Girder Item 1.Railing Post 2. Railing Beam 0.175 3Curb (a). Side walk (b). (-)Conduit 4. Slab 0.300 0.925 0.200 0.175 1.475 0.225 2.125 Total for (1+2+3+4)= 5. Wearing Course 6.Conduit (For Utility) 0.075 0.925 0.650 0.225 Total for (5+6)= Sub - total = Cross Section m m 0.225 0.225 Height m 1.070 Interval (m) 2.000 number 3.000 Load kN/m 0.650
2.205 10.620 (4.995) 10.200 18.680 1.121 2.081 3.203 43.765
ii. Interior Girder 1. Slab
Height m 0.200 0.075 Sub - total =
Width m 2.000 2.000
2. Wearing Course
Volume m2 0.400 0.150
Load kN/m 9.600
3.450 13.050
B. Self-Weight of RCC Girders & X-Girders: i. Exterior Girder Item i. Central Section Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Sub - total = ii. End Section Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Sub - total = nos 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 Length m 25.000 25 25 25 25 25 25 Width m 2.000 0.000 0.150 0.150 0.350 0.000 0.000 Height m 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.150 1.800 0.000 0.000 Volume m3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.563 15.750 0.000 0.000 Weight kN 13.500 378.000 391.500
1.000 2.000 1.000
0 0 0
Self weight kN
0.000 0.000 0.000 =
Exterior Girder ii. Interior Girder Interior Girder iii. Cross Girder Cross Girder Section 1 Section 2 Sub - total = nos 1.000 2.000
391.50
Self weight
kN 5.00 6.60 Height m 1.700 0.075 kN
= nos m Volume m3 2.805 0.037 =
391.50
Number of Cross Girder = Length of Cross Girder = Length width m m 6.600 0.250 6.600 0.075 Cross Girder Self weight
Weight KN 67.320 0.891 68.211 68.211
3. Dead Load Reaction for Abutment Item i. Exterior Girder a. Super Imposed without WC & Utility b. Self Weight c. Wt. from X-Girder d. Total from (a+b+c) e. Super Imposed only WC & Utility f. Total Load from Exterior Girder ii. Interior Girder a. Super Imposed without WC. b. Self Weight c. Wt. from X-Girder d. Total from (a+b+c) e. Super Imposed only WC. d. Total for Int.-Girder nos 2 2 5 2 2 Length m 25.000 25.000 0.825 25.000 LOAD/METER Load for 1 no. Total Load kN/m kN kN 18.680 15.660 10.335 36.045 3.203 467.001 391.500 42.632 901.133 80.063 1,023.827 934.001 783.000 85.264 1,802.265 160.125 2,047.654 Reaction kN 467.001 391.500 42.632 901.133 80.063 981.195
3 3 5 3 3
25.000 25.000 1.650 25.000
9.600 15.660 10.335 28.671 3.450
240.000 391.500 85.264 716.764 86.250 803.014
720.000 1,174.500 255.791 2,150.291 258.750 2,409.041
360.000 587.250 127.896 1,075.146 129.375 1,204.521
Total Dead Load Reaction for Abutment
(kN) =
2185.715625
i. Wheel load 145.000 kN 145.000 kN 35.000 kN
4.300 Ra = 287.111 kN
4.300 24.400
15.800 Rb = Ra = Rb = RWheel = IM = 37.889 kN 287.111 kN 37.889 kN 574.221 kN 1.330
Wheel load Reaction for 2 Lane on Each Abutment Dynamic Load Allowance Factor (DLAF) (Applicable only for Truck/Wheel Load & Tandem Loading & Tandem Loading) Wheel Load Reaction on Each Abutment including DLAF (IM) iii. Lane Load on Bridge Deck a. Lane Load Intensity = 9.300 kN/m/Lane b. Length of Bridge Deck = 25.000 m c.Lane Load for 1(One) Lane Bridge = 232.500 kN Reaction on each Abutment due to Lane Load for 2 Lane Bridge Deck iv. Pedestrian Load 2 a. Pedestrian Load Intensity = 3.600 kN/m b. Width of Each Sidewalk = 1.250 m c. Length of Sidewalk = 25.000 m d. Pedestrian Load on 1no Sidewalk = 112.500 kN Reaction on each Abutment due to Pedestrian Load on 2nos Sidewalk Total Live Load Reaction for Abutment
RWheel-F =
763.714 kN
RLane =
232.500 kN
RPedestrain = RLL =
112.500 kN 1,108.714 KN
5. Calculations for Vertical Load and Resisting Moment from Abutment Components, Soil & Also Resisting Moment from Superstructure Loads (Live & Dead) : Arm from Height Width Length Weight Components Toe m m m KN m i. Back Wall 2.147 0.300 9.350 144.536 3.225 ii. Bridge Seat-Rect.-1 0.600 1.000 9.350 134.640 2.875 " Rect.-2 0.300 0.450 9.350 30.294 2.750 " Tri -1 0.300 0.400 9.350 13.464 3.108 " Tri-2 0.300 0.150 9.350 5.049 2.475 iii. Stem-i 1.900 0.450 9.350 95.931 2.750 Stem-ii 1.900 0.300 9.350 127.908 3.075 Sub Total for i + ii + iii = 551.822
Resisting Moment KN-m 466.129 387.090 83.309 41.851 12.496 263.810 393.317 1,648.001
iv.Wing Wall -Well Part-2 nos 4.947 0.450 Cantilever Part-1,Rect-2 nos 2.000 0.450 Cantilever Part-2,Trin-2 nos 1.500 0.450 Sub Total for iv = v.Counterfort Wall Abutment- (3 nos) WingWall-1 (2 nos) 4.947 0.450 WingWall-2 (2 nos) WingWall-3 (2 nos) Sub Total for v = vi. Well Cap-Part-1(Rectangular) 1.200 12.750 Part-2 (Rectangular) 1.200 7.250 Part-3 (Semi Circular) 2nos. 1.200 2.750 Sub Total for vi = Total for Substructure Components= vii. Back Fill (BF-1) 4.947 9.350 " (BF-2) " (BF-3) Sub Total for vii = Vertical load components of Abutment (sub-structure) vii.Dead Load Reaction & Moment from Superstructure vii. Live Load Reaction & Moment from Superstructure Total Vertical Load & Moment from Structure
2.975 3.000 3.000
317.894 129.600 48.600 366.494 184.325 184.325 1,009.800 574.200 940.950 2,524.950 3,627.592 2,102.265 2,102.265 5,729.857 KN 2,185.716 1,108.714
4.013 7.000 7.500
1,275.551 907.200 364.500 1,640.051 972.316 972.316 4,165.425 789.525 1,940.710 6,895.660 11,156.028 8,908.347 8,908.347 20,064.375 KN-m 6,010.718 3,048.964 29,124.057
3.450 2.750 2.750 2.750
5.275 4.125 1.375 2.063
2.525 Total (KN)=
4.238 Total (KN-m) = m 2.750 2.750 MR =
PV
9,024.287
6. Calculation of Horizontal Loads (Pressures) & Overturning Moments i. Earth Pressure, P (AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1.) ii. Horizontal Surcharge Load on Abutment (AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1.) 995.609 600.820 72.871 402.334 121.398 KN KN KN KN KN KN KN 2.849 0.600 0.400 3.674 0.600 7.947 2.000 m m m m m m m 2,836.490 360.492 29.148 1,477.974 72.839 1,291.388 54.530
ii. Braking Force (25% of Truck Weight 162.500 = 162.500kNActing at1.800m Above Deck ; AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.4) iii. Wind Load on Substructure (0.950kN/m2 27.265 on Vertical Faces Perpendicular to Traffic. AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.2.3). iv. Wind Load on Superstructure (0.800kN/m2 69.686 on Vertical Surface of all Supperstructure Elements. AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.2.2; Table-3.8.1.2.2-1.) v. Wind Load on Live Load ( 0.550kN/m Acting at 13.750 1.800 m Above Deck ; AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.3) Total Horizontal Forces VH = (KN) 2,466.234
KN
4.000
278.746
KN KN
7.947
109.271 6,510.878 KN-m
Total Overturning Moment, MO =(KN-m)
7. Calculations for Factor of Safety Against Overturning & Factor of Safety Against Sliding Abutment Structure Against Imposed Vertical Loads/Forces & Horizontal Forces/Pressure on Abutment & Also Location of Rsultant Forces in Y-Y Direction Well Cap Toe i. Factor of Safety Against Overturning ii. Factor of Safety Against Sliding iii. Location of Resultant Force,Lr Mr / Mo 0.4 * Pv / Vh (Mr - Mo) / Pv
4.473 OK, FS more than 2 1.464 Not OK 2.506 m
ainst Y-Y
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF DELPARA BRIDGE AT 18.25km ON COX'S BAZAR-TEKNUF MARIN DRIVE ROAD UNDER COX'S BAZAR ROAD DIVISION (IMPLEMENTION AUTHORITY ;- 16 ECB BANGLADESH ARMY).
C. Checking of Stability for Abutment & Well Cap Against Loads of Different Components & Applied Forces on Structural Elements :
1 Information about Soil, Foundation, Abutment & Wing-walls: a) Type of Sub-soil : a) At Borehole No-BH07 (Cox's Bazar End), from GL (GL is - 2.25m from Road Top Level) up to 2.50m depth Sub-soil posses Loss gray fine Silty sand having SPT Value ranging 7 to 12. Whereas in next 0.75m from depth 2.50m to 3.75m there exists Medium dense gray fine sand with SPT value ranging from 12 to 40. From depth about 3.75m there exists Bed-rock (Gray Shale) having 50 and over SPT values . b) At Borehole No-BH08 (Teknuf End), from GL (GL is - 2.25m from Road Top Level) upto 2.75m depth Sub-soil posses Medium dency gray sandy silt having SPT Value renging 12 to 37. In next 2.15m (About depth 2.75m to 4.80m) there exists Medum densey gray fine sand with SPT value renging from 37 to 50. From depth about 4.80m there exists Bed rock (Gray Shale) having SPT value 50 over. Due to its Geographical position, Marin Drive Road have every risk to effected by Wave action & Cyclonic Strom from Sea. More over the Slain Water is also an important factor for RCC Construction Works in these area. In Designing of any Permanent Bridge/Structure on this Road, specially in Foundation Design all the prevalling adverse situations should be considered for their Survival and Durability. Though as per Soil Investigation Report there exist Loss to Medium dency gray sandy silt on Seashore Sub-soil, but due to ground their formation those posses a very poor Mechanical bonding among it contitutent.But there exites Bed-rock at a considerably short depth (About 3.75m to 4.80m) from the Ground Level.Presence of Bed-rock is an important for the Foundation of any Structue on this Road. To encounter all mentioned adverse situations Provision of RCC Caissons embedded into the Bed-rock will be best one as Foundation of Bridges on this Road. RCC Caissons embedded into the Bed-rock will be a Solid mass to save guard the Structure against Errosion, Sliding, Overturning etc. which caused by the Wave action & Cyclonic Strom. More over against Salinity effect necessary meassary can provide for RCC Caissions. Thus it is recommended to Provide RCC Caissions embedded into the Bed-rock at least 1.50m into Bed-rock as Foundation of Delpara Bridge. Wall Type Abutment. Wall Type Wing Walls Integrated with Abutment Wall having Counterforts over Well & Cantilever Wings beyond Well. Ultimate Stress Design (AASHTO-LRFD-2004).
b) Type of Foundation
c) Type of Abutment d) Type of Wing-walls
: :
e) Design Criteria
2 Design Data in Respect of Unit Weight, Strength of Materials, Soil Pressure & Multiplier Factors : Description
3 i) Unit Weight of Different Materials in kg/m :
Notation Dimensions
Unit.
Page 33
(Having value of Gravitional Acceleration, g = a) b) c) d) e) Unit weight of Normal Concrete Unit weight of Wearing Course Unit weight of Normal Water Unit weight of Saline Water Unit weight of Earth (Compected Clay/Sand/Silt)
2 9.807 m/sec )
gc gWC gW-Nor. gW-Sali. gs
2,447.23 2,345.26 1,019.68 1,045.17 1,835.42
kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3
3 ii) Unit Weight of Different Materials in kN/m :
a) b) c) d) e)
Unit weight of Normal Concrete Unit weight of Wearing Course Unit weight of Normal Water Unit weight of Saline Water Unit weight of Earth (Compected Clay/Sand/Silt)
wc wWC wW-Nor. wW-Sali. wE
24.00 23.00 10.00 10.25 18.00
kN/m3 kN/m3 kN/m3 kN/m3 kN/m3
iii) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy h) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa f/c fc Ec 21.00 8.40 23,855.62 2.89 fr fy fs ES 2.89 MPa MPa MPa MPa
410.00 MPa 164.00 MPa 200000 MPa
iv) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) b) c) d) e) Modular Ratio, n = Es/Ec 6 = 8.384 Value of Ratio of Steel & Concrete Flexural Strength, r = fs/fc Value of k = n/(n + r) Value of j = 1 - k/3 Value of R = 0.5*(fckj) Let n r k j R 8 19.524 0.291 0.903 1.102
v) Sub-soil Investigation Report & Side Codition Data: a) SPT Value as per Soil Boring Test Report, / b) Corrected SPT Value for N>15, N = 15 + 1/2(N - 15) = 15 + 1/2(50 - 15) = 15 + 1/2(50 - 15) = 32.5 . Say N/ = 33 c) Recommended Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil as per Soil Investigation Report witht SPT Value 50 over, p = 7.2 Ton/ft2. = 770kN/m2 N N/ p 50 Over 33
2 770 kN/m
Page 34
d) For Back Filling with Clean fine sand, Silty or clayey fine to medium sand Angle of Friction with Concrete surface, d = 190 to 240, e) AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1. Recommended Co-efficient of Lateral Active Earth Pressure Ka-recom v) = 0.34 to 0.45 (AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1.) Provided Co-efficient of Active Earth Pressure is Average of, Ka-recom
19 to 24
Ka-recom Ka
0.34 to 0.45 0.395
vi) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors Under Strength Limit State (USD) : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) vii) Live Load Multiplier Factors : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS STRENGTH - III gDC 1.250
gDW gEH
1.500
1.500
gEV gES
1.350
1.500
m gLL-Truck IM
1.000
1.750 1.330
gLL-Lane gLL-PL. gLL-CE. gLL-BR. gLL-LS. gLL-WA. gLL-WS.
1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.000 1.400
Page 35
l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR
STRENGTH - V
gLL-WL gLL-FR. gLL-TU. gLL-CR. gLL-SH. gLL-TG. gLL-SE. gLL-EQ. gLL-CT. gLL-CV.
1.000 1.000 1.000
l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
vii) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.000
gDW gEH
1.000
1.000
gEV gES
1.000
1.000
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 :
Page 36
a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1 ; SERVICE - II (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV 3 Sketch Diagram of Abutment & Wing wall:
5225
m gLL-Truck IM
1.000
1.000 1.300
gLL-Lane gLL-PL. SERVICE - II SERVICE - II gLL-CE. gLL-BR. gLL-LS. gLL-WA. SERVICE - IV SERVICE - II gLL-WS. gLL-WL gLL-FR. gLL-TU. gLL-CR. gLL-SH. gLL-TG. gLL-SE. gLL-EQ. gLL-CT. gLL-CV.
1.000 1.000 1.300 1.300 1.000 1.000 0.700 1.300 1.000 1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
Page 37
300
12750 3000 600 3450 600 3450 600 3450 600 600
5225 2100
300
700
C 2000
RL-5.00m 600 450 300
2525
2150
5500
600 2150
1447
450
2750
3000
3000
450
RL-2.20m 1775 750 2525 1200
3450 450
2450 9350 10250
3450
450
1200
600
4300 5500
600
4 Dimension of Different Sub-Structural Components & RCC Well for Foundation: i) Dimensions of Sub-Structure. a) Height of Abutment Wall from Bottom of Well Cap up to Top of Back Wall, b) Height of Abutment Wall from Top of Well Cap up to Top of Back Wall, c) Height of Abutment Well Cap, d) Height of Abutment Steam e) Depth of Girder including Deck Slab f) Height of Bearing Seat g) Height of Back Wall = hGir. + hBearing h) Height of Wing Wall i) Length of Wing Walls upon Well cap H H1 hWell-Cap. hSteam. hGir. hBearing hb-wall H-W-Wall LW-W-Well-Cap 6.147 m 4.947 m 1.200 m 1.900 m 2.000 m 0.147 m 2.147 m 4.947 m 2.975 m
Page 38
6350
H1 = 4947
1775
H = 6147
1500
450 300
2750
1900
2147
j) Width (Longitudinal Length) of Abutment Well Cap, Length (Transverse Length) of Abutment Well Cap, k) Transverse Length of Abutment Wall (Outer Face to Outer Face) in X-X l) Direction. m) Inner Distance in between Wing Walls (Transverse), n) Thickness of Abutment Wall (Stem) at Bottom o) Thickness of Abutment Wall (Stem) at Top p) Thickness of Counterfort Wall (For Wing Wall) q) Number of Wing-Wall Counterforts (on each side) r) Clear Spacing between Counerfort & Abutment Wall at Bottom s) Average Spacing between Counerfort & Abutment Wall = (tAB-Wall-Bot + tAb-Wall-Top)/2+SClear-Count& Ab-Bot. t) Effective Span of Wing Wall Counterfort = SAver-Count + tWW-Countf u) Thickness of Wing Walls within Well Cap, v) Thickness of Cantilever Wing Walls w) Length of Cantilever Wing Walls x) Height of Rectangular Portion of Cantilever Wing Walls y) Height of Triangular Portion of Cantilever Wing Walls z) Longitudinal Length of Well Cap on Toe Side from Abutment Wall Outer Face. z-i) Average Length (Longitudinal) of Well Cap on Heel Side from Abutment Wall Face.= SAver.-Count.& Ab. + tWW-Count. ii) Dimensions of RCC Well for Foundation. a) Width of Well in Y-Y Direction (In Longitudinal Direction) b) Length of Well in X-X Direction (In Transverse Direction) c) Depth of Well from Bottom of Well Cap up to Bottom of Well Curb
WAb-Cap LAb-T-W-Cap LAB-Trans.
5.500
12.750 m 10.250 m
LWW-T-Inner t.-Ab-wal-Bot. t.-Ab-wal-Top. tWW-Countf. NW-W-count SClear-Count& Ab-Bot. SAver-Count&Ab.
9.350 m 0.750 m
0.450 m 0.450 m 1.000 No's 1.775 m 2.375 m
SEfft-Count. t-Wing-wall tw-wall-Cant. Lw-wall-Cant. hw-wall-Cant.-Rec. hw-wall-Cant.-Tri. L-W-Cap-Toe.
2.825 m 0.450 m 0.450 m 3.000 m 2.000 m 1.500 m 2.525 m
L-W-Cap-Heel-Aver.
2.825 m
WWell-Y-Y LWell-X-X HWell-pro.
5.500 m 12.750 m 6.325 m
Page 39
d) Wall thickness of Well, f) Thickness of Partition Walls of Well, g) Diameter of Outer Circle, h) Diameter of Inner Circle = DOuter - 2* tWall i) Transverse Length of Rectangular Portion of Well Cap =LWell-X-X - DOuter j) Length of Partition Walls = DOuter - 2*tWall k) Number of Pockets within Well l) Distance between Inner Faces of Pockets in Y-Y Direction (Longitudinal Span Length). m) Distance between Inner Faces of Outer Pockets in X-X Direction (Transverse Span Length). n) Distance between Inner Faces of Central Pocket in X-X Direction (Transverse Span Length). o) Width of Well from its c.g. Line in X-X. = WWell-Y-Y/2 p) Surface Area of Well at Top & Bottom Level = pDOuter2/4 + LRect*DOuter q) Total Length of Staining of Well (Main & Partitions) through Center line = p*(DOuter+ DInner)/2 + 2*LRect. + 2*LParti r) Surface Area of Well Cap = LAb-T-W-Cap*W1/2-Well-Y-Y + 0.5*pDOuter2/4 + LRect*W1/2-Well-Y-Y s) Distance of c.g. (X-X) Line from Well Cap Toe Face = (LAb-T-W-Cap*(W1/2-Well-Y-Y)2*1.50+ (0.5*pDOuter2/4)*0.50*DOuter*3/4 + LRect*W1/2-Well-Y-Y2/2)/AWell-Cap. t) RL of Highest Flood Level (HFL) u) RL of Maximum Scoring Level (MSL)
tWall. tWall-Perti DOuter. DInner. LRect. LParti. NPock. SPock-Y-Y.
0.600 m 0.600 m 5.500 m 4.300 m 7.250 m 4.300 m 3.000 Nos 4.300 m
SPock-X-X-Outer.
3.450 m
SPocket-X-X-Central.
3.450 m
W1/2-Well-Y-Y AWell. LStaining.
2.750 m
2 63.633 m
38.494 m
AWell-Cap.
2 66.879 m
bc.g.-Y-Y.
2.939 m
HFLRL MSLRL
2.100 m (4.750) m
5 Calculations for Safe Bearing Capacity (S.B.C.) of Soil for Well (Caisson) as Abutment Foundation . a) Height between RL of HFL & RL of MSL = HFLRL - MSLRL x = (2.100- (-)4.75)m h 6.850 m
Page 40
b) Minimum Depth required for Bottom Level of Well from MSL= h/3 c) Provided Depth from Well Cap Bottom up to Bottom Level of Well d) Calculated Soil Bearing Capacity at Bottom Level of Well Foundation pCal = 3.5(N-3)*{(B+0.3)/2B}*a*b + W; Where N = 50 over, the Field SPT value;
HWell-req H-Well-pro. pCal
2.283 m 6.325 m
2 164.811 kN/m
N/ = 33,the Corrected SPT value; f = 36.900, the Angle of Shearing Resistance of Soil; B =5.000m,Width of Well for Foundation; D = 6.250m, Depth of Well; a = 0.50, for Submerge of Well Bottom; b = (1+D/5B) > 1.20 = (1+6.25/5*5) = 1.2 and W = Soil Pressure per m2 at Bottom Level of Well = D*g = 6.250*18.00kN/m2 = 112.500kN/m2 Thus the Calculated Soil Bearing Capacity pCal = 3.5(N-3)*{(B+0.3)/2B}*a*b + W, = (3.5*(50-3)*((5.00+0.3)/(2*5))*0.50*1.20 + 112.500)kN/m 2 = 164.811kN/m2 e) Since the Soil Bearing Capacity as per Soil Investigation Report, Since the Soil Bearing Capacity as per Soil Investigation Report, p = 770kN/m2 > pCal = 164.811kN/m2, thusthe Well Foundation is OK in respect of S.B.C. 6 Checking for Stability of Well Cap as Abutment Base against all applied Forces: i) Imposed Vertical Loads/Forces upon Abutment Well Cap (As per Design Calculation Sheet - C) : a) Dead Load Reaction from Super-Structure b) Live Load Reaction from Super-Structure (Pedestrians, Wheel & Lane Load) c) Dead Load Reaction from Sub-Structure & Earth Pressure, d) Total Vertical Forces due to Dead & Live Load (Super-Structure + Sub-Structure) e) Moment due to Dead Load Reaction from Super-Structure f) Moment due to Live Load Reaction from Super-Structure g) Moment due to Dead Load & Soil Pressure for Sub-Structure h) Total Resisting Moment due to Vertical Forces (Dead & Live Load from Super-Structure + Sub-Structure, Earth Pressure) i) Total Horizontal Forces due to Earth Pressure, Surcharge, Braking, WindLoad, Dead Load Friction etc. j) Total Overturning Moments due to Horizontal Forces ii) Checking Against Overturning. RDL-Supr. RLL-Supr. RDL-Sub. PV 2,185.716 kN 1,108.714 kN 5,729.857 kN 9,024.287 kN
MDL-Supr. MLL-Supr. MDL-Sub. MR
6,010.718 kN-m 3,048.964 kN-m 20,064.375 kN-m 29,124.057 kN-m
PH
2,466.234 kN
MO
6,510.878 kN-m
Page 41
a) Factor of Safety against Overturning, FSOverturn = MR/MO 2. b) Since FSO > 2 , thus the Structure is safe in respect of Overturning. iii) Checking Against Sliding. a) Factor of Safety against Sliding, FSSlid = 0.4*PV / PH 1.50. b) Since FSSlid > 1.50, thus the Structure is safe in respect of Sliding.
FSOverturn
4.473
OK
FSSlid
1.464
Not OK
iv) Calculation of Eccentricity in respect of c.g. Line of Pile Cap in X-X Direction due to Applied Loads & Moments ( Vertical & Horizontal): a) Net Moment or Algebraic sum of Moment about 'B' = MR - MO b) Distance of Resultant Forces from Well Cap Toe Face, x = MN /PV c) Distance of c.g. (X-X) Line from Well Cap Toe Face d) Eccentricity, e = bc.g.-Y-Y. - x e) 1/6th Distance of bc.g.-Y-Y. from c.g. towards Well Wall Cap Toe = bc.g.-Y-Y./6 MN x bc.g.-Y-Y. e 1/6th 22,613.179 kN-m 2.506 m 2.939 m 0.433 m 0.490 m
f) Since the Calculated Eccentricity has (+) ve value & its Location is within Middle 1/3rd Portion of the Pile Cap in Y-Y direction, Factor of Safety against Overturning & Sliding are within limit range, Thus the Structure is a Stable One in all respect. 7 Checking for Stability of Well Cap as Abutment Base Without Superstrucre Loads (DL & LL) : i) Applied Loads Moments : a) Dead Load Reaction from Sub-Structure & Earth Pressure, b) Moment due to Dead Load & Soil Pressure for Sub-Structure c) Total Horizontal Forces due to Earth Pressure, Surcharge & Wind Load on Substructure. d) Total Overturning Moments due to Horizontal Forces ii) Checking Against Overturning. a) Factor of Safety against Overturning, FSOverturn = MR/MO 2. b) Since FSOvertur > 2 , thus the Structure is safe in respect of Overturning. iii) Checking Against Sliding. a) Factor of Safety against Sliding, FSSlid = 0.4*PV / PH 1.50. FSSlid 1.032 FSOverturn 4.153 RDL-Sub. MDL-Sub. PH 5,729.857 kN 20,064.375 kN-m 2,220.297 kN
MO
4,831.474 kN-m
Page 42
b) Though FSSlid < 1.50, but the Well Cap would be a Integrated Component of the RCC Well, which will make the Structure a Safe one in respect of Sliding. iv) Calculation of Eccentricity in respect of c.g. Line of Pile Cap in X-X Direction due to Applied Loads & Moments ( Vertical & Horizontal): a) Net Moment or Algebraic sum of Moment about 'B' = MR - MO b) Distance of Resultant Forces from Well Cap Toe Face, x = MN /PV c) Distance of c.g. (X-X) Line from Well Cap Toe Face d) Eccentricity, e = bc.g.-Y-Y. - x e) 1/6th Distance of bc.g.-Y-Y. from c.g. towards Well Wall Cap Toe = bc.g.-Y-Y./6 MN x bc.g.-Y-Y. e 1/6th 14,334.518 kN-m 2.502 m 2.939 m 0.437 m 0.490 m
f) The Calculated Eccentricity has (+) ve value & its Location is within Middle 1/3rd Portion of the Well Cap in Y-Y direction, Factor of Safety against Overturning is within limit range, though Safety Factor against Sliding is less than limit range but the Well Cap is Integrated with RCC Well Structure, thus the Structure is a Stable One in all respect without Superstructure Loads also.
Page 43
Page 44
D. Design Data, Factors & Methods for Analysis of Flexural Design of Structural Elements:
1 General Data for Construction Materials of Different Structural Components : Description
3 i) Unit Weight of Different Materials in kg/m : (Having value of Gravitional Acceleration, g =
Notation Dimensions
Unit.
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d) e)
2,447.232 2,345.264 1,019.680 1,045.172 1,835.424
a) b) c) d) e)
24.000 23.000 10.000 10.250 18.000
iii) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2)Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy h) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa f/c fc Ec 21.000 8.400 23,855.620 2.887 fr fy fs ES 2.887 MPa MPa MPa MPa
410.000 MPa 164.000 MPa 200000.000 MPa
iv) Strength Data related to Working Stress Design & Service Load Condition ( WSD & AASHTO-SLS ) : a) b) c) d) e) Modular Ratio, n = Es/Ec 6 = 8.384 Value of Ratio of Steel & Concrete Flexural Strength, r = fs/fc Value of k = n/(n + r) Value of j = 1 - k/3 Value of R = 0.5*(fckj) Say n r k j R 8 19.524 0.291 0.903 1.102
v) Design Data for Resistance Factors for Conventional Construction (AASHTO LRFD-5.5.4.2.1). :
(Respective Resistance Factors are mentioned as f ) a) b) c) d) For Flexural & Tension in Reinforced Concrete fFlx-Rin. 0.90 For Flexural & Tension in Prestressed Concrete fFlx-Pres. 1.00 For Shear & Torsion of Normal Concrete fShear. 0.90 For Axil Comression with Spirals or Ties & Seismic Zones at Extreme fSpir/Tie/Seim. 0.75 Limit State (Zone 3 & 4). Flexural value of f of Compression Member will Increase Linearly as the Factored Axil Load Resitance, fPn, Decreases from 0.10f/cAg to 0. For Bearing on Concrete fBearig. 0.70 For Compression in Strut-and-Tie Modeis fStrut&Tie. 0.70 For Compression in Anchorage Zones with Normal Concrete fAnc-Copm-Conc. 0.80 For Tension in Steel in Anchorage Zones fAnc-Ten-Steel. 1.00 For resistance during Pile Driving fPile-Resistanc. 1.00 For Partially Prestressed Components in Flexural with or without Tension fFlx-PPR. 1.00 Resistance Factor f = 0.90 + 0.10*(PPR) in which, PPR = Apsfpy/(Apsfpy + Asfy), where; PPR is Partial Prestress Retio. PPR 2 As = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Tinsion Reinforcement in mm As 2 Aps = Steel Area of Prestressing Steel mm Aps fy = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Bar in MPa. fy 410.00 fpy = Yeiled Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. fpy
e) f) g) h) i) j)
mm2 mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
vi) b Factors for Conventional RCC & Prestressed Concrete Design (AASHTO LRFD-5.7.2.2). : a) Flexural value of b1, the Factor of Compression Block in Reinforced Concrete up to 28 MPa. i) For Further increases of Strength of Concrete after 28 MPa agaunst each 7MPa the value of b1 will decrese by 0.05 & the Minimum Value of b1 will be 0.65. ii) For Composite Concrete Structure, b1avg = (f/cAccb1)/(f/cAcc); where, Acc =Area of Concrete Element in Compression of Crresponding Strength. b) Value of b for Flexural Tension of Reinforcement in Concrete b 0.85 b1 0.85
vii) Ultimate Strength Data for Design of Prestressing Components ( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) For Uncoated & Stress-relieved 7 (Seven) Wire according to AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications (AASHTO-LRFD-5.4.4) will be; i) AASHTO M 203/M 203M (ASTM A 416/A 416M), or ii) AASHTO M 275/M 275M (ASTM A 722/A 722M). b) Tensial Strength for Strand with Grade 250 having Diameter 6.35 to 15.24mm, c) Tensial Strength for Strand with Grade 270 having Diameter 9.37 to 15.24mm, d) Tensial Strength for Type-1 Plain Bar having Diameter 19 to 35mm, e) Tensial Strength for Type-2 Deformed Bar having Diameter 16 to 35mm, fpu-250-Str. fpu-270-Str. fpu-Ty-1-P-Bar fpu-Ty-1-P-Bar 1,725 Mpa 1,860 Mpa 1,035 Mpa 1,035 Mpa
f) Yield Strength for Strand with Grade 250 having Diameter 6.35 to 15.24mm, = 85% of Tensial Strength (fpu). g) Yield Strength for Strand with Grade 270 having Diameter 9.37 to 15.24mm, = 85% of Tensial Strength (fpu). h) Yield Strength for Type-1 Plain Bar having Diameter 19 to 35mm, = 85% of Tensial Strength (fpu). i) Yield Strength for Type-2 Deformed Bar having Diameter 16 to 35mm, = 80% of Tensial Strength (fpu). j) Modulus of Elastacity for Strand j) Modulus of Elastacity for Bar
fpy-250-Str.
1,466 Mpa
fpy-270-Str.
1,581 Mpa
fpy-Ty-1-P-Bar
880 Mpa
fpy-Ty-1-P-Bar
828 Mpa
Ep-Strandy Ep-Bar
197,000 MPa 207,000 MPa
2 Different Load Multiplying Fatcors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) & Load Combination : i) Formula for Load Factors & Selection of Load Combination : a) Formula for Load Factors Q = igiQi f Rn = Rr; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-1 & 3.4.1-1) Where, i is Load Modifier having values i = D R I 0.95 in which for Loads a Maximum value of gi Applicable; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-2), & i = 1/(D R I ) 1.00 in which for Loads a Minimum value of gi Allpicable; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-3) Here: gi = Load Factor; a statistically based multiplier Applied to Force Effect, f = Resistance Factor; a statistically based multiplier Applied to Nominal Resitance, i = Load Modifier; a Factor related to Ductility, Redundancy and Operational Functions, For Strength Limit State; D i = D = 1.00 for Conventional Design related to Ductility, 1.000 R i = R = 1.00 for Conventional Levels of Redundancy , 1.000 i = I = 1.00 for Typical Bridges related to Operational Functions, Qi = Force Effect, Rn = Nominal Resitance, Ri = Factored Resitance = fRn. ii) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.250 l 1.000
gDW
1.500
c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2)
gEH
1.500
gEV
1.350
gES
1.500
iii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH STRENGTH - III STRENGTH - V m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.750 1.330
gLL-Lane gLL-PL. gLL-CE. gLL-BR. gLL-LS. gLL-WA. gLL-WS. gLL-WL gLL-FR. gLL-TU.
1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.000 1.400 1.000 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
(With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV gLL-TG. 1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
gLL-EQ. gLL-CT. gLL-CV.
1.000
3 Different Load Multiplying Fatcors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.000
gDW
1.000
gEH
1.000
gEV
1.000
gES
1.000
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1 (SERVICE - I); (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.000 1.000
d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV 3 Intensity of Different Imposed Loads (DL & LL) & Load Coefficients : i) Coefficient for Lateral Earth Pressure (EH) : a) Coefficient of Active Horizontal Earth Pressure, ko = (1-sinff ) ,Where; f is Effective Friction Angle of Soil b) For Back Filling with Clean fine sand, Silty or clayey fine to medium sand SERVICE - IV SERVICE - II SERVICE - II SERVICE - II
1.000 1.000 1.300 1.300 1.000 1.000 0.700 1.300 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
ko
0.441
34.000
Effective Friction Angle of Soil, f = 340 .(Table 12.9, Page-138, RAINA,s Book) c) Angle of Friction with Concrete surface & Soli AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1. d) Value of Tan d (dim) for Coefficient of Friction. = 0.34 to 0.45 (AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1.) d 19 to 24
O
Tan d
0.34 to 0.45 dim
ii) Dead Load Surcharge Lateral/Horizontal Pressure Intensity (ES); AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.1. : a) Constant Horizontal Earth Pressur due to Uniform Surcharge, Dp-ES = ksqs in Mpa. Where; b) ks is Coefficien of Earth Pressure due to Surcharge = ko for Active Earth Pressure, c) qs is Uniform Surcharge applied to upper surface of Active Earth Wedge(Mpa) = wE*10-3N/mm2 Dp-ES
2 0.007935 N/mm 2 7.935 kN/m
ks qS
0.441
2 0.018 N/mm
iii) Live Load Surcharge Vertical & Horizontal Pressure Intensity (LS); AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4. : a) Constant Earth Pressur both Vertical & Horizontal for Live Load Surcharge on Abutment Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic), Where; Dp-LS = kgsgheq*10-9 Dp-LL-Ab<6.00m Dp-LL-Ab6.00m 0.007141 7.141 0.004761 4.761 0.008331 8.331 0.004761 4.761 N/mm2 kN/m2 N/mm2 kN/m2 N/mm2 kN/m2 N/mm2 kN/m2
b) Constant Horizontal Earth Pressur due to Live Load Surcharge for Wing Walls (Parallel to Traffic), Where; Dp-LS = kgsgheq*10-9 ,
Dp-LL-WW<6.00m Dp-LL-WW6.00m
c) d) e) f)
ks is Coefficien of Latreal Earth Pressure = ko for Active Earth Pressure. gs is Unit Weight of Soil (kg/m3) Since wE, the Unit Wieght of Soil = 18kN/m 3, thus gs = wE*10^3/g g is Gravitational Acceleration (m/sec2), AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.1.2.
k gs g heq-Ab<6.00m. heq-Ab6.00m. Weq-Ab<6.00m. Weq-Ab6.00m.
0.441 3 1835.424 kg/m

2 9.807 m/sec
g) heq is Equivalent of Height of Abutment Wall Soil for Vehicular Load (mm). Having, H < 6000mm & for having H 6000mm ; AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4; Table-3.11.6.4-1. h) Width of Live Load Surcharge Pressure for Abutment having H < 6000mm.& H 6000mm. AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4; Table-3.11.6.4-1.
900.000 mm 600.000 mm 900.000 0.900 600.000 0.600 mm m mm m
i) heq is Equivalent of Height of Abutment Wall Soil for Vehicular Load (mm). Having, H < 6000mm & for having H 6000mm ; AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4; Table-3.11.6.4-2.
heq-WW<6.00m. heq-WW6.00m.
1050.000 mm 600.000 mm
j) Width of Live Load Surcharge Pressure for Wing Walls, Having H < 6000mm.& H 6000mm.
Weq-WW<6.00m. Weq-WW6.00m.
600.000 0.600 600.000 0.600
mm m mm m
iv) Wind Load Intensity on Superstructure Elements (WS) : a) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Vertical Fcaes of Superstructure Elements in Lateral Direction of Wind Flow (Parallel to Traffic). AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.2.2; Table-3.8.1.2.2-1. b) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Vertical Fcaes of Superstructure Elements in Longitudinal Direction of Wind Flow (Perpendicular to Traffic). v) Wind Load Intensity on Substructure Elements (WS) : a) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Vertical Fcaes of Substructure Elements in Lateral Direction (Parallel to Traffic). = 0.0019*cos600 Mpa, Considering 600 Skew Angle of Main Force; (AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.2.3). b) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Vertical Fcaes of Substructure Elements in Longitudinal Direction (Perpendicular to Traffic). = 0.0019*sin600 Mpa; Considering 600 Skew Angle of Main Force; (AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.2.3). vi) Wind Load Intensity on Live Load (WL) : a) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Live Load upon Superstructure in Longitudinal Direction (Parallel to Traffic). = 0.550 N/mm, having action at 1800mm above Deck & Considering 600 Skew Angle of Force; for Two Lane Bridge. (AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.3; Table- 3.8.1.3-1). b) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Live Load upon Superstructure in Lateral Direction (Perpendicular to Traffic) = 0.500N/mm having action at 1800mm above Deck & Considering 600 Skew Angle of Main Force; for Two Lane Bridge.(AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.3; Table- 3.8.1.3-1). vii) Intensity on Breaking Force (BR) : a) Intensity of Horizontal Breaking on Superstructure is the Greater value of pLL-Sup-Break. i) 25% of the Axle Weight of Design Truck/Design Tendem, or pLL-25%-Truck. ii) 5% of Design (Truck + Lane Load) or (Design Tendem + Lane Load) pLL-5%-(Tru+Lane.) Breaking Force is for Two Lane Bridge & its Action at 1800mm above Deck. (AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.4). 162.500 kN 162.500 kN 55.750 kN pWind-LL-Sup-Let. 0.550 N/mm 0.550 kN/m pWind-Sub-Let. 0.000950 Mpa 2 0.950 kN/m pWind-Sup-Let. 0.000800 Mpa 2 0.800 kN/m
pWind-Sup-Long.
0.0009000 Mpa 2 0.900 kN/m
pWind-Sub-Long.
0.001645 Mpa 2 1.645 kN/m
pWind-LL-Sup-Long.
0.500 N/mm 0.500 kN/m
4 Calculations of Effects due to Imposed Deformations under Strut-and-Tie Model, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.6.3) :
i) Structural Modeling (AASHTO-LRFD-5.6.3.2) : a) Factored Resistance of Strut-and-Tie, Pr = fPn . i) For Unreinforced Compressive Struts ii) For Reinforced Compressive Struts b) Pn = Nominal Resistance of Strut or Tie in N. i) For Unreinforced Compressive Struts ii) For Reinforced Compressive Struts c) f = Tension/Compression Resistance Factor as required for the Component.
Pr-Unrin. Pr-Rin.
179928.000 N 2488118.954 N
Pn-Unrin. Pn-Rin. f
257040.000 N 3554455.649 N 0.70
ii) Proportioning of Strength for Unreinforced Compressive Struts, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.6.3.3.1) : a) Nominal Resistance of Unreinforced Strut in N, Pn-Unrin. = fcuAcs; where, Pn-Unrin. 257040.000 N 257.040 kN
2 17.850 N/mm
b) fcu = Limiting Compressive Stress in MPa as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.6.3.3.3. = f/c/(0.8+172e l ) 0.85f/c, here, e l = 0.002 mm/mm, the Pricapal Tensile Strain of Crack Concrete due to Factored Load. Thus f/c/(0.8+172e l ) = 18.357 & 0.85f/c = 17.850 c) Acs = Effective X-Sectional Area of Strut in mm 2 under the provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.6.3.3.2. For Strut Anchored by Reinforcement the Length of Strut is 6-times the Main bar Diameter & Width is Width of Component. For RCC Girder Diameter of Bar fBar = 32 mm & Width of Girder b= 450 mm. Acs = fBar*b
fcu.
Acs.
2 14,400.000 mm
iii) Proportioning of Strength for Reinforced Compressive Struts, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.6.3.3.2) : a) Nominal Resistance of Reinforced Strut in N, Pn-Rin. = fcuAcs + fyAss ; where, Ass is Area of Reinforcement of Strut in mm 2 . For RCC Girder nos. of Bars 2 Nbar = 10 nos.X-Area of bar,Af =p*fBar2/4 = 804.25 mm 2 Thus Ass = Af*Nbar.= 8,042.48 mm iv) Proportioning of Tension Ties, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.6.3.4.) : a) Nominal Resistance of Tension Tie in N, Pn-Ten. = fyAst + Aps(fpe + fy); where, Pn-Tie.
5,605,606.604
Pn-Rin.
3,554,455.649
N 3,554.456 kN
N 5,605.607 kN
b) Ast is Total Area of Longitudanal Reinforcement of Tie in mm 2 . For RCC Girder Total nos.Bar Nbar = 17 nos. Thus, Ast = Af*Nbar. c) Aps is Area of Prestressing Steel in mm 2 . For RCC Girder, Aps = 0. d) fpe is Stress in Prestressing Steel after loss in MPa. For RCC Girder, fpe = 0
Ast.
2 13,672.211 mm
Aps. fpe
2 0.000 mm 2 0.000 N/mm
v) Proportioning of Node Regions at Bearing Positions on Support, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.6.3.5.) : a) The Compressive Stress of Node Regions Bounded by Compressive Struts and Brearing Area will be, fc-Node-Bearing 0.85ff/c b) The Compressive Stress of Node Regions Anchoring by a One-direction Tension Ties will be, fc-Node-1-Dir-Ten-Tie 0.75ff/c c) The Compressive Stress of Node Regions Anchoring by a Two-direction Tension Ties will be, fc-Node-2-Dir-Ten-Tie 0.65ff/c vi) Design AASHTO HS20 Truck Loading : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Axle to Axle distance Wheel to Wheel distance Rear Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Rear Single Wheel Load Middle Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Middle Single Wheel Load Front Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Front Single Wheel Load DAxel. DWheel. LLRW-Load LLRS-Load LLMW-Load LLMS-Load LLFW-Load LLFS-Load 1.800 4.300 145.000 72.500 145.000 72.500 35.000 17.500 m m kN kN kN kN kN kN fc-Node-Bearing N/mm2
fc-Node--1-Dir-Ten-Tie
N/mm2
fc-Node-2-Dir-Ten-Tie
N/mm2
vii) Design AASHTO Lane Loading : a) Design Lane Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of 9.300N/mm through the Length of Bridge for 1 (One) Lane of Bridge & acting over a 3.000m Wide Dcak Strip in Transverse Direction. Thus Lane Load per meter Length of Bridge for 1 (One) Lane = (9.300*1000/1000)kN/m b) Design Lane Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of 9.300N/mm through the Length of Gridge for Single and acting over a 3.000m Wide Strip in Transverse Direction. Thus Intensity of Lane Load per meter Length & for per meter Width = 9.300/3.000kN/m/m-Wd. viii) Design AASHTO Pedestrian Loading : a) Design Pedestrian Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of 3.600*10-3MPa through the Length of Sidewalk on both side and acting over the total Wide of Sidewalk. ix) Design Live Line Loading of Sidewalk : a) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.1.3.4 Bridges having Overhanging Deck Slab Span not Exceeding 1800 mm from Center of Exterior Girder & where Exists a Structurally Continuous Concrete Railing, there will be a Longitudinal & Uniformly Distributed Line Live Load (LL) of Magnitude of 14.600N/mm. Action of Line Load will be at Distance 300mm from the Face of Railing & it would Replace the Outside Row of Wheel Load. Since the Design Strip is in PLL-Line. 14.600 kN/m LL-Pedest
2 0.003600 N/mm 2 3.600 kN/m
LLLane
9.300 9.300
N/mm kN/m
LLLane-Int.
3.100 kN/m/m-Wd. 0.003100 N/mm/mm-Wd.
Transverse Direction with 1.000m Width, thus Action on Line Load will like a Concentrated Load having Magnitude = 14.600*1000/1000kN. 4 Calculations of Respective Events for Design of Flexural And Axial Force Effects, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.6.3) : i) Stress in Prestressing Steel at Nominal Flexural Resistance for Flexural Members, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.1): a) In Components having Bonded Prestressing Tendon in One Axis, the Average Stress in Prestressing Steel fps = fpu(1-k*c/dp) 0.5* fpu In which, i) k = 2.00*(1.04-fps/fpu) ii) For T-Section behavior of Components, the value of c = (Apsfps+Asfy -A/f/y -0.85b1f/c(b-bw)hf)/(0.85f/cb1bw+kApsfpu/dp) fps N/mm2
k cT-Secton mm
iii) For Rectangular Section behavior of Components, cRec-Secton / / / the value of c = (Apsfps+Asfy -A f y)/(0.85f cb1b+kApsfpu/dp) Where, iv) As = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Tinsion Reinforcement in mm2 As 2 v) Aps = Steel Area of Prestressing Steel mm Aps vi) A/s = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Compression Reinforcement in mm2 A/s vii) fy = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Tension Bar in MPa. fy viii) fy = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Tension Bar in MPa. f/y ix) fpy = Yeiled Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. fpy x) b = Width of Compression Flange in mm. b xi) bw = Width of Web in mm. bw xii) hf = Height of Compression Flange in mm. hf xiii) dp = Distance of Extreme Compression Fiber from Prestressing Tendon Centroid dp in mm. xix) c = Distance of Neutral Axis from Compression Face of Component in mm. c xx) b1 = Compression Stress Block Factor in mm. b1 ii) Factored Flexural Resistance for Prestressed or RCC Elements (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.1): a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor for Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr Mn f
mm
mm2 mm2 mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 mm mm mm mm mm 0.85
N-mm N-mm 0.90
b) The Nominal Resistance for a Flanged Section subject to One Axis Stress as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.2 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2). Where; mm2 i) As = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Tinsion Reinforcement in mm2 As mm2 ii) Aps = Area of Prestressing Steel in mm2 Aps mm2 iii) A/s = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Compression Reinforcement in mm2 A/s
iv) fy = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Tension Bar in MPa. vi) f/y = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Tension Bar in MPa. vii) fps = Average Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. viii) b = Width of Compression Flange in mm. ix) bw = Width of Web in mm. x) hf = Depth of Compression Flange for I or T Member in mm. xi) dp = Distance of Extreme Compression Fiber from Prestressing Tendon Centroid in mm. xii) ds = Distance of Centroid of Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement from the Extreme Compression Fiber in mm. xiii) d/s = Distance of Centroid of Nonprestressed Compression Reinforcement from the Extreme Compression Fiber in mm. xix) b1 = Compression Stress Block Factor in mm. xx) a = cb1; Depth of Equivalent Stress Block in mm.
fy f/y fps b bw hf dp ds d/s b1 a 0.85
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 mm mm mm mm mm mm
mm
c) For Nonprestressing Element of Structure the corresponding values against Aps,fps,dp all are = 0,. Whereas for Singly Reinforced Structural Elements the Respective values of f/y & d/s = 0. Thus Equation for Nominal Resistance of I or T Member with having Flenge & Web Components Stand at Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2) d) For Nonprestressing Element of Structure having only Rectangular Component b = bw & hf = 0. Thus Equation for Nominal Resistance of Singly Reinforced Structural Member Stand at Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) 5 Limits For Maximum & Minimum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3) : i) Limits For Maximum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1) : . a) With Maximum Amount of Prestressed & Nonprestressed Reinforcement for a Section c/de 0.42 in which; i) de = (Apsfpsdp + Asfyds)/(Apsfps + Asfy), where ; ii) As = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Tinsion Reinforcement in mm2 iii) Aps = Area of Prestressing Steel in mm2 iv) fy = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Tension Bar in MPa. vi) fps = Average Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. xi) dp = Distance of Extreme Compression Fiber from Prestressing Tendon Centroid in mm. xii) ds = Distance of Centroid of Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement from the Extreme Compression Fiber in mm. b) For a Structure having only Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement the values of Aps, fps & dp are = 0. Thus Equation for value of de stands to de = Asfyds/Asfy & thus de = ds . ii) Limits For Manimum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.2) : As Aps fy fps dp ds mm2 mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 mm mm
c/de
a) For Section of a Flexural Component having Prestressed & Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements or only with Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements should have Minimum Resisting Moment Mr 1.2*Mcr or 1.33 Times the Calculated Factored Moment for the Section Based on AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1-Table-3.4.1-1, which one is less. b) The Cracking Moment of a Section Mcr = Sc(fr + fcpe) - Mdnc(Sc/Snc - 1) Scfr where; i) fcpe = Compressive Stress in Concrete due to effective Prestress Forces only at Extreme Fiber where Tensile Stress is caused by Externally Applied Forces after allowance for all Prestressing Losses in MPa. ii) Mdnc = Total Unfactored Dead Load Moment acting on the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section in N-mm. iii) Sc = Section Modulus for the Extreme Fiber of the Composite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. iv) Snc = Section Modulus of Extreme Fiber of the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. v) fr = Modulus of Rupture of Concrete in RCC in Mpa,(AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). c) For Nonprestressing & Monolithic or Noncomposite Beam or Elements, Sc = Snc & fcpe = 0, thus Equation for Cracking Moment Stands to Mcr = Sncfr d) Thus Calculated value of Mcr according to respective values of Equation e) The value of Mcr = Scfr f) Computed value of Mcr = 1.33*MExt Factored Moment due to External Forces Mcr fcpe N-mm N/mm2
Mdnc
N-mm
Sc
mm3
Snc
mm3
fr Mcr
2 2.887 N/mm
N-mm
Mcr-1 Mcr-2 Mcr-3
N-mm N-mm N-mm
6 Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) The Tensial Reinforcement of all Concrete Elements under Service Limit State Load according to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1-Table-3.4.1-1 (Except Deck Slab Design under AASHTO-LRFD-9.7.2), fsa =Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, Where; i) dc = Depth of Concrete Extrime Tension Face from the Center of the Closest Tension Bar considering the Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. For a Particular Section of the Component dc = fBar/2 + CCover-Bot. (Max. 50mm) ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculted by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both sideded by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensial Reinforcement (The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.) Thus, A = 2*(CCover-Bot.(Max.= 50mm) + (NB-Layers+ sBar-Vert)/2)/NBar fsa N/mm2
dc
mm
mm2
iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. Other then Cast in Place Box Culvert;
Max. value of Crack Width Parameter for Moderate Exposure Components Max. value of Crack Width Parameter for Severe Exposure Components Max. value of Crack Width Parameter for Buried Components
ZMode-Expo. ZSever-Expo. ZBuried.
30,000 N/mm 23,000 N/mm 17,000 N/mm 23,000 N/mm
iv) In Transverse Design of Segmental Concrete Box-Girder the Max. value of ZBox-Gir-Trans. Crack Parameter, Z 23000N/mm for any Loads Applied prior to attainment of the full Nominal Concrete Strength. v) In Cast in Place RCC Box Culvert the Crack Parameter Z 27500/b , in which; b = (1+dc/0.7d), where, d = Distance from Compression Face to Centriod of Tension Reinforcement. Thus value of 27500/b b) In Bonded Prestressed Concrete, Equation fsa =Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, is applicable for the Locations beyond Decompression State & the Prestressing Steel are in Crack Section. c) If Tension prevailes in Flanges of RCC T-Girder & Box Girder, under Service Limit State Design, Flexural Tension Reinforcement also should be Provided on Flange for the Width of lesser value as Mentioned; i) On the Effective Flange Width as according to AASHTO-LRFD-4.6.2.6 ii) On the Width Equal to 1/10 of Average Length of Adjacent Spans between Bearings. d) For Effective Flange Width Greater than 1/10 of Average Length of Adjacent Spans between Bearings, Additional Longitudinal Reinforcement should Provide on Excess Width Portion of Flange. These Additional Longitudinal Reinforcement should be At least 0.40 % of the X-Sectional Area of the Excess Width Portion. ZBox-Culvert b d 27500/b
N/mm mm
e) If the value of dc of Nonprestrssed or Partially Prestressed Concrete Member Exceeds 900 mm, than Uniformly Distributed Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement would be required on both Side Faces of the Component over a Distance of dc/2 from the nearest Flexural Tension Reinforcement. i) Required Steel Area of Skein Reinforcement, Ask 0.0001(dc - 760) As +Aps) ; where, ii) Aps = Area of Prestressing Steel in mm 2 iii) As = Area of Tensile Reinforcement iv) Total Area Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement should be <= 1/3rd of (Aps + As) v) The Max. Spacing of Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement should be less than either dc/6 or 300 mm. Ask Aps As mm2 mm2 mm2
mm-Wd.
E. Design of Deck Slab for RCC Girder Bridge :

1 Sketch of Bridge Deck Section: 10.250
225
1.475 7.300 1.070 1.250

75
75
1.475
175*175
1.250
0.300 0.200
150x150
0.950
1.650
1.650
1.650
1.650
0.950
0.350
1.125
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
1.125
2 Structural Data : i) Type of Bridge Structure ii) Type of Deck Slab : : Single Span Simple Supported RCC Girder Bridge. RCC Deck Slab having Over Hanging Cantilever on both Side. RCC Side Walk with RCC Pedestrian Type Railing & Railing Posts.
iii) Type of Side Walk & Railings:
iv) Dimensions of Superstructure Components of Bridge Deck & Girder: Description a) Span Length of Bridge (C/C Distance between Bearings) b) Carriageway width of Bridge Deck, c) Width of Side Walk on both of Bridge Deck d) Height of Railing Post e) Longitudinal Width of Railing Post Notation Dimensions Strength WC-way WSidewalk. HR-Post. WPost-Long. Unit.
24.400 m 7.300 m. 1.250 m. 1.070 m 0.255 m
f) Transverse Width of Railing Post g) Interval Railing Post. h) Number of Rails on Each Side Walk. i) Vertical Depth of Railing j) Horizontal Width of Railings k) Height of Curb/Wheel-Guard/Riling Post Base l) Width of Curb/Wheel-Guard & Riling Post Base m) Total width of Bridge Deck Slab, n) Thickness of Bridge Deck Slab, o) Thickness of Wearing Course q) Thickness of Side Walk Slab, r) No's of Girders k) C/C Distance between Main Girders l) Width of Main Girder m) Depth of Main Girder including Slab Thickness n) Length of Cantilever Slab from Exterior Girder Center o) Clear Distance in between Two Main Girder Faces, p) Distance of Cantilever Slab Edge from Exterior Girder Face, q) Depth of Main Girder Fillet r) Width of Main Girder Fillet t) Distance between Outer Edge of Deck & Inner Edge of Curb u) Transverse Width of Utility/Fluid Space = WEdge-to-Curb. -2*bCurb/Guard v) Depth of Utility/Fluid Space = hCurb/Guard - tSlab-SW w) Distance of Wheel Guard Inner Edge up to Inner Face of Exterior Girder
WPost-Trans.. Int.Post NRails. hRailing. bRailing. hCurb/Guard bCurb/Guard WDeck tSlab tWC tSlab-SW NGir LC/C-Gir. bGir-Main hGir-Main LExt.-Gir-to-Cant. LGir.-Face. LCant-Ext. hFillet. bFillet. WEdge-to-Curb. WFluid. hFluid. LCurb-inner-Ext.
0.255 m 2.000 m 3.000 nos. 0.175 m 0.175 m 0.300 m 0.275 m 10.250 m. 0.200 m. 0.075 m. 0.075 m. 5.000 nos. 2.000 m. 0.350 m. 2.000 m 1.125 m. 1.650 m. 0.950 m 0.150 m 0.150 m. 1.475 m 0.925 m 0.225 m 0.175 m
= WEdge-to-Curb. - LExt.-Gir-to-Cant. - bGir-Main/2 x) Distance of Wheel Guard Inner Edge up to Outer Face of Exterior Girder = LCurb-inner-Ext.. + bGir-Main y) Distance of Wheel Guard Outer Edge up to Outer Face of Exterior Girder = bGir.-Main - (bCurb/Guard - LCurb.-inner) v) Computation of Effective Flange Width for T-Girder RCC Bridge : a) Under Provision of AASHTO LRFD-4.6.2.6 (4.6.2.6.1) the Flange Width of T-Girder will be the least Dimension of : i) One-quarter of Effective Span Length = 1/4*SLength = ii) 12.0 times average Depth of Slab + Greater Thickness of Web = 12*tSlab + bGi = iii) One-half the Width of Girder Top Flange (It is not req. as there is no Addl. Top Flange) iv) The average Spacing of Adjacent Beams/Girders = LC/C-Gir. = b) Since Average Spacing of Adjacent Beams/Girders is the Least one, thus the Flange Width of Interior Girders, bFla-Gir = 2.000m 3 Design Criterion, Type of Loading & Design Related Data : i) Design Criterion : a) AASHTO Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). b) Type of Loads : Combined Application of AASHTO HS20 Truck Loading & Lane Loading.
3 ii) Unit Weight of Different Materials in kg/m : (Having value of Gravitational Acceleration, g =
LCurb-Outer-Ext.
0.525 m
LCurb-Outer.
0.250 m
6.100 m 2.750 m 2.000 m
bFl-Gir.
2.000 m
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d) e)
Unit weight of Normal Concrete Unit weight of Wearing Course Unit weight of Normal Water Unit weight of Saline Water Unit weight of Earth (Compacted Clay/Sand/Silt)
2,447.232 2,345.264 1,019.680 1,045.172 1,835.424
3 iii) Unit Weight of Materials in kN/m Related to Design Forces :
a) b) c) d) e)
wC wWC wW-Nor. wW-Sali. wE
24.000 23.000 10.000 10.250 18.000
iv) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) :
a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c = 0.043*24^(1.50)*21^(1/2) Mpa, (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy h) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa
f/c fc Ec
21.000 8.400 23,855.620 2.887
MPa MPa MPa
fr fy fs ES
2.887 410.000 164.000 200,000.000
MPa MPa MPa MPa
v) Design Data for Resistance Factors for Conventional Construction (AASHTO LRFD-5.5.4.2.1). : (Respective Resistance Factors are mentioned as f or b value) a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) For Flexural & Tension in Reinforced Concrete For Flexural & Tension in Prestressed Concrete For Shear & Torsion of Normal Concrete For Axil Compression with Spirals or Ties & Seismic Zones at Extreme Limit State (Zone 3 & 4). For Bearing on Concrete For Compression in Strut-and-Tie Modes For Compression in Anchorage Zones with Normal Concrete For Tension in Steel in Anchorage Zones For resistance during Pile Driving Value of b 1 for Flexural Compression in Reinforced Concrete (AASHTO LRFD-5.7.2..2.) Value of b for Flexural Tension of Reinforcement in Concrete fFlx-Rin. fFlx-Pres. fShear. fSpir/Tie/Seim. fBearig. fStrut&Tie. fAnc-Copm-Conc. fAnc-Ten-Steel. fPile-Resistanc. b1 b 0.900 1.000 0.900 0.750 0.700 0.700 0.800 1.000 1.000 0.850 0.850
vi) Other Design Related Data : a) Velocity of Wind Load in Normal Condition b) Velocity of Wind Load in Special Condition c) Velocity of Water/Stream Current Causing Water/Stream Load VWL-Nor. VWL-Spe. VWA 90.000 260.000 4.200 km/hr km/hr m/s
5 Factors Applicable for Design of Different Structural Components under Strength Limit State (USD): i) Formula for Load Factors & Selection of Load Combination : a) Formula for Load Factors Q = igiQi f Rn = Rr; (AASHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-1 & 3.4.1-1) Where, i is Load Modifier having values i = D R I 0.95 in which for Loads a Maximum value of gi Applicable; (AASHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-2), & i = 1/(D R I ) 1.00 in which for Loads a Minimum value of gi Applicable; (AASHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-3) Here: gi = Load Factor; a statistically based multiplier Applied to Force Effect, f = Resistance Factor; a statistically based multiplier Applied to Nominal Resistance,
i = Load Modifier; a Factor related to Ductility, Redundancy and Operational Functions, For Strength Limit State; D i = D = 1.00 for Conventional Design related to Ductility, i = R = 1.00 for Conventional Levels of Redundancy , i = I = 1.00 for Typical Bridges related to Operational Functions, Qi = Force Effect, Rn = Nominal Resistance, Ri = Factored Resistance = fRn. R l
1.000 1.000 1.000
ii) Selection of Load Multiplying Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) & Load Combination : a) The Bridge will have to face Cyclonic Storms with very high Intensity of Wind Load (Wind Velocity = 260km/hr), but those would be occasional. Thus the respective Multiplier Factors of Limit State STRENGTH I (Bridge used by Normal Vehicle without wind load) for normal operation, Limit State of STRENGTH-III (Wind Velocity exceeding 90km/hr) for wind load during cyclonic storm condition and Limit State of STRENGTH-IV (Having Wind Velocity of 90 km/hr) for normal wind load only are selected as CRITICAL conditions for bridge structure. iii) Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surcharge Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.250
gDW
1.500
gEH
1.500
gEV
1.350
gES
1.500
iv) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (AASHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Dynamic Load Allowance-IM as per Provision of AASHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.750 1.330
(Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Breaking Force-BR. h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV STRENGTH - III STRENGTH - V gLL-Lane gLL-PL. gLL-CE. gLL-BR. gLL-LS. gLL-WA. gLL-WS. gLL-WL gLL-FR. gLL-TU. 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.000 1.400 1.000 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
6 Different Load Multiplying Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value gDC 1.000
of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surcharge Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDW 1.000
gEH
1.000
gEV
1.000
gES
1.000
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (AASHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Dynamic Load Allowance-IM as per Provision of AASHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; SERVICE - I (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). SERVICE - IV SERVICE - II SERVICE - II SERVICE - II m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.000 1.000
1.000 1.000 1.300 1.300 1.000 1.000 0.700 1.300 1.000 1.000
m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV 7 Philosophy in Flexural Design of Bridge Deck Slab :
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
a) The Bridge Deck is that Structural Component which directly carries the Live Loads (LL) of Vehicular Traffic, Lane Loading, Tandem Loadings, Pedestrian Loads etc. for whom the Bridge Structure are being build. In addition Dead Loads (DL) due to Self Weight & Deck Furniture's (Riling & Riling Posts, Wheel Guard & Curb, Medians & Side Walk Slab) including Utilities if there be any. b) Since Casting of Deck Slab RCC Bridge would be Monolithic with closely placed Longitudinal Main Girders, thus the Deck is absolutely a One-way Continuous Slab with Overhanging Cantilever Parts on both Sides. In addition of Self Weight Dead Load (DL) the Cantilevers would also carry the Dead Loads (DL) from Railing & Railing Post, Side Walk, Conduit with Utility, Wheel Guard & Curb etc. More over the Cantilevers will also carry the Pedestrian Live Loads (LL). Self Weight & Imposed Wearing Course are the Dead Load (DL) Constituents of Central Deck Portion. The Main Live Loads (LL) for the Central Portion is either Concentrated Wheel Loads of Design Truck or Similar but of Different Magnitude Tandem Loads. A Uniformly Distributed Lane Load also Constituent of Live Load (LL) for the Central Portion of Deck. b) For the Design Purpose & Calculation of Imposed Loads (DL & LL) and Computation of respective Shearing Force & Moments, the Deck Slab is to be considered as Constituents of Transverse Stripes having 1.000m width. c) For the Purpose of Design, Computations of Shearing Forces & Moments will be done in Four Different Sections. i) Section 1-1 on Outer Face of Exterior Girder is for Design of Cantilever Portion. Whereas, ii) Section 2-2 on Inner Face of Exterior Girder; iii) Section 3-3 on Middle in between Two Girders & iv) Section 4-4 of Face of Interior Girder for Design of Interior Slab Spans. d) Sketch Diagram Showing the Sections for Design Calculations : 1
225
1475 1030 1250
1030
1250
200 150x150
300
0.950
1.650
1.650
0.350
1 1.125
2 2.000
3 2.000
8 Selection of Effective Span Length for Deck Slab & Other Dimensions under AASHTO-LRFD-2004 : i) Effective Span Length for RCC Girder Bridge (AASHTO-LRFD-9.7.2.3): a) For Slabs Monolithic with RCC Girders, the Effective Span Length of Deck Slab in between the Interior Girders is the Face to Face Distance. Thus Span Length of Interior Deck Slab = LC/C-Gir. - bGir-Main b) For Slabs Monolithic with RCC Girders, Effective Span Length of Cantilever Deck Slab is the Distance from Face of Exterior Girder up to Edge of the Cantilever. Thus Span Length of Cantilever Deck Slab; = LExt.-Gir-to-Cant. - bGir-Main/2 SInter. 1.650 m
75
75
SCant.
0.950 m
ii) Effective Span Length for PC or Steel Girder Bridge (AASHTO-LRFD-9.7.2.3): a) For Slab supported on Concrete (PC) or Steel Girder, the Effective Span Length of Interior Deck Slab is the Distance between Flange Tips Plus the Flange Overhanging Length taken as Distance from Extreme Flange Tip to the Face of Web, disregarding any Fillets. b) Slab supported on Concrete PC Girder or Steel Girder, the Effective Span Length of Cantilever Deck Slab is the Distance between Web Face up to the Cantilever Edge, disregarding any Fillets. SInter. m
SCant.
iii) Required Slab Thickness for RCC Bridge Deck Slab According to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-2004 : a) According to AASHTO-LRFD-2.5.2.6.3;Table-2.5.2.6.3-1 for a Continuous tSlab-req-1. 155.000 mm Span, the Thickness of Deck Slab should be = (S + 3000)/30 165mm <165 For the Case of Main Reinforcement Parallel to Traffic. Here S is Calculated Effective Length of Interior Span = 1550mm Since the Main Reinforcement is Perpendicular Traffic & tSlab-req-1 < 165m, thus the case is not Applicable. b) According to AASHTO-LRFD-9.7.1.1 Depth/Thickness of a Concrete Deck tSlab-req-2. 175.000 mm
should not be Less than 175 mm. c) The Provided Depth/Thickness for the Simple Supported T-Girder Bridge = 200mm which is Greater than tSlab-req-2. iv) Provision of Clear Cover for Deck Slab : a) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.12.3; Table.5.12.3-1 for Structures on Costal Area , the Clear Covers both on Top & Bottom Surface of Slab should be 75 mm from Face of main Reinforcement. Since the Top Surface of Deck Slab will have 75 mm Thick Wearing Course, thus on this Surface may Provide with 38 mm Clear Cover. Accordingly by using Ante-Chlorine Admixtures for Concrete, on Bottom Surface 25 mm Clear cover may Provide. 9 Selection/Computation of Applied Loads/Forces (DL & LL) for Flexural Design of Deck Slab: i) Computation of Different Dead Loads (DL) Applicable for the Interior & Cantilever Span of Deck Slab : a) For Computation of Loads Let Consider Strip in Transverse Direction having Width in Longitudinal = 1.000m b) Intensity of Uniformly Distributed Dead Load (DL) due to Self Weight of Slab for per Meter Span Length & 1.000 m Wide Strip = wC*tSlab*bStrip c) Intensity of Uniformly Distributed Dead Load (DL) due to Wearing Course for per Meter Span Length & 1.000 m Wide Strip = wWC*tWC*bStrip. d) Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Edge on 1.000m Wide Strip From Railings as Concentrated Load (Computed from Load Analysis Sheet). e) Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Edge on 1.000m Wide Strip From Railing Post as Concentrated Load (Computed from Load Analysis Sheet). f) Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Edge on 1.000m Wide Strip From Railing Post Base as Concentrated Load = wC*hCurb/Guard*bCurb/Guard./bStrim g) Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Part on 1.000m Wide Strip From Curb as Concentrated Load = wC*hCurb/Guard*bCurb/Guard. h) Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Part on 1.000m Wide Strip From Side Walk Slab as Uniformly Distributed Load = wC*tSlab-SW*bStrip i) Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Part on 1.000m Wide Strip From Fluid for Utility Load as Concentrated Load (Computed from Load Analysis Sheet). bStrip. 1.000 m tSlab-pro. 200.000 mm tslab-pro.>tslab-req. OK.
WDL-Self.
2 4.800 kN/m /m
WDL-WC.
2 1.725 kN/m /m
WDL-Railing.
2.205 kN.
WDL-Rail-Post.
0.650 kN.
WDL-Post-Base.
1.980 kN.
WDL-Curb.
1.980 kN.
WDL-S-Walk.
2 1.800 kN/m /m
WDL-Utility.
2.081 kN
ii) Computation of Different Live Loads (LL) Applicable for the Interior & Cantilever Span of Deck Slab : a) Since the Design Strip is 1.000m Wide over which on any Span only One Wheel of Design Truck or Tandem can take Position due to their Longitudinal & Transverse Spacing, thus One Rear or Middle Wheel of Design Truck PLL-Truck. 72.500 kN
having the Highest Magnitude of Loading should be Considered as Wheel Live Load (LL). (AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.1.2.2) b) Since the Design Lane Load is a Uniformly Distributed Live Load (LL) having Magnitude of 9.300 N/mm in Longitudinal Direction with Action in Transverse Direction over 3.000m Width & the Design Strip is in Transverse Direction of 1.000m Width. Thus Magnitude of Lane Load over the 1.000 m 2 area of Deck = ((9.300*1000)/3.000)/1000 kN/m 2 (AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.1.2.4) c) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.1.3.4 Bridges having Overhanging Deck Slab Span not Exceeding 1800 mm from Center of Exterior Girder & where Exists a Structurally Continuous Concrete Railing, there will be a Longitudinal & Uniformly Distributed Line Live Load (LL) of Magnitude of 14.600N/mm. Action of Line Load will be at Distance 300mm from the Face of Railing & it would Replace the Outside Row of Wheel Load. Since the Design Strip is in Transverse Direction with 1.000m Width, thus Action on Line Load will like a Concentrated Load having Magnitude = 14.600*1000/1000kN. d) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.1.6 on the Sidewalk Surface a Uniformly Distributed Pedestrian Live Load (LL) will act having Intensity 3.6*10-3 Mpa for the Cases where Sidewalk Width is Greater than 600mm. Since Provided Sidewalk Width is 1.250m & the Design Strip is in Transverse Direction with 1.000m Width, thus Pedestrian Live Load per m 2 of Sidewalk Surface = (3.600/10^3)*10^6/10^3kN/m2. PLL-Lane.
2 3.100 kN/m
PLL-Line.
14.600 kN/m
PLL-Pedst.
2 3.600 kN/m
10 Computation of Factored Loads (DL & LL) in respect of Flexural Design of Deck Slab under Provisions for Strength Limit State of Design (USD) & Service Limit State of Design (WSD) : i) Computation of Factored Dead Loads (DL) Applicable for the Strength Limit State of Design (USD) under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1 : a) Intensity of Factored Uniformly Distributed Dead Load (DL) due to Self Weight of Slab = gDC*WDL-Self b) Intensity of Factored Uniformly Distributed Dead Load (DL) due to Wearing Course = gDW*WDL-WC c) Factored Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Edge From Railings as Concentrated Load = gDC*WDL-Railing d) Factored Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Edge From Railing Post as Concentrated Load = gDC*WDL-Rail-Post. e) Factored Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Edge From Railing Post Base as Concentrated Load = gDC*WDL-Postp-Base. WDL-Self.-USD
2 6.000 kN/m /m
WDL-WC.-USD
2 2.588 kN/m /m
WDL-Railing.-USD
2.756 kN.
WDL-Rail-Post.-USD
0.813 kN.
WDL-Post-Base.-USD
2.475 kN.
f) Factored Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Part From Curb as Concentrated Load = gDC*WDL-Curb.
WDL-Curb.-USD
2.475 kN.
g) Factored Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Part From Side Walk Slab as Uniformly Distributed Load = gDC*WDL-S-Walk. h) Factored Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Part From Fluid for Utility Load as Concentrated Load = gDW*WDL-Utility.
WDL-S-Walk.-USD
2 2.250 kN/m /m
WDL-Utility.-USD
3.122 kN
ii) Computation of Factored Dead Loads (DL) Applicable for the Service Limit State of Design (WSD) under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1 : a) Intensity of Factored Uniformly Distributed Dead Load (DL) due to Self Weight of Slab = gDC*WDL-Self b) Intensity of Factored Uniformly Distributed Dead Load (DL) due to Wearing Course = gDW*WDL-WC c) Factored Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Edge From Railings as Concentrated Load = gDC*WDL-Railing d) Factored Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Edge From Railing Post as Concentrated Load = gDC*WDL-Rail-Post. e) Factored Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Edge From Railing Post Base as Concentrated Load = gDC*WDL-Postp-Base. f) Factored Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Part From Curb as Concentrated Load = gDC*WDL-Curb. g) Factored Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Part From Side Walk Slab as Uniformly Distributed Load = gDC*WDL-S-Walk. h) Factored Dead Load (DL) on Cantilever Part From Fluid for Utility Load as Concentrated Load = gDW*WDL-Utility. WDL-Self.-WSD
2 4.800 kN/m /m
WDL-WC.-WSD
2 1.725 kN/m /m
WDL-Railing.WSD
2.205 kN.
WDL-Rail-Post.-WSD
0.650 kN.
WDL-Post-Base.-WSD
1.980 kN.
WDL-Curb.-WSD
1.980 kN.
WDL-S-Walk.-WSD
2 1.800 kN/m /m
WDL-Utility.-WSD
2.081 kN
iii) Computation of Factored Live Loads (LL) Applicable for the Strength Limit State of Design (USD) under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1 : a) Factored Design Truck Wheel Load Applicable for Design of Bridge Deck = m*gLL-Truck*IM*PLL-Truck. b) Factored Design Lane Load Applicable for Design of Bridge Deck = m*gLL-Lane*PLL-Lane. c) Factored Design Line Load Applicable for Design of Bridge Deck = m*gLL-Lane*PLL-LIne. d) Factored Design Pedestrian Load Applicable for Design of Bridge Deck PLL-Truck.-USD 168.744 kN
PLL-Lane.-USD
2 5.425 kN/m /m
PLL-Line.-USD
25.550 kN/m
PLL-Pedst.-USD
2 6.300 kN/m /m
= m*gLL-Lane*PLL-PL. iv) Computation of Factored Live Loads (LL) Applicable for the Service Limit State of Design (WSD) under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1 : a) Factored Design Truck Wheel Load Applicable for Design of Bridge Deck = m*gLL-Truck*IM*PLL-Truck. b) Factored Design Lane Load Applicable for Design of Bridge Deck = m*gLL-Lane*PLL-Lane. c) Factored Design Line Load Applicable for Design of Bridge Deck = m*gLL-Lane*PLL-Lane. d) Factored Design Pedestrian Load Applicable for Design of Bridge Deck = m*gLL-Lane*PLL-PL. PLL-Truck.-WSD 72.500 kN
PLL-Lane.-WSD
2 3.100 kN/m /m
PLL-Line.-WSD
14.600 kN/m
PLL-Pedst.-WSD
2 3.600 kN/m /m
11 Adopted Methods of Analysis in Flexural Design of Deck Slab under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-2004 : i) Approximate Method of Analysis for Direct Calculation of Moments under AASHTO-LRFD-4.6.2.1.8 : a) According to Article 4.6.2.1.8; Live Load Force Effects for Fully & Partially Filled Grids & for Unfilled Grid Decks Composite with Reinforced Concrete Slab can consider for Determination of Live Load Moments due to Vehicular Load either from Design Truck or Design Tandem. b) Under Provision of Article 4.6.2.1.8; Deck Slab having Main Reinforcements Perpendicular to Traffic, the Moments both for (+) ve & (-) ve values on Interior Spans are being Expressed by the Equations-4.6.2.1.8-1 & 4.6.2.1.8-2. c) According to Equ.- 4.6.2.1.8-1; For Center-to-Center Distance of Supports, L 3000mm the Transverse Moments for Deck Slab; MTransverse = 1260D0.197L0.459C in N-mm/mm d) According to Equ.4.6.2.1.8-2; For Center-to-Center Distance of Supports, L > 3000mm the Transverse Moments for Deck Slab; MTransverse = (5300D0.188(L1.35-20400)/L)*(C) in N-mm/mm Here for both Equ. e) C is Continuity Factor having value for Simple Support Span = 1.00 & for the Continuous Span = 0.80 f) D is Ratio of Flexural Rigidity-DX of Deck Slab in Main Bar Direction with Flexural Regidity - DY of Deck Slab Perpendicular to Main Bar Direction. CSimple CContinous D 1.000 0.800 0.606
g) The Flexural Rigidity of Deck Slab in Main Bar Direction & Perpendicular to Main Bar Direction are Expressed by, DX = EIX in N-mm2/mm & DY = EIY in N-mm2/mm where, E is Modulus of Elasticity, IX & IY are Moment of Inertia in Respective Directions. h) Considering Design Strip in Transverse Direction, Strip Width = 1000mm. i) Effective Span Length for Deck between Interior Girders = 1650 mm bStrip SInter. 1,000 mm 1,650 mm
j) Provided Slab Thickness = 200mm k) Value on Moment of Inertia for Main Reinforcement Direction; IX = bStrip(tSlab)3/12 in mm4 l) Value on Moment of Inertia Perpendicular to Main Reinforcement Direction; IX = SInter,(tSlab)3/12 in mm4 m) Flexural Rigidity of Deck Slab in Main Bar Direction, DX = EIX
tSlab. IX
200 mm
4 6.667E+08 mm 4 0.001 m 4 1.100E+09 mm 4 1.100E-03 m
IY
DX
1.590E+13 N-mm/mm 1.590E+04 kN-m/m 2.624E+13 N-mm/mm 2.624E+04 kN-m/m 29908.110 N-mm/mm 29.908 kN-m/m
n) Flexural Rigidity of Deck Slab Perpendicular to Main Bar Direction, DY= EIY
DY
(+) MTransverse o) Since the Center-to-Center Distance between Girders, LC/C-Gir. = L = 2000mm < 3000mm thus Equ.- 4.6.2.1.8-1 is applicable for (+) ve Moment value Calculation on Interior Span as Continuous Span having C = 0.80. p) The (-) ve Moment value can Calculate considering Simple Span with value of C = 0.800 (-) MTransverse
37,385.137 N-mm/mm 37.385 kN-m/m
i-i) Factored Moments for Strength Limit State of Design (USD) under Approximate Method of Analysis : a) Factored (+) ve Moment for Interior Span under Strength Limit State (USD) = mgLL-TruckIM*MTrans-UF b) Factored (-) ve Moment for Interior Span under Strength Limit State (USD) = mgLL-TruckIM*MTrans-UF (+) MTrans-USD 69611.125 N-mm/mm 69.611 kN-m/m 87013.906 N-mm/mm 87.014 kN-m/m
(-) MTrans-USD
i-ii) Factored Moments for Service Limit State of Design (WSD) under to Approximate Method of Analysis : a) Factored (+) ve Moment for Interior Span under Service Limit State (WSD) = mgLL-TruckIM*MTrans-UF b) Factored (-) ve Moment for Interior Span under Service Limit State (WSD) = mgLL-TruckIM*MTrans-WSD (+)MTrans-WSD 29,908.110 N-mm/mm 29.908 kN-m/m 37,385.137 N-mm/mm 37.385 kN-m/m
(-) MTrans-WSD
ii) Distribution Factor Method for Analysis of Moments for Interior Deck Spans under the Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-4.6.2.2.2b : a) According to Article-4.6.2.2.2b in Concrete Bridges having More than 4 Main Girders & Linked by Cross-Girders, the Live Load (Truck/Tandem) Moments for Deck Interior Spans should be based upon the Distribution Factor as mentioned in Equation of Table- 4.6.2.2.2b-1. b) The Distribution Factor for Live Loads Per Lane for Moment in Interior Beam of Multi Lane RCC T-Girder Bridge is being Expressed by gInt.-M = 0.075+ (S/2900)0.6(S/L)0.2(0.2(Kg/Lts3))0.1; where,
c) S is Effective Span Length of Interior Spans for Deck's Design Strip = SInter. d) L is Center-to-Center Distance between Supports of Main Girder = SBridge. e) Kg is Longitudinal Stiffness Parameter in mm 4 f) ts is Thickness of Bridge Deck in mm = tSlab g) According to Provision of Article - 4.6.2.2.2b in Preliminary Design the value of Kg/Lts = 1.000 h) Thus the Calculated value of Distribution Factor for Interior Span gInt.-M (Having value of S = 1550 > 1100 but < 4900; ts = 200 > 110 but < 300 ; L =24400 > 6000 but < 76000; Nb (Nos. of Girder = 5 > 4).
S L Kg ts Kg/Lts
1,650 mm 24,400 mm mm4 200 mm 1.000
gInt.-M
0.491
iii) Distribution Factor Method for Analysis of Moments for Deck Overhanging under the Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-4.6.2.2.2d : a) According to Article-4.6.2.2.2d in Concrete Bridges having More than 4 Main Girders & Linked by Cross-Girders, the Live Load (Truck/Tandem) Moments for Deck Overhanging Spans should be based on the Distribution Factor as mentioned in Equation of Table- 4.6.2.2.2d-1. b) The Distribution Factor for Live Loads Per Lane for Moment on Deck Overhanging on face of Exterior Longitudinal Girder of Multi Lane RCC T-Girder Bridge is being Expressed by gExt = egInt; where, c) e is Correction Factor having value = 0.77 + de/2800; Here , d) de is a Distance in mm from Exterior Face/Web of Exterior Girder up to the Interior Edge of Curb or Traffic Barrier = WEdge-to-Curb. - SCant. Since Position of Exterior Face/Web of Exterior Girder is within Inboard of Slab's Outer Edge-to-Curb, thus de is of (+) ve value. e) Thus Calculated Distribution Factor value for Overhanging gExt.-M = egInt-M (Having value of de = 575 > (-)300 but < 1700; ts = 200 > 110 but < 300 ; L =24400 > 6000 but < 76000; Nb (Nos. of Girder) = 5 > 4 ). e de 0.958 525 mm
gExt.-M
0.470
iv) Distribution Factor Method for Analysis of Shears for Interior Deck Spans According to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-4.6.2.2.3a : a) According to Article-4.6.2.2.3a in Concrete Bridges having Multi Lane with More than 4 Main Girders & Linked by Cross-Girders, the Live Load (Truck/Tandem) Shear for Deck Interior Spans should be based upon the Distribution Factor as mentioned in Equation of Table- 4.6.2.2.3a-1. b) The Distribution Factor for Live Loads Per Lane for Shear in Interior Beam of Multi Lane RCC T-Girder Bridge is being Expressed by gInt.-V = 0.20 + S/3600 - (S/10700)2.00; where, c) S is Effective Span Length of Interior Spans for Deck's Design Strip = SInter. S 1,650.000 mm
d) Thus the Calculated value of Distribution Factor for Interior Span gInt.-V (Having value of S = 1550 > 1100 but < 4900; ts = 200 > 110 but < 300 ; L =24400 > 6000 but < 76000; Nb (Nos. of Girder) = 5 > 4 ).
gInt.-V
0.635
v) Distribution Factor Method for Analysis of Shear for Deck Overhanging under the Provisions of AASHTO -LRFD-4.6.2.2.3b : a) According to Article-4.6.2.2.3b in Concrete Bridges having Multi Lane with More than 4 Main Girders & Linked by Cross-Girders, the Live Load (Truck/Tandem) Shear for Deck Overhanging should be based upon the Distribution Factor as mentioned in Equation of Table- 4.6.2.2.3a-2. b) The Distribution Factor for Live Loads Per Lane for Shear on Deck Overhanging on face of Exterior Longitudinal Girder of Multi Lane RCC T-Girder Bridge is being Expressed by gExt-V = egInt-V ; where, c) e is Correction Factor having value = 0.60 + de/3000; Here , d) de is a Distance in mm from Exterior Face/Web of Exterior Girder up to the Interior Edge of Curb or Traffic Barrier = WEdge-to-Curb. - SCant. Since Position of Exterior Face/Web of Exterior Girder is within Inboard of Slab's Outer Edge-to-Curb, thus de is of (+) ve value. e) Thus Calculated value of Distribution Factor for Overhanging gExt.= egInt-V (Having value of de = 575 > (-)300 but < 1700; ts = 200 > 110 but < 300 ; L =24400 > 6000 but < 76000; Nb (Nos. of Girder) = 5 > 4 ). e de 0.775 525.000 mm
gExt.-V
0.492
vi) Computation of Equivalent Strip Width for Live Load Moment for Interior Deck According to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-4.6.2.1.3 : a) According to Article - 4.6.2.1.3 in a Concrete Bridges having More than 4 Main Girders & Linked by Cross-Girders, the Live Load (Truck/Tandem) Moments for Interior Deck Spans should be Calculated in respect of the Strip Width as mentioned in Equation of Table- 4.6.2.1.3-1. b) For Cast in Place PC-Girder Concrete Bridge with Considered Strip Perpendicular to Traffic, Equivalent Strip Width for (+) ve Moment is being Expressed by the Equation, (+)XInt. = 660 + 0.55S in mm.& that for (-) ve Moment is being Expressed by the Equation, (-)XInt. = 1220 + 0.25S in mm. Here, c) S is Spacing of Supporting Components in mm (Here PC-Girders) = LC/C-Gir. d) Thus Equivalent Strip Width for (+) ve Moment e) Thus Equivalent Strip Width for (-) ve Moment S (+)XInt. (-)XInt. 2,000.000 mm 1,760.000 mm 1,720.000 mm
vii) Computation of Equivalent Strip Width for Live Load Moment for Deck Overhanging under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-4.6.2.1.3 : a) Since the Provisions of Article-4.6.2.1.3 have Recommended to use Provisions of Article-3.6.1.3.4 for Applied Live Load & Calculation of respective Moments on Cantilever/Overhanging Portion of Deck Slab, thus Provisions of this Article is not Applicable.
12 Moment Arms for Calculation of Moments at Different Sections due to Applied Loads : i) Computation of Moment Arms for the Components Resting upon the Overhanging/Cantilever Deck Slab & Live Loads in Respect of Section 1-1 (On outer Face of Exterior Girder) : a) Moment Arm for Railing = LCant-Ext. -bRailing/2 b) Moment Arm for Railing Post = LCant-Ext. - WPost-Trans./2 c) Moment Arm for Raining Post Base = LCant-Ext. - bCurb/Guard./2 d) Moment Arm for Sidewalk Slab = WSidewalk/2 - bGir-Main - LCurb-inner-Ext. e) Moment Arm for Utility/Fluid Space = WFluid/2 - LCurb-Outer-Ext. f) Moment Arm for Pedestrian Live Load = WSidewalk/2 - LCurb-Outer-Ext. g) Moment Arm for Line Live Load = WSidewalk - LCurb-Outer-Ext. - 0.300 LRailing LR-Post LR-Post-Base LS-walk LUtility. LPedes LLine 0.863 m 0.823 m 0.813 m 0.100 m 0.213 m 0.375 m 0.700 m
ii) Computation of Moment Arms for the Components Resting upon the Deck Slab on Inner Side of Exterior Girder & Live Loads in Respect of Section 2-2 (On Inner Face of Exterior Girder) : a) Moment Arm for Curb/Wheel Guard (Part) = LCurb-inner-Ext./2 b) Moment Arm for Pedestrian Live Load on Curb = LCurb-Inner-Ext. c) Moment Arm for Wearing Course & Lane Live Load on Deck in between Exterior Girder & 1st. Interior Girder = (SInter - LCurb-Inner-Ext.)/2 + LCurb-Inner-Ext. LCurb LPedes-Curb LWC/Lane 0.088 m 0.088 m 0.913 m
13 Calculation of (-) Moments (DL & LL) of Overhanging Span at Section 1-1 (Exterior Girder Outer Face) Based Distribution Factor or Lever Rule under Provisions Strength Limit State (USD); AASHTO-LRFD-2004 : i) Since the Span is Overhanging/Cantilever, thus Moment value is of (-) ve in Nature. ii) Calculation of Factored Dead Load (DL) Moments for Overhanging/Cantilever Span at Section 1-1 (Outer Face of Exterior Girder) :
2 a) Moment due to Self Weight of Deck Slab = WDL-Self.-USD*(SCanti.) /2
MDL-Self-USD MDL-Railing-USD MDL-R-Post-USD MDL-R-Post-base-USD
2.708 kN-m/m 1.902 kN-m/m 0.668 kN-m/m 2.011 kN-m/m
b) Moment due to Railing = WDL-Railing-USD*LRailing c) Moment due to Railing Post = WDL-R-Post-USD*LR-Post d) Moment due to Railing Post Base = WDL-R-Post-Base-USD*LR-Post-Base
e) Moment due to Curb/Wheel Guard, since it is Outboard of Overhanging thus calculation of Moment is not required.
f) Moment due to Sidewalk Slab = WDL-S-Walk.-USD*LS-Walk. g) Moment due to Utility = WDL-Utility.-USD*LUtility. h) Total Factored Dead Load (-) Moments at Section 1-1 for Overhanging.
MDL-S-Walk.-USD MDL-Utility.-USD (-)MDL-Total-1-1-USD
0.225 kN-m/m 0.663 kN-m/m 8.177 kN-m/m
iii) Calculation of Factored Live Load (LL) Moments for Overhanging/Cantilever Span at Section 1-1 (Outer Face of Exterior Girder) : a) Moment due to Pedestrian on Sidewalk = PLL-Pedst.-USD*WSidewalk*LPedes b) Moment due to Line load on Sidewalk = PLL-Line.-USD*LLine c) Total Factored Live Load (-) Moments at Section 1-1 for Overhanging. MLL-Pedst-USD MLL-Line-USD (-) MLL-Total-1-1-USD 5.513 kN-m/m 17.885 kN-m/m 23.398 kN-m/m
iv) Calculated Total Factored (-)Moments at Section 1-1 due to (-) MDL+LL-1-1-USD Applied Loads (DL + LL) on Overhanging/Cantilever Span of Deck.
31.574 kN-m/m
14 Calculation of (-) Moments (DL & LL) of Interior Span at Section 2-2 (Exterior Girder Inner Face) Based Distribution Factor or Lever Rule under Provisions Strength Limit State (USD); AASHTO-LRFD-2004 : i) For Continuous Span at Support Position Moment value is of (-) ve in Nature. ii) Calculation of Factored Dead Load (DL) Moments Interior Continuous Span at Section 2-2 (Inner Face of Exterior Girder) :
2 a) Moment due to Self Weight of Deck Slab = WDL-Self.-USD*(SInter.) /9
MDL-Self-USD MDL-WC-USD MDL-Curb.-USD (-)MDL-Total-2-2-USD
1.815 kN-m/m 0.783 kN-m/m 0.217 kN-m/m 2.814 kN-m/m
b) Moment due to Wearing Course = WDL-WC.-USD*(SInter)2/9 c) Moment due to Curb/Wheel Guard Portion , = WDL-Curb.-USD*LCurb. d) Total Factored Dead Load (-) Moments at Section 2-2 for Interior Span.
iii) Calculation of Factored Live Load (DL) Moments Interior Continuous Span at Section 2-2 (Inner Face of Exterior Girder) : a) Moment due to Live Truck Wheel Load = PLL-Truck.-USD*gInt.-M b) Moment due to Live Lane load on Sidewalk = PLL-Lane.-USD*(SInter.)2/9 c) Total Factored Live Load (-)Moments at Section 2-2 for Interior Span iv) Calculated Total Factored (-) Moments at Section 2-2 due to Applied Loads (DL + LL) on Interior Span of Deck. MLL-Truck-USD MLL-Lane-USD (-)MLL-Total-2-2-USD (-)MDL+LL-2-2-USD 82.849 kN-m/m 0.938 kN-m/m 83.787 kN-m/m 86.602 kN-m/m
15 Calculation of (+) Moments (DL & LL) of Interior Span at Section 3-3 (On Middle between Interior Girders) Based Distribution Factor or Lever Rule under Provisions Strength Limit State (USD); AASHTO-LRFD-2004 : i) For Continuous Span at Middle Position the Moment value is of (+) ve in Nature. ii) Calculation of Factored Dead Load (DL) Moments Interior Continuous Span at Section 3-3 (On Middle of Interior Girders) :
2 a) Moment due to Self Weight of Deck Slab = WDL-Self.-USD*(SInter.) /14
MDL-Self-USD MDL-WC-USD (+)MDL-Total-3-3-USD
1.167 kN-m/m 0.503 kN-m/m 1.670 kN-m/m
b) Moment due to Wearing Course = WDL-WC.-USD*(SInter)2/14 c) Total Factored Dead Load (+) Moments at Section 3-3 for Interior Span.
iii) Calculation of Factored Live Load (DL) Moments Interior Continuous Span at Section 3-3 (On Middle of Interior Girders) : a) Moment due to Live Truck Wheel Load = PLL-Truck.-USD*gInt.-M b) Moment due to Live Lane load on Sidewalk = FPLL-Lane.-USD*(SInter.)2/9 c) Total Factored Live Load (+)Moments at Section 3-3 for Interior Span. iv) Calculated Total Factored (+) Moments at Section 3-3 due to Applied Loads (DL + LL) on Interior Span of Deck. MLL-Truck-USD MLL-Lane-USD (+)MLL-Total-3-3-USD 82.849 kN-m/m 0.603 kN-m/m 83.452 kN-m/m
(+)MDL+LL-3-3-USD
85.122 kN-m/m
16 Calculation of (-) Moments (DL & LL) of Interior Span at Section 4-4 (On Face of Interior Girder) Based Distribution Factor or Lever Rule under Provisions Strength Limit State (USD); AASHTO-LRFD-2004 : i) For Continuous Span at Support Position Moment value is of (-) ve in Nature. ii) Calculation of Factored Dead Load (DL) Moments Interior Continuous Span at Section 4-4(On Face of Interior Girder) :
2 a) Moment due to Self Weight of Deck Slab = WDL-Self-USD.*(SInter.) /9
MDL-Self-USD MDL-WC-USD (-)MDL-Total-4-4-USD
1.815 kN-m/m 0.783 kN-m/m 2.598 kN-m/m
b) Moment due to Wearing Course = WDL-WC.-USD*(SInter)2/9 c) Total Factored Dead Load (-) Moments at Section 4-4 for Interior Span.
iii) Calculation of Factored Live Load (DL) Moments Interior Continuous Span at Section 4-4 (Inner Face of Exterior Girder) : a) Moment due to Live Truck Wheel Load = PLL-Truck.-USD*gInt.-M MLL-Truck-USD 82.849 kN-m/m
b) Moment due to Live Lane load on Sidewalk = PLL-Lane.-USD*(SInter.)2/9 c) Total Factored Live Load (-)Moments at Section 4-4 for Interior Span. iv) Calculated Total Factored (-) Moments at Section 4-4 due to Applied Loads (DL + LL) on Interior Span of Deck.
MLL-Lane-USD (-)MLL-Total-4-4-USD
0.938 kN-m/m 83.787 kN-m/m
(-)MDL+LL-4-4-USD
86.385 kN-m/m
17 Calculated Highest (-) ve Moment value for Distribution Factor Method under Strength Limit Stalt (USD): i) Section on Which Calculated (-) Moment is Highest; ii) The Calculated value of Highest (-) ve Moment Section 2-2 is highest (-)MDL+LL-2-2-USD 86.602 kN-m/m
18 Selecton of Approprate (-) Moments & (+) Moments (DL+LL) for Flexural Design of Reinforcements of the Bridge Deck Slab from the Calculated Values of Approximate Method & Distribution Factor Method under Provisions of Strength Limit State (USD); AASHTO-LRFD-2004 : i) The Highest of Calculated (+) ve Moment Either Approximate Method or Distribution Factor Method. Distribution Factor Method Highest ii) The Highest of Calculated (-) ve Moment Either Approximate Method or Distribution Factor Method. Approximate Method Higer iii) The Calculated Values of Factored Moments according to Distribution Factor Methods for (+) ve Moments at Sections 3-3 & that for (-) ve Moments at Section 2-2 both are Heigher than the Calculated Factored Moments According to Provisions under Approximate Methods. Thus the Calculated Factored Moments According to Provisions of Distribution Factor Methods at Section 3-3 & 2-2 are the Governing Moments for Flexural Design of Deck Slab Reinforcements. iv) Total Factored Flexural Design (+) ve Moments (DL + LL) for Deck v) Total Factored Flexural Design (-) ve Moments (DL + LL) for Deck (+)MDesign-USD (-)MDesign-USD 85.122 kN-m/m 87.014 kN-m/m
18 Calculation of (+) Moments (DL & LL) of Interior Span at Section 3-3 (On Middle between Interior Girders) Based Distribution Factor or Lever Rule under Provisions Service Limit State (WSD); AASHTO-LRFD-2004 : i) For Continuous Span at Middle Position the Moment value is of (+) ve in Nature. ii) Calculation of Factored Dead Load (DL) Moments Interior Continuous Span at Section 3-3 (On Middle of Interior Girders) :
2 a) Moment due to Self Weight of Deck Slab = WDL-Self.-WSD*(SInter.) /14
MDL-Self-WSD MDL-WC-WSD (+)MDL-Total-3-3-WSD
0.933 kN-m/m 0.335 kN-m/m 1.269 kN-m/m
b) Moment due to Wearing Course = WDL-WC.-WSD*(SInter)2/14 c) Total Factored Dead Load (+) Moments at Section 3-3 of Interior Span.
iii) Calculation of Factored Live Load (DL) Moments Interior Continuous Span at Section 3-3 (On Middle of Interior Girders) : a) Moment due to Live Truck Wheel Load = PLL-Truck.-WSD*gInt.-M b) Moment due to Live Lane load on Sidewalk = PLL-Lane.-WSD*(SInter.)2/9 c) Total Factored Live Load (+)Moments at Section 3-3 for Interior Span. iv) Calculated Total Factored (+) Moments at Section 3-3 due to Applied Loads (DL + LL) on Interior Span of Deck. MLL-Truck-WSD MLL-Lane-WSD (+)MLL-Total-3-3-WSD 35.596 kN-m/m 0.603 kN-m/m 36.199 kN-m/m
(+)MSDL+LL-3-3-WSD
37.468 kN-m/m
19 Calculation of (-) Moments (DL & LL) of Interior Span at Section 4-4 (On Face of Interior Girder) Based Distribution Factor or Lever Rule under Provisions Service Limit State (WSD); AASHTO-LRFD-2004 : i) For Continuous Span at Support Position Moment value is of (-) ve in Nature. ii) Calculation of Factored Dead Load (DL) Moments Interior Continuous Span at Section 4-4(On Face of Interior Girder) :
2 a) Moment due to Self Weight of Deck Slab = WDL-Self.-WSD*(SInter.) /9
MDL-Self-WSD MDL-WC-WSD (-)MDL-Total-2-2-WSD
1.452 kN-m/m 0.522 kN-m/m 1.974 kN-m/m
b) Moment due to Wearing Course = WDL-WC.*(SInter)2/9 c) Total Factored Dead Load (-) Moments at Section 4-4 for Interior Span
iii) Calculation of Factored Live Load (DL) Moments Interior Continuous Span at Section 4-4 (Inner Face of Exterior Girder) : a) Moment due to Live Truck Wheel Load = PLL-Truck.-WSD*gInt.-M b) Moment due to Live Lane load on Sidewalk = PLL-Lane.-WSD*(SInter.)2/9 c) Total Factored Live Load (-)Moments at Section 4-4 for Interior Span. iv) Calculated Total Factored (-) Moments at Section 4-4 due to Applied Loads (DL + LL) on Interior Span of Deck. MLL-Truck-WSD MLL-Lane-WSD (-)MLL-Total-4-4-WSD 35.596 kN-m/m 0.938 kN-m/m 36.534 kN-m/m
(-)MSDL+LL-4-4-WSD
38.507 kN-m/m
20 Unfactored (+) ve & (-) ve Dead Load Moments under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-2004 : i) For Continuous Span at Middle Position the Moment value is of (+) ve & on Support is (-) ve. ii) Calculation of Unfactored Dead Load (+)Moments of Interior Continuous Span at Middle :
2 a) Moment due to Self Weight of Deck Slab = WDL-Self.*(SInter.) /14
MDL-Self-UF
0.933 kN-m/m
b) Moment due to Wearing Course = WDL-WC.*(SInter)2/14 c) Total Factored Dead Load (+) Moments at Middle of Interior Span.
MDL-WC-UF (+)MDL-Total-UF
0.335 kN-m/m 1.269 kN-m/m
iii) Calculation of Unfactored Dead Load (-)Moments of Interior Continuous Span at Support :
2 a) Moment due to Self Weight of Deck Slab = WDL-Self.*(SInter.) /9
MDL-Self-UF MDL-WC-UF (-)MDL-Total-UF
1.452 kN-m/m 0.522 kN-m/m 1.974 kN-m/m
b) Moment due to Wearing Course = WDL-WC.*(SInter)2/9 c) Total Unfactored Dead Load (-) Moments at Middle of Interior Span.
21 Calculation of Factored Shearing Forces on Interior Span Faces According to Distribution Factor & Lever Rule under Provisions Strength Limit State (USD); i) Calculation of Factored Dead Load (DL) Shearing Forces on Faces of Interior Span at Grider Faces : a) Shearing Forces due to Self Weight of Deck Slab = WDL-Self.-USD*SInter./2 b) Shearing Forces due to Wearing Course = WDL-WC.-USD*SInter/2 c) Total Factored Dead Load (-) Shearin Forcets at Faces of Interior Girder. VDL-Self--USD VDL-WC-USD VDL-Total-USD 4.950 kN/m 2.135 kN-m/m 7.085 kN-m/m
ii) Calculation of Factored Live Load (DL) Shearing Forces on Faces of Interior Span at Grider Faces : a) Shearing Forces due to Live Truck Wheel Load = PLL-Truck-USD.*gInt.-V b) Shearing Forces due to Live Lane Load = FSPLL-Lane.*SInter./2 c) Total Factored Live Load (-)Moments at Section 4-4 for Interior Span iii) Tatal Factored Shearing Forces On Interior Girder Feces due to Applied Loads : VLL-Truck-USD VLL-Lane-USD VLL-Total-USD VDL+LL-USD 107.077 kN/m 4.476 kN/m 111.553 kN/m 118.637 kN/m
22 Computation of Related Features required for Flexural Design of Top & Bottom Reinforcements for Deck Slab Against Calculated Design (-) ve & (+) ve Moments : i) Design Strip Width for Deck Slab in Transverse Horizontal Direction & Clear Cover on Different Faces: a) Let Consider the Design Width in Transverse Directions is = 1000mm b) Let the Clear Cover on Bottom Surface of Decl Slab, C-Cov.Bot. = 25mm, Let the Clear Cover on Top Surface of Decl Slab, C-Cov.Top = 38mm, b C-Cov-Bot. C-Cov-Top. 1.000 m 25 mm 38 mm
ii) Calculations of Limits For Maximum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1) : . a) With Maximum Amount of Prestressed & Nonprestressed Reinforcement for c/de-Max. a Section c/de 0.42 in which;
0.42
b) c is the distance from extreme Compression Fiber to the Neutral Axis in mm c) de is the corresponding Effective Depth from extreme Compression Fiber to the Centroid of Tensial Forces in Tensial Reinforcements in mm. Here; i) de = (Apsfpsdp + Asfyds)/(Apsfps + Asfy), where ; ii) As = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Tinsion Reinforcement in mm2 iii) Aps = Area of Prestressing Steel in mm2 iv) fy = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Tension Bar in MPa. vi) fps = Average Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. xi) dp = Distance of Extreme Compression Fiber from Prestressing Tendon Centroid in mm. xii) ds = Distance of Centroid of Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement from the Extreme Compression Fiber in mm. d) For a Structure having only Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement the values of Aps, fps & dp are = 0. Thus Equation for value of de stands to de = Asfyds/Asfy & thus de = ds . iii) Limits For Manimum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.2) :
c de
Variable Variable
As Aps fy fps dp ds
Variable Variable 410.00 Variable Variable Variable
mm2 mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 mm mm
a) For Section of a Flexural Component having both Prestressed & Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements should have Minimum Resisting Moment Mr 1.2*Mcr or 1.33 Times the Calculated Factored Moment for the Section Based on AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1-Table-3.4.1-1, which one is less.For Compnents having Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements only Mr = 1.2Mcr. b) The Cracking Moment of a Section Mcr = Sc(fr + fcpe) - Mdnc(Sc/Snc -1) Scfr where; i) fcpe = Compressive Stress in Concrete due to Effective Prestress Forces at Extreme Fiber only where Tensile Stress is caused by Externally Applied Forces after allowance of all Prestressing Losses in MPa. In Nonprestressing RCC Components value of fcpe = 0. ii) Mdnc = Total Unfactored Dead Load Moment acting on the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section in N-mm. iii) Sc = Section Modulus for the Extreme Fiber of the Composite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. iv) Snc = Section Modulus of Extreme Fiber of the Monolithic/Noncomposite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. For the Rectangular RCC Section value of Snc = (b*tSlab.3/12)/(tSlab./2) v) fr = Modulus of Rupture of Concrete in Mpa,(AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). c) For Nonprestressing & Monolithic or Noncomposite Beam or Elements, Mcr fcpe Variable N-mm N/mm2
Mdnc
Variable
N-mm
Sc
Variable
mm3
Snc
3 0.006667 m 3 6.667/10^3 m 3 6.667*10^6 mm
fr Mcr
2 2.887 N/mm
19.247 kN-m
Sc = Snc & fcpe = 0, thus Equation for Cracking Moment Stands to Mcr = Sncfr d) Thus Calculated value of Mcr according to respective values of Equation e) The value of Mcr = Scfr f) Cpoputed value of Mcr = 1.33*MExt Factored Moment due to External Forces Mcr-1 Mcr-2 Mcr-3
19246817.919 N-mm
Variable Variable Variable
N-mm N-mm N-mm
g) Table-1 Showing Allowable Resistance Moment M r for Minimum Reinforcement of Different Surface & Direction Position Value of Value of Actuat Acceptable 1.2 Times M & Nature Unfactored Mcr-1 Cracking Mcr of Mcr Factored of Moment Dead Load As per Moment Cracking Cracking Moment on Moment Equation Value Moment Moment of Section Back MDL-UF 5.7.3.3.2-1 Sncfr (Mcr-1Sncfr) (1.2*Mcr) M Wall kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
(-)ve Face of Girder (+)ve Mid. of Span 1.974 19.247 19.247 19.247 23.096 85.122 113.213 23.096 85.122 1.269 19.247 19.247 19.247 23.096 87.014 1.33 Times
Mr of M, Allowable Factored Min. Moment for RCC Moment 1.2Mcr (1.33*M) kN-m kN-m
115.728 23.096
Maximum Flexural Moment Mu (M Mr) kN-m

87.014
iv) Calculations for Balanced Steel Ratio- pb & Max. Steel Ratio- pmax according to AASHTO-1996-8.16.2.2 : a) Balanced Steel Ratio or the Section, pb = b*b1*((f/c/fy)*(599.843/(599.843 + fy))), b) Max. Steel Ratio, pmax. = f *pb , (Here f = 0.75) pb 0.022
pmax.
0.016
23 Flexural Design of Reinforcements on Bottom Surface of Deck Slab Against Calculated (-) ve Moment on Interior Span Strip : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Calculated Flexural (-) ve Moment on Interior Span Strip of (-)MDL+LL-USD 87.014 kN-m/m Deck Slab is Greater than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Calculated 87.014*10^6 N-mm/m Moment Governs the Provision of Reinforcement against (-) ve Moment Mr 23.096 kN-m/m value. For (-) ve value the required Reinforcement will be on Top Surface. 23.096*10^6 N-mm/m b) Since (-)MDL+LL-USD > Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section thus MDL+LL-USD is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 16f Bars as Reinforcement on Top Surface of Deck Slab b) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DDect-Top2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Top DDect-Top Af-16. de-pro. 16 mm
2 201.062 mm
MU
87.014 kN-m/m 87.014*10^6 N-mm/m
154.000 mm
Surface, dpro = (tSlab-CCov-Top. -DDect-Top/2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-16b/As-req-Top g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars for the Section spro = 100mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 100mm,C/C = Af-16.b/spro iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
/ b) With provided Steel Area the value of 'a' = As-pro*fy/(b1*f c*b)
areq.
35.820 mm
As-req-Top sreq spro.
1,732.750 116.036
mm2/m mm,C/C
100 mm,C/C
As-pro-Top.
2,010.619
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.013 46.182 mm 107.915 kN-m/m
c) Resisting Moment for the Section with provided Steel Area, = As-pro*fy(d - apro/2)/10^6 d) Relation between Resisting Moment Mpro & Designed Moment MU. e) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro & Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. iv) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.276 n) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) v) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Deck Slab. a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Face of Longitudinal Girder on Deck Slab Span Strip which is also the Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = SVDL+LL-USD = VU
Mpro>Mu p-pro<p-max
OK OK
c/de-Max. c
0.450 39.255 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.850 0.255 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
VU.
118.637 kN/m 118.637*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tSlab Thickness of Deck Slab.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 144.000
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
138.600 mm 144.000 mm 0.900 N
Vn-Deck
756.000 kN/m 756.000*10^3 N/m 1,095.419 kN/m 1095.419*10^3 N/m 756.000 kN/m 756.000*10^3 N/m 1,095.419 kN/m 1095.419*10^3 N/m N/m
Vn-1
ii) Vn-2 = 0.25f/cbvdv + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-2. In which,
Vn-2
c-i) Vc is Nominal Shear Resistance of Conrete in N & value = 0.083bf/cbvdv, (AASHTO-LRFD- Equ. 5.8.3.3-1); c-ii) Vs is Shear Resistance Provided by Shear Reinforcement in N having value = Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s. (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.3.3-3) in which, For Footing/Foundation/Slab Vs = 0. c-iii) b is Factor for the Diagonally Cracked Concrete to transmit Tension as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4. For Footing/Foundation/Slab b = 2.00. c-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (For RCC Structure Elements, Vp = 0. AASHTO-8.16.6.3.1.)
Vc
Vs
2.000
Vp.
d) Statue between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces Vn>Vu Satisfied VU for the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not). e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Abutment Wall does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Back Wall on its Bottom Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus Flexural Design of Vertical Reinforcement on Earth Face of Back Wall is OK.
vi) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr 97.124 N-mm 97.124*10^6 kN-m 107.915 N-mm 107.915*10^6 kN-m 0.90
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Deck Slab is being a Continuous Sturucture & for Design purpose it is being considered as Constituents of 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments on Main Girder Face will have the value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment MU on Face of Main Girder of Continuous Span Strip = (-) MDL+LL-USD Mn-Top 107.915 kN-m 107.915*10^6 N-mm
SMDL+LL-USD
87.014 kN-m 87.014*10^6 N-mm Mr>Mu

Satisfied
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Factored Moment MU at Mid Span ( Which one is Greater, if Mr MU the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied)
vii) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State at Section 4-4, which is the Highest one of (-) WSD values. fs-Dev.
2 124.364 N/mm
(-)MDL+LL-4-4-WSD
38.507 kN-m 38.507*10^6 N-mm

2 2,010.619 mm
ii) As-pro is the Steel Area for the Section under USD Design Calculation. iii) de is Effective Depth between Extreme Compression Fiber to Centroid of the Tensile Reinforcement for the Section. c) fsa is Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement having its value = Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, in Which;
As-pro de
154.000 mm
fsa
2 1.419 N/mm
i) dc= Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest dc Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Earth/Water Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Top. Since Clear Cover on Earth Face of Back Wall, CCov-Earth = 50mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 16f ; thus dc = (16/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated A by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Abutment Wall the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure is very close to Sea, thus its Components are of Severe Exposure Category having Allowable Max. value of ZMax. = 23000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. ZMax.
58.000 mm
2 11,600.000 mm
23,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the Back Wall Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 ZDev. 124.364 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs fsa< 0.6fy Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy Satisfy Satisfy
f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev.
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Back Wall fs-Dev.< fsa Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allowable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Vertical on Back Wall Earth Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. m) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Flexural Design of Cantilever Slab section of Bridge Deck Slab is OK.
23 Flexural Design of Reinforcements on Bottom Surface of Deck Slab Against the (+) ve Moment on its Interior Span Strip : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Calculated Flexural (+ ve Moment on Interior Span Strip of Deck (+)MDL+LL-3-3 85.122 kN-m/m Slab is Greater than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Calculated 85.122*10^6 N-mm/m Moment Governs the Provision of Reinforcement against (+) ve Moment Mr 23.096 kN-m/m value. For (+) ve value the required Reinforcement will be on Bottom Surface. 23.096*10^6 N-mm/m b) Since (+)MDL+LL-3-3 > Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus SMDL+LL-3-3 is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 16f Bars as Bottom Reinforcement on Bridge Decl Slab. b) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DBottom2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Water Face, dpro = (tSlab.-CCov-Bot. -DBottom./2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-16b/As-req-Bot. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars for the Section spro = 100mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 100mm,C/C = Af-16.b/spro iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
MU
85.122 kN-m/m 85.122*10^6 N-mm/m
DBottom. Af-16. de-pro.
16 mm
2 201.062 mm
167.000 mm
areq.
31.532 mm
As-req-Bot. sreq spro.
1,525.344 131.814
mm2/m mm,C/C
100 mm,C/C
As-pro-Bot.
2,010.619
mm2/m
ppro apro
0.012 46.182 mm
c) Resisting Moment for the Section with provided Steel Area, = As-pro*fy(d - apro/2)/10^6 d) Relation between Resisting Moment Mpro & Designed Moment MU. e) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro & Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax.
Mpro
118.632 kN-m/m Mpro>Mu p-pro<p-max OK OK
iii) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.188 q) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) v) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Deck Slab. a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Face of Longitudinal Girder on Deck Slab Span Strip which may Consider as Ultimate Shearing Force for the this Section also.Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = SVDL+LL-USD = VU VU. 118.637 kN/m 118.637*10^3 N/m c/de-Max. c 0.450 39.255 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.850 0.235 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tSlab Thickness of Deck Slab.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Deck Slab is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 720.000
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
150.300 mm 720.000 mm 0.900 N
Vn-Deck
3,780.000 kN/m 3780.000*10^3 N/m 5,477.094 kN/m 5477.094*10^3 N/m 3,780.000 kN/m 3780.000*10^3 N/m 5,477.094 kN/m 5477.094*10^3 N/m
Vn-1
Vn-2
c-i) Vc is Nominal Shear Resistance of Conrete in N & value = 0.083bf/cbvdv, (AASHTO-LRFD- Equ. 5.8.3.3-1);
Vc
c-ii) Vs is Shear Resistance Provided by Shear Reinforcement in N having value = Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s. (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.3.3-3) in which, For Footing/Foundation/Slab Vs = 0. c-iii) b is Factor for the Diagonally Cracked Concrete to transmit Tension as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4. For Footing/Foundation/Slab b = 2.00. c-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (For RCC Structure Elements, Vp = 0. AASHTO-8.16.6.3.1.)
Vs
N/m
2.000
Vp.
d) Statue between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces Vn>Vu Satisfied VU for the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not). e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Abutment Wall does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Back Wall on its Bottom Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus Flexural Design of Vertical Reinforcement on Earth Face of Back Wall is OK. vi) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr 106.769 N-mm 106.769*10^6 kN-m 118.632 N-mm 118.632*10^6 kN-m 0.90
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Deck Slab is being a Continuous Sturucture & for Design purpose it is being considered as Constituents of 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments on Main Girder Face will have the value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment MU on Face of Main Girder of Continuous Span Strip = (+) MDL+LL-3-3-USD Mn-Bot 118.632 kN-m 118.632*10^6 N-mm
SMDL+LL-3-3-USD
85.122 kN-m 85.122*10^6 N-mm Mr>Mu

Satisfied
vii) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State fs-Dev.
2 111.586 N/mm
(-)MDL+LL-3-3-WSD
37.468 kN-m 37.468*10^6 N-mm

2 2,010.619 mm
As-pro de
167.000 mm
fsa
2 1.273 N/mm
i) dc= Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest dc Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Earth/Water Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Top. Since Clear Cover on Earth Face of Back Wall, CCov-Earth = 50mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 16f ; thus dc = (16/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated A by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Abutment Wall the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure is very close to Sea, thus its Components are of Severe Exposure Category having Allowable Max. value of ZMax. = 23000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. ZMax.
58.000 mm
2 11,600.000 mm
23,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the Back Wall Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve.
e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3
ZDev.
111.586 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs fsa< 0.6fy Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy Satisfy Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Back Wall fs-Dev.< fsa Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allowable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Vertical on Back Wall Earth Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 24 Provision of Distribution Reinforcement for Bridge Dack Slab According to AASHTO-LRFD-9.7.3 : i) Calculation of Distribution Reinforcements for Bridge Dack Slab: a) The Bridge Deck Slab in which Reinforcements are being Provided in Primary Direction in both of its Top & Bottom Surfaces, on its Secondary Depiction Reinforcements should arranged according to Provisions of Article -9.7.3..2 on Bottom Surface as Percentage of Primary Reinforcement against Positive Moment. b) For Primary Reinforcement Parallel to Traffic the Distribution Reinforcement will be 1750/(S) 50 Percent of the Main Reinforcemenr. c) For Primary Reinforcement Perpendicular to Traffic the Distribution Reinforcement will be 3840/(S) 67 Percent of the Main Reinforcemenr. Where for both cases S is Effective Span Length in mm as per Article-9.7.2.3 d) For Present Case Effective Span Length = 1550 mm S 1,650.000 mm
e) Since the Primary Reinforcement Perpendicular to Traffic thus Calculated Percent of Distribution Reinforcement ae per Formula - 3840/(S) f) Allowable Maximum % of Distribution Reinforcement g) Actual % of Distribution Reinforcement h) Provided Main Reinforcement Steel Area in Primary Direction on Bottom Surface of Deck Slab = As-pro-Bot. i) Required Distribution Reinforcement Steel Area for Bottom Surface Against Primary Reinforcement = As-pro-Bot-Main*DRActual*% j) Let proved 16f Bars as Distribution Reinforcement for Bottom Surface
DR
94.534 %
DRMax. DRActual-% As-pro-Bot-Main.
67.000 % 67.000 %
2 2,010.619 mm /m
As-Bot-Dist.
2 1,347.115 mm /m
DBot-Dist
16.000 mm
k) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DBot-Dist.2/4 l) Spacing of Distribution Reinforcement with 16f Bars = Af-16b/As-Bot-Dist. k) Let the spacing of Distribution Reinforcement on Bottom with 16f bars, m) Provided Steel Area for Distribution Reinforcement with 16f Bars having 150 mm C/C Spacing = Af-16.b/spro n) Percentage of Provided Steel Area for Distribution Reinforcement Against Provided Main Reinforcement Steel Area = (As-Dist-pro./As-pro-Bot-Main)*100
Af-16 sreq spro-Bot-Dist As-Dist-pro.
2 201.062 mm
149.254
mm,C/C
150 mm-C/C
2 1,340.413 mm /m
DRpro.-%
66.667 % OK
Provision Satisfied
o) Since the Provided Steel Area for Distribution Reinforcement is < 67% of Provided Main Reinforcement Steel Area, thus the Provision of Distribution Reinforcement for Deck Slab is OK. 26 Provision of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements in Secondary Direction on Top Surface of Deck Slab : a) On Deck Slab Flexural Reinforcements are being provided in Primary Direction both on Top & Bottom aginest the Calculated Moments, whereas in Secondary Direction on Bottom Surface Reinforcements are being provided under provision of Distribution Reinforcement. Yet Reinforcements are required on Top Surface in Secondary Direction. On Top Surface of Deck Slab in Secondary Direction Reinforcements can Arrange under Provision of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements as Mentioned in Article-5.10.8. b) Since the Thickness of Deck Slab is less than 1200mm, thus to Calculate the Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements on both Faces in Primary & Secondary Directions a Strip is being Considered having Length of each Length of each Arm b = 1000mm. c) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.1. Steel Area required as Shrinkage Temperature Reinforcement for Structural Components having its Thickness 1200mm or Less; As 0.11Ag/fy in both way.(Here Thickness = 200mm). d) Here Ag is Gross Area of Strip on Deck Slab Surface = LPrim.*LSec. e) Let provide 16f bars as Shrinkage & Temperature in Secondary Direction on Top Surface of Deck Slab. f) X-Sectional Area of 16f bar = pDBar-S&T-V&H2/4 g) Spacing required for 16f Bars as Shrinkage & Temperature in Secondary Direction on Top Surface of Bridge Deck Slab = Af-16*b/As-req-S&T LPrim. LSec. b 1.000 m 1.000 m 1.000 m
As-req-S&T
2 268.293 mm
Ag-Strip DTop-S&T-Sec
2 1000000 mm
16 mm
Af-16 sreq-S&T
2 201.062 mm
749.413 nos.
h) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.1. In a Component having Less 1200mm Thickness, Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements should not Spaced further Apart than 3.00 Times the Component's Thickness or 450mm.
i) 3.00 Times of Cantilever Wing Wall Thickness = 3.00*tSlab ii) Allowable Max. Spacing for Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements i) Let provide 200 mm Spacing for Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements with 16f Bars in Secondary Direction on Top Surface of Bridge Deck Slab. j) The provided Steel Area with 16f Bars as Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements having Spacing 200mm,C/C = Af-16.b/spro-S&T
3.00*tSlab sAllow-S&T spro-S&T
600.000 mm 450.000 mm 200 mm
As-pro-S&T-V&H
1,005.310
mm2/m
k) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.1. For Components of Solid Structural Concrete Wall & Footing having Less 1200mm Thickness, the Spacing of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements Bars should not Exceed 300mm in Each Direction on all Faces and Steel Area of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements need not Exceed value of Ab = 0.0015Ag. Since the Bridge Deck Slab is Continuous Concrete Structure, thus i) Allowable Max. Spacing for Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements sAllow-S&T-2 300.000 mm 2 Ab = ii) Calculated value of Ab = 0.0015Ag. Ab = 1,500.000 mm /m l) Status between Provided Steel Area of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement & Allowable Max, Steel Area for Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement (Whether Ab > As-pro-S&T or not. If Ab < As-pro-S&T-V&H ; then Provisions of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement have Satisfied, otherwise Not Satisfied) Ab > As-pro-S&T Satisfied m) Since Calculated Ab > As-pro-S&T-V&H. > As-req-S&T-V&H. & spro-S&T-V&H. = sAllow-S&T-V&H-2, thus Provisions for the Shrinkage & Temperature on Surfaces of Cantilever Wing Wall is OK.
F. Calculations for Load, Shear & Moments of RCC Main Girders under Strength Limit State of Design (USD) :
Description 1 Structural Data : i) Dimentions of Superstructure : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p) q) r) s) t) u) v) w) w-i) w-ii) x) y) Span Length (Clear C/C distance between Bearings) Addl.Length of Girder beyond Bearing Center Line. Total Girder Length (a+2b) Carriageway Width Width of Side Walk on Each Side Width of Curb/Wheel Guard Width of Railing Curb/Post Guard Total Width of Bridge Deck Width & Depth of Railings Width & Breath of Railing Post Height of Railing Post Height of Wheel Guard/Curb Number of Railings on each Side C/C distance between Railing Posts Thickness of Deck Slab Thickness of Wearing Course Number of Main Girders Number of Cross Girders Depth of Main Girders (Including Slab as T-Girder) Depth of Cross Girders (Including Slab as T-Girder) Width of Main Girders Width of Cross Girders C/C Distance between Main Girders & Flange Width C/C Distance between Cross Girders in Longitudinal Direction . Distance of Slab Outer Edge to Exterior Girder Center Clear Distance Between Main Interior Girders Filets : i) Main Girder in Vertical Direction ii) Main Girder in Horizontal Direction iii) X-Girder in Vertical Direction vi) X-Girder in Horizontal Direction z) Vertical Surface Area of Superstructure's Exposed Elements SL SAddl. LGir. WCarr-Way. WS-Walk. WCurb. WR-Post. WB-Deck. RW&D. PW&B. hR-Post. hCurb. Rnos. C/CD-R-Post. tSlab. tWC NGirder. NX-Girder. hGir. hX-Girder. WGirder. WX-Girder. C/CD-Girder. C/CD-X-Girder. CD-Ext.-Girder-Edg. ClD-Int.-Girder. FM-Girder-V. FM-Girder-H. FX-Girder-V. FX-Girder-H. ASup-Vert. 24.400 m 0.300 m 25.000 m 7.300 m 1.250 m 0.350 m 0.225 m 10.250 m 0.175 m 0.225 m 1.070 m 0.300 m 3.000 nos 2.000 m 0.200 m 0.075 m 5.000 nos 5.000 nos 2.000 m 1.700 m 0.350 m 0.250 m 2.000 m 6.100 m 1.125 m 1.650 m 0.150 m 0.150 m 0.075 m 0.075 m 2 87.108 m Notation DImentions Unit.
ii) Number of Traffic Lane on Bridge Deck: a) Number of Design Traffic Lane = WCarr.-way/3600 = 7300/3600 Where WCarr.-way is Clear Carriageway Width in between Curbs in mm NLane. 2.028 2 nos nos
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(ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) 2 Design Data : i) Design Criterion : a) AASHTO Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). b) Type of Loads : Combined Application of AASHTO HS20 Truck Loading & Lane Loading. ii) Design AASHTO HS20 Truck Loading : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Axle to Axle distance Wheel to Wheel distance Rear Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Rear Single Wheel Load Middle Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Middle Single Wheel Load Front Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Front Single Wheel Load DAxel. DWheel. LLRW-Load LLRS-Load LLMW-Load LLMS-Load LLFW-Load LLFS-Load 1.800 4.300 145.000 72.500 145.000 72.500 35.000 17.500 m m kN kN kN kN kN kN
iii) Design AASHTO Lane Loading : a) Design Lane Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of 9.300N/mm through the Length of Bridge for 1 (One) Lane of Bridge & acting over a 3.000m Wide Dcak Strip in Transverse Direction. Thus Lane Load per meter Length of Bridge for 1 (One) Lane = (9.300*1000/1000)kN/m b) Design Lane Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of 9.300N/mm through the Length of Gridge for Single and acting over a 3.000m Wide Strip in Transverse Direction. Thus Intensity of Lane Load per meter Length & for per meter Width = 9.300/3.000kN/m/m-Wd. iv) Design AASHTO Pedestrian Loading : a) Design Pedestrian Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of 3.600*10-3MPa through the Length of Sidewalk on both side and acting over the total Wide of Sidewalk.
3 v) Unit Weight of Different Materials in kg/m : (Having value of Gravitional Acceleration, g =
LLLane
9.300 9.300
N/mm kN/m
LLLane-Int.
3.100 kN/m/m-Wd. 0.003100 N/mm/mm-Wd.
LL-Pedest
2 0.003600 N/mm 2 3.600 kN/m
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d) e)
2,447.232 2,345.264 1,019.680 1,045.172 1,835.424
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3 vi) Unit Weight of Materials in kN/m Related to Design Forces :
a) b) c) d) e)
wc wWC wWater-Nor. wWater-Sali. wEatrh
24.000 23.000 10.000 10.250 18.000
vii) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Load Condition (SLC) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c = 0.043*24^(1.50)*21^(1/2) Mpa, (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa viii) Other Design Related Data : a) Velocity of Wind Load in Normal Condition b) Velocity of Wind Load in Special Condition c) Velocity of Water/Stream Current Causing Water/Stream Load 3 Factors Applicable for Design of Different Structural Components : i) Formula for Load Factors & Selection of Load Combination : a) Formula for Load Factors Q = igiQi f Rn = Rr; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-1 & 3.4.1-1) Where, i is Load Modifier having values i = D R I 0.95 in which for Loads a Maximum value of gi Applicable; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-2), & i = 1/(D R I ) 1.00 in which for Loads a Minimum value of gi Allpicable; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-3) Here: gi = Load Factor; a statistically based multiplier Applied to Force Effect, f = Resistance Factor; a statistically based multiplier Applied to Nominal Resitance, i = Load Modifier; a Factor related to Ductility, Redundancy and Operational Functions, For Strength Limit State; D i = D = 1.00 for Conventional Design related to Ductility, 1.000 R i = R = 1.00 for Conventional Levels of Redundancy , 1.000 i = I = 1.00 for Typical Bridges related to Operational Functions, Qi = Force Effect, Rn = Nominal Resitance, l 1.000 VWL-Nor. VWL-Spe. VWA 90.000 260.000 4.200 km/hr km/hr m/s f/c fc Ec 21.000 8.400 23,855.620 2.887 fr fy ES 2.887 MPa MPa MPa MPa
410.000 MPa 200000.000 MPa
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Ri = Factored Resitance = fRn. 4 Different Load Multiplying Fatcors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) & Load Combination : a) The Bridge will have to face Cyclonic Storms with very high Intensity of Wind Load (Wind Velocity = 260km/hr), but those would be occasional. Thus the respective Multiplier Factors of Limit State STRENGTH I (Bridge used by Normal Vehicle without wind load) for normal operation, Limit State of STRENGTH-III (Wind Velocity exceeding 90km/hr) for wind load during cyclonic storm condition and Limit State of STRENGTH-IV (Wind Velocity of 90 km/hr) for normal wind load only are selected as CRITICAL conditions for bridge structure. i) Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.250
gDW
1.500
gEH
1.500
gEV
1.350
gES
1.500
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.750 1.330
gLL-Lane gLL-PL. gLL-CE.
1.750 1.750 1.750
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g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV STRENGTH - III STRENGTH - V
gLL-BR. gLL-LS. gLL-WA. gLL-WS. gLL-WL gLL-FR. gLL-TU.
1.750 1.750 1.000 1.400 1.000 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
5 Load Calculations for Superstructural Components & Attachments (DL & LL) per meter Length of Girder: i) Dead Loads on 1 no. Exterior Girder from Different Components & Attachments : a) Dead Load on. Exterior Girder due to Self Wt.& Attachments (Without WC & Utilies) for per meter Length of Girder. b) Dead Load on Exterior Girder due to WC. & Utilities for per meter Length of Girder c) Concentrated Dead Load on Exterior Girder from to 1 no. Cross Girder d) Sumation of Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads on Exterior Girder (a + b) for per Meter Length of Girder. DLExt-Gir-Self& Atta. 34.340 kN/m
DLExt-Gir-WC+ Utility.
3.203
kN/m
DLExt-Gir-X-Gir. DLExt.U-D
8.526 37.543
kN kN/m
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ii) Dead Loads on 1 no. Interior Girder from Different Components & Attachments : a) Dead Load on.Interior Girder due to Self Wt.& Attachments (Without WC & Utilies) for per meter Length of Girder. b) Dead Load on Interior Girder from WC. for per meter Length of Girder c) Concentrated Dead Load on Interior Girder from to 1 no. Cross Girder d) Sumation of Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads on Interior Girder (a + b) for per Meter Length of Girder. DLIntt-GirSelf & Atta. 25.260 kN/m
DLInt-Gir-WC. DLInt-Gir-X-Gir. DL-Int.UD
3.450 17.053 28.710
kN/m kN kN/m
iii) Live Loads (LL) on 1 no. Exterior Girder due to Wheel Load, Lane Load & Pedestrian Load according Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.1.2.2, 3.6.1.2.4 & 3.6.1.6 : a) Sketch Diagram For Distribution of Wheel Load, Lane Load & Pedestrian Load on Exterior Girders : Midd. & Rear Wheel Load = Front Wheel Load = 72.500 kN 17.500 kN 1.475 0.225 7.3 0.600 1.800 1.250 0.300 1.070
9.300kN/m Lane Load on
0.300 0.200 0.950 0.250 1.650 1.650 1.650 1.650 0.950
1.125
2.000
2.000 CL
2.00
2.000
1.125
10.250 b) LL on 1 no. Exterior Girder due to Wheel Load at distance 0.600m from Wheel Guard Face; i) From Front Wheel (Sketch Diagram) = 10.06 kN LLExt-Wheel-Front. ii) From Midd. & Rear Wheel (do) = 41.69 kN LLExt-Wheel-Mid& Rear. c) LL on 1 no. Exterior Girder due to Lane Load Uniformly Distributed over Full Bridge Length with Intensity of 3.100N/m/m-Wd. on 0.650m Width from Wheel Guard Face up to Middle point between Two Girders. (From Sketch Diagram) = 2.02 kN/m d) LL on 1 no. Exterior Girder due to Pedestrian Load Uniformly Distributed over Sidewalk on Full Bridge Length with Intensity of 4.000kN/m 2 on Sidewalk on each side (From Sketch Diagram) = 4.50 kN/m LLExt-Lane.
10.063 41.688 2.015
kN kN kN/m
LLExt-Pedes.
4.500
kN/m
iv) Live Loads (LL) on 1 no. Interior Girder due to Wheel Load & Lane Load according to Provisions of
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AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.1.2.2, 3.6.1.2.4 & 3.6.1.6 : a) Sketch Diagram For Distribution of Wheel Load & Lane Load on Interior Girders : Midd. & Rear Wheel Load = Front Wheel Load = 72.500 17.500 kN kN 7.300 0.200 1.800 1.200 0.800 1.250 0.300 1.070
9.300kN/m Lane Load on 9.300kN/m Lane Load on
72.500 17.500 1.475 0.225
0.300 0.200 0.950 0.25 1.650 1.650 1.650 1.650 0.950
1.125
2.000
2.000 CL
2.000
2.000
1.125
10.250 b) LL on 1 no.Interior Girder due to Wheel Load with One Line of Wheels LLInt-Wheel-Front. upon Girder & the other Line of Wheels at Axle Distance - 1.800m LLInt-Wheel-Mid& Rear. i) Load from Front Wheel (From Sketch Diagram) = 26.250 kN ii) Load from Midd. & Rear Wheel (From Sketch Diagram) = 108.750 kN c) LL on 1 no. Interior Girder due to Uniformly Distributed Lane Load over LLInt-Lane. Full Bridge Length having Intensity of 9.300kN/m on 3.000m Width of Deck having Equally distance (1.500m) from Middle point of a Girder & action for Girder with 2.000m Width (From Sketch Diagram) = 6.200 kN/m 5 Factored Loads of Superstructure Components & Attachments (DL & LL) : i) Factored Dead Loads on 1 no. Exterior Girder from Different Components & Attachments : a) Factored Dead Load on Exterior Girder due to Self Wt.& Attachments (Without WC) for per Meter Length = gDC*DLExt-Gir-Self& Atta. = FDLExt-Gir-Self & Atta. 42.925 kN/m 42.925 kN/m 26.250 108.750 kN kN
6.200
kN/m
b) Factored Dead Load on Exterior Girder due to WC. & Utilities for FDLExt-Gir-WC+ Utility. per Merter Length = gDW*DLExt.-Gir-WC+Utility = 4.804 kN/m c) Factored Concentrated Dead Load on Exterior Girder from to 1 no. Cross Girder = gDC*DLExt-Gir-X-Gir. =. 10.658 kN d) Sumation of Factored Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads on Exterior Girder (a + b) for per Meter Length of Girder. FDLExt-Gir-X-Gir.
4.804
kN/m
10.658
kN
FDL-Ext.UD
47.729
kN/m
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ii) Factored Dead Loads on 1 no. Interior Girder from Different Components & Attachments : a) Factored Dead Load on Interior Girder due to Self Wt.& Attachments (Without WC) for per Meter Length = gDC*DLInt-Gir-Self& Atta. = b) Factored Dead Load on Interior Girder due to WC. & Utilities for per Merter Length = gDW*DLInt.-Gir-WC = 5.175 kN/m c) Factored Concentrated Dead Load on Interior Girder from to 1 no. Cross Girder = gDC*DLInt-Gir-X-Gir. =. 21.316 kN d) Sumation of Factored Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads on Interior Girder (a + b) for per Meter Length of Girder. iii) Factored Live Loads on Different Components for 1 no. Exterior Girder : i) From Front Wheel = mgLL-Truck*IM*LLExt-Wheel-Front = 23.420 kN ii) Load from Midd.& Rear Wheel=mgLL-Truck*IM*LLExt-Wheel-Mid&Rear. = 97.028 kN b) Factored LL on 1 no. Exterior Girder due to Lane Load = mgLL-Lane*LLExt-Lane. = 3.526 kN/m c) Factored LL on 1 no. Exterior Girder due to Pedestrian Load = mgLL-PL*LLExt-Pedes. = 7.875 kN/m d) Summation of Factored LL of Exterior Girder for per meter Length due to Lane Load & Pedestrian Loads iv) Factored Live Loads of Different Components for 1 no. Interior Girder : a) Factored LL on 1 no.Interior Girder due to Wheel Load i) Load from Front Wheel = mgLL-Truck*IM*LLInt-Wheel-Front = 61.097 kN ii) Load from Midd.& Rear Wheel=mgLL-Truck*IM*LLInt-Wheel-Mid&Rear. = 253.116 kN FLLInt-Wheel-Front. 61.097 kN FLLExt-Wheel-Front. FLLExt-Wheel-Mid& Rear. 23.420 97.028 kN kN FDLIntt-GirSelf & Atta. 31.575 kN/m FDLInt-Gir-WC+ Utility. 31.575 kN/m
5.175
kN/m
FDLInt-Gir-X-Gir.
21.316
kN
FDL-Int.UD
36.750
kN/m
FLLExt-Lane.
3.526
kN/m
FLLExt-Pedes.
7.875
kN/m
FLL-Ext.
11.401
kN/m
FLLInt-Wheel-Mid& Rear.
253.116
kN
b) Factored LL on 1 no. Interior Girder due to Lane Load for per meter Length = mgLL-Lane*LLInt-Lane. = 10.850 kN/m
FLLInt-Lane.
10.850
kN/m
6 Shear & Moments at different Positions of an Exterior Girder due to Factored Loads (DL& LL) from Superstructure Components & Attachments : i) Arrangement of Wheel Loads for Exteriod Girder & c.g Point : a) Sketch Diagram Showing Wheels Loads of Truck, c.g. of Wheels & Location of Mid-Wheel under the Provisions of Absulate Max. Moments:
Page 138
145.000
kN c.g. of Wheel 2.845 m Middle
145.000
kN c.g. of Girder 0.728 m Front
35.000
kN
Rear
4.300
4.300 c.g.Wheel 2.845 m
b) Calculations for Center of Gravity (cg) Position of Truck with Wheel Load in Respect of Rear Wheel; c.g. Distance from Rear Wheel = (Wt.-Mid*4.300+Wt.-Fornt*(2*4.300))/(2*145.000+35.000)
c) Calculation Mid Wheel Position in Respect of Girder c.g. under Absulate Max. Moment Provision = (Distance beteen 2-Wheel - Distance of c.g. of Wheels from Rear Wheel)/2 dMid-Wheel 0.728 m d) Sketch Diagram of Factored Wheel Loads for Exterior Girder : 97.028 kN 2.845 c.g. 97.028 kN 23.420 kN
Rear
Middle
Front
4.300
4.300
e) Sketch Diagram of Girder with Factored Uniformly Distributed & Concentrated DL & LL, Different Locations for Shear & Moments Including Max. Reactions at Supports due to Different DL, LL-Lane Load & LL-Wheel Load : X-Girder-1 X-Girder-2 X-Girder-3 X-Girder-4 X-Girder-5 10.658 kN 10.658 kN 10.658 kN 10.658 kN 10.658 kN 0.300 6.100 m 6.100 m 6.100 m 6.100 m 0.300 m Rear Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. m CL of Girder CL of Bearing CL of Bearing L /2 12.200 m Midd. Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. m 3L/8 0.728 m Front Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. L /4 9.150 2.845 4.300 0.300 L /8 6.100 m m 0.300 m 3.050 m m A
0.375
FDLExt-All = 47.729 kN/m FLLExt-Lane-Ped. = 11.401kN/m
B
47.729 kN/m 11.401 kN/m
0.375
FDLExt-All = FLLExt-Lane-Ped =
m LSpan = LTotal = 24.40 m 25.00 m
Page 139
RA-DL = 596.610 kN RA-DL-X-Gir.= 26.645 kN RA-LL-L = 142.516 kN RA-LL-Wh.= 115.224 (Max. Reaction due to Wheel Load at c.g. Position)
RB-DL = 596.610 kN RB-DL-X-Gir.= 26.645 kN RB-LL-L = 142.516 kN RB-LL-Wh.= 102.252 kN (Max. Reaction due to Wheel Load at c.g. Position)
ii) Calculation of Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Locations of Exterior Girder Against Applied Factored Loads : a) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads from Sidewalk, Attachments, Utilities, WC, Slab, Self Weight of Girder & Concentrated Dead Loads of Cross Girders ( FDLExt-All & FDLExt-Gir-X-Gir.): Table-6-ii-a-1. Factored Shearing Forces due to all Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads on Exterior Girder. Location From Support-A Shearing Forces in kN
On Support 582.291
0.375m
564.393
L/8
436.718
L/4
291.146
3L/8
145.573
c.g.
-34.732
L/2
0.000
Table-6-ii-a-2. Factored Moments due to all Dead Loads (DL) on Exterior Girder. Location From Support-A Moments in kN-m
On Support 0.000
0.375m
220.373
L/8
1597.661
L/4
2751.326
3L/8
3460.993
c.g.
3724.446
L/2
3726.663
b) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Concentrated Dead Load from Cross Girders (FDLExt-Gir-X-Gir.): Table-6-ii-b-1. Factored Shearing Forces due to Concentrated Dead Loads of X-Girder on Exterior Girder. Location From Support-A Shearing Forces in kN
On Support 15.987
0.375m
15.987
L/8
15.987
L/4
5.329
3L/8
5.329
c.g.
-5.329
L/2
-5.329
Table-6-ii-b-2. Factored Moments due to all Dead Loads (DL) on Exterior Girder. Location From Support-A Moments in kN-m
On Support 0.000
0.375m
5.995
L/8
48.760
L/4
97.520
3L/8
113.774
c.g.
126.149
L/2
130.027
c) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads from Sidewalk, Attachments, Utilities, WC, Slab, Self Weight of Girder & Concentrated Dead Loads of Cross Girders ( FDLExt-All & FDLExt-Gir-X-Gir.): Table-6-ii-c-1. Factored Shearing Forces due to all Applied Dead Loads on Exterior Girder. Location From Support-A
Uniformly Distributed Load in kN
On Support 582.291 15.987 598.278
0.375m
564.393 15.987 580.380
L/8
436.718 15.987 452.705
L/4
291.146 5.329 296.475
3L/8
145.573 5.329 150.902
c.g.
-34.732 -5.329 -40.061
L/2
0.000 -5.329 -5.329
Concentrated Loads in kN Total Dead Load Shear in kN
Table-6-ii-c-2. Factored Moments due to all Applied Dead Loads on Exterior Girder. Location From Support-A
On Support
0.375m
L/8
L/4
3L/8
c.g.
L/2
Page 140
For Uniformly Distributed in kN-m
0.000 0.000 0.000
220.373 5.995 226.368
1597.661 48.760 1646.421
2751.326 97.520 2848.846
3460.993 113.774 3574.767
3724.446 126.149 3850.595
3726.663 130.027 3856.690
For Concentrated in kN-m Total Monents in kN
d) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Uniformly Distributed Live Live Load & Pedestrian Loads (FLLExt-Lane-Ped) : Table-6-ii-d-1. Factored Shearing Forces on Exterior Girder due to Live Lane Load & Pedestrian Load (LL) . Location From Support-A Shearing Forces in kN
On Support 139.095
0.375m
134.820
L/8
104.321
L/4
69.548
3L/8
34.774
c.g.
-8.297
L/2
0.000
Table-6-ii-d-2. Factored Moments on Exterior Girder due to Live Lane Load & Pedestrian Load (LL) . Location From Support-A Moments in kN-m
On Support
0.000
0.375m
52.642
L/8
381.643
L/4
657.225
3L/8
826.747
c.g.
993.917
L/2
890.210
e) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Locations of Girder due to Applied Live Wheel Loads (FLLExt-Wheel) : Table-6-ii-e-1. Factored Shearing Forces on Exterior Girder due to Live Wheel-Load (LL) .
Locatio From Support-A Support Positon of Rear/Midd. & Direction Reaction Rear Wheel at Support, AB 192.122 Rear Wheel at 0.375m, AB 188.780 Rear Wheel at L/8, A B 164.937 Rear Wheel at L/4, A B 137.753 Rear Wheel at 3L/8, A B 110.568 Midd. Wheel on c.g. Poisition A B 115.224 Rear Wheel at L/2, A B 83.384 Midd. Wheel on c.g. Poisition B A 102.252 Rear Wheel at L/2, BA 134.092 Rear Wheel at 3L/8, B A 161.276 Rear Wheel at L/4, B A 162.641 Rear Wheel at L/8, B A 84.899 Rear Wheel at 0.375m, B A 95.536 Rear Wheel at Support, B A 97.028
On Support 95.094 91.752 67.910 40.725 13.541 -78.832 -13.644 -18.196 -83.384 -56.200 -31.415 -12.128 -1.491 0.000
0.375m
L/8
L/4
3L/8
L/2
Table-6-ii-e-2. Factored Moments on Exterior Girder due to Live Wheel-Load (LL) .

Locatio From Support-A Support Positon of Rear/Midd. & Direction Reaction Rear Wheel at Support, A B 192.122 Rear Wheel at 0.375m, A B 188.780 Rear Wheel at L/8, A B 164.937 Rear Wheel at L/4, A B 137.753 Rear Wheel at 3L/8, A B 110.568 Midd. Wheel on c.g. Poisition A B 115.224 Rear Wheel at L/2, A B 83.384
On Support 0.000 70.792 503.059 840.293 1011.702 1072.359 1017.285
0.375m
L/8
L/4
3L/8
L/2
c.g.
Page 141
Midd. Wheel on c.g. Poisition B A Rear Wheel at L/2, B A Rear Wheel at 3L/8, B A Rear Wheel at L/4, B A Rear Wheel at L/8, B A Rear Wheel at 0.375m, B A Rear Wheel at Support, B A
102.252 134.092 161.276 162.641 84.899 95.536 97.028 0.000 35.826 258.943 574.889 857.043
1072.359 1017.285
f) Table showing Max. Shear Forces at Different Locations of Exterior Girder due to respective Factored Dead Loads
(DL), Live Loads (LL) for Lane Load & Wheel Load & their Summation for Each Point of Application :
Table-6-ii-f-1. Sum. of Factored Max. Shear Forces Against All Applied Loads (DL & LL) on Exterior Girder. Locations from Support-A Loading Type Unit a. Dead Load (FDLExt) b. Lane + Ped.(LL) (FLLExt) a. Wheel Live Load (WLLExt) Total Shears on Each Point
On Support
kN
598.278 139.095 95.094 832.468
0.375m kN
580.380 134.820 91.752 806.951
L/8 kN
452.705 104.321 67.910 624.936
L/4 kN
296.475 69.548 40.725 406.747
3L/8 kN
150.902 34.774 13.541 199.216
c.g. kN
-40.061 -8.297 1072.359 1024.001
L/2 kN
-5.329 0.000 1017.285 1011.956
e) Table showing the Max. Moments at Different Locations of Exterior Girder due to respective Factored Dead Loads
Table-6-ii-e-1. Sum. of Factored Max. Moments Against All Applied Loads (DL & LL) on Exterior Girder. Locations from Support-A Loading Type Unit a. Dead Load (FDLExt) b. Lane+Ped.(LL) (FL&PLExt) c. Wheel Live Load (FWLLExt) Total Moments on Each Point
On Support
kN-m
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.375m kN-m
226.368 52.642 70.792 106.618
L/8 kN-m
1646.421 381.643 503.059 2531.123
L/4 kN-m
2848.846 657.225 840.293 4346.364
3L/8 kN-m
3574.767 826.747 1011.702 5413.216
c.g. kN-m
3850.595 993.917 1072.359 5916.871
L/2 kN-m
3856.690 890.210 1017.285 5764.185
7 Factored Shear & Moments at different Positions of an Interior Girder due to Factored Loads (DL& LL) from Superstructure Components & Attachments : i) Arrangement of Wheel Loads for Interiod Girder & c.g Point : a) Sketch Diagram Showing Wheels Loads of Truck, c.g. of Wheels & Location of Mid-Wheel under the Provisions of Absulate Max. Moments: 145.000 kN c.g. of Wheel 2.845 m Middle 145.000 kN c.g. of Girder 0.728 m Front 35.000 kN
Rear
4.300
4.300 c.g.Wheel 2.845 m
b) Calculations for Center of Gravity (cg) Position of Truck with Wheel Load in
Page 142
Respect of Rear Wheel; c.g. Distance from Rear Wheel = (Wt.-Mid*4.300+Wt.-Fornt*(2*4.300))/(2*145.000+35.000) c) Calculation Mid Wheel Position in Respect of Girder c.g. under Absulate Max. Moment Provision = (Distance beteen 2-Wheel - Distance of c.g. of Wheels from Rear Wheel)/2 dMid-Wheel 0.728 m d) Sketch Diagram Showing Factored Wheel Loads for Interior Girder : 253.116 kN 2.845 c.g. 253.116 kN 0.728 61.097 kN
Rear
Middle
Front
4.300
4.300
e) Sketch Diagram of Girder with Uniformly Distributed Factored DL & LL, Different Locations for Shear & Moments Including Max. Reactions at Supports due to DL, LL-Lane Load & LL-Wheel Load :
X-Girder-1 21.316 0.300 kN 6.100 CL of Bearing L /2 12.200 m L /4 0.300 m A 0.375 L /8 3.050 6.100 m m 3L/8 9.150 2.845 m m 0.728 m m X-Girder-2 21.316 kN 6.100 m CL of Girder c.g. of Wheels. Midd. Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. Front Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. 4.300 0.300 m X-Girder-3 21.316 kN 6.100 m X-Girder-4 21.316 kN 6.100 m X-Girder-5 21.316 kN 0.300 m CL of Bearing
m Rear Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions.
FDLInt-All = 36.750kN/m FLLInt-Lane-Ped. = 10.850kN/m
B FDLExt-All = FLLExt-Lane-Ped = 36.750 kN/m 10.850 kN/m 0.375
m LSpan = LTotal = 24.400 25.000 m m RB-DL = 459.375 kN RB-DL-X-Gir.= 53.290 kN RB-LL-L = 135.625 kN RB-LL-Wh.= 266.744 kN (Max. Reaction due to Wheel Load at c.g. Position)
RA-DL = 459.375 kN RA-DL-X-Gir.= 53.290 kN RA-LL-L = 135.625 kN RA-LL-Wh.= 300.584 (Max. Reaction due to Wheel Load at c.g. Position)
ii) Calculation of Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Locations of Interior Girder Against Applied Factored Loads :
Page 143
a) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads from Sidewalk, Attachments, Utilities, WC, Slab, Self Weight of Girder & Concentrated Dead Loads of Cross Girders ( FDLInt-All & FDLInt-Gir-X-Gir.): Table-7-ii-a-1. Factored Shearing Forces due to all Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads on Interior Girder. Location From Support-A Shearing Forces in kN
On Support 448.350
0.375m
434.569
L/8
336.263
L/4
224.175
3L/8
112.088
c.g.
-26.743
L/2
0.000
Table-7-ii-a-2. Factored Moments due to all Dead Loads (DL) on Interior Girder. Location From Support-A Moments in kN-m
On Support 0.000
0.375m
169.682
L/8
1230.160
L/4
2118.454
3L/8
2664.880
c.g.
2867.733
L/2
2869.440
b) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Concentrated Dead Load from Cross Girders (FDLExt-Gir-X-Gir.): Table-7-ii-b-1. Factored Shearing Forces due to Concentrated Dead Loads of X-Girder on Interior Girder. Location From Support-A Shearing Forces in kN
On Support 31.974
0.375m
31.974
L/8
31.974
L/4
10.658
3L/8
10.658
c.g.
-10.658
L/2
-10.658
Table-7-ii-b-2. Factored Moments due to Concentrated Dead Loads of X-Girder on Interior Girder. Location From Support-A Moments in kN-m
On Support 0.000
0.375m
11.990
L/8
97.520
L/4
195.041
3L/8
227.548
c.g.
252.299
L/2
260.054
c) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads from Sidewalk, Attachments, Utilities, WC, Slab, Self Weight of Girder & Concentrated Dead Loads of Cross Girders ( FDLExt-All & FDLExt-Gir-X-Gir.): Table-7-ii-c-1. Factored Shearing Forces due to all Applied Dead Loads on Interior Girder. Location From Support-A
For Uniformly Distributed Loads
On Support 448.350 31.974 480.324
0.375m
434.569 31.974 466.543
L/8
336.263 31.974 368.236
L/4
224.175 10.658 234.833
3L/8
112.088 10.658 122.745
c.g.
-26.743 -10.658 -37.401
L/2
0.000 -10.658 -10.658
For Concentrated Loads Total Dead Load Shear in kN
Table-7-ii-c-2. Factored Moments due to all Applied Dead Loads on Interior Girder. Location From Support-A
For Uniformly Distributed Load
On Support 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.375m
169.682 11.990 181.672
L/8
1230.160 97.520 1327.681
L/4
2118.454 195.041 2313.495
3L/8
2664.880 227.548 2892.428
c.g.
2867.733 252.299 3120.031
L/2
2869.440 260.054 3129.494
For Concentrated Load Total Monents in kN-m
d) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Uniformly Distributed Live Live Load & Pedestrian Loads (FLLInt-Lane-Ped) : Table-7-ii-d-1. Factored Shearing Forces on Interior Girder due to Live Lane Load & Pedestrian Load (LL) .
Page 144
Location From Support-A Shearing Forces in kN
On Support 132.370
0.375m
128.301
L/8
99.278
L/4
66.185
3L/8
33.093
c.g.
-7.895
L/2
0.000
Table-7-ii-d-2. Factored Moments on Interior Girder due to Live Lane Load & Pedestrian Load (LL) . Location From Support-A Moments in kN-m
On Support
0.000
0.375m
50.096
L/8
363.190
L/4
625.448
3L/8
786.774
c.g.
945.861
L/2
847.168
e) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Locations of Girder due to Applied Live Wheel Loads (FLLInt-Wheel) : Table-7-ii-e-1. Factored Shearing Forces on Interior Girder due to Live Wheel-Load (LL) .
On Support 248.072 239.353 177.156 106.240 35.324 -205.648 -35.592 -47.468 -344.081 -146.607 -81.951 -31.639 -3.890 0.000
0.375m
L/8
L/4
3L/8
L/2
Table-7-ii-e-2. Factored Moments on Interior Girder due to Live Wheel-Load (LL) .

Locatio From Support-A Support Positon of Rear/Midd. & Direction Reaction Rear Wheel at Support, A B 501.188 Rear Wheel at 0.375m, A B 492.468 Rear Wheel at L/8, A B 430.272 Rear Wheel at L/4, A B 359.356 Rear Wheel at 3L/8, A B 288.439 Midd. Wheel on c.g. Poisition A B 300.584 Rear Wheel at L/2, A B 217.523 Midd. Wheel on c.g. Poisition B A 266.744 Rear Wheel at L/2, B A 223.247 Rear Wheel at 3L/8, B A 420.721 Rear Wheel at L/4, B A 424.280 Rear Wheel at L/8, B A 221.476 Rear Wheel at 0.375m, B A 249.226 Rear Wheel at Support, B A 253.116
On Support 0.000 184.676 1312.328 2192.069 2639.221 2797.457 2653.786 2797.457 1109.781 2588.380 2132.499 675.502 93.460 0.000
0.375m
L/8
L/4
3L/8
L/2
c.g.
f) Table showing Max. Shear Forces at Different Locations of Interior Girder due to respective Factored Dead Loads
Page 145
Table-7-ii-f-1. Sum. of Factored Max. Shear Forces Against All Applied Loads (DL & LL) on Interior Girder. Locations from Support-A Loading Type Unit a. Dead Load (FDLExt) b. Lane + Ped.(LL) (FLLExt) a. Wheel Live Load (WLLExt) Total Shears on Each Point
On Support
kN
480.324 132.370 248.072 860.766
0.375m kN
466.543 128.301 239.353 834.197
L/8 kN
368.236 99.278 177.156 644.670
L/4 kN
234.833 66.185 106.240 407.258
3L/8 kN
122.745 33.093 35.324 191.162
c.g. kN
-37.401 -7.895 -47.468 -92.764
L/2 kN
-10.658 0.000 -35.592 -46.250
e) Table showing the Max. Moments at Different Locations of Interior Girder due to respective Factored Dead Loads
Table-7-ii-e-1. Sum. of Factored Max. Moments Against All Applied Loads (DL & LL) on Interior Girder. Locations from Support-A Loading Type Unit a. Dead Load (FDLExt) b. Lane+Ped.(LL) (FL&PLExt) c. Wheel Live Load (FWLLExt) Total Moments on Each Point
On Support
kN-m
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.375m kN-m
181.672 50.096 184.676 278.135
L/8 kN-m
1327.681 363.190 1312.328 3003.199
L/4 kN-m
2313.495 625.448 2192.069 5131.011
3L/8 kN-m
2892.428 786.774 2639.221 6318.423
c.g. kN-m
3120.031 945.861 2797.457 6863.350
L/2 kN-m
3129.494 847.168 2653.786 6630.449
8 Factored Shear Forces at a Distance 2d from Face of Support for Interior Girder : a) d is Effective Depth of Neutral Axis of Tensial Reinforcement from the Extrm Compression Fiber of T-Girder for the Section. Here d = de = 1886.000 mm. c) Distance of 2d Loacation from Support Point (Bearing Point), L2d = 2de m d) Shear Force due to Dead Load, FDL2d = RDL-A - FDLInt*L2d -FDLInt-Gir-X-Gir. e) Shear Force due to Live Lane Load, FLLL2d = RLLL-A - FLLInt*L2d f) Shering Force due to Live Wheel Load with Rear Wheel at a Distance from Support Point, FWLLInt. = RWLL-A - Wheel-LL-Rear g) Total Factored Shear Force at a Distance 2*d from Support, FSF2d = FDL2d + FLLL2d + FWLL2d d 1.883 m
L2d
3.766
FDL2d FLLLdv FWLL2d
352.96 kN 94.768 160.517 kN kN
Vu-2d
608.249
kN
9 Factored Shear Forces & Moments at a Distance dv from Face of Support for Interior Girder : i) Factored Shear Forces at a Distance dv from Face of Support for Interior Girder : a) dv is Effective Shear Depth of T-Girder at a Section according to provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9 with a value dv = 1.697.000 mm for Interior Girder from Support Face. dv 1.712 m
Page 146
b) Distance of Loacation from Support Point (Bearing Point), Ldv = (L0.375+ dv) m c) Shear Force due to Dead Load, FDLdv = RDL-A - FDLInt*Ldv -FDLInt-Gir-X-Gir. d) Shear Force due to Live Lane Load, FLLLdv = RLLL-A - FLLInt*Ldv e) Shering Force due to Live Wheel Load with Rear Wheel at a Distance Ldv from Support Point, FWLLInt. = RWLL-A - Wheel-LL-Rear f) Total Factored Shear Force at a Distance dv from Support Face, FSFdv = FDLdv + FLLLdv + FWLLdv
Ldv
2.087
FDLdv FLLLdv FWLLdv
361.369 112.983 199.551
kN kN kN
Vu-dv
673.904
kN
ii) Moments at a Distance dv from Face of Support for Interior Girder due to Factored Forces : a) Moment due to Dead Load, = RDL-All *Ldv - FDLInt*Ldv2/2-FDLInt-Gir-X-Gir.*Ldv b) Moment due to Live Lane Load, = RLLL-A *Ldv - FLLInt*Ldv2/2 c) Moment Wheel Loads having Rear Wheel on Critica Section d) Total Factored Moment at Critical Section due to Dead & Live Lodes. Mdv-DL Mdv-LLL Mdv-LWL Mdv-DL+LL 945.329 259.398 774.875 1,979.602 kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
10 Moments at Different Locations of Exterior Girder due to Unfactored Dead Loads : a) Sketch Diagram showing required Locations of Exterior Girder for Moments including Unfactored Dead Load. X-Girder-1 X-Girder-2 8.526 kN 8.526 kN 0.300 6.100 m 6.100 m Rear Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions.
CL of Bearing
X-Girder-3 8.526 kN m 6.100 CL of Girder
X-Girder-4 8.526 kN m 6.100
X-Girder-5 8.526 kN m 0.300 m
CL of Bearing
L /2 3L /8 L /4
0.300
c.g. of Wheels. Midd. Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. Front Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. 4.300 0.300
12.20 0.728
2.845
9.150
L /8 3.05
6.100 DLExt-UDL = 41.863kN/m
A
0.375
B DLExt-UDL=
37.543 kN/m
0.375
LSpan = LTotal = RA-DL-UDL = 469.282 kN
24.400 m 25.000 m RB-DL-UDL = 469.282 kN
Page 147
RA-DL-X-Gir =
21.316 kN
RB-DL-X-Gir =
21.316
kN
b) Moment at Different Section of Exterior Girder due to Uniformly Distributed & Concentrated Dead Load Table- 10-b-1. Moments due to Unfactored Uniformly Distribute & Concentrated Dead Loads : Locations from Support-A Loading Type Unit Uniformlu Distribute Load Concentrated Dead Load Total Unfactored Moment
On Support
kN-m
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.375m kN-m
173.341 4.796 178.137
L/8 kN-m
1256.689 39.008 1295.697
L/4 kN-m
2164.139 78.016 2242.155
3L/8 kN-m
2722.349 91.019 2813.368
c.g. kN-m
2929.576 100.919 3030.496
L/2 kN-m
2931.320 104.022 3035.342
11 Moments at Different Locations of Interior Girder due to Unfactored Dead Loads : a) Sketch Diagram showing required Locations of Interior Girder for Moments including Unfactored Dead Load. X-Girder-1 X-Girder-2 17.053 kN 17.053 kN 0.300 6.100 m 6.100 m Rear Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions.
CL of Bearing
X-Girder-3 17.053 kN m 6.100 CL of Girder
X-Girder-4 17.053 kN m 6.100
X-Girder-5 17.053 kN m 0.300 m
CL of Bearing
L /2 3L /8 L /4
0.300
c.g. of Wheels. Midd. Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. Front Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. 4.300 0.300
12.200 0.728
2.845
9.150
L /8 3.050
6.100 DLInt-UDL = 33.030kN/m
A
0.375
B DLInt-UDL=
28.710 kN/m
0.375
LSpan = LTotal = RA-DL-UDL = RA-DL-Gir = 358.875 kN 42.632 kN
24.400 m 25.000 m RB-DL-UDL = RB-DL-X-Gir = 358.875 42.632 kN kN
b) Moment at Different Section of Interior Girder due to Uniformly Distributed & Concentrated Dead Load Table- 11-b-1. Moments due to Unfactored Uniformly Distribute & Concentrated Dead Loads : Locations from Support-A Loading Type Unit Uniformlu Distribute Load Concentrated Dead Load Total Unfactored Moment
On Support
kN-m
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.375m kN-m
132.559 9.592 142.152
L/8 kN-m
961.031 78.016 1039.048
L/4 kN-m
1654.988 156.033 1811.021
3L/8 kN-m
2,081.870 182.038 2,263.908
c.g. kN-m
2240.343 226.657 2,467.000
L/2 kN-m
2241.677 208.044 2,449.720
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Page 149
m-Wd.
Page 150
G. Calculations for Load, Shear & Moments of RCC Main Girders under Service Limit State of Design (WSD) :
Description 1 Structural Data : i) Dimentions of Superstructure : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p) q) r) s) t) u) v) w) w-i) w-ii) x) y) Span Length (Clear C/C distance between Bearings) Addl.Length of Girder beyond Bearing Center Line. Total Girder Length (a+2b) Carriageway Width Width of Side Walk on Each Side Width of Curb/Wheel Guard Width of Railing Curb/Post Guard Total Width of Bridge Deck Width & Depth of Railings Width & Breath of Railing Post Height of Railing Post Height of Wheel Guard/Curb Number of Railings on each Side C/C distance between Railing Posts Thickness of Deck Slab Thickness of Wearing Course Number of Main Girders Number of Cross Girders Depth of Main Girders (Including Deck Slab as Part of T-Girder) Depth of Cross Girders (Including Deck Slab) Width of Main Girders Width of Cross Girders C/C Distance between Main Girders & Flange Width C/C Distance between Cross Girders in Longitudinal Direction . Distance of Slab Outer Edge to Exterior Girder Center Clear Distance Between Main Interior Girders Filets : i) Main Girder in Vertical Direction ii) Main Girder in Horizontal Direction iii) X-Girder in Vertical Direction vi) X-Girder in Horizontal Direction z) Vertical Surface Area of Superstructure's Exposed Elements SL SAddl. LGir. WCarr-Way. WS-Walk. WCurb. WR-Post. WB-Deck. RW&D. PW&B. hR-Post. hCurb. Rnos. C/CD-R-Post. tSlab. tWC NGirder. NX-Girder. hGirder. hX-Girder. bGirder. bX-Girder. C/CD-Girder. C/CD-X-Girder. CD-Ext.-Girder-Edg. ClD-Int.-Girder. FM-Girder-V. FM-Girder-H. FX-Girder-V. FX-Girder-H. ASup-Vert. 24.400 m 0.300 m 25.000 m 7.300 m 1.250 m 0.350 m 0.225 m 10.250 m 0.175 m 0.225 m 1.070 m 0.300 m 3.000 nos 2.000 m 0.200 m 0.075 m 5.000 nos 5.000 nos 2.000 m 1.900 m 0.350 m 0.250 m 2.000 m 6.100 m 1.125 m 1.650 m 0.150 m 0.150 m 0.075 m 0.075 m 2 87.108 m Notation DImentions Unit.
ii) Number of Traffic Lane on Bridge Deck: a) Number of Design Traffic Lane = WCarr.-way/3600 = 7300/3600 Where WCarr.-way is Clear Carriageway Width in between Curbs in mm NLane. 2.028 2 nos nos
(ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) 2 Design Data : i) Design Criterion : a) AASHTO Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). b) Type of Loads : Combined Application of AASHTO HS20 Truck Loading & Lane Loading. ii) Design AASHTO HS20 Truck Loading : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Axle to Axle distance Wheel to Wheel distance Rear Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Rear Single Wheel Load Middle Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Middle Single Wheel Load Front Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Front Single Wheel Load DAxel. DWheel. LLRW-Load LLRS-Load LLMW-Load LLMS-Load LLFW-Load LLFS-Load 1.800 4.300 145.000 72.500 145.000 72.500 35.000 17.500 m m kN kN kN kN kN kN
iii) Design AASHTO Lane Loading : a) Design Lane Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of 9.300N/mm through the Length of Bridge for 1 (One) Lane of Bridge & acting over a 3.000m Wide Dcak Strip in Transverse Direction. Thus Lane Load per meter Length of Bridge for 1 (One) Lane = (9.300*1000/1000)kN/m b) Design Lane Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of 9.300N/mm through the Length of Gridge for Single and acting over a 3.000m Wide Strip in Transverse Direction. Thus Intensity of Lane Load per meter Length & for per meter Width = 9.300/3.000kN/m/m-Wd. iv) Design AASHTO Pedestrian Loading : a) Design Pedestrian Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of 3.600*10-3MPa through the Length of Sidewalk on both side and acting over the total Wide of Sidewalk.
3 vi) Unit Weight of Different Materials in kg/m : (Having value of Gravitional Acceleration, g =
LLLane
9.300 9.300
N/mm kN/m
LLLane-Int.
3.100 kN/m/m-Wd. 0.00310 N/mm/mm-Wd.
LL-Pedest
2 0.00360 N/mm 2 3.600 kN/m
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d) e)
2,447.232 2,345.264 1,019.680 1,045.172 1,835.424
3 vii) Unit Weight of Materials in kN/m Related to Design Forces :
a) b) c) d) e)
24.000 23.000 10.000 10.250 18.000
viii) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Load Condition (SLC) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c = 0.043*24^(1.50)*21^(1/2) Mpa, (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa ix) Other Design Related Data : a) Velocity of Wind Load in Normal Condition b) Velocity of Wind Load in Special Condition c) Velocity of Water/Stream Current Causing Water/Stream Load 3 Factors Applicable for Design of Different Structural Components : i) Formula for Load Factors & Selection of Load Combination : a) Formula for Load Factors Q = igiQi f Rn = Rr; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-1 & 3.4.1-1) Where, i is Load Modifier having values i = D R I 0.95 in which for Loads a Maximum value of gi Applicable; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-2), & i = 1/(D R I ) 1.00 in which for Loads a Minimum value of gi Allpicable; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-3) Here: gi = Load Factor; a statistically based multiplier Applied to Force Effect, f = Resistance Factor; a statistically based multiplier Applied to Nominal Resitance, i = Load Modifier; a Factor related to Ductility, Redundancy and Operational Functions, For Strength Limit State; D i = D = 1.00 for Conventional Design related to Ductility, 1.000 R i = R = 1.00 for Conventional Levels of Redundancy , 1.000 i = I = 1.00 for Typical Bridges related to Operational Functions, Qi = Force Effect, Rn = Nominal Resitance, l 1.000 VWL-Nor. VWL-Spe. VWA 90.000 260.000 4.200 km/hr km/hr m/s f/c fc Ec 21.000 8.400 23,855.620 2.887 fr fy ES 2.887 MPa MPa MPa MPa
410.000 MPa 200000.000 MPa
Ri = Factored Resitance = fRn. 4 Different Load Multiplying Fatcors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) & Load Combination : a) The Bridge will have to face Cyclonic Storms with very high Intensity of Wind Load (Wind Velocity = 260km/hr), but those would be occasional. Thus the respective Multiplier Factors of Limit State SERVICE-I (Bridge used by Normal Vehicle with wind load having Wind Velocity of 90 km/hr) for normal operation & other respective Limit State SERVICE Groups are being Considered as CRITICAL conditions for Bridge Structure. i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.000
gDW
1.000
gEH
1.000
gEV
1.000
gES
1.000
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1(SERVICE - I); (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . SERVICE - II SERVICE - II m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.000 1.000
gLL-Lane gLL-PL. gLL-CE. gLL-BR.
1.000 1.000 1.300 1.300
h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV SERVICE - IV SERVICE - II
gLL-LS. gLL-WA. gLL-WS. gLL-WL gLL-FR. gLL-TU.
1.000 1.000 0.700 1.300 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
5 Load Calculations for Superstructural Components & Attachments (DL & LL) per meter Length of Girder: i) Dead Loads on 1 no. Exterior Girder from Different Components & Attachments : a) Dead Load on. Exterior Girder due to Self Wt.& Attachments (Without WC & Utilies) for per meter Length of Girder. b) Dead Load on Exterior Girder due to WC. & Utilities for per meter Length of Girder c) Concentrated Dead Load on Exterior Girder from to 1 no. Cross Girder d) Sumation of Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads on Exterior Girder (a + b) for per Meter Length of Girder. DLExt-Gir-Self& Atta. 34.340 kN/m
DLExt-Gir-WC+ Utility.
3.203
kN/m
DLExt-Gir-X-Gir. DLExt.U-D
8.526 37.543
kN kN/m
ii) Dead Loads on 1 no. Interior Girder from Different Components & Attachments :
a) Dead Load on.Interior Girder due to Self Wt.& Attachments (Without WC & Utilies) for per meter Length of Girder. b) Dead Load on Interior Girder from WC. for per meter Length of Girder c) Concentrated Dead Load on Interior Girder from to 1 no. Cross Girder d) Sumation of Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads on Interior Girder (a + b) for
DLIntt-GirSelf & Atta.
25.260
kN/m
DLInt-Gir-WC. DLInt-Gir-X-Gir. DL-Int.UD
3.450 17.053 28.710
kN/m kN kN/m
iii) Live Loads (LL) on 1 no. Exterior Girder due to Wheel Load, Lane Load & Pedestrian Load according Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.1.2.2, 3.6.1.2.4 & 3.6.1.6 : a) Sketch Diagram For Distribution of Wheel Load, Lane Load & Pedestrian Load on Exterior Girders : Midd. & Rear Wheel Load = Front Wheel Load = 72.500 kN 17.500 kN 1.475 0.225 7.300 0.600 1.800 1.250 0.300 1.070
9.300kN/m Lane Load on
0.300 0.200 0.950 0.250 1.650 1.650 1.650 1.650 0.950
1.125
2.000
2.000 CL
2.000
2.000
1.125
10.25 b) LL on 1 no. Exterior Girder due to Wheel Load at distance 0.600m from Wheel Guard Face; i) From Front Wheel (Sketch Diagram) = 10.063 kN LLExt-Wheel-Front. ii) From Midd. & Rear Wheel (do) = 41.688 kN LLExt-Wheel-Mid& Rear. c) LL on 1 no. Exterior Girder due to Lane Load Uniformly Distributed over Full Bridge Length with Intensity of 3.100N/m/m-Wd. on 0.650m Width from Wheel Guard Face up to Middle point between Two Girders. (From Sketch Diagram) = 2.015 kN/m d) LL on 1 no. Exterior Girder due to Pedestrian Load Uniformly Distributed over Sidewalk on Full Bridge Length with Intensity of 4.000kN/m 2 on Sidewalk on each side (From Sketch Diagram) = 4.500 kN/m LLExt-Lane.
10.063 41.688 2.015
kN kN kN/m
LLExt-Pedes.
4.500
kN/m
iv) Live Loads (LL) on 1 no. Interior Girder due to Wheel Load & Lane Load according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.1.2.2, 3.6.1.2.4 & 3.6.1.6 :
a) Sketch Diagram For Distribution of Wheel Load & Lane Load on Interior Girders : Midd. & Rear Wheel Load = Front Wheel Load = 72.500 17.500 kN kN 72.500 kN 17.500 kN 1.475 7.300 0.200 1.800 1.200 0.800 1.250 0.300 1.070
9.300kN/m Lane Load on 9.300kN/m Lane Load on
0.225
0.300 0.200 0.950 0.250 1.650 1.650 1.650 1.650 0.950
1.125
2.000
2.000 CL
2.000
2.000
1.125
10.250 b) LL on 1 no.Interior Girder due to Wheel Load with One Line of Wheels LLInt-Wheel-Front. upon Girder & the other Line of Wheels at Axle Distance - 1.800m LLInt-Wheel-Mid& Rear. i) Load from Front Wheel (From Sketch Diagram) = 26.250 kN ii) Load from Midd. & Rear Wheel (From Sketch Diagram) = 108.750 kN c) LL on 1 no. Interior Girder due to Lane Load Uniformly Distributed over LLInt-Lane. Full Bridge Length having Intensity of 9.300kN/m on 3.000m Width of Deck having Equally distance (1.500m) from Middle point of a Girder & action for Girder with 2.000m Width (From Sketch Diagram) = 6.200 kN/m 26.250 108.750 kN kN
6.200
kN/m
6 Factored Loads of Superstructure Components & Attachments (DL & LL) Service Limit State Design (WSD): i) Factored Dead Loads on 1 no. Exterior Girder from Different Components & Attachments : a) Factored Dead Load on Exterior Girder due to Self Wt.& Attachments (Without WC) for per Meter Length = gDC*DLExt-Gir-Self& Atta. = FDLExt-Gir-Self & Atta. 34.340 kN/m 34.340 kN/m
b) Factored Dead Load on Exterior Girder due to WC. & Utilities for FDLExt-Gir-WC+ Utility. per Merter Length = gDW*DLExt.-Gir-WC+Utility = 3.203 kN/m c) Factored Concentrated Dead Load on Exterior Girder from to 1 no. Cross Girder = gDC*DLExt-Gir-X-Gir. =. 8.526 kN d) Sumation of Factored Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads on Exterior Girder (a + b) for per Meter Length of Girder. FDLExt-Gir-X-Gir.
3.203
kN/m
8.526
kN
FDL-Ext.UD
37.543
kN/m
ii) Factored Dead Loads on 1 no. Interior Girder from Different Components & Attachments :
a) Factored Dead Load on Interior Girder due to Self Wt.& Attachments (Without WC) for per Meter Length = gDC*DLInt-Gir-Self& Atta. = b) Factored Dead Load on Interior Girder due to WC. & Utilities for per Merter Length = gDW*DLInt.-Gir-WC = 3.450 kN/m c) Factored Concentrated Dead Load on Interior Girder from to 1 no. Cross Girder = gDC*DLInt-Gir-X-Gir. =. 17.053 kN
FDLIntt-GirSelf & Atta. 25.260 kN/m FDLInt-Gir-WC+ Utility.
25.260
kN/m
3.450
kN/m
FDLInt-Gir-X-Gir.
17.053
kN
d) Sumation of Factored Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads on Interior Girder (a + b) for per Meter Length of Girder. iii) Factored Live Loads of Different Components for 1 no. Exterior Girder :
FDL-Int.UD
28.710
kN/m
a) Factored LL on 1 no. Exterior Girder due to Wheel Load at distance 0.600m from Wheel Guard Face; i) From Front Wheel = mgLL-Truck*IM*LLExt-Wheel-Front FLLExt-Wheel-Front. 10.063 = 10.063 kN ii) Load from Midd.& Rear Wheel=mgLL-Truck*IM*LLExt-Wheel-Mid&Rear. FLLExt-Wheel-Mid& Rear. 41.688 = 41.688 kN b) Factored LL on 1 no. Exterior Girder due to Lane Load = mgLL-Lane*LLExt-Lane. = 2.015 kN/m c) Factored LL on 1 no. Exterior Girder due to Pedestrian Load = mgLL-PL*LLExt-Pedes. = 4.500 kN/m d) Summation of Factored LL of Exterior Girder for per meter Length due to Lane Load & Pedestrian Loads iv) Factored Live Loads of Different Components for 1 no. Interior Girder : a) Factored LL on 1 no.Interior Girder due to Wheel Load i) Load from Front Wheel = mgLL-Truck*IM*LLInt-Wheel-Front = 26.250 kN ii) Load from Midd.& Rear Wheel=mgLL-Truck*IM*LLInt-Wheel-Mid&Rear. = 108.750 kN FLLInt-Wheel-Front. 26.250 FLLExt-Lane. 2.015
kN kN
kN/m
FLLExt-Pedes.
4.500
kN/m
FLL-Ext.
6.515
kN/m
kN
FLLInt-Wheel-Mid& Rear.
108.750
kN
b) Factored LL on 1 no. Interior Girder due to Lane Load for per meter Length = mgLL-Lane*LLInt-Lane. = 6.20 kN/m
FLLInt-Lane.
6.200
kN/m
6 Shear & Moments at different Positions of an Exterior Girder due to Factored Loads (DL& LL) from Superstructure Components & Attachments : a) Sketch Diagram Showing Wheels Loads of Truck, c.g. of Wheels & Location of Mid-Wheel under the Provisions of Absulate Max. Moments: 145.000 kN 145.000 kN 35.000 kN c.g. of Wheel c.g. of Girder 2.845 m 0.728 m
Rear
Middle
Front
4.300
4.300 c.g.Wheel 2.845 m
b) Calculations for Center of Gravity (cg) Position of Truck with Wheel Load in Respect of Rear Wheel; c.g. Distance from Rear Wheel = (Wt.-Mid*4.300+Wt.-Fornt*(2*4.300))/(2*145.000+35.000)
c) Calculation Mid Wheel Position in Respect of Girder c.g. under Absulate Max. Moment Provision = (Distance beteen 2-Wheel - Distance of c.g. of Wheels from Rear Wheel)/2 dMid-Wheel 0.728 m d) Sketch Diagram of Factored Wheel Loads for Exterior Girder : 41.688 kN 2.845 c.g. 41.688 kN 10.063 kN
Rear
Middle
Front
4.300
4.300
e) Sketch Diagram of Girder with Factored Uniformly Distributed & Concentrated DL & LL, Different Locations for Shear & Moments Including Max. Reactions at Supports due to Different DL, LL-Lane Load & LL-Wheel Load : X-Girder-1 X-Girder-2 X-Girder-3 X-Girder-4 X-Girder-5 8.526 kN 8.526 kN 8.526 kN 8.526 kN 8.526 kN 0.300 6.100 m 6.100 m 6.100 m 6.100 m 0.300 m Rear Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. m CL of Bearing CL of Girder CL of Bearing L /2 c.g. of Wheels. 12.200 m Midd. Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. 3L/8 0.728 m Front Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. L /4 9.150 2.845 4.300 0.300 L /8 6.100 m m 0.300 m 3.050 m m A
0.375
FDLExt-All = 41863kN/m FLLExt-Lane-Ped. = 65151kN/m
B
37.543 kN/m 6.515 kN/m
0.375
m LSpan = LTotal =
FDLExt-All = FLLExt-Lane-Ped = m m
m 24.400 25.000
RA-DL = RA-DL-X-Gir.=
469.282 kN 21.316 kN
RB-DL = RB-DL-X-Gir.=
490.598 21.316
kN kN
RA-LL-L = 81.438 kN RA-LL-Wh.= 49.505 (Max. Reaction due to Wheel Load at c.g. Position)
RB-LL-L = 81.438 kN RB-LL-Wh.= 43.932 kN (Max. Reaction due to Wheel Load at c.g. Position)
ii) Calculation of Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Locations of Exterior Girder Against Applied Factored Loads : a) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads from Sidewalk, Attachments, Utilities, WC, Slab, Self Weight of Girder & Concentrated Dead Loads of Cross Girders ( FDLExt-All & FDLExt-Gir-X-Gir.): Table-6-ii-a-1. Factored Shearing Forces due to all Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads on Exterior Girder. Location From Support-A Shearing Forces in kN
On Support 458.019
0.375m
443.940
L/8
343.514
L/4
229.009
3L/8
114.505
c.g.
-27.319
L/2
0.000
Table-6-ii-a-2. Factored Moments due to all Dead Loads (DL) on Exterior Girder. Location From Support-A Moments in kN-m
On Support 0.000
0.375m
173.341
L/8
1256.689
L/4
2164.139
3L/8
2722.349
c.g.
2929.576
L/2
2931.320
b) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Concentrated Dead Load from Cross Girders (FDLExt-Gir-X-Gir.): Table-6-ii-b-1. Factored Shearing Forces due to Concentrated Dead Loads of X-Girder on Exterior Girder. Location From Support-A Shearing Forces in kN
On Support 12.790
0.375m
4.263
L/8
4.263
L/4
-4.263
3L/8
-4.263
c.g.
-12.790
L/2
-12.790
Table-6-ii-b-2. Factored Moments due to all Dead Loads (DL) on Exterior Girder. Location From Support-A Moments in kN-m
On Support 0.000
0.375m
4.796
L/8
39.008
L/4
78.016
3L/8
91.019
c.g.
100.919
L/2
104.022
c) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads from Sidewalk, Attachments, Utilities, WC, Slab, Self Weight of Girder & Concentrated Dead Loads of Cross Girders ( FDLExt-All & FDLExt-Gir-X-Gir.): Table-6-ii-c-1. Factored Shearing Forces due to all Applied Dead Loads on Exterior Girder. Location From Support-A
On Support 458.019 12.790 470.808
0.375m
443.940 4.263 448.204
L/8
343.514 4.263 347.777
L/4
229.009 -4.263 224.746
3L/8
114.505 -4.263 110.242
c.g.
-27.319 -12.790 -40.109
L/2
0.000 -12.790 -12.790
Table-6-ii-c-2. Factored Moments due to all Applied Dead Loads on Exterior Girder. Location From Support-A
On Support 0.000 0.000
0.375m
173.341 4.796
L/8
1256.689 39.008
L/4
2164.139 78.016
3L/8
2722.349 91.019
c.g.
2929.576 100.919
L/2
2931.320 104.022
For Concentrated in kN-m
Total Monents in kN
0.000
178.137
1295.697
2242.155
2813.368
3030.496
3035.342
d) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Uniformly Distributed Live Live Load & Pedestrian Loads (FLLExt-Lane-Ped) : Table-6-ii-d-1. Factored Shearing Forces on Exterior Girder due to Live Lane Load & Pedestrian Load (LL) . Location From Support-A Shearing Forces in kN
On Support 79.483
0.375m
77.040
L/8
59.612
L/4
39.742
3L/8
19.871
c.g.
-4.741
L/2
0.000
Table-6-ii-d-2. Factored Moments on Exterior Girder due to Live Lane Load & Pedestrian Load (LL) . Location From Support-A Moments in kN-m
On Support
0.000
0.375m
30.081
L/8
218.081
L/4
375.557
3L/8
472.427
c.g.
508.389
L/2
508.691
e) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Locations of Girder due to Applied Live Wheel Loads (FLLExt-Wheel) : Table-6-ii-e-1. Factored Shearing Forces on Exterior Girder due to Live Wheel-Load (LL) .
On Support 40.857 39.421 29.177 17.497 5.818 -33.870 -5.862 -7.818 -56.669 -24.146 -13.497 -5.211 -0.641 0.000
0.375m
L/8
L/4
3L/8
L/2
Table-6-ii-e-2. Factored Moments on Exterior Girder due to Live Wheel-Load (LL) .

Locatio From Support-A Support Positon of Rear/Midd. & Direction Reaction Rear Wheel at Support, A B 82.544 Rear Wheel at 0.375m, A B 81.108 Rear Wheel at L/8, A B 70.865 Rear Wheel at L/4, A B 59.185 Rear Wheel at 3L/8, A B 47.505 Midd. Wheel on c.g. Poisition A B 49.505 Rear Wheel at L/2, A B 35.826 Midd. Wheel on c.g. Poisition B A 43.932 Rear Wheel at L/2, B A 36.768
On Support 0.000 30.416 216.137 361.028 434.673 460.734 437.072 460.734 182.778
0.375m
L/8
L/4
3L/8
L/2
c.g.
Rear Wheel at 3L/8, B A Rear Wheel at L/4, B A Rear Wheel at L/8, B A Rear Wheel at 0.375m, B A Rear Wheel at Support, B A
69.292 69.878 36.477 41.047 41.688 0.000 15.393 111.254 246.998
368.225
f) Table showing Max. Shear Forces at Different Locations of Exterior Girder due to respective Factored Dead Loads
Table-6-ii-f-1. Sum. of Factored Max. Shear Forces Against All Applied Loads (DL & LL) on Exterior Girder. Locations from Support-A Loading Type Unit a. Dead Load (FDLExt) b. Lane + Ped.(LL) (FLLExt) a. Wheel Live Load (WLLExt) Total Shears on Each Point
On Support
kN
470.808 79.483 40.857 591.148
0.375m kN
448.204 77.040 39.421 564.664
L/8 kN
347.777 59.612 29.177 436.567
L/4 kN
224.746 39.742 17.497 281.985
3L/8 kN
110.242 19.871 5.818 135.930
c.g. kN
-40.109 -4.741 -7.818 -52.668
L/2 kN
-12.790 0.000 -5.862 -18.651
e) Table showing the Max. Moments at Different Locations of Exterior Girder due to respective Factored Dead Loads
Table-6-ii-e-1. Sum. of Factored Max. Moments Against All Applied Loads (DL & LL) on Exterior Girder. Locations from Support-A Loading Type Unit a. Dead Load (FDLExt) b. Lane+Ped.(LL) (FL&PLExt) c. Wheel Live Load (FWLLExt) Total Moments on Each Point
On Support
kN-m
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.375m kN-m
178.137 30.081 30.416 45.808
L/8 kN-m
1295.697 218.081 216.137 1729.916
L/4 kN-m
2242.155 375.557 361.028 2978.740
3L/8 kN-m
2813.368 472.427 434.673 3720.468
c.g. kN-m
3030.496 508.389 460.734 3999.618
L/2 kN-m
3035.342 508.691 437.072 3981.105
7 Factored Shear & Moments at different Positions of an Interior Girder due to Factored Loads (DL& LL) from Superstructure Components & Attachments : i) Arrangement of Wheel Loads for Interiod Girder & c.g Point : a) Sketch Diagram Showing Wheels Loads of Truck, c.g. of Wheels & Location of Mid-Wheel under the Provisions of Absulate Max. Moments: 145.000 kN c.g. of Wheel 2.845 m Middle 145.000 kN c.g. of Girder 0.728 m Front 35.000 kN
Rear
4.300
4.300 c.g.Wheel 2.845 m
b) Calculations for Center of Gravity (cg) Position of Truck with Wheel Load in Respect of Rear Wheel; c.g. Distance from Rear Wheel
= (Wt.-Mid*4.300+Wt.-Fornt*(2*4.300))/(2*145.000+35.000) c) Calculation Mid Wheel Position in Respect of Girder c.g. under Absulate Max. Moment Provision = (Distance beteen 2-Wheel - Distance of c.g. of Wheels from Rear Wheel)/2 dMid-Wheel 0.728 m d) Sketch Diagram Showing Factored Wheel Loads for Interior Girder : 108.750 kN 2.845 c.g. 108.750 kN 0.728 26.250 kN
Rear
Middle
Front
4.300
4.300
e) Sketch Diagram of Girder with Uniformly Distributed Factored DL & LL, Different Locations for Shear & Moments Including Max. Reactions at Supports due to DL, LL-Lane Load & LL-Wheel Load : X-Girder-1 X-Girder-2 X-Girder-3 X-Girder-4 X-Girder-5 17.053 kN 17.053 kN 17.053 kN 17.053 kN 17.053 kN 0.300 6.100 m 6.100 m 6.100 m 6.100 m 0.300 m Rear Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. m CL of Bearing CL of Girder CL of Bearing L /2 c.g. of Wheels. Midd. Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. 12.200 m Front Wheel Positions under c.g Provisions. 3L/8 0.728 m L /4 9.150 1.455 4.300 0.300 L /8 6.100 m 0.300 m 3.050 m m A
0.375
FDLInt-All = 28.710kN/m FLLInt-Lane-Ped. = 6.200kN/m
B
28.710 kN/m 6.200 kN/m
0.375
m LSpan =
FDLInt-All = FLLInt-Lane-Ped = m m
m 24.400
LTotal = 25.000 RA-DL = 358.875 kN RA-DL-X-Gir.= 42.632 kN RA-LL-L = 77.500 kN RA-LL-Wh.= 129.144 (Max. Reaction due to Wheel Load at c.g. Position)
RB-DL = 358.875 kN RB-DL-X-Gir.= 42.632 kN RB-LL-L = 77.500 kN RB-LL-Wh.= 114.606 kN (Max. Reaction due to Wheel Load at c.g. Position)
ii) Calculation of Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Locations of Interior Girder Against Applied Factored Loads : a) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Uniformly Distributed Dead
Loads from Sidewalk, Attachments, Utilities, WC, Slab, Self Weight of Girder & Concentrated Dead Loads of Cross Girders ( FDLInt-All & FDLInt-Gir-X-Gir.): Table-7-ii-a-1. Factored Shearing Forces due to all Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads on Interior Girder. Location From Support-A Shearing Forces in kN
On Support 350.262
0.375m
339.496
L/8
262.697
L/4
175.131
3L/8
87.566
c.g.
-20.892
L/2
0.000
Table-7-ii-a-2. Factored Moments due to all Dead Loads (DL) on Interior Girder. Location From Support-A Moments in kN-m
On Support 0.000
0.375m
132.559
L/8
961.031
L/4
1654.988
3L/8
2081.870
c.g.
2240.343
L/2
2241.677
b) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Concentrated Dead Load from Cross Girders (FDLExt-Gir-X-Gir.): Table-7-ii-b-1. Factored Shearing Forces due to Concentrated Dead Loads of X-Girder on Interior Girder. Location From Support-A Shearing Forces in kN
On Support 25.579
0.375m
25.579
L/8
25.579
L/4
8.526
3L/8
8.526
c.g.
-8.526
L/2
-8.526
Table-7-ii-b-2. Factored Moments due to all Dead Loads (DL) on Interior Girder. Location From Support-A Moments in kN-m
On Support 0.000
0.375m
9.592
L/8
78.016
L/4
156.033
3L/8
182.038
c.g.
201.839
L/2
208.044
c) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads from Sidewalk, Attachments, Utilities, WC, Slab, Self Weight of Girder & Concentrated Dead Loads of Cross Girders ( FDLExt-All & FDLExt-Gir-X-Gir.): Table-7-ii-c-1. Factored Shearing Forces due to all Applied Dead Loads on Interior Girder. Location From Support-A
On Support 350.262 25.579 375.841
0.375m
339.496 25.579 365.075
L/8
262.697 25.579 288.276
L/4
175.131 8.526 183.657
3L/8
87.566 8.526 96.092
c.g.
-20.892 -8.526 -29.418
L/2
0.000 -8.526 -8.526
Table-7-ii-c-2. Factored Moments due to all Applied Dead Loads on Interior Girder. Location From Support-A
On Support 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.375m
132.559 9.592 142.152
L/8
961.031 78.016 1039.048
L/4
1654.988 156.033 1811.021
3L/8
2081.870 182.038 2263.908
c.g.
2240.343 201.839 2442.182
L/2
2241.677 208.044 2449.720
For Concentrated in kN-m Total Monents in kN
d) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Location of Girder due to Uniformly Distributed Live Live Load & Pedestrian Loads (FLLInt-Lane-Ped) : Table-7-ii-d-1. Factored Shearing Forces on Interior Girder due to Live Lane Load & Pedestrian Load (LL) . Location From Support-A
On Support
0.375m
L/8
L/4
3L/8
c.g.
L/2
Shearing Forces in kN
75.640
73.315
56.730
37.820
18.910
-4.512
0.000
Table-7-ii-d-2. Factored Moments on Interior Girder due to Live Lane Load & Pedestrian Load (LL) . Location From Support-A Moments in kN-m
On Support
0.000
0.375m
28.627
L/8
207.537
L/4
357.399
3L/8
449.585
c.g.
483.808
L/2
484.096
e) Table showing Factored Shear Forces & Moments at Different Locations of Girder due to Applied Live Wheel Loads (FLLInt-Wheel) : Table-7-ii-e-1. Factored Shearing Forces on Interior Girder due to Live Wheel-Load (LL) .
On Support 106.583 102.837 76.114 45.645 15.177 -88.356 -15.292 -20.394 -93.458 -62.989 -35.210 -13.594 -1.671 0.000
0.375m
L/8
L/4
3L/8
L/2
Table-7-ii-e-2. Factored Moments on Interior Girder due to Live Wheel-Load (LL) .

Locatio From Support-A Support Positon of Rear/Midd. & Direction Reaction Rear Wheel at Support, A B 215.333 Rear Wheel at 0.375m, A B 211.587 Rear Wheel at L/8, A B 184.864 Rear Wheel at L/4, A B 154.395 Rear Wheel at 3L/8, A B 123.927 Midd. Wheel on c.g. Poisition A B 129.144 Rear Wheel at L/2, A B 93.458 Midd. Wheel on c.g. Poisition B A 114.606 Rear Wheel at L/2, B A 150.292 Rear Wheel at 3L/8, B A 180.761 Rear Wheel at L/4, B A 182.290 Rear Wheel at L/8, B A 95.156 Rear Wheel at 0.375m, B A 107.079 Rear Wheel at Support, B A 108.750
On Support 0.000 79.345 563.836 941.813 1133.930 1201.915 1140.188 1201.915 1140.188 960.586 644.344 290.227 40.154 0.000
0.375m
L/8
L/4
3L/8
L/2
c.g.
f) Table showing Max. Shear Forces at Different Locations of Interior Girder due to respective Factored Dead Loads
Table-7-ii-f-1. Sum. of Factored Max. Shear Forces Against All Applied Loads (DL & LL) on Interior Girder. Locations from Support-A Loading Type Unit a. Dead Load (FDLExt) b. Lane + Ped.(LL) (FLLExt) a. Wheel Live Load (WLLExt) Total Shears on Each Point
On Support
kN
375.841 75.640 106.583 558.064
0.375m kN
365.075 73.315 102.837 541.227
L/8 kN
288.276 56.730 76.114 421.120
L/4 kN
183.657 37.820 45.645 267.123
3L/8 kN
96.092 18.910 15.177 130.179
c.g. kN
-29.418 -4.512 -20.394 -54.325
L/2 kN
-8.526 0.000 -15.292 -23.818
e) Table showing the Max. Moments at Different Locations of Interior Girder due to respective Factored Dead Loads
Table-7-ii-e-1. Sum. of Factored Max. Moments Against All Applied Loads (DL & LL) on Interior Girder. Locations from Support-A Loading Type Unit a. Dead Load (FDLExt) b. Lane+Ped.(LL) (FL&PLExt) c. Wheel Live Load (FWLLExt) Total Moments on Each Point
On Support
kN-m
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.375m kN-m
142.152 28.627 79.345 119.500
L/8 kN-m
1039.048 207.537 563.836 1810.421
L/4 kN-m
1811.021 357.399 941.813 3110.232
3L/8 kN-m
2263.908 449.585 1133.930 3847.423
c.g. kN-m
2442.182 483.808 1201.915 4127.905
L/2 kN-m
2449.720 484.096 1140.188 4074.004
m-Wd.
H. Strength Limit State Design (USD) of Main Girder & Cross Girders Against Applied Forces :
1 Data for Flexural Design : Description i) Dimensional Data of Superstructure : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p) Span Length (Clear C/C distance between Bearings) Addl.Length of Girder beyond Bearing Center Line. Total Girder Length (a+2b) Thickness of Deck Slab Thickness of Wearing Course Number of Main Girders Number of Cross Girders Depth of Main Girders (Including Slab as T-Girder) Depth of Cross Girders (Including Slab as T-Girder) Width of Web for Main Girders Width of Web for Cross Girders C/C Distance Between Main Girders Distance of Slab Outer Edge to Exterior Girder Center Clear Distance Between Main Interior Girders Filets : i) Main Girder in Vertical Direction ii) Main Girder in Horizontal Direction iii) X-Girder in Vertical Direction vi) X-Girder in Horizontal Direction SL SAddl. LGir. hSlab. hWC NGir. NX-Gir. hGir. hX-Gir. bWeb-Gir. bWeb-X-Gir. C/CD-Gir. CD-Ext.-Gir-Edg. ClD-Int.-Gir. FM-Girder-V. FM-Girder-H. FX-Girder-V. FX-Girder-H. 24.400 0.300 25.000 0.200 0.075 5 5 2.000 1.900 0.350 0.250 2.000 1.125 1.650 0.150 0.150 0.075 0.075 m m m m m nos nos m m m m m m m m m m m Notation Dimensions Unit.
2 Design Criterion, Loadings, Design Data (Materials) & Different Factors : i) Design Criterion : AASHTO Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD-USD). ii) Type of Loads : Combined Application of AASHTO HS20 Truck, Lane & Pedestrian Loadings. iii) Design AASHTO HS20 Truck Loading : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Axle to Axle distance Wheel to Wheel distance Rear Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Rear Single Wheel Load Middle Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Middle Single Wheel Load Front Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Front Single Wheel Load DAxel. DWheel. LLRW-Load LLRSW-Load LLMW-Load LLMSW-Load LLFW-Load LLFSW-Load 1.800 4.300 145.000 72.500 145.000 72.500 35.000 17.500 m m kN kN kN kN kN kN
iv) Design AASHTO Lane Loading : a) Design Lane Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of LL-Lane 9.300 N/mm
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9.300N/mm through the Length of Gridge for Single and acting over a 3.000m Wide Strip in Transverse Direction. v) Design AASHTO Pedestrian Loading : a) Design Pedestrian Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of 3.600*10-3MPa through the Length of Sidewalk on both side and acting over the total Wide of Sidewalk.
9.300
kN/m
LL-Pedest
0.003600 3.600
N/mm^2 kN/m^2
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d) e)
2,447.232 2,345.264 1,019.680 1,045.172 1,835.424
a) b) c) d) e)
24.000 23.000 10.000 10.250 18.000
kN/m^3 kN/m^3 kN/m^3 kN/m^3 kN/m^3
viii) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c = 0.043*24^(1.50)*21^(1/2) Mpa, (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.200, subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy h) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa f/c fc Ec 21.000 8.400 23,855.620 0.200 fr fy fs ES 2.887 MPa MPa MPa MPa
410.000 MPa 164.00 MPa 200000 MPa
ix) Conventional Resistance Factors for Ultimate Stressed Design & Construction (AASHTO LRFD-5.5.4.2.1) : (Respective Resistance Factors are mentioned as f or b value) a) b) c) d) For Flexural & Tension in Reinforced Concrete For Flexural & Tension in Prestressed Concrete For Shear & Torsion of Normal Concrete For Axil Comression with Spirals or Ties & Seismic Zones at Extreme Limit fFlx-Rin. fFlx-Pres. fShear/Torsion. fSpir/Tie/Seim. 0.90 1.00 0.90 0.75
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e) f) g) h) i) j) h)
State (Zone 3 & 4). For Bearing on Concrete For Compression in Strut-and-Tie Modeis For Compression in Anchorage Zones with Normal Concrete For Tension in Steel in Anchorage Zones For resistance during Pile Driving Value of b1 for Flexural Compression in Reinforced Concrete (AASHTO LRFD-5.7.2..2.) Value of b for Flexural Tension of Reinforcement in Concrete
fBearig. fStrut&Tie. fAnc-Copm-Conc. fAnc-Ten-Steel. fPile-Resistanc. b1 b
0.70 0.70 0.80 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.85
viii) Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.250
gDW
1.500
gEH
1.500
gEV
1.350
gES
1.500
ix) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.750 1.330
1.750 1.750 1.750
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g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV x) Design Data for Site Conditions : a) Velocity of Wind Load in Normal Condition b) Velocity of Wind Load in Cyclonic Storm Condition c) Velocity of Water/Stream Current Causing Water/Stream Load STRENGTH - III STRENGTH - V
1.750 1.750 1.000 1.400 1.000 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
VWL-Nor. VWL-Spe. VWA
90.000 260.000 4.200
km/hr km/hr m/s
3 Design Phenomena, Selection of T-Girder Flange Width, Girder Depth & Calculations for Monent & Shear : i) Design Phenomena : a) The Flexural of Girders will be according to AASHTO LRFD or Ultimate Strength Design (USD) Procedures. b) Since the Interior Girders of the Bridge have the Max. Moments & Shearing Forces caused by Applied Loads (DL & LL), thus it is require to conduct the Flexural Design for Reinforcements of Bridge Girders Based on Calculated
Page 172
respective Moments & Shears. Since the Bridge Deck Slab is integral Part of Girders, thus the Design of Girders will be under T-Beam if the Provisions in these Respect Satisfy, otherwise Designee will be under Provisions for the Rectangular Beam. c) The T-Girder will have to Provide Longitudinal Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement on Compression Face with a reasonable Steel Area, thus an Equivalent Additional Steel Area can also Provide on Tension Face against those Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement. These arrangement will provide a Higher Stiffness for the Structure within Flexural provisions. ii) Cross Sectional Sketch Diagram of Bridge Girders & Dack Slab :
1.475 0.225 7.300 1.250 0.300 1.070 0.300 0.200 0.950 0.250 1.650 1.650 1.650 1.650 0.950
1.125
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
1.125
CL 10.250 iii) Selection of T-Girder Effective Flange Width under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-4.6.2.6 (4.6.2.6.1) : a) Since the Bridge is a Simple Supported T-Girder Structure, thus Falnge Width will be the least Dimention of : i) One-quarter of Effective Span Length = 1/4*SL = 6.100 m ii) 12.0 times average Depth of Slab + Greater Thickness of Web = 12*hSlab + bGir. = 2.750 m iii) One-half the Width of Girder Top Flange (It is not req. as there is no Addl. Top Flange) iv) The average Spacing of Adjacent Beams/Girders = C/CD-Gir. = 2.000 m b) From Calculations, Average Spacing of Adjacent Beams/Girders is the Least one, thus the Flange Width of Interior Girders, bFla-Gir = 2.000m bFl-Gir. 2.000 m
iv) Selection of Depth (Including Slab Depth) for T-Girder under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-2.5.2.6.3 & Table 2.5.2.6.3-1 : a) Since the Bridge is a Simple Supported T-Girder Structure, thus According to Table-2.5.2.6.3-1; the Min. Required Girder Depth Including Salb Thickness is = 0.0708L; where b) L is the Span Length, the Clear Distance between Bearing Centers of Supports = SL c) Thus required Minimum Depth of T-Girder Including Salb = 0.070*SL L 24.400 m
hT-Girder.
1.732 m
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d) Considering the Clear Covering both on Top & Bottom, Let Provide a Depth for the T-Girder = 2.000m. v) Calculations for Monent at Different Location of Girder :
hGir-pro.
2.000 m
a) From Load, Shear & Moment Calcutation Tables it appares that, the Interior Girders are facing the Max. Resultant Forces (DL & LL) causing Max. Shears & Moments, thus One of Interior Girders is considered as Typical one for the Flexural Design in respect of All Applied Loads (DL & LL) and Corresponding Moments & Shears. b) Table for Max. Moments at Different Locations of Interior Girder due to Factored DL, Lane-LL & Wheel-LL : Table-1. Sum. of Max. Moments Against All Applied Loads (DL & LL) on Interior Girder. Locations from Support-A Loading Type Unit a. Dead Load (FDLInt) b. Lane Live Load (FLLInt) c. Wheel Live Load (WLLInt) Total Moments on Each Point
On Support
kN-m
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.375m kN-m
181.672 50.096 184.676 278.135
L/8 kN-m
1,327.681 363.190 1,312.328 3,003.199
L/4 kN-m
2,313.495 625.448 2,192.069 5,131.011
3L/8 kN-m
2,892.428 786.774 2,639.221 6,318.423
c.g. kN-m
3,120.031 945.861 2,797.457 6,863.350
L/2 kN-m
3,129.494 847.168 2,653.786 6,630.449
c) Moment at Sopport Position of Girder d) Moment at a Distance 0.375m from Sopport of Girder e) Moment at a Distance L/8 from Sopport of Girder f) Moment at a Distance L/4 from Sopport of Girder g) Moment at a Distance 3L/8 from Sopport of Girder h) Moment at Absolute Max. Moment Loaction (c.g. Position) of Girder i) Moment at a Distance L/2 (Middle of Span) from Sopport of Girder j) Sketch Diagram of Main Girder T-Beam : b 2.000 hf = 0.200 m
Mu-Support. Mu-0.375m. Mu-L/8. Mu-L/4. Mu-3L/4. Mu-c.g. Mu-L/2.
0.000 kN-m 278.135 kN-m

3,003.199 kN-m 5,131.011 kN-m 6,318.423 kN-m 6,863.350 kN-m 6,630.449 kN-m
d=
1.808
hGir. = m
2.000
bWeb =
0.350
vi) Limits For Maximum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1) : .
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a) With Maximum Amount of Prestressed & Nonprestressed Reinforcement for a Section c/de 0.42 in which; b) c is the distance from extreme Compression Fiber to the Neutral Axis in mm c) de is the corresponding Effective Depth from extreme Compression Fiber to the Centroid of Tensial Forces in Tensial Reinforcements in mm. Here; i) de = (Apsfpsdp + Asfyds)/(Apsfps + Asfy), where ; ii) As = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Tinsion Reinforcement in mm2 iii) Aps = Area of Prestressing Steel in mm2 iv) fy = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Tension Bar in MPa. vi) fps = Average Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. xi) dp = Distance of Extreme Compression Fiber from Prestressing Tendon Centroid in mm. xii) ds = Distance of Centroid of Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement from the Extreme Compression Fiber in mm. d) For a Structure having only Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement the values of Aps, fps & dp are = 0. Thus Equation for value of de stands to de = Asfyds/Asfy & thus de = ds . vii) Limits For Manimum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.2) :
c/de-Max.
0.420
c de
Variable Variable
As Aps fy fps dp ds
Variable Variable Variable Variable Variable
a) For Section of a Flexural Component having both Prestressed & Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements should have Minimum Resisting Moment Mr 1.2*Mcr or 1.33 Times the Calculated Factored Moment for the Section Based on AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1-Table-3.4.1-1, which one is less.For Compnents having Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements only Mr = 1.2Mcr. b) The Cracking Moment of a Section Mcr = Sc(fr + fcpe) - Mdnc(Sc/Snc - 1) Scfr where; i) fcpe = Compressive Stress in Concrete due to effective Prestress Forces only at Extreme Fiber where Tensile Stress is caused by Externally Applied Forces after allowance for all Prestressing Losses in MPa. For Nonprestressing RCC Components value of fcpe = 0. ii) Mdnc = Total Unfactored Dead Load Moment acting on the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section in N-mm. iii) Sc = Section Modulus for the Extreme Fiber of the Composite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. iv) Snc = Section Modulus of Extreme Fiber of the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. For the Rectangular RCC Girder Section value of Snc = (bWebhGir3/12)/(hGit/2) v) fr = Modulus of Rupture of Concrete in RCC in Mpa,(AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). c) For Nonprestressing & Monolithic or Noncomposite Beam or Elements, Mcr fcpe Variable N-mm N/mm2
Mdnc
2,449.720 N-mm
Sc
Variable
mm3
Snc
fr Mcr
233333333 0.233333 233.333/10^3 2.887

673638627.159
mm3 m3 m3 N/mm2 N-mm
Page 175
Sc = Snc & fcpe = 0, thus Equation for Cracking Moment Stands to Mcr = Sncfr d) Thus Calculated value of Mcr according to respective values of Equation e) The value of Mcr = Scfr f) Cpoputed value of Mcr = 1.33*MExt Factored Moment due to External Forces Mcr-1 Mcr-2 Mcr-3
673.639 kN-m Variable Variable Variable N-mm N-mm N-mm
g) Table-3 Showing Allowable Resistance Moment M r for requirment of Minimum Reinforcement at Different Sections Location of Value of Value of Actuat Acceptable 1.2 Times Section Unfactored Mcr-1 Cracking Mcr of Mcr from Dead Load As per Moment Cracking Cracking Support Moment Equation Value Moment Moment MDL-UF 5.7.3.3.2-1 Sncfr (Mcr-1Sncfr) (1.2*Mcr) kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m At Support 0.000 673.639 673.639 673.639 808.366 At L0.375m 142.152 673.639 673.639 673.639 808.366 At L/8 1039.048 673.639 673.639 673.639 808.366 At L/4 1811.021 673.639 673.639 673.639 808.366 At 3L/8 2263.908 673.639 673.639 673.639 808.366 At c.g/L/2 2449.720 673.639 673.639 673.639 808.366 1.33 Times M of M, Factored
Moment of Section Factored Moment
Mr Allowable Min. Moment for RCC

1.2Mcr
Maximum Flexural Moment
M kN-m
0.000 278.135 3003.199 5131.011 6318.423 6863.350
(1.33*M) kN-m
0.000 369.920 3994.255 6824.245 8403.503 9128.255
kN-m
808.366 808.366 808.366 808.366 808.366 808.366
Mu (M Mr) kN-m
808.366 808.366 3003.199 5131.011 6318.423 6863.350
viii) Flexural Design of Main Girder with Max, Moment value (At c.g. Position) : a) The Absolute Max. Moments on Interior Girder is at c.g. Point. Since it is very close to Middle Position of Span having value MU.= 6863.350*10^6 N-mm, thus this value is Considerd as the Moment at Middle Position of Span. b) Let the Clear Cover at Bottom Surface of Girder, C-Cov.Bot. = 50mm, Let the Clear Cover at Top of Girder, C-Cov.Top = 50mm, Let the Clear Cover at Vertical Faces of Girder, C-Cov.Vert. =38mm, c) Let the Main Reinforcements are 32f Bars in 4 Layers,
2 2 d) X-Sectional Area of Main Reinforcements Af = p*DBar /4mm
MU
6,863.350 kN-M 6863.350*10^6 N-mm
C-Cov-Bot. C-Cov-Top. C-Cov-Side. DBar Af-32 sVer. DStir. dasu-L/2
50 mm 50 mm 38 mm 32 mm
2 804.248 mm
e) The Vertical Spacing between Reinforcement Bars, sVer. = 32 mm f) Let the Transverse/Shear Reinforcements (Stirrups) are of 12f Bars, g) Let Assume Main Tensile Reinforcements are being placed in 4 Layers each having Equal nos. of Bars, thus the Effective Depth of Reinforcements from Top of Girder up to the Centroid of Assumed Group of Reinforcements = (hGir - C-Cov-Bot -DStri -2*DBar - 1.5*sVer.) h) Balanced Steel Ratio for Grider Section according to AASHTO-1996-8.16.2.2
32 mm 12 mm 1,826.000 mm
rb.
0.022
Page 176
rb. = (0.85*0.85*(f/c/fy)*(599.843/(599.843+fy)) i) Max. Steel Ratio, rMax = 0.75*rb. (AASHTO-1996-8.16.2.1) rMax 0.0165
ix) Checking's Whether the Bridge Girder would Designed as T-Beam or Rectangular Beam Provisions : a) According to Ultimate Stressed Design Provisions a Rectangular having Flange with Reasonable Thickness on its Top should be Designed as T-Beam if Depth of Equivalent Compression Block 'a' is Less than Flange Thickness b) Let Consider the T-Girder will behave as Rectangular Beam for which the Total Flange Width-'b' will be the Width of Rectangular Beam. c) For a Rectangular Section having Assumed Effective Depth dacu; Beam Width b and the Calculated Max. Factored Ultimate Moment (Absolute Moment) MU; the value Equivalent Compression Block a = de(1 - (1 - 2MU/0.85f/cbde2)1/2) a 108.509 mm a<hFln
d) Since the Calculated value of Equivalent Compression Block a < hFln; the thickness of Girder Flange, thus Flexural Design of T-Girder will as a Rectangular Beam Provisions. 4 Flexural Design for Provisions of Tensile Reinforcements at Different Section of Bridge Girder : i) Provision of Tensile Reinforcements at Central Section at L/2 from Support (Mid Span) against Calculated Moments : a) The Calculated Factored Max. Moment at Central Section is being Considered the Factored Moment at Absolute Moment Position which is also Greater than the Required Minimum Moment Mr, thus MCent. is the Governing Moment in Flexural Designe for the Central (Mid) Section of Girder. b) Since the Calculated Factored Moment MCent. is the Governing Moment for the Flexural Design, thus it is also the Uiltimate Design Moment MU. c) With MU, Design Moment; b, Width of Rectangular Beam; dasu-L/2, Assumed Effective Depth for the Section & 'a' Calculated Equivalent Compression Block against Factored Moment for the Section, the Required Tensile Steel Area for the Section; As = MU/[ffy(dasu-L/2 - a/2)] d) Number of 32f bers required = As-req-Total/Af-32 e) Let Provide 18nos 32f bars in 5 (Five) Layers having 4 nos. of Bars on each of the Bottom 4-Layers & 2 nos on Top Layer. f) Provided Steel Area for the Section with 20 nos. 32f bars = Nbar-pro*Af g) With provided arrangement of Reinforcement Bars & Steel Area for the Section the Actual Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement's Centroid from the Extreme Fiber of Compression Face = {4*Asf-32*(hGir - CCov-Bot -DStir.-DBar/2) MCent. Mr. 6863.350 6863.650*10^6 808.366 808.366*10^6 kN-m N-m kN-m N-m
MU
6,863.35 kN-m 6863.650*10^6 N-m

2 10,498.045 mm
As-req.-L/2
NBar-req NBar-pro.
13.053 nos. 18 nos
As-pro de-pro
2 14,476.459 mm
1,808.222 mm
Page 177
+ 4*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Botr-DStir.-DBar-sVer.-DBar/2) +4*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Bot-DStir.-2*DBar-2*sVer.-DBar/2) + 4*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Bot-DStir.-3*DBar-3*sVer.-DBar/2)+2*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Bot-DStir.-4*DBar-4*sVer.-DBar/2)}/As-pro h) Value of Equivalent Compression Block 'a' against Provided Steel Area for Rectangular Section of Girder = As-pro*fy/(0.85*f/c*b) i) The Developed Resisting Moment against provided Steel Area for the Section, = As-pro*fy(de-pro - apro/2)/106 j) Steel Ratio against Provided Steel Area for the GirderSection = As-pro./b*de-pro apro 166.256 mm a<hFln Satisfied 10239.034 kN-m Mr>Mu Satisfied 0.004 p-pro<p-max Satisfied
MResis
rpro
k) Since against Provided Steel Area; i) the Equivalent Compression Block 'a'< hFln, Thickness of Girder Flange; ii) the Developed Resisting Moment MResis > MU, the Design Moment & iii) the Provided Steel Ratio ppro < pMax. Allowable Max. Steel Ratio; thus the Provision & Flexural Design for Tensile Reinforcement for Central Section is OK. ii) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis & Extrime Compressive Face, having value of c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.078 f) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) c/de-Max. c 0.420 141.318 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.078 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
iii) Provision of Tensile Reinforcements at Section 3L/4 from Support against Calculated Moments: a) The Calculated Factored Moment a Section 3L/8 from Support is being Greater than the Required Minimum Moment Mr, thus the Calculated Factored Moment. M3L/8. is the Governing Moment in Flexural Designe for the Section 3L/8. M3L/8. 6318.423 6318.423*10^6 808.366 808.366*10^6 kN-m N-m kN-m N-m
b) Since the Calculated Factored Moment M3L/8. is the Governing Moment for the Flexural Design, thus it is also the Uiltimate Design Moment MU. c) With MU, Design Moment; b, Width of Rectangular Beam; dasu-L/2, Assumed Effective Depth for the Section & 'a' Calculated Equivalent Compression Block against Factored Moment for the Section L/2, the Required Tensile Steel Area for the Section at 3L/8; As = MU/[ffy(dasu-L/2 - a/2)] d) Number of 32f bers required = As-req-Total/Af-32 e) Let Provide 18nos 32f bars in 5 (Five) Layers having 4 nos. of Bars on each of
MU
6318.423 kN-m 6318.423*10^6 N-m

2 9,664.537 mm
As-req.-3L/8
NBar-req NBar-pro.
12.017 nos. 20 nos
Page 178
the Bottom 4-Layers & 2 nos on Top Layer. f) Provided Steel Area for the Section with 16nos. 32f bars = Nbar-pro*Af g) With provided arrangement of Reinforcement Bars & Steel Area for the Section the Actual Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement's Centroid from the Extreme Fiber of Compression Face = {4*Asf-32*(hGir - CCov-Bot -DStir.-DBar/2) As-pro de-pro
2 16,084.954 mm
1,794.000 mm
+ 4*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Botr-DStir.-DBar-sVer.-DBar/2) +4*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Bot-DStir.-2*DBar-2*sVer.-DBar/2) + 4*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Bot-DStir.-3*DBar-3*sVer.-DBar/2)+2*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Bot-DStir.-4*DBar-4*sVer.-DBar/2)}/As-pro h) Value of Equivalent Compression Block 'a' against Provided Steel Area for Rectangular Section of Girder = As-pro*fy/(0.85*f/c*b) i) The Developed Resisting Moment against provided Steel Area for the Section, = As-pro*fy(de-pro - apro/2)/106 j) Steel Ratio against Provided Steel Area for the GirderSection = As-pro./b*de-pro apro 184.729 mm a<hFln Satisfied 11221.998 kN-m Mr>Mu Satisfied 0.004 p-pro<p-max Satisfied
MResis
rpro
k) Since against Provided Steel Area; i) the Equivalent Compression Block 'a'< hFln, Thickness of Girder Flange; ii) the Developed Resisting Moment MResis > MU, the Design Moment & iii) the Provided Steel Ratio ppro < pMax. Allowable Max. Steel Ratio; thus the Provision & Flexural Design for Tensile Reinforcement for Section at 3L/8 is OK. iv) Provision of Tensile Reinforcements at Central Section at L/4 from Support against Calculated Moments : a) The Calculated Factored Moment a Section L/4 from Support is being Greater than the Required Minimum Moment Mr, thus the Calculated Factored Moment. ML/4. is the Governing Moment in Flexural Designe for the Section L/4. ML/4. 5131.011 5131.011*10^6 808.366 808.366*10^6 kN-m N-m kN-m N-m
b) Since the Calculated Factored Moment M3L/8. is the Governing Moment for the Flexural Design, thus it is also the Uiltimate Design Moment MU. c) With MU, Design Moment; b, Width of Rectangular Beam; dasu-L/2, Assumed Effective Depth for the Section & 'a' Calculated Equivalent Compression Block against Factored Moment for the Section L/2, the Required Tensile Steel Area for the Section at L/4; As = MU/[ffy(dasu-L/2 - a/2)] d) Number of 32f bers required = As-req-Total/Af-32 e) Let Provide 14nos 32f bars in 4(Four) Layers having 4 nos. of Bars on each of Bottom 3-Layers & 2 nos on Top Layer. f) Provided Steel Area for the Section with 14nos. 32f bars = Nbar-pro*Af g) With provided arrangement of Reinforcement Bars & Steel Area for the Section the Actual Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement's Centroid from the Extreme
MU
5,131.011 kN-m 5131.011*10^6 N-m

2 7,848.29 mm
As-req.-L/4
NBar-req NBar-pro.
9.759 nos. 14 nos
As-pro de-pro
2 11,259.468 mm
1,851.714 mm
Page 179
Fiber of Compression Face = {4*Asf-32*(hGir - CCov-Bot -DStir.-DBar/2) + 4*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Botr-DStir.-DBar-sVer.-DBar/2) +4*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Bot-DStir.-2*DBar-2*sVer.-DBar/2) + 2*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Bot-DStir.-3*DBar-3*sVer.-DBar/2))}/As-pro h) Value of Equivalent Compression Block 'a' against Provided Steel Area for Rectangular Section of Girder = As-pro*fy/(0.85*f/c*b) i) The Developed Resisting Moment against provided Steel Area for the Section, = As-pro*fy(de-pro - apro/2)/106 j) Steel Ratio against Provided Steel Area for the GirderSection = As-pro./b*de-pro apro 21.266 mm a<hFln Satisfied 8499.134 kN-m Mr>Mu Satisfied 0.003 p-pro<p-max Satisfied
MResis
rpro
k) Since against Provided Steel Area; i) the Equivalent Compression Block 'a'< hFln, Thickness of Girder Flange; ii) the Developed Resisting Moment MResis > MU, the Design Moment & iii) the Provided Steel Ratio ppro < pMax. Allowable Max. Steel Ratio; thus the Provision & Flexural Design for Tensile Reinforcement for Section at L/4 is OK. v) Provision of Tensile Reinforcements at Section L/8 from Support against Calculated Moments : a) The Calculated Factored Moment a Section L/8 from Support is being Less than the Required Minimum Moment Mr, thus the Required Minimum Momen Mr. is the Governing Moment in Flexural Designe for the Section L/8. ML/8 3003.199 3003.199*10^6 808.366 808.366*10^6 kN-m N-m kN-m N-m
b) Since the Calculated Factored Moment M3L/8. is the Governing Moment for the Flexural Design, thus it is also the Uiltimate Design Moment MU. c) With MU, Design Moment; b, Width of Rectangular Beam; dasu-L/2, Assumed Effective Depth for the Section & 'a' Calculated Equivalent Compression Block against Factored Moment for the Section L/2, the Required Tensile Steel Area for the Section at L/8 ; As = MU/[ffy(dasu-L/2 - a/2)] d) Number of 32f bers required = As-req-Total/Af-32 e) Let Provide 10 nos 32f bars in 3 (Three) Layers having 4 nos. of Bars on each of the Bottom 2-Layers & 2 nos on Top Layer. f) Provided Steel Area for the Section with 10nos. 32f bars = Nbar-pro*Af g) With provided arrangement of Reinforcement Bars & Steel Area for the Section the Actual Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement's Centroid from the Extreme Fiber of Compression Face = {4*Asf-32*(hGir - CCov-Bot -DStir.-DBar/2) + 4*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Botr-DStir.-DBar-sVer.-DBar/2) + 2*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Bot-DStir.-2*DBar-2*sVer.-DBar/2))}/As-pro h) Value of Equivalent Compression Block 'a' against Provided Steel Area for
MU
3,003.199 kN-m 3003.199*10^6 N-m

2 4,593.635 mm
As-req.-L/8
NBar-req NBar-pro.
5.712 nos. 10 nos
As-pro de-pro
2 8,042.477 mm
1,882.800 mm
apro
92.365 mm
Page 180
Rectangular Section of Girder = As-pro*fy/(0.85*f/c*b) i) The Developed Resisting Moment against provided Steel Area for the Section, = As-pro*fy(de-pro - apro/2)/106 j) Steel Ratio against Provided Steel Area for the GirderSection = As-pro./b*de-pro MResis
a<hFln
Satisfied
6056.092 kN-m Mr>Mu Satisfied 0.002 p-pro<p-max Satisfied
rpro
k) Since against Provided Steel Area; i) the Equivalent Compression Block 'a'< hFln, Thickness of Girder Flange; ii) the Developed Resisting Moment MResis > MU, the Design Moment & iii) the Provided Steel Ratio ppro < pMax. Allowable Max. Steel Ratio; thus the Provision & Flexural Design for Tensile Reinforcement for Section at L/8 is OK. vi) Provision of Tensile Reinforcements at Section at 0.375m from Support against Calculated Moments : a) The Calculated Factored Moment a Section 0.375m from Support is being Less than the Required Minimum Moment Mr, thus the Required Minimum Momen Mr is the Governing Moment in Flexural Designe for the Section 0.375m. M0.375m 278.135 278.135*10^6 808.366 808.366*10^6 kN-m N-m kN-m N-m
b) Since the Required Minimum Momen Mr. is the Governing Moment for the Flexural Design, thus it is also the Uiltimate Design Moment MU. c) With MU, Design Moment; b, Width of Rectangular Beam; dasu-L/2, Assumed Effective Depth for the Section & 'a' Calculated Equivalent Compression Block against Factored Moment for the Section L/2, the Required Tensile Steel Area for the Section at 0.375m ; As = MU/[ffy(dasu-L/2 - a/2)] d) Number of 32f bers required = As-req-Total/Af-32 e) Let Provide 8nos 32f bars in 2 (Two) Layers having 4 nos. of Bars on each of the Layers. f) Provided Steel Area for the Section with 8 nos. 32f bars = Nbar-pro*Af g) With provided arrangement of Reinforcement Bars & Steel Area for the Section the Actual Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement's Centroid from the Extreme Fiber of Compression Face = {4*Asf-32*(hGir - CCov-Bot -DStir.-DBar/2) +4*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Bot-DStir.-*DBar-*sVer.-DBar/2))}/As-pro h) Value of Equivalent Compression Block 'a' against Provided Steel Area for Rectangular Section of Girder = As-pro*fy/(0.85*f/c*b) i) The Developed Resisting Moment against provided Steel Area for the Section, = As-pro*fy(de-pro - apro/2)/106 j) Steel Ratio against Provided Steel Area for the GirderSection = As-pro./b*de-pro
MU
808.366 kN-m 808.366*10^6 N-m

2 1236.461 mm
As-req.-0.375
NBar-req NBar-pro.
1.537 nos. 8 nos
As-pro de-pro
2 6,433.982 mm
1,902.000 mm
apro
73.892 mm a<hFln Satisfied 4919.887 kN-m Mr>Mu Satisfied 0.002 p-pro<p-max Satisfied
MResis
rpro
Page 181
k) Since against Provided Steel Area; i) the Equivalent Compression Block 'a'< hFln, Thickness of Girder Flange; ii) the Developed Resisting Moment MResis > MU, the Design Moment & iii) the Provided Steel Ratio ppro < pMax. Allowable Max. Steel Ratio; thus the Provision & Flexural Design for Tensile Reinforcement for Section at 0.375m is OK. vii) Provision of Tensile Reinforcements at Section on Support against Calculated Moments : a) The Calculated Factored Moment at Support Position is being 0 (Zero), thus for Support Section the Required Minimum Moment Mr, is the Governing Governing Moment in Flexural Designe for the Section. MSupp. 0.000 000*10^6 808.366 808.366*10^6 kN-m N-m kN-m N-m
b) Since the Required Minimum Momen Mr. is the Governing Moment for the Flexural Design, thus it is also the Uiltimate Design Moment MU. c) With MU, Design Moment; b, Width of Rectangular Beam; dasu-L/2, Assumed Effective Depth for the Section & 'a' Calculated Equivalent Compression Block against Factored Moment for the Section L/2, the Required Tensile Steel Area for the Section at Support ; As = MU/[ffy(dasu-L/2 - a/2)] d) Number of 32f bers required = As-req-Total/Af-32 e) Let Provide 8nos 32f bars in 2 (Two) Layers having 4 nos. of Bars on each of the Layers. f) Provided Steel Area for the Section with 16nos. 32f bars = Nbar-pro*Af g) With provided arrangement of Reinforcement Bars & Steel Area for the Section the Actual Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement's Centroid from the Extreme Fiber of Compression Face = {4*Asf-32*(hGir - CCov-Bot -DStir.-DBar/2) +4*Asf-32(hGir-CCov-Bot-DStir.-*DBar-*sVer.-DBar/2))}/As-pro h) Value of Equivalent Compression Block 'a' against Provided Steel Area for Rectangular Section of Girder = As-pro*fy/(0.85*f/c*b) i) The Developed Resisting Moment against provided Steel Area for the Section, = As-pro*fy(de-pro - apro/2)/106 j) Steel Ratio against Provided Steel Area for the GirderSection = As-pro./b*de-pro
MU
808.37 kN-m 808.366*10^6 N-m

2 1,236.46 mm
As-req.-Supp.
NBar-req NBar-pro.
1.537 nos. 8 nos
As-pro de-pro
2 6,433.982 mm
1,902.000 mm
apro
MResis
rpro
k) Since against Provided Steel Area; i) the Equivalent Compression Block 'a'< hFln, Thickness of Girder Flange; ii) the Developed Resisting Moment MResis > MU, the Design Moment & iii) the Provided Steel Ratio ppro < pMax. Allowable Max. Steel Ratio; thus the Provision & Flexural Design for Tensile Reinforcement for Section at Support is OK. viii) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2:
Page 182
a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where;
Mr
9,132.190 kN-m 91132.1902*10^6 N-mm 10,146.878 kN-m 10146.878*10^6 N-mm 0.90
i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor for Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing.
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance for a Flanged Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.2 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2). c) For a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Either of I or T Section with Flenge & Web Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2) d) For Simple Supported & Single Reinforced T-Girder Beam the with Provided Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments at its Mid Span will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment MU at Absulate Max. Moment at c.g. of T-Girder Span). Mn-Mid-Span 10,146.878 kN-m 10146.878*10^6 N-mm
MU-Mid-Span-USD
6,863.350 kN-m 6863.350*10^6 N-mm Mr>Mu Satisfied
ix) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of a Concrete Elements, should not exceed fsa the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tinsel Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State of Loads fs-Dev.
2 157.694 N/mm
MWSD.
4,127.905 kN-m 4127.905*10^6 N-mm

2 14,476.459 mm
ii) As-pro is the Steel Area for the Section under USD Design Calculation. iii) de is Effective Depth between Extreme Compression Fiber to Centroid of the Tensile Reinforcement for the Section. c) fsa is Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement having its value = Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, in Which; i) dc = Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Bottom/Top Clear Cover & Radius of the
As-pro de
1,808.222 mm
fsa
2 291.299 N/mm
dc
66.000 mm
Page 183
Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. For a Section of T-Girder Component, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Bot. Since Clear Cover at Bottom of T-Girder, CCover-Bot = 50mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 32f ; thus dc = (32/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated A by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having 50mm.Max. Clear Cover. The Girder is being Provided with 50mm Clear Cover at Bottom, 18nos. 32f Bars Tension Bar in 5 Layers on Mid Span having 4 nos. Bars on Botton 4 Layers & 2nos. on Top Layer. Though the Vertical Spacing among the Layers of Tension Reinforcement are 32mm but due to dissimilarity of Bar arrangement the Centroid of Bars does not Coincide with the Center of Vertical Spacings. Thus, based on actual Cintroid of Bars value of A = bWeb{2*(hGir. - de-pro)}/NBar-pro. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure is very close to Sea, thus its Components are of Severe Exposure Category having Allowable Max. value of ZMax. = 23000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. ZMax.
2 7,458.025 mm
23,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the T-Girder Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev. fsa > 0.6fy ZDev. 12,451.016 N/mm fs-Dev.< fsa Satisfied
Not Satisfied Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy
i) Since the Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of T-Girder fs-Dev.< fsa the Computed Tensile Stress with Alloable Max. Crack Width Parimeter ZMax.; the Developed Crack Width Parimeter ZDev. < ZMax. thus Provision of Main Tensial Reinforcement for T-Girder in respect of Control of Cracking by Distribution of Reinforcement are OK j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestrssed one, but value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any additional Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. x) Since, i) The Value of Resisting Moment > Design Moment; ii) The Calculated value of c/de 0.42; iii) The Provided Stee Ratio for Rectangular Section of T-Girder, rRec-pro < rMax. Balance Steel Ratio; iv) The Computed Factored Flexural Resistance M r > Mu the Actual Factored Moment at Mid Span (Absulate Max. Moment at c.g. Point);
Page 184
v) The Provided Main Reinforcements are anough in respect of Control of Cracking by Distribution of Reinforcement; Thus Flexural Design of Reinforcements for the T-Girder Span is OK. 5 Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement on Top & Vertical Surfaces of Girder : i) Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement in Longitudinal Direction on Top Surface of Girder : a) Since the Girders are Simply Supported Structure & at Middle Location the Moments are with (+) ve. value, thus the Top Surface of Girder will be under Compression. Under Single Reinforced Flexural Design Provision Top Surface of Girder does not require any Longitudinal Reinforcement. Yet for Safe Guard & provide the Web/Shear Reinforcements in the form of Stirrups, this Surface is also require Longitudinal Reinforcement, which can arrange under the Provision of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8. b) Let consider 1 (One) meter Strip Length of Girder for Calculation of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement in Longitudinal Direction on Top Surface of Girder, c) Let consider the Width of Girder is the Web Width of T-Girder = 0.450m d) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.1. Steel Area required as Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement for Structural Components with Thickness Less than 1200mm; As 0.11Ag/fy . (Width of Girder is its thicknes, b = 4500mm < 1200mm). e) Here Ag is Gross Area of Girder Top Surface = LGirder*bWeb f) Let provide 32f bars as Longitudinal Shrinkage & Temperature on Top Girder. g) X-Sectional Area of 32f bar = pDBar2/4 h) Let provide 2 nos. 32f bars as Longitudinal Shrinkage & Temperature on Top Surface of Girder. i) Provide Steel Area for Longitudinal Shrinkage & Temperature on Top Surface of Girder = NBar-S&T-Top*Af-32 j) Spacing of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements will less of 3-times the Component thickness = 4*bWeb = 1,400.00 mm or = 450 mm k) Spacing in between 2 nos. 32f Longitudinal bars on Top Surface = (b - 2.*CCover-Side - 2*DStir. - 2*DBar) l) Whether Provision of Longitudinal Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement have Satisfied or not. m) Whether Provision of Spacing have Satisfied or not. LGirder. 1.000 m 1,000.000 mm 0.350 m 350.000 mm 2 93.902 mm
bWeb. As-req-Top.
Ag-Top DBar. Af-32 NBar-S&T-Top
2 350000.000 mm
32.000 mm
2 804.248 mm
2.000 nos.
As-pro-S&T.
2 1,608.495 mm
s-req-Top.
450 mm
s-pro-Top.
186 mm
As-pro-S&T>As-req.Top Satisfied s-pro-Top < s-req.Top Satisfied
Page 185
n) Since As-pro-Top. > As-req-Top & spro-Top < s-req-Top, thus the provision of Longitudinal Shrinkage & Temperature on Top Surface of Girde is OK. ii) Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement in Longitudinal Direction on Vertical Faces of Girder : a) Girders are Simply Supported Structure having the Longitudinal Flexural Reinforcements due to Moments on Bottom Surface & also on Top Surface (In case of Doubly Reinforced or under Shrinkage & Temperature Provision). There will be also Lateral & Vertical Reinforcements on Bottom, Top & Vertiocal Surfaces under the provisiona of Shear & Web Reinforcement. It also requires Longitudinal Reinforcement on its Vertical Faces, those can provide under Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement Provisions according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8. b) Let consider 1 (One) meter Strip Length of Girder for Calculation of Shrinkage LGirder. & Temperature Reinforcement in Longitudinal Direction on Vertical Faces of Girder. c) Let consider the Depth of T-Girder as Height of Girder, h = 2.00m hGirder. 1.000 m 1,000.000 mm 2.000 m 2,000.000 mm
2 536.585 mm
d) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.1. Steel Area required as Shrinkage As-req-S&T.-Hori. & Temperature Reinforcement for Structural Components with Thickness Less than 1200mm; As 0.11Ag/fy . e) Here Ag is Gross Area of Girder's Each Vertical Face = LGirder*hGirder f) Let provide 16f bars as Longitudinal Shrinkage & Temperature on Vertical Faces of Girder. g) X-Sectional Area of 16f bar = pDBar2/4 h) Spacing of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements is less of 3-times the Component thickness = 3*bWeb = 1,050 mm or = 450 mm i) Number of 16f bars required against Calculated Steel Area as Horizontal Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements on Vertical Surface of Girder = As-req-Long./Af-16 Ag-Vert. DBar.
2 2000000.000 mm
16 mm
Af-16 s-req-S&T.-Hori.
2 201.062 mm
450 mm
NBar-req-S&T-Hori.
2.669 nos.
j) Spacing of 16f bars at Support Position as Horizontal Shrinkage & sCal-req-S&T-Hori. Temperature Reinforcementon Vertical Faces of Girder for Calculated Steel Area = (hGir -2*Ccov -2.669*DBar-32 - sVer- 2*DStri)/NBar-req-S&T-Hor. k) Let Provide 5 nos. 16f as Longitudinal bars as Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement. NBar-pro-S&T-Hori.
374.096 mm
5 nos
l) Spacing of 16f bars at Support Position as Horizontal Shrinkage & spro-S&T-Hori. Temperature Reinforcementon Vertical Faces of Girder for Calculated Steel Area = (hGir -2*Ccov -5*DBar-32 - sVer- 2*DStri)/NBar-req-S&T-Hor. m) Steel Area against Provided Longitudinal Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement on Vertical Surfaces of Girder = Af-16*Barpro-S&T-Hori. As-pro-S&T-Hori.
232.857 mm
2 1,005.310 mm
Page 186
n) Whether Provision of Longitudinal Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement have Satisfied or not. o) Whether Provision of Spacing have Satisfied or not.
As-pro-S&T-Hori. > As-req-S&T.-Hori.
Satisfied
spro-S&T-Hori..<s-req-S&T.-Hori
Satisfied p) Since As-pro-S&T-Hori. > As-req-Long & spro-S&T-Hori.< s-req-S&T-Hori. thus the provisions of Longitudinal Reinforcement as Shrinkage & Temperature on Vertical Faces of Girder is OK. 4 Checking for Development Length & Splices of Reinforcements under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.11 : i) Provisions Article 5.11.1.1.1 : a) The Calculated Force effects in Reinforcement at each Section shall be Developed on each side of that Section by Embedment of Length of Reinforcement, Hooks or any Mechanical Device or a Combination of all together. These are especially required for Tension Zones. ii) Provisions Flexural Reinforcement (Article 5.11.1.2.1) : a) In Flexural Members the Critical Sections are, i) The Points of Maximum Stress; ii) The Points within the Span where Adjacent Reinforcement Terminates or Bands. b) Except at Supports of Simple Spans and at the Free Ends of Cantilevers, Reinforcements shall be extended further beyond the Point where they are no longer requred to resist the Flexural for a Distance as mentioned below: i) Not less than the Effective Depth of Component; ii) Not Less than the Nominal Diameter of Bar proposed, and iii) Not Less than 1/20 of Clear Span. c) In Continuing Reinforcements the Extended Length shall not be Less than the Development Length ld, beyond the Point of Bent or Tarminated Tension Reinforcenenta are no longer requred. The value of Development Length Id will be according to Provisions as mentioned in Article 5.11.2. d) In no case Termination of more than 50% of Reinforcement at any Section is permitted & Termination of adjusecent Bars on the same Section is restricted. f) For Bent of Tension Reinforcements Across the Web to the Compression Face, in that case a Development Length ld should Provide on Compression Face for Termination of Bars. Otherwise Continuity of Bended Bars would remain on the Compression Face of the Component. g) Components of i) Sloped, Stepped or Tapered Footings; ii) Brackets; iii) Deep Flexural Members; & iv) Unparallel Tension & Compression Reinforcements and the Reinfocement Forces are not Directly Proportional to the Factored Moments, those Provide with Supplementary Ancorages for Flexural Tension Reinforcements. iii) Provisins of Development Length le under Article 5.11.2 : a) According to Article 5.11.2.1.1 the Tension Development Length le should not be less than the product of the Basic Development Length ldb & the Modification Factors as Specified in Articles 5.11.2.1.2 & 5.11.2.1.3. Whereas the Basic Tension Development Length in mm for Different Size of Deformed Bars & Wires are;
Page 187
b) For bar No-36 & below, ldb = 0.02Abfy/f/c 0.06dbfy; c) For bar No-43 & below, ldb = 25fy/f/c; d) For bar No-57, ldb = 34fy/f/c; e) For Deformed Wire, ldb = 0.36dbfy/f/c. Where f) Ab is Cross-sectional Area of Deform Ber/Wire in mm2. g) fy is Yield Strength of deform Ber/Wire in MPa. h) Abfy/f/c is the Specified Compressive Strength of Concrete in MPa. i) db is Diameter of Bar/Wire in mm. iv) Provisins of Article 5.11.2.2 in respect of Positive Moment Reinforcement & the Provided Reinforcement: a) In Simple Supported Span at-least One-third or 33% of Positive Moment Reinforcement should be Extended beyond the Centerline of Support and would continue not Less than 150mm. Whereas in Continuous Spans that will be at least One-fourth or 25% of Positive Moment Reinforcement on the same Face. b) Provided Steel (Reinforcement) Area against Maximum Positive moment for the T-Girder Span = As-pro-L/2 c) Provided Steel (Reinforcement) Area on Support Position of T-Girder Span both on Bottom & Top Surface = As-pro-Supp d) Percentage of Provided Reinforcement on Support of T-Girder in respect of the Maximum Positive Moment Reinforcement = 100*As-pro-Supp/As-pro-L/2 As-pro-L/2
2 14,476.459 mm
As-pro-Supp
2 6,433.982 mm
%As-pro-Supp
44.444 %
e) Since the Provided Reinforcement on Support is 44.444% of the Provided at Max. Positive Moment Reinforcement, thus According Article 5.11.2.2 in respect of Positive Moment Reinforcement the Design is OK. v) Computed value of Development Length le & Basic Development Length ldb for T-Girder Beam : a) Provided bar Diameter for Main T-Girder of Simple Supported Bridge b) Maximum Number of Main Bars on Each Layer = NBar c) Clear Cover at Bottom of Main Girder = C-Cov-Bot e) Clear Cover at Top of Main Girder = C-Cov-Top f) Clear Cover on both Sides of Main Girder = C-Cov-Side DBar NBar C-Cov-Bot C-Cov-Top C-Cov-Side 32 mm 4 50 mm 50 mm 38 mm
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g) Provided bar Diameter for Transverse/Shear Reinforcements (Stirrups) h) Lateral Spacing of Main Bars = (bWeb-2*C-Cov-Side.-2*DStri-NBar*DBar)/(NBar-1) i) Cross-sectional Area of Provided Main Deform Ber = pDBar2/4 j) Depth of Concrete below the Top Horizontal Bar = hGir- C-Cov-Top.-DStri-DBar k) Modification Factor for Basic Development Length ldb (Since Depth below the Top Horizontal Bars is greater than 300mm, thus Factor is for Increase of ldb). l) Calculated Basic Development Length ldb for 32 No. Main Longitudinal Bar of T-Girder = MFactor*0.02Af-32fy/f/c m) Calculated value of 0.06DBarfy;
/ n) Computed value of Development Length, lb = 0.02Af-32fy/f c 0.06DBarfy;
DStir. sLateral Af-32 hTop-Bar MFactort
12 mm 40.667 mm
2 804.248 mm
1,906.000 mm 1.400
ldb-Cal
2,014.754 mm
0.06DBarfy lb-req lb-pro
787.200 mm 2,014.754 mm 2,025.000 mm
o) Let Provide the Development Length for 32 No. Main Bars = 2025mm
p) Since the Provided Development Length for Main Reinforcement is greater than the required Development Length, thus the Design is OK in respect of Development Length for Main Reinforcement of Girder. 5 Design of Shear Reinforcement & Checking of RCC Girder against Shearing Forces at Different Locations : i) Calculated Factored Shearing Forces (Vu) at Different Locations due to Applied Loads (DL & LL): a) Table for Max. Shear Forces at Different Locations of Interior Girder due to Factored DL, Lane-LL & Wheel-LL : Table-2. Sum. of Max. Shear Forces Against All Applied Loads (DL & LL) on Interior Girder. Locations from Support-A Loading Type Unit a. Dead Load (FDLInt) b. Lane Live Load (FLLInt) a. Wheel Live Load (WLLInt) Total Shears on Each Point
On Support
kN
480.324 132.370 248.072 860.766
0.375m kN
466.543 128.301 239.353 834.197
L/8 kN
368.236 99.278 177.156 644.670
L/4 kN
234.833 66.185 106.240 407.258
3L/8 kN
122.745 33.093 35.324 191.162
c.g. kN
-37.401 -7.895 -47.468 -92.764
L/2 kN
-10.658 0.000 -35.592 -46.250
b) Shearing Forces at Sopport Position of Girder c) Shearing Forces at Loaction 0.375m from Sopport of Girder d) Shearing Forces at Loaction L/8 from Sopport of Girder e) Shearing Forces at Loaction L/4 from Sopport of Girder f) Shearing Forces at Loaction 3L/8 from Sopport of Girder
Vu-Supp. Vu-0.375m. Vu-L/8. Vu-L/4. Vu-3L/4.
860.766 kN
834.197 kN 644.670 kN 407.258 kN 191.162 kN
Page 189
g) Shearing Forces at Absolute Max. Moment Loaction (c.g. Position) of Girder h) Shearing Forces at Loaction L/2 (Middle of Span) from Sopport of Girder ii) Factored Shearing Stress & Shearing Depth at Different Locations :
Vu-c.g. Vu-L/2.
(92.764) kN (46.250) kN
a) The Shearing Steress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force. vu = (Vu - fVp)/fbvdv, = Vu/fbvdv ; Since Vp = 0; (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b) Vp is Component of Prestressing applied Forces. For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component the value of Vp = 0 c) bv is Width of T-Girder Web = bWeb. mm, d) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having the greater value of either of 0.9de or 0.72h in mm. Here, i) de is Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement for the Section in mm ii) h is Depth of T-Girder, hGir = 2000 mm, e) f is Resistance Factor for Shear = 0.90 (AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2). Vp Mpa
bv dv 0.9de 0.72h de h f
350 mm Variable mm Variable mm 1,440.000 mm Variable mm
2,000 mm 0.90
f) Table for Computation of values of vu, de, bv, 0.9de , 0.72h & dv at different Section of Girder. Table-3 Values of vu, de, bv, 0.9de , 0.72h & dv at different Section of Girder.
Location of Section from Support Length of Segment from the Earlier Section Width of T-Girder Web
Depth of T-Girder
Effective Depth of Section for Tensial
Calculated value of 0.9de
Calculated value of 0.72h
Calculated value of Effective Shear Depth
Calculated value of Shearing Stress
(bv)
mm 350.000 350.000 350.000 350.000 350.000 350.000
mm At Support
0.000 375.000 3050.000 3050.000 3050.000 3050.000
(h) mm
2000.000 2000.000 2000.000 2000.000 2000.000 2000.000
(de)
mm 1902.000 1902.000 1882.800 1851.714 1794.000 1808.222 mm 1711.800 1711.800 1694.520 1666.543 1614.600 1627.400 mm 1440.000 1440.000 1440.000 1440.000 1440.000 1440.000
(dv)
mm 1711.800 1711.800 1694.520 1666.543 1614.600 1627.400
(vu)
N/mm2 1.596 1.547 1.208 0.776 0.376 -0.090
L0.375m L1/8 L1/4 L3/8 L1/2
g) Shearing Stress due to Applied Factored Shearing Forces at Different Sections of Girder : i) Shearing Stress due to Applied Shearing Force at Support Position of Girder = Vu-Supp/fbvdv N/mm2 ii) Shearing Stress due to Applied Shearing Force at a distance 0.375m from vu-Supp.
2 1.596 N/mm
vu-0.375m.
2 1.547 N/mm
Page 190
Support = Vu-0.375/fbvdv N/mm2 iii) Shearing Stress due to Applied Shearing Force at a distance L/8 from Support = Vu-L/8/fbvdv N/mm2 iv) Shearing Stress due to Applied Shearing Force at a distance L/4 from Support = Vu-L/4/fbvdv N/mm2 v) Shearing Stress due to Applied Shearing Force at a distance 3L/8 from Support = Vu-3L/8/fbvdv N/mm2 vi) Shearing Stress due to Applied Shearing Force at a distance L/2 from Support = Vu-L/2/fbvdv N/mm2 . (The (-) ve. velue is not applicable.) vu-L/2.
2 (0.090) N/mm
vu-L/8.
2 1.208 N/mm
vu-L/4.
2 0.776 N/mm
vC-3L/8.
2 0.376 N/mm
iii) Factored Shearing Resistance for a Section under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.1-(Equ-5.8.2.1-2) : a) The Factored Shear Resitance at any Section of Component is Expressed by the Equation-5.8.2.1-2. Having the value, Vr = fVn in which; b) Vr is the Factored Shear Resitance at a Section in N c) Vn is Nominal Shear Resitance in N according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3. d) f is Resistance Factor according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2. Vr. Vn. f 0.90 N N
iv) Computation of values of q & b to Calculate the Nominal Shear Resistance (Vn) at Different Locations due to Factored Shear Forces under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.4 : a) The Nominal Shear Resistance Vn at any Section of Girder is the Lesser value Computed by the Equations i) Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-1) & ii) Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv + Vp, (Equ. 5.8.3.3-2) in which, b) Vc is Nominal Shear Resistance of Conrete in N having value = 0.083bf/cbvdv, (Equ. 5.8.3.3-1); c) Vs is Shear Resistance Provided by Shear Reinforcement in N having value = Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s (Equ. 5.8.3.3-3) in which, d) s is Spacing of Stirrups in mm; e) b a is Factor for the Diagonally Cracked Concrete to transmit Tension as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4;
0 f) q is Angle of Inclenation of Digonal Compressive Stress in ( ) as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4; 0 g) a is Angle of Inclenation of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement to Longitudinal Bars in ( ); AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4. For Vertical Transverse/Shear Reinforcement the Angle of Inclenation, a = 900 a 90 0
h) Av is Area of Shear Reinforcement within a distance s in mm;
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i) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Vp = 0.
Vp.
v) Computation of Value b & q at different Locations of Girder as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4: a) Calculation of Longitudinal Strain in Web Reinforcement s in mm/mm on the Flexural Tension side of Girder with Equations ; b) ex = (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/2(EsAs + EpAps); (Equ-5.8.3.4.2-1 for the Case with at Least the Min.Shear Reinforcement). c) ex = (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/(EsAs + EpAps); (Equ-5.8.3.4.2-2 for the Case with Less then the Min.Shear Reinforcement); d) ex= (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/(2(EsAs + EpAps); (Equ-5.8.3.4.2-3 for the Cases when value of es is (-) ve.in Equ.5.8.3.4.2-1& Equ.5.8.3.4.2-2). Where, e) Ac is Area of Concerte on Flexural Tention side of Girder in mm2 having value Ac = bWeb* hGir,/2 mm2 f) Aps is Area of Prestressing Steel on Flexural Tention side of Girder in mm2. For RCC Structure, the value of Aps = 0 g) As is Area of Non-Prestressing Steel on Flexural Tention side of Girder for the in mm2 under Consideration having respective values of Steel Area. i) On Support Position value of Provided Steel Area in mm2 ii) At Distance 0.375m from Support, Provided Steel Area in mm2 iii) At Distance L/8 from Support, Provided Steel Area in mm2 iv) At Distance L/4 from Support, Provided Steel Area in mm2 v) At Distance 3L/8 from Support, Provided Steel Area in mm2 vi) At Distance L/2 from Support, Provided Steel Area in mm2 h) fpo is a Parameter for Modulus of Elasticity of Prestressing Tendons which is multiplied by Locked-in differencein Strain between the Prestressing Tendons and Surrounding Concrete (Mpa). For the usal level of Prestressing, the value recommended = 0.7fpu for both Pretensioned & Post-tensioned Case. For Nonprestressed RCC Structural Component, the value of fpo = 0. i) Nu is Factored Axil Force in N, Value will be (+) ve for the case of Tensile & (-) for the case of Compressive due to Prestressing. For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Nu = 0. j) Mu is Factored (+) ve Moment quantity of the Section in N-mm but not less then Vudv. k) Vu is Factored Shear Force (Only (+) ve values are applicable) for the Section in N. Ac
2 350,000 mm
Aps
mm2
As-Sup. As-0.375m. As-L/8. As-L/4. As-3L/8. As-L/2. fpo.
6,433.982 6,433.982 8,042.477 11,259.468 16,084.954 14,476.459 -
mm2 mm2 mm2 mm2 mm2 mm2 MPa.
Nu
Page 192
I) Table Showing the values of Mu, Vu, Computed value of Vudv & Effective value of Vudv. Table-4. Showing the values of M u, Vu, Computed value of Vudv & Effective value of M u-Eff Vudv.
Location of Section from Support Length of Segment from the Earlier Section Factored Moment for the Section. Factored Shear for the Section. Calculated value of Effective Shear Depth Calculated value of Effective Moment value
Vudv
MuEff
(Mu)
kN-m
0.00 278.14 3,003.20 5,131.01 6,318.42 6,630.45
mm At Support
0.000 375.000 2675.000 3050.000 3050.000 3050.000
(Vu) kN
860.766 834.197 644.670 407.258 191.162 -46.250
(dv)
mm
1711.800 1711.800 1694.520 1666.543 1614.600 1627.400
(Vudv)
kN
1473.459 1427.978 1092.406 678.713 308.650 -75.267
(MuEff)
kN-m
1473.459 1427.978 3003.199 5131.011 6318.423 6630.449
L0.375m L1/8 L1/4 L3/8 L1/2
vi) Value of vc/f/c (Ratio of Shearing Stress & Concrete Compressive Strength) at Different Section of Girder :
/ / a) Value of vc/f c at Support Pisition of Girder = vc-Sup/f c / / b) Value of vc/f c at a distance 0.375m from Support = vc-0.375/f c / / c) Value of vc/f c at a distance L/8 from Support = vc-L/8/f c / / d) Value of vc/f c at a distance L/4 from Support = vc-L/4/f c / / e) Value of vc/f c at a distance 3L/8 from Support = vc-3L/8/f c / / f) Value of vc/f c at a distance L/2 from Support = vc-L/2/f c
vc-Supp/f/c vc-0.375/f/c vc-L/8/f/c vc-L/4/f/c vc-3L/8/f/c vc-L/2/f/c
0.076 0.076 0.058 0.037 0.018 (0.004)
vii) Values of esx1000 with at Least the Min. Transverse/Shear Reinforcement under AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.5 & provisions of Equation 5.8.3.4.2-1 : a) Since for RCC Girder values of Prestressing Components Nu, Vp, Asp, fpo, Ep etc. are = 0, thus equation ex = (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/2(EsAs + EpAps) stands to ex = (Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/2EsAs b) Considering the Initial value of ex = 0.001at Support Position & the Effective Moment Mu-Eff. From the Equation Cotq = (ex2EsAs - Mu/dv)/0.5Vu c) Having the value of cotq = 2.241, the values of exx1000 at Different Locations are ; d) At Support (Bearing Center) Position = ((Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/(2EsAs))*1000 d) At 0.375m from Support = ((Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/(2EsAs))*1000 ex-Suport*1000 ex-0.375*1000 1.000 0.969 cotq 3.980
Page 193
e) At a Distance L/8 from Support = ((Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/(2EsAs))*1000 f) At a Distance L/4 from Support = ((Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/(2EsAs))*1000 g) At a Distance 3L/8 from Support = ((Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/(2EsAs))*1000 h) At a Distance L/2 from Support = ((Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/(2EsAs))*1000
ex-L/8*1000 ex-L/4*1000 ex-3L/8*1000 ex-L/2*1000
0.950 0.864 0.667 0.688
i) Since at Absolute Max. Moment Position & at L/2 Distance from Support the Shear Forces are of (-) ve value, thus calculations for the values of ex-x1000 these Locations are not essential. j) Since in all Sections from Support to L/2 the values of es-x1000 1.00, thus values of q & b for the Sections can be obtain from Table-5.8.3.4.2-1 in respect of values of vc/f/c. For Sections having the es-x1000>1.00, for those Cases values of q & b can obtain in respect of value of Crack Spacing Parameter sxe, using the Equation .No.5.8.3.4.2-2, Equation No. 5.8.3.4.2-4 & Table -5.8.3.4.2-2. viii) Values of esx1000 with Less than Min. Transverse/Shear Reinforcement under AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.5 & the provisions of Equation 5.8.3.4.2-2 : a) Since in RCC Girder the values for Prestressing Components Nu, Vp, Asp, fpo, Ep etc. are = 0, thus equation ex= (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/(EsAs + EpAps) stands to ex = (Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/EsAs b) Considering the Initial value of ex = 0.002 at Support Position & the Effective Moment Mu-Eff. From the Equation Cotq = (exEsAs - Mu/dv)/0.5Vu c) Values of exx1000 at Location = (Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/EsAs ix) Computation of values of Crack Spacing Parameter, sxe for Sectiona are : a) The Crack Spacing Parameter of a Section, sxe = sx(35/(ag+16)) 2000mm, In which; b) sx = the Lesser value of either dv or the Spacing of Longitudinal Crack Control Reinforcements on Vertical Faces (as Shrinkage & Tempeture Reinforcement) having Steel Area in a Horizontal Reinforcement Layer if As > 0.003bvs. Here; i) As is Steel Area of 2nos Shrinkage & Tempeture Reinforcement Bars on Opposite Vertical Faces of T-Girder in same Horizontal Layer, = As-S&T-Hori. = 2*pDBar2/4 = 2*Af-16 ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth of Tensil Reinforcement for the Section iii) s is Spacing of Longitudinal Bars as Shrinkage & Tempeture Reinforcement on Vertical Faces of T-Girder. iv) Thus Computed value of 0.003dvs for a Section sx mm cotq 3.980
ex-*1000
0.002
As
2 402.124 mm
dv s
mm
232.857 mm
0.003dvs
mm2
Page 194
v) For Computed value of 0.003bvs at Section > As, the value of sx = dv c) ag is Max. Aggragate size for Concrete = 20mm d) Thus Computed value of sxe = sx(35/(ag+16)) for Section at L/8
0.003dvs<As ag sxe
s-Applicable 20 mm mm
f) For value of ex-*1000 > 1.00 & the value of sxe at a Sections should Computed from the Respective Tablel. x) Computation of Values of q & b from AASHTO-LRFD'sTable -5.8.3.4.2-1. & Table -5.8.3.4.2-2. against the Respective Calculated values of esx1000, Ratio vc/f/c & sxe.: a) Table for Values of q & b at Different Location of Girder. Location of Section From Support
a) At Support Position b) At L0.375mDistance of Support c) At L/8 Distance of Support d) At L/4 Distance of Support e) At 3L/8 Distance of Support f) At L/2 Distance of Support
Referece of Table
5.8.3.4.2.-1 5.8.3.4.2.-1 5.8.3.4.2.-1 5.8.3.4.2.-1 5.8.3.4.2.-1 5.8.3.4.2.-1
vc/f/c
0.076 0.076 0.058 0.037 0.018 -0.004
exx1000
1.000 0.969 0.950 0.864 0.667 0.688
sxe
NA NA NA NA NA NA
Value of q
36.40 36.40 36.40 36.40 33.70 33.70
b
2.23 2.23 2.23 2.23 2.38 2.38
b) Value of Cotq at different Locaion of Girder : i) At Support (Bearing Center) Position value of Cotq ii) At a Distance 0.375m from Support value of Cotq iii) At a DistanceL/8 from Support value of Cotq iv) At a Distance L/4 from Support value of Cotq v) At a Distance 3L/8 from Support value of Cotq vi) At a Distance L/2m from Support value of Cotq Cotq Cotq Cotq Cotq Cotq Cotq 1.356 1.356 1.356 1.356 1.499 1.499
xi) Computation of Value for Nominal Shearing Strength of Concrete (Vc) using the Values of q & b : a) Since the Location of L/8 is next to the Critical Section at a Distance 0.375m from Support, thus Values of q & b of Section L/8 are the Governing Values for Computation of Nominal Shearing Strength of Concrete (Vc) for the Girder. b) Nominal Shear Resistance of Conrete of Girder Vc = 0.083bf/cbvdv, AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3-(Equ. 5.8.3.3-1); Vc 18,452.293 kN 18452.293*10^3 N
xii) Regions Requiring Transverse or Shear/Web Reinforcements under AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.4 : a) The Transverse or Shear Reinforcements are required for those Sections where the Factored Shearing Force due to the Applied Loads (DL & LL), Vu > 0.5f (Vc + Vp); AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.4; Equ-5.8.2.4-1; Here,
Page 195
b) Vu is Factored Shearing Force due to the Applied Loads for the Selected Section in N, c) Vc is Nominal Shear Resistance for the Section having value = 0.083bf/cbvdv according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3. Equation-5.8.3.3-4. d) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Vp = 0. Vp. N
e) b a is Factor for the Diagonally Cracked Concrete to transmit Tension according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4; f) f is Resistance Factor according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2. having value = 90 g) Thus for Nonprestressing Structure the Eqution-5.8.2.4-1 Stands to Vu > 0.5Vc h) Table showing the values of b, Vu, Vc, 0.5Vc & Relation between Vu & 0.5Vc at Different Location of Girder. Location from Girder's Bearing Center.
a) At Support (Bearing Center) Position a) At a Distance 0.375m from Support b) At a DistanceL/8 from Support c) At a Distance L/4 from Support d) At a Distance 3L/8 from Support e) At a Distance L/2m from Support
0.90
Values of
b
2.230 2.230 2.230 2.230 2.380 2.380
Vu N
860765.82 834196.637 644669.804 407257.851 191161.835 -92764.25
Vc N
48903800.52
0.5fVc N
22,006,710
Relation Equation Between Satisfied/ Vu & Vc Not Satisfied

Vu<0.5Vc Vu<0.5Vc Vu<0.5Vc Vu<0.5Vc Vu<0.5Vc Vu<0.5Vc Not Satisfied Not Satisfied Not Satisfied Not Satisfied Not Satisfied Not Satisfied
48903800.52 22006710.23 48410134.39 21784560.48 47610865.43 21424889.44 49229636.77 22153336.54 49619912.6 22328960.7
i) The Table indicates that non of the Sections of RCC Girder have satisfied the required provisions for Transverse/Shear Reinforcements under Equation Vu > 0.5f (Vc + Vp). AASHTO-LRFD-Equation-5.8.2.4-1. xiii) Checking of Required Max. Spacing for Transvers/Shear Reinforcement due to Applied Shearing Stress on Girder under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.7 : a) Due to applied Shearing Stress, vu < 0.125f/c, the Max. Spacing of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at a Section is smax.-1 = 0.8dv 600mm, (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.2.7-1). b) Due to applied Shearing Stress, vu > 0.125f/c, the Max. Spacing of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at a Section is smax.-2 = 0.4dv 300mm (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.2.7-2) c) Value of 0.125f/c in respect of Max. Spacing of Transvers/Shear Reinforcement due to Applied Shearing Stress at Defferent Section of Girder. 0.125f/c
2 2.625 N/mm
d) Table Showing values of vu, 0.8dv, 0.4dv againest the respective values of 0.125f/c : Table- ; Showing Spacing of Transverse/Shear Reinforcements in respect of Max. Spacing & Status : Segment. Value of Location dv Value of vu Value of 0.125f/c Relation between Value of 0.8dv Value of 0.4dv Relation between Relation between
Formula Status
Page 196
(Between for the 2-Section) Section mm Section at 1711.80 L0.375m Section at 1,711.80 L/8 Section at 1,694.52 L/4 Section at 1,666.54 3L/4 Section at 1,614.60 L/2
vu & 0.12f/c
Maximum
N/mm2
1.596 1.547 1.208 0.776 0.376
N/mm2
2.625 2.625 2.625 2.625 2.625
vu<=>0.12f/c vu<0.1.25f/c vu<0.1.25f/c vu<0.1.25f/c vu<0.1.25f/c vu<0.1.25f/c
for the Section mm

1369.440 1369.440 1355.616 1333.234 1291.680
for the Section mm

684.720 684.720 677.808 666.617 645.840
0.8dv & sMax-1<600

0.8dv>600
0.4dv & sMax-2<300
Whether Satisfy or Not Satisfy Not Satisfy
0.4dv>300 0.8dv>600 0.4dv>300 0.8dv>600 0.4dv>300 0.8dv>600 0.4dv>300 0.8dv>600 0.4dv>300
Not Satisfy Not Satisfy Not Satisfy Not Satisfy Not Satisfy Not Satisfy Not Satisfy Not Satisfy Not Satisfy
e) The Table indicates that non of the Sections of RCC Girder have satisfied the required provisions for Spacings of the Transverse/Shear Reinforcement under Equations, For vu < 0.125f/c ; smax. = 0.8dv 600mm, (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.2.7-1). & For vu > 0.125f/c ; smax. = 0.4dv 300mm, (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ.5.8.2.7-2). xix) Chacking for Transverse/Shear/Web Reinforcements as Deep Beam Component (AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.1.1) : a) The Component in which a Load causing more than 1/2 of the Shear at a Distance closer than 2d from the Face of Support is Considered as a Deep Component. Deep Beam Components the Shear Reinforcements are being Provide according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.6.3 (Provisions of Strut-and-Tied Model) & AASHTO-LRFD-5.13.2.3. b) Factored Shear Force at Support of Girder, = Vu-Supp. kN. c) 1/2 of Factored Shear Force at Support of Girder, = 1/2Vu-Supp. kN. d) Factored Shear Force at a Distance 2d from Support, = Vu-2d. kN. e) Status of 1/2Vu-Supp. & Vu-2d Vu-Supp. 1/2Vu-Supp. Vu-2d. 860.766 kN 430.383 kN 608.249 kN Vu-2d>Vu-Supp.
f) Since the Factored Shear Force at a Distance 2d, Vu-2d > 1/2Vu-Supp. the Max. Shear Force at Support, thus the Girder is Deep Beam Component & under Article 5.13.2.3. Of AASHTO-LRFD its Transverse/Shear Reinforcement can Provide. xx) Detaling of Requirments for Deep Beam Component to Provide Transverse/Shear/Web Reinforcements for Girder under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.13.2.3 : a) To provide Transverse/Shear/Web Reinforcements at Different Section of Girder, it should Satisfy the Equation, Ng = f fyAs 0.83bvs (AASHTO-LRFD-5.13.2.3). Here, b) Ng is Factored Tensial Resitance of Transverse Reinforcement (Each Pair) in N. c) bv is Width of Girder Web in mm. d) fy is Yield Strength of Reinforceing Steel as Transverse/Shear Reinforcement Ng. bv. fy. N 350 mm 410.000 MPa
Page 197
e) As is Steel Area of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement in mm2 having Spacing s . f) s is Spacing of Transverse /Shear Reinforcement in mm. The value of s should not excide eithe of d/4 or 300mm
AS s-Max
mm2 300 mm
g) The Vertical Spacing, sVetrt. for Crack Control Longitudinal Reinforcement on both sVert.-Max Vertical Faces of Girder should not Excide either d/3 or 300 mm. xxi) Computation of Spacing for Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at Different Section of Girder : a) Value of d/4 for the Section under cosideration having d = hGir. (Girder Depth). b) Allowable Max. Spacing for Transverse/Shear Reinforcement c) Let Provide 2-Leged 12f bars as Transverse/Shear Reinforcement in the form of Vertical Stirrups. d) X-Sectional Area of 2-Leged 12f Bars as Transverse/Shear Reinforcement; = 2*pDStir.2/4 mm2 d) Let Provide the 175mm Spacing for Transvers/Shear Reinforcement from Outer Face of Girder up to Support Face at Section at L0.375m Distance. e) Let Provide the 175mm Spacing for Transvers/Shear Reinforcement in between Support Face Section at L0.375m & Section at L/8 Distance i) Let Provide the 200mm Spacing for Transvers/Shear Reinforcement in between Section at L/8 & Section at L/4 Distance j) Let Provide the 200mm Spacing for Transvers/Shear Reinforcement in between Section at L/4 & Section at 3L/4 Distance j) Let Provide the 200mm Spacing for Transvers/Shear Reinforcement in between Section at 3L/4 & Section at L/2 Distance d/4 s-Max DStir.
300 mm
500 mm 300 mm 12 mm
Av
2 226.195 mm
s-0.375m.
175 mm
s-L/8
175 mm
s-L/4
200 mm
s-3L/8
200 mm
sL/2
200 mm
xxi) Checking for Requirements of Minimum Transverse Reinforcement for Different Section of Girder: a) Minimum Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at a Section, Av 0.083f/c(bvs/fy), AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.5. Where, s is Length of Girder Segment under consideration for Transverse/Shear Reinforcement. b) Table for Minimum Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at Different Section of Girder.
Location from Bearing Center of Girder.
a)Between outer Face to Support Face b)From Support Face to L/8 of Girder c) From L/8 to L/4 of Girder Length
Length of Segment mm
300.000 3050.000 3050.000
bv' Web Width mm

350.000 350.000 350.000
s' Web Bar Spacing mm

175.000 175.000 200.000
Min. Av Required mm2

56.821 56.821 64.938
Av-pro
Status of
Provided Provided & mm2 Required Av

226.195 226.195 226.195 Av-pro> Av Av-pro> Av Av-pro> Av
Page 198
d) From L/4 to 3L/4 of Girder Length e) From 3L/4 to L/2 of Girder Length
3050.000 3050.000
350.000 350.000
200.000 200.000
64.938 64.938
226.195 226.195
Av-pro> Av Av-pro> Av
xxii) Computation of Values of Vs,the Shear Resistance against Provided Shear Reinforcement & Spacings at Different Sections according to Vs = Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.3.3-3) : a) With Vertical Shear Reinforcement the value of a = 900 & the Equation Vs = Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s stands to Vs = Avfydvcotq /s, b) At Support Position (Bearing Center) of Girder Vs= Avfydv-Supp.Cotq/sL0.375m VS-Supp. 1,230.434 kN 1230.434*10^3 N 1,230.434 kN 1230.434*10^3 N 1,230.434 kN 1230.434*10^3 N 1,065.762 kN 1065.762*10^3 N 1,158.726 kN 1158.726*10^3 N 1,122.611 kN 1122.611*10^3 N
c) At distance 0.375m from the Support of Girder Vs=Avfydv-L0.375mCotq/sL0.375m
VS-L0.375m
d) At a distance L/8 from the Support of Girder Vs = Avfydv-L/8Cotq/sL/8
VS-L/8
e) At a distance L/4 from the Support of Girder Vs = Avfydv-L/4Cotq/sL/4
VS-L/4
f) At a distance 3L/8 from the Support of Girder Vs = Avfydv-3L/8Cotq/s3L/8
VS-3L/8
g) At a distance L/2 from the Support of Girder Vs = Avfydv-L/8&L/2Cotq/s 3L/8&L/2
VS-L/2
xxii) Computation of values for Nominal Shear Resistance (Vn) at Different Section of Girder under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3 against Equation Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-2) : a) The Nominal Shear Resistanceat any Section of Girder is Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-1) b) For RCC Girder the value of Vp = 0, thus Equation stands to Vn-1 = Vc + Vs c) At Support Position (Bearing Center) of Girder Vn= Vc-Supp + Vs-Supp. Vn-Supp.-1 50,134.235 kN 50134.235*10^3 N Vn-L0.375m-1 50,134.235 kN 50134.235*10^3 N Vn-L/8-1 49,640.569 kN 49640.569*10^3 N 48,676.627 kN 48676.627*10^3 N 50,388.363 kN 50778.639*10^3 N
d) At distance 0.375m from the Support of Girder Vn = Vc-L0.375m + Vs-L0.375m
e) At distance L/8 from the Support of Girder Vn = Vc-L/8 + Vs-L/8
f) At distance L/4 from the Support of Girder Vn = Vc-L/4 + Vs-L/4
Vn-L/4-1
g) At distance 3L/8from the Support of Girder Vn = Vc-3L/8 + Vs-3L/8
Vn-3L/8-1
Page 199
h) At distance L/2 from the Support of Girder Vn = Vc-L/2 + Vs-L/2
Vn-L/2-1
50,742.524 kN 50742.524*10^3 N
xxiii) Computation of values for Nominal Shear Resistance (Vn) at Different Section of Girder under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3 against Equation Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-2) : a) According to Equ. 5.8.3.3-1 the Nominal Shear Resistanceat any Section of Girder is Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv + Vp b) For RCC Girder the value of Vp = 0, thus Equation stands to Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv c) At Support Position (Bearing Center) of Girder Vn= 0.25f/c-bv-Suppdv-Supp. Vn-Sup. 3,145.433 kN 3145.433*10^3 N 3,145.433 kN 3145.433*10^3 N 3,145.433 kN 3145.433*10^3 N 3,113.681 kN 3113.681*10^6 N 3,062.273 kN 3062.273*10^3 N 2,966.828 kN 2966.828*10^3 N
d) At distance 0.375m from the Support of Girder Vn= 0.25f/c-bv-L0.375mdv-L0.375m.
Vn-L0.375m-2
e) At distance L/8 m from the Support of Girder Vn= 0.25f/c-bv-L/8dv-L/8
Vn-L/8-2
f) At distance L/4 m from the Support of Girder Vn= 0.25f/c-bv-L/4dv-L/4
Vn-L/4-2
g) At distance 3L/4 m from the Support of Girder Vn= 0.25f/c-bv-3L/4dv-3L/4
Vn-3L/8-2
h) At distance L/2 m from the Support of Girder Vn= 0.25f/c-bv-L/2dv-L/2
Vn-L/2-2
xxix) Accepted Nominal Shear Resistance-Vn & Factored Shearing Resistance-Vr at Different Section of Girder Computed accordting Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3 & AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.1 : a) Nominal Shear Resistance, Vn at any Section of Component is the Lesser value of of the Equqtions as mentioned below ; b) Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-1; AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3) c) Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-2; AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3) : d) For RCC Girder, Vp = 0. e) The Factored Shear Resitance at any Section of Component is Expressed by the Equation-5.8.2.1-2. Having the value, Vr = fVn in which; f) Vr is the Factored Shear Resitance at a Section in N g) f is Resistance Factor according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2. Vr. f 0.90 N
Page 200
h) The Acceptable Nominal Shear Resistance, Vn, Respective Factored Shear Resitance-Vr at Different Section of T-Girder, the Staus between the vaues of Vn Computed under Equ. 5.8.3.3-1 & Equ. 5.8.3.3-2 are shown in Table below :. i) Table-; Accepted Nominal Shear Resistance-Vn & Factored Shear Resitance-Vr at Different Section :
Section Location from Center of Bearing. At Support At L0.375m At L/8 At L/4 At 3L/4 At L/2 Calculated Factored Shear Force-Vu kN 860.766 834.197 644.670 407.258 191.162 -46.250 Vn-1 As per Equation. 5.8.3.3-1 kN 50134.235 50134.235 49640.569 48676.627 50388.363 50742.524 kN 3145.433 3145.433 3145.433 3113.681 3062.273 2966.828 Vn-2 As per Equ. 5.8.3.3-2 Relation between Values of Vn-1 & Vn-2 Vn-1 > Vn-2 Vn-1> Vn-2 Vn-1> Vn-2 Vn-1> Vn-2 Vn-1> Vn-2 Vn-1> Vn-2 Vn-1> Vn-2 kN 3145.433 3145.433 3145.433 3113.681 3062.273 2966.828 Accepted Value of Vn Factored Shear Resitance Relation between Values of Status If Vr > Vu, the Structure is
Vr
kN 2,830.889 2,830.889 2,830.889 2,802.312 2,756.045 2,670.145
Vr& VU Safe otherwise Vr> VU No Safe. Vr> Vu Structure Safe Vr> Vu Structure Safe Vr> Vu Structure Safe Vr> Vu Structure Safe Vr> Vu Structure Safe Vr> Vu Structure Safe
xxx) Relation between Factored Shearing Force (Vu) & the Nominal Shear Resistance (Vn) at Different Section of Girder, Computed under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3 : a) The Relation between Factored Shearing Force, Vu & the Nominal Shear Resistance Vn at Different Section of Girder are shown in the Table blow : Table-; Showing between Factored Shearing Force, Vu & the Nominal Shear Resistance Vn : Location of Section from Bearing
Center of Girder.
Calculated Computed Status value of value of between Vu Vn Values of

kN 860.766 834.197 644.670 407.258 191.162 -92.764 kN 3145.433 3145.433 3145.433 3113.681 3062.273 2966.828 Vu & Vn
Vu< Vn Vu< Vn Vu< Vn Vu< Vn Vu< Vn Vu< Vn
a) At Support (Bearing Point) Position b) At Distance L0.375m from Support. c) At Distance L/8 from Support. d) At Distance L/4 from Support. e) At Distance 3L/4 from Support. f) At Distance L/2from Support.
b) Since the Factored Shearing Forces Vu < Vn < Vr, the Computed Nominal Shear Resistance, thus the Girder is Safe in respect of Applied Shearing Forces caused by Dead Load & Live Loads to the Bridge Structure. xxxi) Checking of T-Girder Web Width (bWeb) in respect of Nominal Shearing Resistance (Vn) at Critical Section : a) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.2 the Critical Section for Shearing Forces Prevails at a Distance dv from Face of Support. b) Since In-between Support & the Section at L/4 the value of dv is same, thus on Critial Section value of dv = 1697.400mm c) Distance of Critical Section from Support/Bearing Point, LCrit = (0.375 + dv ) dv 1,711.800 mm
LCrit.
2.087 m
Page 201
e) Since the Nominal Shearing Resistance Vn for Girder In-between Support & the Section at L/4 have same values, thus at Critical Section Vn will have same value. f) Since the T-Girders are being provided equal Web Width through the Length, thus Web Width for Critical Section, bWeb = 350 mm which is the Effective Web Width bv for the Section. g) According to Equ. 5.8.3.3-2, at any Section of Girder the Effective Web Width, bv = (Vn - Vp)/0.25*f/cdv. In a RCC Girder the value of Vp = 0. and the Equation Stands to, bv = Vn/0.25*f/cdv. from which value of bv-Crit can Calculate.
Vn-Crit.
3,145.433 kN 3145.433*10^3 N 350 mm
bv-Crit.
bv-Crit-Cal.
350 mm
h) Since the Calculated value of Effective Web Width for Critical Section bv-Crit = bWeb the Provided Web Width, thus Design of Critical Section is OK. xxxii) Checking in respect of Longitudinal Reinforcements (Tensile Reinforcements) Provided for Girder under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.5 : a) At each Section the Tensial Capacity of Longitudinal Reinforcement on Flexural Tension side of the Member shall be proportationed to Satisfy Equation, Asfy + Apsfps Mu/dvff + 0.5Nu/fc + (Vu/fv - 0.5Vs -Vp)Cotq. (Equ-5.8.3.5-1). Where; b) As is Area of Nonprestressing Steel on Flexural Tention side of Girder in mm2 c) fy is Yield Strength of Nonprestressing Reinforceing Steel in MPa. d) Aps is Area of Prestressing Steel on Flexural Tention side of Girder in mm2. For Nonprestressing RCC Structure, the value of Aps = 0 e) fps is Yield Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. For Nonprestressing RCC Structure, the value of fps = 0 f) Mu is Factored Moment of the Section due to Dead & Live Loads Loads on Structure. in N-mm but not less then Vudv. g) Nu is Factored Axil Force in N, Value will be (+) ve for the case of Tensile & (-) for the case of Compressive due to Prestressing. For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Nu = 0. h) dv is Effective Shear Depth of Tensil Reinforcement for the Section in mm. i) Vu is Factored Shear Force for the Section in N. j) Vs is Shear Resistance Provided by Shear Reinforcement in N for the Section. k) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Vp = 0. As fy Aps Variable mm2
410.000 MPa mm2
fps
MPa
Mu
Variable
N-mm
Nu
dv Vu Vs Vp.
Variable Variable Variable -
mm N N N
Page 202
0 l) q is Angle of Inclenation of Digonal Compressive Stress in ( ) according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4;
Variable
m) ff is Resistance Factor for Flexural Tension of Reinforced Concrete according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2. n) fv is Resistance Factor for Shearing Force of Reinforced Concrete according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2, o) fc is Resistance Factor for Compression due to Prestressing according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2.
ff
0.90
fv
0.90
fc
0.80
p) Since for Nonprestressing RCC Structural Components the Items Aps, fps, Nu & Vp have Values = 0, thus mentioned Equ-5.8.3.5-1. Stands to, Asfy Mu/dvff + (Vu/fv - 0.5Vs)Cotq. q) Table- Showing Evalution of Equation-5.8.3.5-1 at Different Section of Girder & Status of Results.
Location of Section
from Bearing Center of Girder.
As.
Mu
Vu
Vs
Provided Factored Factored Shearing Value of Tensile Moment Shearing Resistance Asfy Steel Area Force of Stirrups (L/H Part) mm2 kN-mm kN kN kN
6433.982 6433.982 8042.477 11259.468 16084.954 14476.459 1473.459 1427.978 3003.199 5131.011 6318.423 6630.449 860.766 1230.434261 834.197 1230.434261 644.670 1230.434261 407.258 1065.761789 191.162 1158.726304 -92.764 1122.611089 2637.933 2637.933 3297.416 4616.382 6594.831 5935.348
Calculted Calculted R/H Part of the

Equation kN
1,237.467 1,173.513 1,732.176 2,616.188 2,861.967 2,699.711
Status
of the Equation Satisfied Not Satisfied

Satisfied Satisfied Satisfied Satisfied Satisfied Satisfied
a)At Support b) At L0.375m. c) At L/8. d) At L/4. e) At 3L/4. f) At L/2.
j) Since at all Section the requirments of Equation are being Satisfied, thus provision of Transverse/Shear Reinforcements for Girder is OK. xxxiii) Checking for Factored Tensile Resistance of Transverse/Shear Reinforcements Provided for Girder: a) The provided Transverse/Shear/Web Reinforcements at Different Section of Girder under the Provision of Deep Beam should Satisfy the Equation, Ng = f fyAs 0.83bvs (AASHTO-LRFD-5.13.2.3; Equ-5.13.2.3-1). Here, b) Ng is Factored Tensial Resitance of Transverse Reinforcement (Each Pair) in N. c) bv is Width of Girder Web in mm. d) fy is Yield Strength of Reinforceing Steel as Transverse/Shear Reinforcement Ng. bv. fy. Variable N
350 mm 410.000 Mpa

2 226.195 mm
e) As is Steel Area of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement in mm2 having the Spacing AS s mm. Here As = Av, the X-Sectional Area of 2-Leged the 12f Dia. Vertical Stirrups.
Page 203
f) s is Spacing of Transverse /Shear Reinforcement in mm. The value s should not Excide eithe d/4 or 300mm
Variable
mm
g) The Girders are being provided with Transverse/Shear Reinforcements in the form of Vertical Stirrups against Shear Forces caused by the Dead Load & Live Loads applied to the Bridge Structure. Due to Vertical Positioning of those Transverse/Shear Reinforcements they will also under Tensile Stress caused by the same Shearing Forces whose actions are in some extent in Vertical Direction. On these back drop mentioned Shearing Forces at different Section of Girder may be considered as Tensile Forces for Vertical Stirrups. Thus the Factored Shearing Forces at Each Section, Vu = Ng, the Factored Tensile Resistance Carried by the Pair of Transverse Reinforcement. h) The Checking for Factored Tensile Resistance of Transverse/Shear Reinforcements at Different Section of Girder are shown in the under mention Table: i) Table- Showing Minimum Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at Different Section of Girder. Location of Section from Bearing
Center of Girder. s'-Spacing As of Shear Provided Bars Steel Area mm2 mm 175.000 226.195 175.000 226.195 175.000 226.195 200.000 226.195 200.000 226.195 200.000 226.195
Calculted Calculted Value of Value of ffyAs 0.83bvs

83465.834 83465.834 83465.834 83465.834 83465.834 83465.834
Status of
a) At Support (Bearing Point) Position b) At Distance L0.375m from Support. c) At Distance L/8 from Support. d) At Distance L/4 from Support. e) At Distance 3L/4 from Support. f) At Distance L/2from Support.
Equation Satisfied Not Satisfied 50837.50 Satisfied 50837.50 Satisfied 50837.50 Satisfied 58100.00 Satisfied 58100.00 Satisfied 58100.00 Satisfied
j) Since in all Section the requirments of Equation Equ-5.13.2.3-1, Ng = ffyAs > 0.83bvs are being Satisfyed, thus Provision of Transverse/Shear Reinforcements for Girder is OK. xxxiv) Checking the Critical Section Near Support in respect of M n the Nominal Flexural Resistance under the Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.2 : a) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.2 the Critical Section for Shearing Forces Prevails at a Distance dv from Face of Support & the Area In-between this Section & Support Face should be Designed for Shear accordingly. b) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.2 at Critical Section will have Nominal Flexural Resistance Mn= dv*(Apsfps + Asfy) in N-mm both for Top & Bottom Tension Reinforcement Bars. c) Since the position of Critical Section at a Distance dv from Support is related to Distance of the Sections fron Support to 0.375m & L/8. The Calculated Value of dv for Section at Support, at 0.375m, L/8 & L/4 are same. Thus for Critical Section the value of dv within mentioned Sections are Applicable. d) Distance of Critical Section from Support/Bearing Point, LCrit = (0.375+ dv ) e) For Nonprestrssed RCC Structure value of Aps = 0 & also fps = 0; thus for the Critical Section Equation Mn = dv(Apsfps + Asfy) stands to Mn= dvAsfy. dv-Crit 1,711.800 mm
LCrit. Mn-Crit-1.
2.087 m 4,515.613 kN-m
Page 204
f) For a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Either of I or T Section with Flenge & Web Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2) in which, g) The provided Steel Area as Tension Reinforcemen on bottom surface of Critical Section have same value that for the Sections In-between Support Point & L/8. Section. The Critical Section is being also provised same Steel Area on its Top Surface. h) The Effective Depth for Tension Reinforcement of Critical Section, de = ds is same that for the Sections In-between Support Point & L/8. i) Accordingly the Depth of Compressin Block 'a' for Critical Section have same value that for the Sections In-between Support Point & L/8. j) For Simple Supported & Single Reinforced T-Girder Beam the with Provided Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments at its Critical Section will have the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2) As-Crit.
2 6,433.982 mm
ds-Crit.
1,882.800 mm
aCrit.
21.266 mm
Mn-Crit-2.
4,491.197 kN-m 4491.197*10^6 N-mm
k) Since the Calculated value of Nominal Resistance based on provided Effective Shear Depth, Mn-Crit.-1 < Mn-Crit-2 the Calculated value of Nominal Resistance based on provided Effective for Tensial Reinforcement for Critical Section thus the Design of Critical Section is OK. xxxv) Checking the Critical Section Near Support in respect of Provided Shear & Tensial Reinforcements for the Section according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.2 : a) The Shearing Resistance for the provided Shearing Reinforcement In-between Support Face & Critical Section should have the value Vs = AvfydvCotq/s in N/mm2. b) The Calculated Shearing Forces at Critical Section due Factored Loads VU-Crit. 673.904 kN 673.904*10^3 N 1,979.602 kN-m 1979.602*10^3 N-mm 1,153.589 kN-m 1,979.602 kN-m 1979.602*10^3 N-mm
2 1.250 N/mm
c) The Calculated Moment at Critical Section due Factored Loads (DL & LL).
MU-Crit.
d) Calculated value of VU*dv for Critical Section e) The Effcetive Moment for Critical Section is Greater One of MU-Crit & VU*dv
VU*dv MEff.
f) The Shearing Stress at Critical Section vu = VU/fbvdv N/mm2 g) Value of vu/f/c for Critical Section h) Based on the Initial Longitudinal Straion of Tensial Reinforcement ex = 0.001, Effcetive Moment for Critical Section MEff,Effective Depth dv & value of Cotq the Computed value of ex*1000 = (MU/dv + 0.5VUcot q )/EsAs i) Based on values of ex*1000 & vu/f/c from respective Table LRFD-5.8.3.4.2-1
vu vu/f/c ex*1000
0.060 0.001
24.300
Page 205
j) Value of Cotq for Critical Section k) Provided Spacing of 2-Legged 12f Vertical Stirrups between Support & Critical Section. l) Steel Area of 2-Legged 12f Vertical Stirrups between Support & Critical Section m) Computed value of Vs = AvfydvCotq/s for the Critical Section
Cotq s
2.215 175.000 mm
Av Vs-Crit.
2 226.195 mm
2,009.124 kN 2009.124*10^3 N 2,637.933 kN 474.310 kN LHP>RHP Satisfy
n) Computation of values of Equation Asfy Mu/dvff + (Vu/fv - 0.5Vs)Cotq. for the Critical Section as LHP (Left hand Part) & RHP (Right hand Part) in respect of whether those Satisfy the Provision of Equation or Not.
LHP RHP
o) Since the Provisions of Equation Asfy Mu/dvff + (Vu/fv - 0.5Vs)Cotq. are being Satisfied by the arramgement of Shear Reinforcements as well as by the Tensial Reinforcements provided In-between Support Face & the Critical Section, thus the Flexural Design of Critical Section is OK. 6 Design of Reinforcement for Torsion & Checking against Forces due to Torsion at Different Locations : i) Design Phenomenon for Tensional Effect upon Girder & Checking in these respect : a) The Bridge Girders are being considered as T-Beam having Dead Loads due to Self Weight & Superimposed Loads from Deck Slab, W/C, Sidewalk, Curb/Wheel Guard, Railing, Rail Posts etc. whereas Live Loads from Wheel Loads of Truck, Lane Loads, Pedestrian etc. Thus the Torsional Forces at Section is the Total Shearing Forces acting on that Section. b) Bridge Interior T-Girders has a Flange Width, b = 2.000m, & Web bWeb = 0.450m. Girders are being effect by the Tensional Forces due to Eccentric Loading of both Dead Loads & Live Loads. Dead Loads of Structure & Live Lane Loads have almost equilibrium actions. Whereas Truck Live Loads have a significant effect in these respect. Wheel Position of a moving Truck may change over Bridge Deck & will have effect up to a distance of b/2 from the Center Line of Girder of each side of Interior Girders. Thus Location or Eccentricity of Torsional Force action will be consider at a distance b/4 from Girder Center Line. c) Based on the assumption-a the Factored Torsional Forces (DL + LL) will be the Factored Shearing Forces at a Section. Thus FTor. = FShear d) Based on the assumption-b of Torsional Forces (DL & LL) action Positions, the Eccentricity eTor. = b/4 from Center of Girder. d) Accordingly Factored Torsional Moment at any Section will be Tu = FTor.*eTor. FTor. 860.765820 kN 860765.820 N 500 mm
eTor.
Tu.
430.383 kN-m 430.383*10^6 N-mm
ii) Computation of Factored Torsional Forces (T Forces) &Torsional Moments (Tu) under assumed Provisions : a) According to assumption the Factored Forces for Torsion, FTor. due to Dead Load & Live Loads at Different Section of Girder are the respective Factored Shearing Forces FShear. Whereas the Torsional Moments, Tu are due to the
Page 206
Eccentric action of Torsional Forces FTor. The Factored Shear Forces FShear, Factored Torsional Forces, Fu & the respective Torsional Moments, Tu at different Sections of Girder are shown in under mentioned Table. b) Table-2. Factored Shear Forces, Torsional Forces & Moments at Different Sections on Interior Girder. Locations from Support Shearing Forces, FTor. (kN) Torsional Forces, FTor. (kN) Torsional Monent, Tu (kN-m)
On Support 248.07 860.77 430.383
0.375m
239.353 834.197 417.098
L/8
177.156 644.670 322.335
L/4
106.240 407.258 203.629
3L/8
35.324 191.162 95.581
L/2
-47.468 -92.764 -46.382
c) From Table - 2, it appears that, magnitude of Torsional Forces & Moments are highest at Support Positions & those gradually reduced to zero or (-) ve value towards the Center of Span. b) Since opposite direction Torsional Forces & Moments at two Support Positions with highest magnitude causes the Torsional affect on T-Girders, thus those are considered as the Governing Torsional Forces & Moments for Design. iii) Checking of Design in respect of Factored Torsional Moment (T u) at Support Position under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.1 : a) In Normal density Concrete the Factored Torsonal Moment, Tu > 0.25fTcr (Equ.-5.8.52.1-3), in which; b) Tu is Calculated Factored Torsional Moment at Support Position in N-mm. Tu 430.383 kN-m 430.383*106 N-mm 607.707 kN-m 607.707*10^6 N-mm
2 1030000.000 mm
c) Tcr is Torsional Cracking Moment of Component in N-mm. having the value, Tcr = 0.328f/c*(Acp2/Pc)(1 + fpc/0.328f/c) N-mm. where, d) Acp is Total Area Enclosed by the Outside Perimeter of the Concrete Section in mm2; Here for T-Girder Section Acp = b*hf +bWeb*(hGir. - hf) mm2 e) Pc is Length of Outside Parameter of Concrete Section in mm. Here for T-Girder Section Pc = 2*(b + hf) - bWeb + 2*(hGir - hf) + bWeb mm f) fpc is Compressive Stress in Concrete Section for Prestressing after occurrence of Prestress Losses either at the Centroid of Cross-section Resisting Transient Loads or at the Junction of Web & Flange when the Centroid Lies within Flange having unit of value in Mpa. For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Components the value of fcp = 0. g) f is Resistance Factor for Torsion according to AASHT-LRFD-5.5.4.2. h) Calculated value of 0.25f Tcr for T-Girder
Tcr
Acp
Pc
8,000.000 mm
fpc
Mpa
f 0.25fTcr
0.90 136.734 kN-m 136.734*10^6 N-mm
i) Table-2. Status of Factored Moments (T u) in respect of Torsional Cracking Moment (T cr)at Different Section. Locations from Support Unit of Moments
On Support kN-m
0.375m kN-m
L/8 kN-m
L/4 kN-m
3L/8 kN-m
L/2 kN-m
Page 207
Value of Torsional Monent, Tu Value of 0.25fTcr Statu between Tu & 0.25fTcr
430.383 136.734
417.098 136.734
322.335 136.734 Tu>0.25fTcr
203.629 136.734
95.581 136.734
-46.382 136.734 Tu<0.25fTcr
Tu>0.25fTcr Tu>0.25fTcr
Tu>0.25fTcr Tu<0.25fTcr
j) Since Torsional affect on Girder is mainly caused by the Torsional Moments at Support Position & the Calculated Factored Torsional Moments at Support Position, Tu > 0.25fTcr, thus the Girder is Safe in respect of Tortional affect. iv) Computation of Nominal Torsional Resistance (T n) Subject to Combined Shear & Torsion under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.6: a) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.6 the is Nominal Torsional Resistance of a Section, Tn = 2AoAtfycotq/s in N-mm. In which; b) Ao is Area enclosed by Shear Flow Path. In T-Girder Ao = bhf + bWeb(hGir-hf), Here, b = 2000 mm, hf = 200 mm, hGir. = 2000 mm & bWeb = 350 mm,
2 113.097 mm
Tn
N-mm
Ao
2 1030000 mm
c) At is X-Sectional Area of One Ledge closed Transverse Torsional Reinforcement At 2 in mm . Here At = Av/2 (Av is X-Sectional Area of 2-Leg Transverse/Shear Reinforcement).
0 d) q is Angle ( ) of Crack determined under provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4. with necessary modifactions as required for v & Vu
(O)
e) s is Spacing of Transverse Torsional Reinforcement in mm.
mm
v) Compution of Factored Shearing Force Vu & Shearing Stress vu for Combined Shear & Torsion accodring to Equ-5.8.3.6.2-2 & Equ-5.8.3.6.2-4: a) Under Combined Shear & Torsion the Factored Shearing Force at a Section is Vu-S&T = (Vu2+(0.9phTu/2Ao)2) ; Equ-5.8.3.6.2-2. b) For Normal Section vu = ((Vu - fVp)/fbvdv)2 + (Tuph/fAoh)2) ; Equ-5.8.3.6.2-2 having Vp = 0 . Where for both Equation; c) Vu is Factored Shearing Force for the Section in N due to Applied Loads. d) ph is Parimeter of the Center Line of Closed Transverse Torsion Reinforcement in mm. Here ph = 2*((hGir.-2CCov-B&T - f12) + (bWeb-2CCov-Side- f12)), in which i) hGir = iv) bv/bWeb= 2000 mm. ii) CCover-B&T = 350 mm. v) CCov-side = 50 mm,iii) f12 = 38 mm. 12 mm Vu-S&T 1,180.952 kN 1180.952*10^3 N
2 4,156.978 kN/m 2 4.156978 N/mm
vu
Vu ph
N 4,300.000 mm
e) Aoh is the Area Enclosed by Center Line of Exterior Closed Transverse Torsional Reinforcement in mm2. Here Aoh = (hGir.-2CCover-B&T - f12)*(bWeb-2CCover-Side- f12) g) Tu is Factored Torsional Moment in N-mm for the Section.
Aoh
2 494,656 mm
Tu
N-mm
Page 208
h) f is Resistance Factor for Torsion according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2
0.90
i) Table Showing the values of Mu, Vu,Tu, Vu-S&T, vu & other Items related to Torsion at different Section of Girder. Table-4. Showing the values of Mu, Vu,Tu, Vu-S&T, vu & other Items related to Torsion.
Location of Section from Support Length of Segment from the Earlier Section Factored Moment for the Section. Factored Shear for the Section. Calculated value of Effective Shear Depth Calculated value of Effective Moment value Factored Torsional Moment of Section. Calculated value of Calculated value of
Vudv
Vu-S&T
of Section.
vu
of Section.
MuEff
(Mu)
kN-m
0.00 278.14 3,003.20 5,131.01 6,318.42 6,630.45
mm At Support
0.000 375.000 2675.000 3050.000 3050.000 3050.000
(Vu) kN
860.766 834.197 644.670 407.258 191.162 -46.250
(dv)
mm
1711.800 1711.800 1694.520 1666.543 1614.600 1627.400
(Vudv)
kN
1473.459 1427.978 1092.406 678.713 308.650 -75.267
(MuEff)
kN-m
1473.459 1427.978 3003.199 5131.011 6318.423 6630.449
(Tu)
kN-m
430.383 417.098 322.335 203.629 95.581 -46.382
kN
1180.952 1144.499 884.473 558.749 262.270 98.649
N/mm2
4.157 4.029 3.113 1.967 0.923 0.448
L0.375m L1/8 L1/4 L3/8 L1/2
vi) Values of esx1000 with at Least the Min. Transverse/Shear Reinforcement under AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.5 & provisions of Equation 5.8.3.4.2-1 : a) For Nonprestressing RCC Girder values of Components Nu, Vp, Asp, fpo, Ep etc. are = 0. Substituting Vu by Vu-S-T Equation for ex = (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/2(EsAs + EpAps) stands to ex = (Mu/dv + 0.5Vu-S&Tcotq )/2EsAs b) Considering the Initial value of ex = 0.001at Support Position & with the Effective Moment Mu-Eff. from the Equation value of Cotq = (ex2EsAs - Mu/dv)/0.5Vu cotq 2.901
c) Having cotq = 1.718, Calculated values of exx1000 at Different Locations are shown in the under mentioned Table-6: Table-6. Showing Calculated values of exx1000 at Different Locations Mu-Eff,, Vu-S&T, & other Items related to Torsion.
Location of Section from Support Length of Segment from the Earlier Section Calculated value of Effective Shear Depth Factored Moment for the Section. Provided Steel Area for Flexural Main Bars Provided Steel Area of S&T Bar on Top Face Provided Total Steel Area for the Section Calculated value of Effective Moment value Calculated value of exx1000 with Least the Min. Torsion Bar 1.000 0.969 0.950 0.864 0.667 0.728
Vu-S&T
of Section.
MuEff
(dv)
mm
1711.800 1711.800 1694.520 1666.543 1614.600 1627.400
(Mu)
kN-m
0.00 278.135 3003.199 5131.011 6318.423 6630.449
(As-Main)
mm
2
(As-S&T)
mm
2
(As-Total)
mm
2
(MuEff)
kN
1180.952 1144.499 884.473 558.749 262.270 98.649
mm At Support
0.000 375.000 2675.000 3050.000 3050.000 3050.000
kN-m
1473.459 1427.978 3003.199 5131.011 6318.423 6630.449
6433.982 6433.982 8042.477 11259.468 16084.954 14476.459
1608.495 1608.495 1608.495 1608.495 1608.495 1608.495
8042.477 8042.477 9650.973 12867.964 17693.450 16084.954
L0.375m L1/8 L1/4 L3/8 L1/2
Page 209
i) Since at L/2 Distance from Support the Shear Forces are of (-) ve value, thus calculated value of ex-x1000 these Locations is not essential. j) Since in all Sections from Support to L/2 the values of es-x1000 1.00, thus values of q & b for the Sections can be obtain from Table-5.8.3.4.2-1 in respect of values of vc/f/c. For Sections having the es-x1000>1.00, for those Cases values of q & b can obtain in respect of value of Crack Spacing Parameter sxe, using the Equation .No.5.8.3.4.2-2, Equation No. 5.8.3.4.2-4 & Table -5.8.3.4.2-2. viii) Values of esx1000 with Less than Min. Transverse/Shear Reinforcement under AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.5 & the provisions of Equation 5.8.3.4.2-2 : a) Since in RCC Girder the values for Prestressing Components Nu, Vp, Asp, fpo, Ep etc. are = 0, thus equation ex= (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/(EsAs + EpAps) stands to ex = (Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/EsAs b) Considering the Initial value of ex = 0.002 at Support Position & the Effective Moment Mu-Eff. From the Equation Cotq = (exEsAs - Mu/dv)/0.5Vu c) Values of exx1000 at Location = (Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/EsAs ix) Computation of values of Crack Spacing Parameter, sxe for Section at L/8 : a) The Crack Spacing Parameter of a Section, sxe = sx(35/(ag+16)) 2000mm, In which; b) sx = the Lesser value of either dv or the Spacing of Longitudinal Crack Control Reinforcements on Vertical Faces (as Shrinkage & Tempeture Reinforcement) having Steel Area in a Horizontal Reinforcement Layer if As > 0.003bvs. Here; i) As is Steel Area of 2nos Shrinkage & Tempeture Reinforcement Bars on Opposite Vertical Faces of T-Girder in same Horizontal Layer, = As-S&T-Hori. = 2*pDBar2/4 = 2*Af-16 ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth of Tensil Reinforcement for the Section iii) s is Spacing of Longitudinal Bars as Shrinkage & Tempeture Reinforcement on Vertical Faces of T-Girder. iv) Thus Computed value of 0.003bvs for a Section v) For Computed value of 0.003bvs at Section > As, the value of sx = dv c) ag is Max. Aggragate size for Concrete = 20mm d) Thus Computed value of sxe = sx(35/(ag+16)) for a Section ag sxe 20 mm mm sx mm cotq 2.901
ex-*1000
As
2 201.062 mm
dv s
mm
232.857 mm
mm2 0.003dvs 0.003dvs>As s-Applicable
f) For value of ex-*1000 > 1.00 & the value of sxe at a Sections should Computed from the Respective Tablel.
Page 210
x) Computation of Values of q from AASHTO-LRFD'sTable -5.8.3.4.2-1. & Table -5.8.3.4.2-2. against the Respective Calculated values of esx1000, Ratio vc/f/c & sxe.: a) Table-7 for Values of q & Cotq at Different Location of Girder. Location of Section From Support a) At Support Position b) At L0.375mDistance of Support c) At L/8 Distance of Support d) At L/4 Distance of Support e) At 3L/8 Distance of Support f) At L/2 Distance of Support Referece of Table
5.8.3.4.2.-1 5.8.3.4.2.-1 5.8.3.4.2.-1 5.8.3.4.2.-1 5.8.3.4.2.-1 5.8.3.4.2.-2
vu/f/c
0.198 0.192 0.148 0.094 0.044 0.021
exx1000
1.000 0.969 0.950 0.864 0.667 0.728
sxe
NA NA NA NA NA NA
Value of q
36.400 36.400 36.400 36.400 33.700 33.700
Value of Cotq
1.356 1.356 1.356 1.356 1.499 1.499
xi) Computation of Nominal Torsional Resistance (T n) Subject to Combined Shear & Torsion under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.6 a) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.1 the Factored Torsional Resistance of a Section, Tr = fTn in N-mm. b) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.6 the Nominal Torsional Resistance of a Section, Tn = 2AoAtfycotq/s in N-mm. c) The Computed values for Factored Torsional Moment Tu, Factored Torsional Resistance Tr & the Nominal Torsional Resistance Tn in respect of provided Steel Area for Torsional Reinforcement Combined with Shear Reinforcement At, Spacing of Combined with Shear & Torsional Reinforcement s, Computed values of Ao the Area enclosed by Shear Flow Path & Cotq at different Section along with respective Status are shown in the under mentioned Table-8. d) Table-8. Showing the values of T u, Tr,Tn, At, Ao, Cotq , s & Status of different events related to Torsion.
Location of Section from Support Calculated value of Calculated Factored Torsional Moment Factored Torsional Resistance Calculated Nominal Torsional Resistance Calculated value of Provided Steel Area of Torsional Provided Spacing of Torsional Bars Status between Status between
Cotq
Ao
Tu &Tr
Tu &Tn
Bars
(Tu)
kN-m At Support
1.356 1.356 1.356 1.356 1.499 1.499 430.383 417.098 322.335 203.629 95.581 -46.382
(Tr) kN
666.3235 666.323 666.323 583.033 644.531 644.531
(Tn)
kN
740.359 740.359 740.359 647.815 716.146 716.146
(At)
mm
2
(s)
mm
175.000 175.000 175.000 200.000 200.000 200.000 Tu<Tr Tu<Tr Tu<Tr Tu<Tr Tu<Tr Tu<Tr Tu<Tn Tu<Tn Tu<Tn Tu<Tn Tu<Tn Tu<Tn
mm
1030000.000 1030000.000 1030000.000 1030000.000 1030000.000 1030000.000
113.097 113.097 113.097 113.097 113.097 113.097
L0.375m L1/8 L1/4 L3/8 L1/2
e) At all Section the Factored Torsional Moment Tu <Tr & the Factored Torsional Resistance& also Tu < Tn, Nominal Torsional Resistance, thus the design is in respect of Combind Shear & Torsion. xii) Checking in respect of Longitudinal Reinforcements (Tensile Reinforcements) Provided for Girder under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.6.3 : a) At each Section the Tensial Capacity of Longitudinal Reinforcement on Flexural Tension side of the Member shall be
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proportationed to Satisfy Equation-5.8.3.6.3-1. (This is related to Equation-5.8.3.5-1.with some modifications). Asfy + Apsfps Mu/dvff + 0.5Nu/fc + cotq((Vu/fv - 0.5Vs -Vp)2+(0.45phTu/2Aof)2) . (Equ-5.8.3.6.3-1). Where; b) As is Area of Nonprestressing Steel on Flexural Tention side of Girder in mm2 c) fy is Yield Strength of Nonprestressing Reinforceing Steel in MPa. d) Aps is Area of Prestressing Steel on Flexural Tention side of Girder in mm2. For Nonprestressing RCC Structure, the value of Aps = 0 e) fps is Yield Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. For Nonprestressing RCC Structure, the value of fps = 0 f) Mu is Factored Moment of the Section due to Dead & Live Loads Loads on Structure. in N-mm but not less then Vudv. g) Nu is Factored Axil Force in N, Value will be (+) ve for the case of Tensile & (-) for the case of Compressive due to Prestressing. For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Nu = 0. h) dv is Effective Shear Depth of Tensil Reinforcement for the Section in mm. i) Vu is Factored Shear Force for the Section in N. j) Vs is Shear Resistance Provided by Shear Reinforcement in N for the Section. k) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Vp = 0.
As fy Aps
Variable
mm2
410.000 MPa mm2
fps
MPa
Mu
Variable
N-mm
Nu
dv Vu Vs Vp.
mm N N N
Variable
m) ff is Resistance Factor for Flexural Tension of Reinforced Concrete according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2. n) fv is Resistance Factor for Shearing Force of Reinforced Concrete according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2, o) fc is Resistance Factor for Compression due to Prestressing according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2. p) f is Resistance Factor for Torsional Force of Reinforced Concrete according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2.
ff
0.90
fv
0.90
fc f
0.80
0.90
q) Since for Nonprestressing RCC Structural Components the Items Aps, fps, Nu & Vp have Values = 0, thus mentioned Equ-5.8.3.6.3-1. Stands to, Asfy Mu/dvff + cotq((Vu/fv - 0.5Vs)2 + (0.45phTu/2Aof)2).
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r) Table- Showing Evalution of Equation-5.8.3.6.3-1 at Different Section of Girder & Status of Results.
Section from Bearing Center of Girder. a)At Support b) At L0.375m. c) At L/8. d) At L/4. e) At 3L/4. f) At L/2.
dv.
As.
Mu
Vu
Vs
Factored Torsional Moment
Effective Provided Factored Factored Shearing Shear Steel Area Moment Shearing Resistance Depth of Section Force of Stirrups mm
1711.800 1711.800 1694.520 1666.543 1614.600 1627.400
Calculted Value of
L/H Part
Calculted R/H Part of the

Equation kN
765.090 906.719 2445.681 3783.971 4863.915 4881.476
Status of Equation Satisfy/ Does Not Satisfy Satisfyed Satisfyed Satisfyed Satisfyed Satisfyed Satisfyed
(Tu)
kN-m
430.383 417.098 322.335 203.629 95.581 163.490
Asfy
kN
3297.416 3297.416 3956.899 5275.865 7254.314 6594.831
mm
kN-m
0.000 278.135 3003.199 5131.011 6318.423 6630.449
kN
860.766 834.197 644.670 407.258 191.162 326.980
kN
1230.434 1230.434 1230.434 1065.762 1158.726 1122.611
8042.477 8042.477 9650.973 12867.964 17693.450 16084.954
Note ;- The (-) ve Shear & respective Torsional Moment values at Section L/2, are being cosidered as (+) ve value. j) Since at all Section the requirments of Equation are being Satisfied, thus provision of Transverse/Shear & Torsional Reinforcements for Girder is OK. 7 Checking against Deflection & Camber : i) Flexural Deformation of Components Due to Deflection & Camber, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.6.2) : a) Deformation/ Deflection of Structural Components in respect of Dead & Live Load, Creep, Shrinkage, Thermal Changes, Settlement & Prestressing should be considered according to provision of AASHTO-LRFD-2.5.2.6. b) In Calculation of Deflection & Chamber Dead Load, Live Load, Prestressing, Erection Load, Concrete Creep & Shrinkage and Steel Relaxation should be Considered. For Determining Deflection & Camber the Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-4.5.2.1; 4.5.2.2 & 5.9.5.5. are applicable. c) Computation of Instantaneous Deflection should be based on Modulus of Elasticity of Conncrete-Ec as mentioned in AASHTO-LRFD-5.4.2.4. & either the Gross Moment of Inertia-Ig or the Effective Moment of Inertia-Ie of the Component. ii) Instantaneous Deflections at Mid Span against Individual Applied Forces : a) Deflection due to Uniformely Distributed Factored Dead Loads (DL) b) Deflection due to Uniformely Distributed Factored Live Lane Loads (LL) c) Deflection due to Factored Concentrated Dead Loads (DL) for 1st & 5th Cross Girder. d) Deflection due to Factored Concentrated Dead Loads (DL) for 2nd & 4th Cross Girder. e) Deflection due to Factored Concentrated Dead Loads (DL) for 3rd Cross Girder = KCL-DL-3-X-Gir-MidMCDL-X-3.L2/EcIe. f) Deflection due to Factored Concentrated Wheel Live Load (LL) for DInst-UDL-DL DInst-UDL-LL DInst-CDL-X-1&5. 20.612 4.451 mm mm
0.000 mm
DInst-CDL-X-2&4.
2.288
mm
DInst-CDL-X-3.
0.502
mm
DInst-CLL-W-Front.
0.878
mm
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Front Wheel g) Deflection due to Factored Concentrated Wheel Live Load (LL) for Middle Wheel h) Deflection due to Factored Concentrated Wheel Live Load (LL) for Rear Wheel = KCL-LL-Wheel-Rear(X<L/2)MCLL-W-Rear.L2/EcIe. i) Total Instantaneous Deflection at Mid Span against Individual Applied Forces DInst-CLL-W-Mid. 5.725 mm
DInst-CLL-W-Rear.
6.424
mm
DInst.-Total
40.881 mm
iii) Instantaneous Deflections at Mid Span against Calculated Moments for Applied Forces under Service Limit State (WSD) : a) Instantaneous Deflection Interior Beam at Mid Span due to Dead Load (DL) b) Instantaneous Deflection Interior Beam at Mid Span due to Total of DL + LL DInst-DL-WSD DInst-Total-WSD 23.633 mm 39.823 mm
iv) Instantaneous Deflections at Mid Span against Calculated Moments for Applied Forces under Strength Limit State (USD) : a) Instantaneous Deflection Interior Beam at Mid Span due to Dead Load (DL) b) Instantaneous Deflection Interior Beam at Mid Span due to Total of DL + LL v) Calculation of Long Term Deflections : a) The Instantaneous Deflections are being Calculated Based on Ie, the Effective Moment of Inertia Computed according to Equation 5.7.3.6.2-1; Article 5.7.3.6.2. b) The Instantaneous Deflection is Based on Ie, thus Multiplying Factor l = 3.000 c) Calculated value of Long Term Deflectiom at Mid Span = lIe*DInst-Acceptable. Ie
4 0.269 m 4 2.695E+11 mm
DInst-DL-USD DInst-Total-USD
30.191 mm 66.212 mm
l-Ie. DLong.
3.000 119.469 mm
vi) Computation of Rotations at Support Position of Girder due to Different Applied Loads : a) Rotation on Support Position under Strength Limit State of Design (USD) due to Total Applied Loads (DL + LL) b) Rotation on Support Position under Service Limit State of Design (WSD) due to Total Applied Loads (DL + LL) c) Rotation on Support Position for Unfactored Live Load only under Service State of Design (WSD) due vii) Limit of Deflection & Camber under AASHTO-LRFD : a) According to AASHTO-LRFD-2.5.2.6.2 Deflection & Camber is Optional Item for RCC Bridge Structure. qGir-USD 2.449E-15 Radian.
q-Gir-WSD
1.588E-15 Radian.
q-Gir-LL
1.59E-15 Radian.
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b) Deflections can consider According to following Limit for Steel, Aluminum and/or Concrete Constructions with different Combination of Loads are the Followings : i) For general Vehicle Load, D = L (Span Length)/800 ii) For Vehicle and/or Padestrain Loads, D = L (Span Length)/1000 iii) For Vehicle Load on Cantilever, D= L (Span Length)/300 iv) For Vehicle and/or Padestrain Loads on Cantilever, D = L (Span Length)/375 L/800 L/1000 L/300 L/1000 30.500 mm 24.400 mm 81.333 mm 65.067 mm
c) Since the calculated Deflections & Rotations are more or less within the Limit, thus Structure is Safe. 8 Flexural Design of Diaphragm/Cross-Girder : i) Design Phenomena : a) The Flexural of Girders will be according to AASHTO LRFD or Ultimate Strength Design (USD) Procedures. b) The Cross-Girders at Interior Positions will have to face the Max. Moments & Shearing Forces caused by the applied Loads (DL& LL), thus it is require to conduct the Flexural Design of an Interior Cross-Girder as Typical one based on one based on applied Moments & Shears. Since the Bridge Deck Slab is integral Part of Girders, thus the Design of Girders will be under T-Beam if the Provisions in these Respect Satisfy, otherwise Designee will be under Provisions for the Rectangular Beam. c) Calculation of Effective Flange Width of T-Girder under AASHTO LRFD-4.6.2.6 (4.6.2.6.1) as least Dimention of : i) One-quarter of Effective Span Length = 1/4*SL-X-Gir = ii) 12.0 times average Depth of Slab + Greater Thickness of Web = 12*tSlab + bX-Gir. = iii) One-half the Width of Girder Top Flange (It is not req. as there is no Addl. Top Flange) iv) The average Spacing of Adjacent Beams/Girders = CD-X-Gir. = d) Since One-quarter of Effective Span Length is the Least one, thus the Flange Width of Cross-Girders, bFl-X-Gir = 1.450m ii) Dimensional Data of Cross-Girder : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) Span Length of Cross-Girder (Clear distance between Main Girder Faces) Thickness of Deck Slab Thickness of Wearing Course Number of Cross Girders Depth of Cross Girders (Including Slab as T-Girder) Width of Cross-Girder Web Width of Main-Girder Web C/C Distance Between Main Girders Flenge Width of Cross-Girder C/C Distance in between Cross-Girders in Longitudinal Direction Filets : i) X-Girder in Vertical Direction SL-X-Gir. tSlab. tWC NX-Gir. hX-Gir. bX-Web. bMain-Web. C/CD-Gir. bFln-X-Gir. CD-X-Gir. FX-Gir-V. 1.650 m 0.200 m 0.075 m 5.000 nos 1.900 m 0.250 m 0.350 m 2.000 m 0.413 m 6.250 m 0.075 m bFl-Gir. 0.41 m 2.65 m 6.25 m 0.41 m
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ii) X-Girder in Horizontal Direction iii) Sketch Diagram of Cross-Girder T-Beam : bFln-X-Gir 0.413 hf-X-Gir = 0.200 m
FX-Gir-H.
0.075
d=
0.010
hX-Gir. = m
1.900
bX-Web = iv) Computation of Daed Loads on Cross-Girders :
0.250
a) Dead Load due Self Weight (Excluding Slab & W/C but including Fillets) in kN for per Meter Span Length = wc*((hX-Gir - tSlab)*bX-Web + 2*0.5*FX-Gir-V*FX-Gir-H) b) Dead Load from Slab (Within Flange Width) in kN for per Meter Span Length = gc*bFln-X-Gir.*tSlab c) Dead Load from Wearing Course (Within Flange Width) in kN for per Meter Span Length = gWC*bFln-X-Gir.*tWC d) Summation of Dead Loads of Cross-Girder for per meter Length v) Computation of Live Loads on Cross-Girders :
DLX-Gir-Self
10.335 kN/m
DLX-Gir-Slab.
1.980 kN/m
DLX-Gir-WC.
0.557 kN/m
DLX-Gir.
12.872
kN/m
a) Live Loads on Cross-Girders will be from Moving Truck due to its Wheel Loads & Lane Loads Over the Deck Slab. Truck Load will produce Max. Reaction if either of its Rear or Middle Wheel take position directly over Cross-Girder. Since the Main Girders have 2.000m C/C Spacing, thus only One no. of Wheel can took position over Cross-Girder. Whereas Lane Load will produce Uniformly Distributed Reaction for Cross-Girder having its Intensity of action within the dimensions that of Cross-Girder Span & Flange Width. b) Concentrated Live Load Reaction due to Rear/Middle Single Wheel from Truck in kN = LLRSW-Load or LLMSW-Load c) Uniformly Distributed Live Load due to Loan Load Reaction in kN per Meter Span Length = LLLane/3*bFln-X-Gir. vi) Factored Dead Load for per meter Length of Cross-Girder: a) Factored Dead Load of Cross-Girder due to Self & Slab in kN/m = gDC*(DLX-Gir-Self + DLX-GirSlab) b) Factored Dead Load of Cross-Girder due to Wearing Course in kN/m FDLX-Gir+Slab. 15.394 kN/m LLX-Gir.-Wheel. 72.500 kN
LLX-Gir-Lane.
1.279 kN/m
FDLX-Gir-WC
0.835
kN/m
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= gDW*DLX-Gir-WC c) Summation of Factored DL of Cross-Girder for per meter Length vii) Factored Live Loads of Cross-Girder : a) Factored LL of Cross-Girder due to Wheel Load in kN; = mgLL-Truck*IM*LLX-Gir-Wheel b) Factored LL of Cross-Girder due to Lane Load in kN/m = mgLL-Lane*LLX-Gir-Lane. FDLX-Gir. 16.229 kN/m
FLLX-Gir.-Wheel. FLLX-Gir-Lane.
168.744 2.238
kN kN/m
viii) Computation of Shearing Forces at Different Location due to Factored Dead Load & Live Load : a) The Cross-Girders are Structurally Integral Components of Bridge Main Girders having both side Fixed Ends and will have Shearing Forces accordingly. The Dead Loads & Lane Live Loads are Uniformly Distributed Loads over the Cross-Girder Span. Whereas Wheel Live Load is a Concentrated one having scope & attitude of changing position over the Cross-Girder Span. viii-i) Shearing Forces due to Unifomly Distributed Factored Dead Loads (FDL) : a) Shearing Forces on Cross-Girder at Faces of Main Girder due to Unifomly Distributed Factored Dead Load of Girder = FDLX-Gir. * SL-X-Gir./2. VX-Gir-DL-Face 13.389 kN
b) Shearing Forces at Middle of Cross-Girder Span due to Unifomly VX-Gir-DL-Center Distributed Factored Dead Load of Girder = VX-Gir-DL-Face - FDLX-Gir. * SL-X-Gir./2 . viii-ii) Shearing Forces due to Unifomly Distributed Factored Live Lane Loads (FLLL) : a) Shearing Forces on Cross-Girder at Faces of Main Girder due to Unifomly Distributed Factored Live Lane Load on Girder = FLLX-Gir-Lane.* SL-X-Gir./2. VX-Gir-Lane-Face
kN
1.846 kN
b) Shearing Forces at Middle of Cross-Girder Span due to Unifomly VX-Gir-Lane-Center Distributed Factored Live Lane Load on Girder = VX-Gir-X-Gir-Lane. - FLLX-Gir.-Lane. * SL-X-Gir./2 .
kN
viii-iii) Shearing Forces due to Factored Concentrated Wheel Loads Posioned at Mid of Span(FLWL-Mid) : a) Shearing Forces on Cross-Girder at Faces of Main Girder due to Factored Live Wheel Load (Concentrated) having its position at Center of Span will be = FLLX-Gir-Wheel. /2 b) Shearing Forces on Cross-Girder at Center of Cross Girder due to Factored Live Wheel Load (Concentrated) having its position at Center of Span will be = FLLX-Gir-Wheel. /2 (The (+) ve. value only). VX-Gir-Face-Wheel-Mid 84.372 kN
VX-Gir-Center-Wheel-Mid
84.372 kN
viii-iv) Shearing Forces due to Factored Concentrated Wheel Loads Posioned at Face of Span (FLWL-Mid) : a) Shearing Forces on Cross-Girder at Faces of Main Girder due to VX-Gir-Face-Wheel-Face 168.744 kN
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Factored Live Wheel Load (Concentrated) having its position at one Face of Span will be = FLLX-Gir-Wheel. b) Shearing Forces on Cross-Girder at Center of Cross Girder due to VX-Gir-Center-Wheel-Face Factored Live Wheel Load (Concentrated) having its position at one Face of Span will be = 1/2*FLLX-Gir-Wheel. 84.372 kN
h) Table-1 Showing the Shearing Forces at different Locations of Cross-Girder due to Dead & Live Loads : Sl. No. Type of Loading Unit i). ii). iii). iv).
Uniformly Distributed Dead Load (DL) Uniformly Distributed Live Lane Load (LL) Concentrated Wheel Live Load (LL) Concentrated Wheel Live Load (LL)
Loactions/ Position of Load Application At Main Girder Face At Cross Girder Mid.
Throught the Span Length Throught the Span Length At Center of the Cross-Girder Span At Main Girder Face
kN 13.389 1.846 84.372 168.744 268.351
kN 0.000 0.000 84.372 84.372 168.744
Total Shearing Forces due to applied Loads at Different Loactions of Cross-Girder.
ix) Computation of Moments at Different Location due to Unfactored Dead Load, Factored Dead Load & Live Loads : a) The Cross-Girders are Structurally Integral Components of Bridge Main Girders having both side Fixed Ends and will have Moments due to Loads accordingly. The Dead Loads & Lane Live Loads are Uniformly Distributed Loads over the Cross-Girder Span. Whereas Wheel Live Load is a Concentrated one having scope & attitude of changing position over the Cross-Girder Span. b) (+) ve. Moment at Center of Cross-Girder Span due to Uniformly Distributed Unfactored Dead Load (DL), M = DLX-Gir. * SL-X-Gir.2/14. c) (-) ve. Moment at Face of Main-Girder Span due to Uniformly Distributed Unfactored Dead Load (DL); M = DLX-Gir. * SL-X-Gir.2/12. d) (+) ve. Moment at Center of Cross-Girder Span due to Uniformly Distributed Factored Dead Load (FDL), M = FDLX-Gir. * SL-X-Gir.2/14. e) (-) ve. Moment at Face of Main-Girder Span due to Uniformly Distributed Factored Dead Load (FDL); M = FDLX-Gir. * SL-X-Gir.2/12. f) (+) ve. Moment at Center of Cross-Girder Span due to Uniformly Distributed Factored Live Lane Load (FLLL); M = DLX-Gir.-lane * SL-X-Gir.2/14. g) (-) v. Moment at Face of Main-Girder Span due to Uniformly Distributed Factored Live Lane Load (FLLL); M = DLX-Gir.-Lane * SL-X-Gir.2/12. (+) MUF-DL 2.503 kN-m
(-) MUF-DL
2.920 kN-m
(+) MF-DL
3.156 kN-m
(-) MF-DL
3.682 kN-m
(+) MF-LLL
0.435 kN-m
(-) MF-LLL
0.508 kN-m
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h) (+) ve. Moment at Cross-Girder Center due to Concentrated Factored Live Wheel Load (FWLL) having its position at Center of Span will be M = FLLX-Gir-Wheel. *SL-X-Gir./8 i) (-) ve. Moment at Main-Girder Face due to Concentrated Factored Live Wheel Load (FWLL) having its position at Center of Span will be M = FLLX-Gir-Wheel. *SL-X-Gir./8 j) (+) ve. Moment at Cross-Girder Center due to Concentrated Factored Live Wheel Load (FWLL) having its position at Face of Main Girder will be M = FLLX-Gir-Wheel.*SL-X-Gir./2
(+)MF-Wheel-Mid
34.803 kN-m
(-)MF-Wheel-Mid
34.803 kN
(+)MF-Wheel-Face
139.214 kN-m
k) (-) ve. Moment at Main-Girder Face due to the Concentrated Factored Live (-)MF-Wheel-Face Wheel Load (FWLL) having its position at a Distance a = bMain-Web/2 from the Face of Main Girder will be M = a*(a-1)2*FLLX-Gir-Wheel.*SL-X-Gir. Here bMain-Web is Width of Main-Girder Web; thus a = 0.175 m
33.163 kN-m
l) Table-2 Showing the Moments at different Locations of Cross-Girder due to Factored Dead & Live Loads : Type of Load Application Position . Location of Load i). Uniformly Distributed Throught the Span Dead Load (DL) Length ii). Uniformly Distributed Throught the Span Live Lane Load (LL) Length iii). Concentrated Wheel At Center of the Live Load (LL) Cross-Girder Span iv). Concentrated Wheel At Main Girder Face Live Load (LL) Total Moments due to applied Loadsat different Loactions of Cross-Girder. Sl. No. (+) Moments at Cross-Girder Center 0.435 kN-m 0.435 34.803 139.214 174.887 kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m (-) Moments at Main Girder Face 3.682 kN-m 0.508 34.803 33.163 72.156 kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
x) Factored Flexural Resistance for Prestressed or RCC Structural Components (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.1): a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor for Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr Mn f N-mm N-mm
b) For a Nonprestressing Structural Component either of I or T Section having Flenge & Web Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2) c) For a Nonprestressing Structural Component of Rectangular Elements having Singly Reinforced, , at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(de-a/2) xi) Limits For Manimum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.2) :
Page 219
a) For Section of a Flexural Component having Prestressed & Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements or only with Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements should have Minimum Resisting Moment Mr 1.2*Mcr or 1.33 Times the Calculated Factored Moment for the Section Based on AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1-Table-3.4.1-1, which one is less. b) The Cracking Moment of a Section Mcr = Sc(fr + fcpe) - Mdnc(Sc/Snc - 1) Scfr where; i) fcpe = Compressive Stress in Concrete due to effective Prestress Forces only at Extreme Fiber where Tensile Stress is caused by Externally Applied Forces after allowance for all Prestressing Losses in MPa. For Nonprestressing RCC Components value of fcpe = 0. ii) Mdnc = Total Unfactored Dead Load Moment acting on the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section in N-mm. iii) Sc = Section Modulus for the Extreme Fiber of the Composite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. Mcr fcpe N-mm N/mm2
Mdnc
N-mm
Sc
mm3
iv) Snc = Section Modulus of Extreme Fiber of the Monolithic or Noncomposite Snc 3 Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm . For the Rectangular RCC Girder Section value of Snc = (bX-WebhX-Gir3/12)/(hX-Git/2) v) fr = Modulus of Rupture of Concrete in RCC in Mpa,(AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). c) For Nonprestressing & Monolithic or Noncomposite Beam or Elements, Sc = Snc & fcpe = 0, thus Equation for Cracking Moment Stands to Mcr = Sncfr d) Thus Calculated value of Mcr according to respective values of Equation e) The value of Mcr = Scfr f) Cpoputed value of Mcr = 1.33*MExt Factored Moment due to External Forces fr Mcr
150,416,666.667
mm3
3 0.150417 m 3 150.417/10^3 m 2 2.887 N/mm
434.256 kN-m
434256329.29 N-mm
Mcr-1 Mcr-2 Mcr-3
N-mm N-mm N-mm
g) Table-3 Showing Allowable Resistance Moment M r for requirment of Minimum Reinforcement at Different Sections Location of Value of Value of Actuat Acceptable 1.2 Times Factored 1.33 Times Allowable Min. Section Unfactored Mcr-1 Cracking Cracking of Cracking Moment as of Factored Resisting from Dead Load As per Moment Moment Moment per Art.-3.4.1 Moment Moment Support Moment Equation Value Mcr Mcr (Tab-3.4.1-1) M-1 Mr MDL-UF 5.7.3.3.2-1 Sncfr (Mcr-1Sncfr) (1.2*Mcr) M (1.33*M) (1.2Mcr1.33M) kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m At Middle 2.503 434.256 434.256 434.256 521.108 174.887 232.600 232.600 of Span At Fcae 2.920 434.256 434.256 434.256 521.108 72.156 95.968 95.968 of Span
Maximum Flexurak Moment
Mu (M Mr) kN-m
232.600 95.968
xii) Flexural Design of Cross-Girder with (+) ve. Moment value at Middle of Span for Reiforcement on Bottom :
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a) The Calculated (+)ve Moment values at Middle Positions of Cross Girder (+)MX-Gir-Mid-USD MX-Gir-Mid-USD < Mr, the Required Minimum Flexural Strength Moment.For (+) ve Moment value Reinforcement will be on Bottom Surface of Cross Girder. Mr
174.887 174.887*10^6 232.600 232.600*10^6
kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm
b) Since MX-Gir-Mid-USD< Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. c) Let the Clear Cover at Bottom Surface of Cross-Girder, C-Cov.Bot. = 50mm, Let the Clear Cover at Top of Cross-Girder, C-Cov.Top = 50mm, d) Let the Main Reinforcements are 20f Bars in 1 Layer,
2 2 e) X-Sectional Area of Main Reinforcements Af = p*DBar /4mm
Mu
232.600 kN-M 232.600*10^6 N-mm 50 mm 50 mm 20 mm

2 314.159 mm
C-Cov-Bot. C-Cov-Top. DBar Af-20 sVer. DStir.
f) The Vertical Spacing between Reinforcement Bars, sVer. = 32 mm g) Let Provide 2-Leged 10f bars as Transverse/Shear Reinforcement in the form of Vertical Stirrups. h) Thus Effective Depth of Reinforcements from Top of X-Girder up to Center of the Provided Reinforcements de = (hX-Gir - C-Cov-Top -DStri- 0.5DBar) h) Balanced Steel Ratio for Grider Section according to AASHTO-1996-8.16.2.2 rb.= 0.85*0.85*(f/c/fy)*{599.843/(599.843+fy)) i) Max. Steel Ratio, rMax = 0.75*rb. (AASHTO-1996-8.16.2.1)
32 mm 10 mm
de-pro-Top
1,830.000 mm
rb.
0.022
rMax
0.016
xiii) Checking's Whether the Cross Girder would Designed as T-Beam or Rectangular Beam Provisions : a) According to Ultimate Stressed Design Provisions a Rectangular having Flange with Reasonable Thickness on its Top should be Designed as T-Beam if Depth of Equivalent Compression Block 'a' is Greater than Flange Thickness b) Let Consider the T-Girder will behave as Rectangular Beam for which the Total Flange Width-'b' will be the Width of Rectangular Beam. c) For Rectangular Section having Provided Effective Depth de-pro-Bot; Beam Width b and the Calculated Max. Factored Ultimate Moment (Positive Moment) MU; the value Equivalent Compression Block a = de(1 - (1 - 2MU/0.85f/cbde2)1/2) a 17.344 mm a<hFln
d) Since the Calculated value of Equivalent Compression Block a < hFln; the thickness of X-Girder Flange, thus the Flexural Design of T-Girder will according to Provisions of Rectangular Beam. xix) Provision of Tensile Reinforcements on Bottom Surface against Calculated Positive Moments : a) With MU, Design Moment; b, Width of Rectangular Beam; de-pro-Bot, Provided Effective Depth for the Section & 'a' Calculated Equivalent Compression Block against Factored Moment for the Section, the Required Tensile Steel Area for As-req.Bot
2 474,737.910 mm
Page 221
the Section; As = MU/[ffy(dasu-Bot - a/2)] d) Number of 20f bers required = As-req-Bot/Af-20 e) Let Provide 4nos 20f bars in One Layer as Bottom Reinforcment of X-Girder. f) Provided Steel Area for the Section with 4nos.20f bars = Nbar-pro*Af-20 h) Value of Equivalent Compression Block 'a' against Provided Steel Area for Rectangular Section of X-Girder = As-pro*fy/(0.85*f/c*b) i) The Developed Resisting Moment against provided Steel Area for the Section, = As-pro*fy(de-pro - apro/2)/106 j) Steel Ratio against Provided Steel Area for the GirderSection = As-pro./b*de-pro NBar-req NBar-pro. As-pro apro 1,511.138 nos. 4 nos
2 1,256.637 mm
MResis
rpro
k) Since against Provided Steel Area; i) the Equivalent Compression Block 'a'< hFln, Thickness of Cross Girder Flange; ii) the Developed Resisting Moment MResis > MU, the Design Moment & iii) the Provided Steel Ratio ppro < pMax. The Allowable Max. Steel Ratio; thus Provisions & Flexural Design for Tensile Reinforcement for Bottom Surface is OK. xx) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b 1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.033 e) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) c/de-Max. c 0.450 59.477 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.033 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
xix) Flexural Design of Cross-Girder with (-) ve. Moment value at Faces of Span for Reiforcement on Top : a) The Calculated (-)ve Moment values at Support Positions of Cross Girder (-)MX-Gir-Sup-USD MX-Gir-Sup-USD < Mr, the Required Minimum Flexural Strength Moment.For (-) ve Moment value Reinforcement will be on Top Surface of Cross Girder. Mr 72.156 72.156*10^6 95.968 95.968*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm
b) Since MX-Gir-Sup-USD< Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. c) Let the Clear Cover at Bottom Surface of Cross-Girder, C-Cov.Bot. = 50mm, Let the Clear Cover at Top of Cross-Girder, C-Cov.Top = 50mm,
Mu
95.968 kN-M 95.968*10^6 N-mm 50 mm 50 mm
C-Cov-Bot. C-Cov-Top.
Page 222
d) Let the Main Reinforcements are 20f Bars in 1 Layer,

2 2 e) X-Sectional Area of Main Reinforcements Af = p*DBar /4mm
DBar Af-20 sVer. DStir.
20 mm
2 314.159 mm
f) The Vertical Spacing between Reinforcement Bars, sVer. = 32 mm g) Let Provide 2-Leged 10f bars as Transverse/Shear Reinforcement in the form of Vertical Stirrups. h) Thus Effective Depth of Reinforcements from Top of X-Girder up to Center of the Provided Reinforcements de = (hX-Gir - C-Cov-Top -DStri- 0.5DBar)
32 mm 10 mm
de-pro-Top
1,830.000 mm
j) Since it being already found that the Calculated value of Equivalent Compression Block a < hFln; the thickness of XGirder Flange, thus the Flexural Design of T-Girder will according to Provisions of Rectangular Beam. xx) Provision of Tensile Reinforcements on Top Surface against Calculated Negative Moments : a) With MU, Design Moment; b, Width of Rectangular Beam; de-pro-Top, Provided Effective Depth for the Section & 'a' Calculated Equivalent Compression Block against Factored Moment for the Section, the Required Tensile Steel Area for the Section; As = MU/[ffy(de-pro-Top - a/2)] d) Number of 20f bers required = As-req-Bot/Af-20 e) Let Provide 4nos 20f bars in One Layer as Top Reinforcment of X-Girder. f) Provided Steel Area for the Section with 4nos.20f bars = Nbar-pro*Af-20 h) Value of Equivalent Compression Block 'a' against Provided Steel Area for Rectangular Section of X-Girder = As-pro*fy/(0.85*f/c*b) i) The Developed Resisting Moment against provided Steel Area for the Section, = As-pro*fy(de-pro - apro/2)/106 j) Steel Ratio against Provided Steel Area for the GirderSection = As-pro./b*de-pro As-req.Bot
2 474,737.910 mm
NBar-req NBar-pro. As-pro apro
1,511.138 nos. 4 nos

2 1,256.637 mm
69.973 mm a<hFln Satisfied 924.829 kN-m Mr>Mu Satisfied 0.002 p-pro<J2486 Satisfied
MResis
rpro
k) Since against Provided Steel Area; i) the Equivalent Compression Block 'a'< hFln, Thickness of Cross Girder Flange; ii) the Developed Resisting Moment MResis > MU, the Design Moment & iii) the Provided Steel Ratio ppro < pMax. The Allowable Max. Steel Ratio; thus Provision & Flexural Design for Tensile Reinforcement for Top Surface is OK. xxi) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b 1apro, in mm. c/de-Max. c 0.450 59.477 mm
Page 223
c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.032 e) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not)
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.033 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
xxii) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.1: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; Mr 803.493 kN-m 400.069*10^6 N-mm 892.770 kN-m 892.770*10^6 N-mm 0.90
b) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm c) f is Resistance Factor for Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing.
Mn f
d) The Nominal Resistance for a Flanged Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.2 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2). e) For a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Either of I or T Section with Flenge & Web Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2) f) For Fixed Supported & Single Reinforced T-Cross-Girder the with Provided Mn-Mid-Span 892.770 kN-m Steel Area against Factored (+) ve.Max. Moments at its Mid Span will have value of 892.770*10^6 N-mm Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2) g) Calculated Factored (+) ve. Moment MU at Mid Span Maximum for T-Section of Cross-Girder. h) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Factored Moment MU at Mid Span ( Which one is Greater, if Mr MU the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied) (+) MU 174.887 kN-m 174.887*10^6 N-mm Mr>Mu Satisfied
xxiii) Since, i) The Value of Resisting Moment > Design Moment; ii) The Calculated value of c/de 0.42 & iii) the Provided Stee Ratio for Rectangular Section of T-Girder, rRec-pro < rMax. Balance Steel Ratio, iii) The Computed Factored Flexural Resistance M r > Mu the Actual Factored Moment at Mid Span (Absulate Max. Moment at c.g. Point); Thus Flexural Design of Reinforcements for the T-Girder Span is OK. 9 Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement in Longitudinal Direction on Vertical Faces of Cross-Girders : a) Girders are Simply Supported Structure having the Longitudinal Flexural Reinforcements due to Moments on Bottom Surface & also on Top Surface (In case of Doubly Reinforced or under Shrinkage & Temperature Provision). There will be also Lateral & Vertical Reinforcements on Bottom, Top & Vertiocal Surfaces under the provisiona of Shear & Web Reinforcement. It also requires Longitudinal Reinforcement on its Vertical Faces, those can provide under Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement Provisions according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.
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b) Let consider 1 (One) meter Strip Length of Girder for Calculation of Shrinkage LGirder. & Temperature Reinforcement in Longitudinal Direction on Vertical Faces of Girder. c) Let consider the Depth of Gross-Girder as Height = hX-Gir m hX-Gir.
1.00 m 1,000 mm 1.90 m 1,900 mm

2 509.76 mm
d) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.1. Steel Area required as Shrinkage As-req-S&T.-Hori. & Temperature Reinforcement for Structural Components with Thickness Less than 1200mm; As 0.11Ag/fy . e) Here Ag is Gross Area of Girder's Each Vertical Face = LGirder*hX-Gir. f) Let provide 16f bars as Longitudinal Shrinkage & Temperature on Vertical Faces of Girder. g) X-Sectional Area of 16f bar = pDBar2/4 h) Spacing of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements is less of 3-times the Component thickness = 3*bWeb = 0.75 mm or = 450 mm i) Number of 16f bars required against Calculated Steel Area as Horizontal Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements on Vertical Surface of Girder = As-req-Long./Af-16 j) Spacing of 16f bars as Horizontal Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcementon Vertical Faces of Girder for Calculated Steel Area = Af-16. *hX-Gir/As-req-Long. k) Let Provide 5 nos. 16f as Longitudinal bars as Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement. l) Spacing for provided 4 nos.16f bars as Longitudinal Shrinkage & Temperature on Vertical Faces of Girder = hX-Gir/(NBar-ro-S&T-Hori. +2) Ag-Vert. DBar.
2 1900000.000 mm
16 mm
Af-16 s-req-S&T.-Hori.
2 201.062 mm
0.75 mm
NBar-req-S&T-Hori.
2.535 nos.
sCal-req-S&T-Hori.
749.413 mm
NBar-pro-S&T-Hori.
4 nos
spro-S&T-Hori.
316.667 mm
m) Steel Area against Provided 4 nos. 16f bars as Longitudinal Shrinkage & As-pro-S&T-Hori. Temperature Reinforcement on Vertical Surfaces of Girder = Af-16*NBar-pro-S&T-Hori.
2 804.248 mm
n) Since As-pro-S&T-Hori. > As-req-Long & spro-S&T-Hori.> s-req-S&T-Hori. thus the provisions of Longitudinal Reinforcement as Shrinkage & Temperature on Vertical Faces of Cross-Girders on both Faces are OK. 10 Design of Shear Reinforcement for Cross-Girder against Shearing Forces & Checking: i) Calculated Factored Shearing Forces (Vu) at Different Locations due to Applied Loads (DL & LL): a) Table for Max. Shear Forces at Different Locations of Interior Girder due to Factored DL, Lane-LL & Wheel-LL : Table-2. Sum. of Max. Shear Forces Against All Applied Loads (DL & LL) on Interior Girder.
Page 225
Locations of Searing Force
On Main Girder Faces
At 2d
Distance from Face kN
Unit of Shearing Forces Total Shears on Each Point
kN
268.351
At Middle of Cross Girder kN

168.744
b) Shearing Forces at Sopport Position of Girder c) Shearing Forces at Middle of Girder. ii) Factored Shearing Stress & Shearing Depth at Different Locations :
Vu-Face. Vu-Mid.
268.351 kN 168.744 kN
a) The Shearing Steress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force. vu = (Vu - fVp)/fbvdv, = Vu/fbvdv ; Since Vp = 0; (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b) Vp is Component of Prestressing applied Forces. For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component the value of Vp = 0 c) bv is Width of T-Girder Web = bX-Web. mm, d) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having the greater value of either of 0.9de or 0.72h in mm. Here, i) de is Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement for the Section in mm ii) h is Depth of T-Cross-Girder = hX-Gir mm, e) f is Resistance Factor for Shear = 0.90 (AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2). Vp Mpa
250 mm Variable mm Variable mm 1.368 mm Variable mm
1.900 mm 0.90
f) Table for Computation of values of vu, de, bv, 0.9de , 0.72h & dv at different Section of Girder. Table-3 Values of vu, de, bv, 0.9de , 0.72h & dv at different Section of Girder.
Location of Section from Support Length of Segment from the Earlier Section Width of T-Girder Web
Depth of T-Girder
Effective Depth of Section for Tensial
Calculated value of 0.9de
Calculated value of 0.72h
Calculated value of Effective Shear Depth
Calculated value of Shearing Stress
(bv)
mm 250.00
At Faces
mm 1.65
On Middle
0.83
250.00
(h) mm 1.90 1.90
(de)
mm 1830.00 mm 1647.00 mm 1.368
(dv)
mm 1647.00
(vu)
N/mm2 0.724 0.455
1830.00
1647.00
1.368
1647.00
g) Shearing Stress due to Applied Factored Shearing Forces at Different Sections of Girder : i) Shearing Stress due to Applied Shearing Force at Support Position of Girder = Vu-Face/fbvdv N/mm2 vC-Face.
2 0.724 N/mm
Page 226
ii) Shearing Stress due to Applied Shearing Force at Middle of Cross-Girder Span SpanMid. v 2 = Vu-Mid/fbvdv N/mm
2 0.455 N/mm
iv) Computation of values of q & b to Calculate the Nominal Shear Resistance (Vn) at Different Locations due to Factored Shear Forces under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.4 : a) The Nominal Shear Resistance Vn at any Section of Girder is the Lesser value Computed by the Equations i) Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-1) & ii) Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv + Vp, (Equ. 5.8.3.3-2) in which, b) Vc is Nominal Shear Resistance of Conrete in N having value = 0.083bf/cbvdv, (Equ. 5.8.3.3-1); c) Vs is Shear Resistance Provided by Shear Reinforcement in N having value = Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s (Equ. 5.8.3.3-3) in which, d) s is Spacing of Stirrups in mm; e) b a is Factor for the Diagonally Cracked Concrete to transmit Tension as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4;
0 f) q is Angle of Inclenation of Digonal Compressive Stress in ( ) as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4; 0 g) a is Angle of Inclenation of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement to Longitudinal Bars in ( ); AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4. 0 For Vertical Transverse/Shear Reinforcement the Angle of Inclenation, a = 90 a 90 0
h) Av is Area of Shear Reinforcement within a distance s in mm; i) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Vp = 0. Vp. N
v) Computation of Value b & q at different Locations of Girder as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4: a) Calculation of Longitudinal Strain in Web Reinforcement s in mm/mm on the Flexural Tension side of Girder with Equations ; b) ex = (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/2(EsAs + EpAps); (Equ-5.8.3.4.2-1 for the Case with at Least the Min.Shear Reinforcement).
Page 227
c) ex = (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/(EsAs + EpAps); (Equ-5.8.3.4.2-2 for the Case with Less then the Min.Shear Reinforcement); d) ex= (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/(2(EsAs + EpAps); (Equ-5.8.3.4.2-3 for the Cases when value of es is (-) ve.in Equ.5.8.3.4.2-1& Equ.5.8.3.4.2-2). Where, e) Ac is Area of Concerte on Flexural Tention side of Girder in mm2 having value Ac = bX-Web* hX-Gir,/2 mm2 f) Aps is Area of Prestressing Steel on Flexural Tention side of Girder in mm2. For RCC Structure, the value of Aps = 0 g) As is Area of Non-Prestressing Steel on Flexural Tention side of Girder for the in mm2 under Consideration having respective values of Steel Area. i) On Faces of Main Girder Position value of Provided Steel Area in mm2 ii) At Midle of Cross-Girder the Provided Steel Area in mm2 h) fpo is a Parameter for Modulus of Elasticity of Prestressing Tendons which is multiplied by Locked-in differencein Strain between the Prestressing Tendons and Surrounding Concrete (Mpa). For the usal level of Prestressing, the value recommended = 0.7fpu for both Pretensioned & Post-tensioned Case. For Nonprestressed RCC Structural Component, the value of fpo = 0. i) Nu is Factored Axil Force in N, Value will be (+) ve for the case of Tensile & (-) for the case of Compressive due to Prestressing. For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Nu = 0. j) Mu is Factored (+) ve Moment quantity of the Section in N-mm but not less then Vudv. k) Vu is Factored Shear Force (Only (+) ve values are applicable) for the Section in N. I) Table Showing the values of Mu, Vu, Computed value of Vudv & Effective value of Vudv. Table-4. Showing the values of M u, Vu, Computed value of Vudv & Effective value of M u-Eff Vudv.
Location of Section from Support Length of Segment from the Earlier Section Factored Moment for the Section. Factored Shear for the Section. Calculated value of Effective Shear Depth Calculated value of Effective Moment value
Ac
2 0.26 mm
Aps
mm2
As-Faces. As-Mid. fpo.
2 1,256.637 mm 2 1,256.637 mm
MPa.
Nu
Vudv
MuEff
(Mu)
kN-m
72.156 174.887
mm At Faces
1.650 0.825
(Vu) kN
268.351 168.744
(dv)
mm
1647.000 1647.000
(Vudv)
kN
441.974 277.921
(MuEff)
kN-m
441.974 277.921
At Middle
vi) Value of vc/f/c (Ratio of Shearing Stress & Concrete Compressive Strength) at Different Section of Girder :
Page 228
/ / a) Value of vc/f c at Face Pisition of Main Girder = vc-Face/f c / / b) Value of vc/f c at Middle of Cross-Girder = vcMid./f c
vc-Face/f/c vcMid./f/c
0.034 0.022
vii) Values of esx1000 with at Least the Min. Transverse/Shear Reinforcement under AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.5 & provisions of Equation 5.8.3.4.2-1 : a) Since for RCC Girder values of Prestressing Components Nu, Vp, Asp, fpo, Ep etc. are = 0, thus equation ex = (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/2(EsAs + EpAps) stands to ex = (Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/2EsAs b) Considering the Initial value of ex = 0.001at Support Position & the Effective Moment Mu-Eff. From the Equation Cotq = (ex2EsAs - Mu/dv)/0.5Vu c) Having the value of cotq = 1.763, the values of exx1000 at Different Locations are ; d) At Faces of Main Girder Position = ((Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/(2EsAs))*1000 d) At Middle of Cross-Girder Span = ((Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/(2EsAs))*1000 ex-Face*1000 ex-MId*1000 1.000 0.629 cotq 1.746
j) Since both ae Faces & Mid of Cross-Girder Span values of es-x1000 > 0.75 1.00 , thus values of q & b for these Sections can obtain from Table -5.8.3.4.2-1 in respect of values of vc/f/c. viii) Computation of Values of q & b from AASHTO-LRFD'sTable -5.8.3.4.2-1. against the Respective Calculated values of esx1000, Ratio vc/f/c : a) Table for Values of q & b at Different Location of Girder. Location of Section From Referece Support of Table a) At Faces of Main Girder 5.8.3.4.2.-1 b) At Middle if Cross-Girder Span 5.8.3.4.2.-1 b) Value of Cotq at different Locaion of Girder : i) At Faces of Maingirder value of Cotq ii) At Middle of Cross-Girder Span value of Cotq Cotq Cotq 1.356 1.499 vc/f/c 0.034 0.022 exx1000 1.000 0.629 Value of q b 36.40 2.23 33.70 2.38
ix) Computation of Value for Nominal Shearing Strength of Concrete (Vc) using the Values of q & b : a) Since the Critical Section is at the Faces of Main Girder, thus Values of q & b of that Section are Governing Values for Computation of Nominal Shearing Strength of Concrete (Vc) for the Girder. b) Nominal Shear Resistance of Conrete of Girder Vc = 0.083bf/cbvdv, AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3-(Equ. 5.8.3.3-1); Vc 33,608.966 kN 33608.966*10^3 N
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x) Regions Requiring Transverse or Shear/Web Reinforcements under AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.4 : a) The Transverse or Shear Reinforcements are required for those Sections where the Factored Shearing Force due to the Applied Loads (DL & LL), Vu > 0.5f (Vc + Vp); AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.4; Equ-5.8.2.4-1; Here, b) Vu is Factored Shearing Force due to the Applied Loads for the Selected Section in N, c) Vc is Nominal Shear Resistance for the Section having value = 0.083bf/cbvdv according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3. Equation-5.8.3.3-4. d) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Vp = 0. Vp. N
e) b a is Factor for the Diagonally Cracked Concrete to transmit Tension according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4; f) f is Resistance Factor according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2. having value 0.90 g) Thus for Nonprestressing Structure the Eqution-5.8.2.4-1 Stands to Vu > 0.5Vc h) Table showing the values of b, Vu, Vc, 0.5Vc & Relation between Vu & 0.5Vc at Different Location of Girder. Location from Girder's Bearing Center.
a) At Support (Bearing Center) Position a) At a Distance 0.150m from Support
0.90
Values of
b
2.230 2.380
Vu N
268350.80 168743.750
Vc N
33,608.97 5,739.15
0.5fVc N
15124.035 2582.615

Vu>0.5Vc Vu>0.5Vc Satisfied Satisfied
i) The Table indicates that all the Sections of RCC Girder have satisfied the required provisions for Transverse/Shear Reinforcements under Equation Vu > 0.5f (Vc + Vp). AASHTO-LRFD-Equation-5.8.2.4-1. xi) Checking of Required Max. Spacing for Transvers/Shear Reinforcement due to Applied Shearing Stress on Girder under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.7 : a) Due to applied Shearing Stress, vu < 0.125f/c, the Max. Spacing of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at a Section is smax.-1 = 0.8dv 600mm, (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.2.7-1). b) Due to applied Shearing Stress, vu > 0.125f/c, the Max. Spacing of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at a Section is smax.-2 = 0.4dv 300mm (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.2.7-2) c) Value of 0.125f/c in respect of Max. Spacing of Transvers/Shear Reinforcement due to Applied Shearing Stress at Defferent Section of Girder. 0.125f/c
2 2.625 N/mm
d) Table Showing values of vu, 0.8dv, 0.4dv againest the respective values of 0.125f/c : Table- ; Showing Spacing of Transverse/Shear Reinforcements in respect of Max. Spacing & Status : Segment. Value of Value of Value of Relation Value of Value of Relation Relation
Formula
Page 230
Location dv (Between for the 2-Section) Section mm Section at 1647.00 Faces Section at 1,647.00 Middle
vu
Maximum
0.125f/c
between
vu & 0.125f/c
N/mm2
0.724 0.455
N/mm2 vu<=>0.125f/c
2.625 2.625 vu<0.1.25f/c vu<0.1.25f/c
0.8dv for the Section mm

1317.600 1317.600
0.4dv for the Section mm

658.800 658.800
between 0.8dv & sMax-1<600

0.8dv>600
between 0.4dv & sMax-2<300
Status
Whether Satisfy or Not Satisfy Not Satisfy
0.4dv>300 0.8dv>600 0.4dv>300
Not Satisfy Not Satisfy Not Satisfy
e) The Table indicates that non of the Sections of Cross-Girder have satisfied the required provisions for Spacings of the Transverse/Shear Reinforcement under Equations, For vu < 0.125f/c ; smax. = 0.8dv 600mm, (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.2.7-1). & For vu > 0.125f/c ; smax. = 0.4dv 300mm, (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ.5.8.2.7-2). xii) Chacking for Transverse/Shear/Web Reinforcements as Deep Beam Component (AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.1.1) : a) The Component in which a Load causing more than 1/2 of the Shear at a Distance closer than 2d from the Face of Support is Considered as a Deep Component. Deep Beam Components the Shear Reinforcements are being Provide according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.6.3 (Provisions of Strut-and-Tied Model) & AASHTO-LRFD-5.13.2.3. b) Factored Shear Force at Face of Main Girder, Vu-Face.= c) Value of 1/2 of Factored Shear Force at Face = 268.3508 kN. 134.18 kN 168.744 kN. Vu-Face. 1/2Vu-Face. Vu-Mid 268.351 kN 134.175 kN 168.744 kN
d) Factored Shear Force at Middle of Cros-Girder Vu-Mid = e) Status in between the values of 1/2Vu-Supp. & Vu-Mid
Vu-Mid >1/2Vu-Face.
f) Since the Distance 2d from Face of Main Girder is beyond the Cross-Girder Span & value of Shearing Force at Mid Span is greater than 1/2Vu-Face, thus the Cross-Girder can consider as a Deep Beam Component. Accordingly its Transverse/Shear Reinforcementsb can provide under Article 5.13.2.3. Of AASHTO-LRFD. xiii) Detaling of Requirments for Deep Beam Component to Provide Transverse/Shear/Web Reinforcements for Girder under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.13.2.3 : a) To provide Transverse/Shear/Web Reinforcements at Different Section of Girder, it should Satisfy the Equation, Ng = f fyAs 0.83bvs (AASHTO-LRFD-5.13.2.3). Here, b) Ng is Factored Tensial Resitance of Transverse Reinforcement (Each Pair) in N. c) bv is Width of Girder Web in mm. d) fy is Yield Strength of Reinforceing Steel as Transverse/Shear Reinforcement e) As is Steel Area of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement in mm2 having Spacing s . f) s is Spacing of Transverse /Shear Reinforcement in mm. The value of s should not excide eithe of d/4 or 300mm Ng. bv. fy. AS s-Max N 250 mm 410.00 MPa mm2 300 mm
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g) The Vertical Spacing, sVetrt. for Crack Control Longitudinal Reinforcement on both Vertical Faces of Girder should not Excide either d/3 or 300 mm.
sVert.-Max
300 mm
xxi) Computation of Spacing for Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at Different Section of Girder : a) Value of d/4 for the Section under cosideration having d = hGir. (Girder Depth). b) Allowable Max. Spacing for Transverse/Shear Reinforcement c) Let Provide 2-Leged 10f bars as Transverse/Shear Reinforcement in the form of Vertical Stirrups. d) X-Sectional Area of 2-Leged 10f Bars as Transverse/Shear Reinforcement; = 2*pDStir.2/4 mm2 d) Let Provide the 175mm Spacing for Transvers/Shear Reinforcements for total Length of Cross-Girder. d/4 s-Max DStir. 475 mm 300 mm 10 mm
Av
2 157.080 mm
s-X-Gir.
175 mm
xxi) Checking for Requirements of Minimum Transverse Reinforcements for Cross-Girder: a) Minimum Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at a Section, Av 0.083f/c(bvs/fy), AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.5. Where, s is Length of Girder Segment under consideration for Transverse/Shear Reinforcement. b) Table for Minimum Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at Different Section of Girder.
Location from Bearing Center of Girder.
Total Length of Cross-Girder.
Length of Segment mm
1650.000
bv' Web Width mm

250.000
s-Web-Bar Spacing mm
175.000
Min. Av Required mm2

40.587
Av-pro
Status of
Provided Provided & mm2 Required Av

157.080 Av-pro> Av
xxii) Computation of Values of Vs,the Shear Resistance against Provided Shear Reinforcement & Spacings at Different Sections according to Vs = Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.3.3-3) : a) With Vertical Shear Reinforcement the value of a = 900 & the Equation Vs = Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s stands to Vs = Avfydvcotq /s, b) At Faces of Main Girder Vs= Avfydv-Face.Cotq/sX-Gir. VS-Face 822.122 kN 822.122*10^3 N 908.840 kN 913.806*10^3 N
c) At Middle of Cross-Girder Span Vs=AvfydvMidCotq/sX-Gir.
VSMid.
xxiii) Computation of values for Nominal Shear Resistance (Vn) at Different Section of Girder under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3 against Equation Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-2) : a) The Nominal Shear Resistanceat any Section of Girder is Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-1) b) For RCC Girder the value of Vp = 0, thus Equation stands to Vn-1 = Vc + Vs
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c) At Faces of Main Girder Vn= Vc-Face + Vs-Face.
Vn-Vace-1
855.731 kN 855.731*10^3 N 914.579 kN 914.579*10^3 N
d) At Middle of Cross-Girder Vn = Vc-Mid. + Vs-Mid.
Vn-Mid-1
xxiv) Computation of values for Nominal Shear Resistance (Vn) at Different Section of Girder under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3 against Equation Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-2) : a) According to Equ. 5.8.3.3-1 the Nominal Shear Resistanceat any Section of Girder is Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv + Vp b) For RCC Girder the value of Vp = 0, thus Equation stands to Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv c) At Faces of Main Girderr Vn= 0.25f/c-bv-Facedv-Face. Vn-Face.-2 2,161.688 kN 2161.688*10^3 N 2,161.688 kN 2161.688*10^3 N
d) At Middle of Cross-Girder Vn= 0.25f/c-bvMiddv-Mid.
Vn-Mid-2
xxv) Accepted Nominal Shear Resistance-Vn & Factored Shearing Resistance-Vr at Different Section of Girder Computed accordting Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3 & AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.1 : a) Nominal Shear Resistance, Vn at any Section of Component is the Lesser value of of the Equqtions as mentioned below ; b) Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-1; AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3) c) Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-2; AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3) : d) For RCC Girder, Vp = 0. e) The Factored Shear Resitance at any Section of Component is Expressed by the Equation-5.8.2.1-2. Having the value, Vr = fVn in which; f) Vr is the Factored Shear Resitance at a Section in N g) f is Resistance Factor according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2. Vr. f 0.90 N
h) The Acceptable Nominal Shear Resistance, Vn, Respective Factored Shear Resitance-Vr at Different Section of T-Girder, the Staus between the vaues of Vn Computed under Equ. 5.8.3.3-1 & Equ. 5.8.3.3-2 are shown in Table below :. i) Table-; Accepted Nominal Shear Resistance-Vn & Factored Shear Resitance-Vr at Different Section :
Section Location from Center of Bearing. Calculated Factored Shear Force-Vu Vn-1 As per Equation. 5.8.3.3-1 Vn-2 As per Equ. 5.8.3.3-2 Relation between Values of Vn-1 & Vn-2 Accepted Value of Vn Factored Shear Resitance Relation between Values of Status If Vr > Vu, the Structure is Safe otherwise
Vr
Vr& VU
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kN At Faces At Mid Span 268.351 168.744
kN 855.731 914.579
kN 2161.688 2161.688
Vn-1 > Vn-2 Vn-1< Vn-2 Vn-1< Vn-2
kN 855.731 914.579
kN 770.16 823.12
Vr> VU Vr> Vu Vr> Vu
No Safe. Structure Safe Structure Safe
xxx) Relation between Factored Shearing Force (Vu) & the Nominal Shear Resistance (Vn) at Different Section of Girder, Computed under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3 : a) The Relation between Factored Shearing Force, Vu & the Nominal Shear Resistance Vn at Different Section of Girder are shown in the Table blow : Table-; Showing between Factored Shearing Force, Vu & the Nominal Shear Resistance Vn : Location of Section from Bearing
Center of Girder.
Calculated Computed Status value of value of between Vu Vn Values of

kN 268.351 168.744 kN 855.731 914.579 Vu & Vn
Vu< Vn Vu< Vn
a) At Faces of Main Girder b) At Middle of Cross-Girder
b) Since the Factored Shearing Forces Vu < Vn < Vr, the Computed Nominal Shear Resistance, thus the Girder is Safe in respect of Applied Shearing Forces caused by Dead Load & Live Loads to the Bridge Structure. xxxi) Checking of T-Girder Web Width (bWeb) in respect of Nominal Shearing Resistance (Vn) at Critical Section : a) Against Applied Loads (DL & LL) the Critical Section for Shearing Forces Prevails at the Face of Support, which is at a Distance 0.150m from Girder's Bearing Center (AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.2). b) Calculated Nominal Shearing Resistance for Girder on Face of Main Girder, Vn = 860.408*10^3 N. c) Provided Girder Width (Web Width of T-Girder) = bX-Web mm. e) In RCC Girder the value of Vp = 0, thus according to Equ. 5.8.3.3-2, the Width of cross-Girder, bv = Vn/0.25*f/cdv, where dv is Calculated Effective Shear Depth for the Critical Section. Vn 855.731 kN 855.731*10^3 N 250 mm 105.771 mm
bX-Web bv-Cal.
f) Since the Calculated value of Girder width bv-Cal = bv the Provided Girder Width, thus Design Critical Section is OK. xxxii) Checking in respect of Longitudinal Reinforcements (Tensile Reinforcements) Provided for Girder under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.5 : a) At each Section the Tensial Capacity of Longitudinal Reinforcement on Flexural Tension side of the Member shall be proportationed to Satisfy Equation, Asfy + Apsfps Mu/dvff + 0.5Nu/fc + (Vu/fv - 0.5Vs -Vp)Cotq. (Equ-5.8.3.5-1). Where; b) As is Area of Nonprestressing Steel on Flexural Tention side of Girder in mm2 c) fy is Yield Strength of Nonprestressing Reinforceing Steel in MPa. As fy Variable mm2
410.00 MPa
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d) Aps is Area of Prestressing Steel on Flexural Tention side of Girder in mm2. For Nonprestressing RCC Structure, the value of Aps = 0 e) fps is Yield Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. For Nonprestressing RCC Structure, the value of fps = 0 f) Mu is Factored Moment of the Section due to Dead & Live Loads Loads on Structure. in N-mm but not less then Vudv. g) Nu is Factored Axil Force in N, Value will be (+) ve for the case of Tensile & (-) for the case of Compressive due to Prestressing. For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Nu = 0. h) dv is Effective Shear Depth of Tensil Reinforcement for the Section in mm. i) Vu is Factored Shear Force for the Section in N. j) Vs is Shear Resistance Provided by Shear Reinforcement in N for the Section. k) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Vp = 0.
Aps
mm2
fps
MPa
Mu
Variable
N-mm
Nu
dv Vu Vs Vp.
mm N N N
Variable
m) ff is Resistance Factor for Flexural Tension of Reinforced Concrete according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2. n) fv is Resistance Factor for Shearing Force of Reinforced Concrete according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2, o) fc is Resistance Factor for Compression due to Prestressing according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2.
ff
0.90
fv
0.90
fc
1.00
p) Since for Nonprestressing RCC Structural Components the Items Aps, fps, Nu & Vp have Values = 0, thus mentioned Equ-5.8.3.5-1. Stands to, Asfy Mu/dvff + (Vu/fv - 0.5Vs)Cotq. q) Table- Showing Evalution of Equation-5.8.3.5-1 at Different Section of Girder & Status of Results.
Location of Section
from Bearing Center of Girder.
Mu Vu Provided Factored Factored

Tensile Steel Area mm2
1256.637 1256.637
As.
Moment kN-mm
441.974 277.921
Calculted Calculted Status Value of R/H Part of the Shearing Resistance Asfy of the Equation Force of Stirrups (L/H Part) Equation Satisfied kN kN kN kN Not Satisfied
268.351 822.1224362 168.744 908.8400011 515.221 515.221 88.390 (248.371)
Vs Shearing
a)At Faces b) At Middle
Satisfied Satisfied
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j) Since at all Section the requirments of Equation are being Satisfied, thus provision of Transverse/Shear Reinforcements for Girder is OK. xxxiii) Checking for Factored Tensile Resistance of Transverse/Shear Reinforcements Provided for Girder: a) The provided Transverse/Shear/Web Reinforcements at Different Section of Girder under the Provision of Deep Beam should Satisfy the Equation, Ng = f fyAs 0.83bvs (AASHTO-LRFD-5.13.2.3; Equ-5.13.2.3-1). Here, b) Ng is Factored Tensial Resitance of Transverse Reinforcement (Each Pair) in N. c) bv is Width of Girder Web in mm. d) fy is Yield Strength of Reinforceing Steel as Transverse/Shear Reinforcement Ng. bv. fy. Variable N
250 mm 410.00 Mpa

2 157.080 mm
e) As is Steel Area of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement in mm2 having the Spacing AS s mm. Here As = Av, the X-Sectional Area of 2-Leged the 10f Dia. Vertical Stirrups. f) s is Spacing of Transverse /Shear Reinforcement in mm. The value s should not Excide eithe d/4 or 300mm s
Variable
mm
g) The Girders are being provided with Transverse/Shear Reinforcements in the form of Vertical Stirrups against Shear Forces caused by the Dead Load & Live Loads applied to the Bridge Structure. Due to Vertical Positioning of those Transverse/Shear Reinforcements they will also under Tensile Stress caused by the same Shearing Forces whose actions are in some extent in Vertical Direction. On these back drop mentioned Shearing Forces at different Section of Girder may be considered as Tensile Forces for Vertical Stirrups. Thus the Factored Shearing Forces at Each Section, Vu = Ng, the Factored Tensile Resistance Carried by the Pair of Transverse Reinforcement. h) The Checking for Factored Tensile Resistance of Transverse/Shear Reinforcements at Different Section of Girder are shown in the under mention Table: i) Table- Showing Minimum Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at Different Section of Cross-Girder. Location of Section from Bearing
Center of Girder. s'-Spacing As of Shear Provided Bars Steel Area mm2 mm 175.000 157.080 175.000 157.080
Calculted Calculted Value of Value of ffyAs 0.83bvs

57962.384 57962.384
Status of
a) At Faces of main Girder b) Middle of Cross-Girder
Equation Satisfied Not Satisfied 36312.500 Satisfied 36312.500 Satisfied
j) Since in all Section the requirments of Equation Equ-5.13.2.3-1, Ng = ffyAs > 0.83bvs are being Satisfyed, thus Provision of Transverse/Shear Reinforcements for Cross-Girders are OK. 11 Design of Bridge Girder & Cross-Girder against Earthquake Forces including Checking: i) According to AASHTO-LRFD-4.7.4.2 for Single-Span Bridges no Seismic analysis is required regardless of Location Seismic Zone. ii) In Single-Span Bridges the Connections between Superstructure & Substructure on Abutment Cap/Seat
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& Bridge Bearings should be Designed according to provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.9 & 4.7.4.4. iii) Design of Abutment Cap/Seat & Bridge Bearings are being done in Respective Design Sheets.
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isfied
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Satisfy
Satisfy
Satisfy
Satisfy
Satisfy
Satisfy
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below :.
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Satisfy
Satisfy
Satisfy
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below :.
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I. Service Limit State Design (WSD) of Main Girder & Cross Girders Against Applied Forces :
1 Data for Flexural Design : Description i) Dimensional Data of Superstructure : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p) Span Length (Clear C/C distance between Bearings) Addl.Length of Girder beyond Bearing Center Line. Total Girder Length (a+2b) Thickness of Deck Slab Thickness of Wearing Course Number of Main Girders Number of Cross Girders Depth of Main Girders (Including Slab as T-Girder) Depth of Cross Girders (Excluding Slab) Width of Main Girders Width of Cross Girders C/C Distance Between Main Girders Distance of Slab Outer Edge to Exterior Girder Center Clear Distance Between Main Interior Girders Filets : i) Main Girder in Vertical Direction ii) Main Girder in Horizontal Direction iii) X-Girder in Vertical Direction vi) X-Girder in Horizontal Direction SL SAddl. LGir. hSlab. hWC NGir. NX-Gir. hGir. hX-Gir. bGir. bX-Gir. C/CD-Gir. CD-Ext.-Gir-Edg. ClD-Int.-Gir. FM-Girder-V. FM-Girder-H. FX-Girder-V. FX-Girder-H. 24.40 0.30 25.00 0.20 0.08 5 5 2.00 1.70 0.35 0.25 2.00 1.13 1.65 0.15 0.15 0.08 0.075 m m m m m nos nos m m m m m m m m m m m Notation Dimensions Unit.
ii) Design Data related to Live Loading: a) Design Criterion : AASHTO Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). b) Type of Loads : Combined Application of AASHTO HS20 Truck Loading & Lane Loading. iii) Design AASHTO HS20 Truck Loading : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Axle to Axle distance Wheel to Wheel distance Rear Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Rear Single Wheel Load Middle Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Middle Single Wheel Load Front Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Front Single Wheel Load DAxel. DWheel. LLRW-Load LLRS-Load LLMW-Load LLMS-Load LLFW-Load LLFS-Load 1.80 4.30 145.00 72.50 145.00 72.50 35.00 17.50 m m kN kN kN kN kN kN
iv) Design AASHTO Lane Loading : a) Design Lane Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of LL-Lane 9.30 N/mm
9.300N/mm through the Length of Gridge for Single and acting over a 3.000m Wide Strip in Transverse Direction. v) Design AASHTO Pedestrian Loading : a) Design Pedestrian Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of 3.600*10-3MPa through the Length of Sidewalk on both side and acting over the total Wide of Sidewalk.
9.30
kN/m
LL-Pedest
2 0.00 N/mm 2 4.00 kN/m
2 9.807 m/sec )
2,447.23 2,345.26 1,019.68 1,045.17 1,835.42
a) b) c) d) e)
24.00 23.00 10.00 10.25 18.00
viii) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). c) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). d) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). e) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) f) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa f/c fc Ec 21.00 MPa 8.40 MPa 23,855.62 MPa 2.89 fr fy ES 2.89 MPa 410.00 MPa 200000 MPa
ix) Strength Data related to Working Stress Design (WSD) under Service Limit State ( SLS ) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.1: a) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c fc 8.40 MPa b) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy fs 164.00 MPa c) Modular Ratio, n = Es/Ec 6 n 8 d) Value of Ratio of Steel & Concrete Flexural Strength, r = fs/fc r 20 e) Value of k = n/(n + r) k 0.30
f) Value of j = 1 - k/3 g) Value of R = 0.5*(fckj) x) Design Data for Site Conditions : a) Velocity of Wind Load in Normal Condition b) Velocity of Wind Load in Cyclonic Storm Condition c) Velocity of Water/Stream Current Causing Water/Stream Load 2 Design Phenomena & Calculations for Monent & Shear : i) Design Phenomena under Service Limit State (WSD) :
j R
0.90 1.14
90.00 km/hr 260.00 km/hr 4.20 m/s
a) The Flexural of Girders will be according to AASHTO LRFD or Ultimate Strength Design (USD) Procedures but for Checking in respective Issues, Designing under Service Limit State (WSD) up to Certain Level would be done. b) Since the Interior Girders of the Bridge have the Max. Moments & Shearing Forces caused by Applied Loads (DL & LL), thus it is require to conduct the Flexural Design for Reinforcements of Bridge Girders Based on Calculated respective Moments & Shears. Since the Bridge Deck Slab is integral Part of Girders, thus the Design of Girders will be under T-Beam if the Provisions in these Respect Satisfy, otherwise Designee will be under Provisions for the Rectangular Beam. ii) Calculation of Flange Width for Girders : a) Cross Sectional Sketch Diagram of Bridge Girders & Dack Slab :
1.475 0.23 7.30 1.25 0.30 1.070 0.300 0.200 0.950 0.25 1.65 1.650 1.65 1.650 0.95
1.13
2.00
2.000
2.00
2.000
1.125
CL 10.25 b) Calculation of Effective Flange Width of T-Girder under AASHTO LRFD-4.6.2.6 (4.6.2.6.1) as least Dinention of : * One-quarter of Effective Span Length = 1/4*SL * 12.0 times average Depth of Slab + Greater Thickness of Web = 12*hSlab + WGir. = * One-half the Width of Girder Top Flange (It is not req. as there is no Addl. Top Flange) * The average Spacing of Adjacent Beams/Girders = C/CD-Gir. Since Average Spacing of Adjacent Beams/Girders is the Least one, = 6.10 m 2.75 m 2m
thus the Flange Width of Interior Girders, WFlang = 2.000m
bFlan.
2.00 m
c) From Load, Shear & Moment Calcutation Tables it appares that, the Interior Girders are facing the Max. Resultant Forces (DL & LL) causing Max. Shears & Moments, thus One of Interior Girders is considered for as Typical one for Flexural Design in respect of All Applied Loads (DL + LL) and Corresponding Moments & Shears. iii) Calculations for Monent at Different Location of Girder : a) Table for Max. Moments at Different Locations of Interior Girder due to Factored DL, Lane-LL & Wheel-LL : Table-1. Sum. of Max. Moments Against All Applied Loads (DL & LL) on Interior Girder. Locations from Support-A Loading Type Unit a. Dead Load (FDLInt) b. Lane Live Load (FLLInt) c. Wheel Live Load (WLLInt) Total Moments on Each Point
On Support
kN-m
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.375m kN-m
142.152 28.627 79.345 119.500
L/8 kN-m
1039.048 207.537 563.836 1810.421
L/4 kN-m
1811.021 357.399 941.813 3110.232
3L/8 kN-m
2263.908 449.585 1133.930 3847.423
c.g. kN-m
2442.182 483.808 1201.915 4127.905
L/2 kN-m
2449.720 484.096 1140.188 4074.004
b) Moment at Sopport Position of Girder c) Moment at a Distance 0.150m from Sopport of Girder d) Moment at a Distance L/8 from Sopport of Girder e) Moment at a Distance L/4 from Sopport of Girder f) Moment at a Distance 3L/8 from Sopport of Girder g) Moment at Absolute Max. Moment Loaction (c.g. Position) of Girder h) Moment at a Distance L/2 (Middle of Span) from Sopport of Girder i) Sketch Diagram of T-Beam/Girder : bFln. 2.000 hFln. = 0.200 d= 1.826 hGir. =
Mu-Support. Mu-0.150m. Mu-L/8. Mu-L/4. Mu-3L/4. Mu-c.g. Mu-L/2.
0 kN-m 119.500 kN-m 1,810.421 kN-m 3,110.232 kN-m 3,847.423 kN-m 4,127.905 kN-m 4,074.004 kN-m
2.000
bWeb = 0.350 iv) Factored Flexural Resistance for Prestressed or RCC Structural Components (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.1): a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; Mr N-mm
i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor for Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing.
Mn f
N-mm
b) For a Nonprestressing Structural Component either of I or T Section having Flenge & Web Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2) c) For a Nonprestressing Structural Component of Rectangular Elements having Singly Reinforced, , at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(de-a/2) v) Related Features for Working Stressed Design of Main Girder with Max, Moment value (At c.g. Position) : a) The Absolute Max. Moments on Interior Girder is at c.g. Point. Since it is very close to Middle Position of Span having value MMex. = 4,127.905 kN-m, thus this value is Considerd as the Moment at Middle Position of Span. b) Let the Clear Cover at Bottom Surface of Girder, C-Cov.Bot. = 50mm, Let the Clear Cover at Top of Girder, C-Cov.Top = 50mm, Let the Clear Cover at Vertical Faces of Girder, C-Cov.Vert.. =38mm, c) Let the Main Reinforcements are 32f Bars in 4 Layers,
2 2 d) X-Sectional Area of Main Reinforcements Af = p*DBar /4mm
MMax.
4,127.905 kN-M 4127.905*10^6 N-mm
C-Cov-Bot. C-Cov-Top. C-Cov-Side. DBar Af-32 SVer. DStir. dL/2
50 mm 50 mm 38 mm 32 mm
2 804.25 mm
e) The Vertical Spacing between Reinforcement Bars, SVer. = 32 mm f) Let the Transverse/Shear Reinforcements (Stirrups) are of 12f Bars, g) Thus Effective Depth of Reinforcements from Top of Girder up to Center of the Provided Reinforcements d = (hGir - C-Cov-Bot - DStri -2*DBar- 1.50*SVer.) h) Flange Width of T-Girder, b = 2.000 m i) Thickness of T-Girder Flange, hf = 200mm j) According to WSD Method the Balanced-Stress Steel Ratio for Girder Section pe = n/2r(n + r)
32 mm 12 mm 1,826.00 mm
b hf pe.
2000 mm 200 mm 0.008
vi) Checking's Whether the Bridge Girder would Designed as T-Beam or Rectangular Beam Provisions : a) According to Working Stressed Design Provisions a Rectangular having Flange with Reasonable Thickness on its Top should be Designed as T-Beam if Depth of Netural Axis 'kd' is Less than the Flange Thickness. b) Let Consider the T-Girder will behave as Rectangular Beam for which the Total Flange Width-'b' will be the Width of Rectangular Beam. c) According to WSD Provisions the depth of Neutral Axis from Compressiof Face kd 548.552 mm
is Expressed by kd.
hf<kd
T-Beam Provision
d) Since the Calculated Depth Neutral Axis kd < hf, Thickness of Flange, thus in Working Stressed Design (WSD) the Provisions for T-Beam will prevail. vii) Design of Tensile Reinforcements for Intermediate Girders against Calculated Moments : a) Under WSD for T-Girder the Required Flexural Steel Area, As = M/fs(d-hf/2) b) Number of 32f Bars required as Main Reinforcement of T-Girder, NBar-req = As-req./Af-32 c) Let Provide 18 nos. 32f Bars as Main Reinforcement for the T-Girder on ite Mid Span (L/2) since under USD the Provided number of Bars for the Section is 17 nos. 32f Bars. d) Effective Depth of Reinforcements is Same as that of USD Design. As-req. NBar-req
2 14,582.938 mm
18.132 nos.
NBar-pro
18.000 nos.
de
1,808.222 mm
J. Structural Design of Back Wall for Abutment :

1 Sketch Diagram of Back Wall:
300 700
4047
600
2147
450
300
LB-Wall = 9.350 tW-Wall= 0.450 m
m tW-Wall =
400
150
0.450
2 Structural Data : Description i) Dimentions of Abutment Cap & Back Wall : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) Height of Back Wall Thickness of Back Wall Thickness of Wing Wall Length of Back Wall between the Wing Walls Length of Abutment Cap between outer Faces of Wing Walls Height of Abutment Cap Rectangular Portion (Abutment Seat) Height of Abutment Cap Trapezoid Portion (Abutment Seat) Width of Abutment Cap Rectangular Portion (Abutment Seat) Width of Abutment Cap Trapezoid Portion at Bottom(Abutment Seat) Offset of Trapezoid Portion on Earth Face Offset of Trapezoid Portion on Water Face
Notation.
Value.
600
2147
350
350
hB-Wall =
2.147
Unit.
hBack-Wall tBack-Wall tWing-Wall LBack-Wall LAb-Cap hAb-Cap-Rec hAb-Cap-Tro. bAb-Cap-Rec bAb-Cap-Tro-Bot. bOffset-Earth. bOffset-Water.
2.147 0.300 0.450 9.350 10.250 0.600 0.300 1.000 0.450 0.400 0.150
m m m m m m m m m m m
3 Design Criterion, Type of Loading & Design Related Data : i) Design Criterion : a) AASHTO Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). b) Type of Loads : Combined Application of AASHTO HS20 Truck Loading & Lane Loading.
3 ii) Unit Weight of Different Materials in kg/m : (Having value of Gravitional Acceleration, g =
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d) e)
2,447.232 2,345.264 1,019.680 1,045.172 1,835.424
3 iii) Unit Weight of Materials in kN/m Related to Design Forces :
a) b) c) d) e)
24.000 23.000 10.000 10.250 18.000
iv) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c = 0.043*24^(1.50)*21^(1/2) Mpa, (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy h) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa f/c fc Ec 21.000 MPa 8.400 MPa 23855.620 MPa 2.887 fr fy fs ES 2.887 MPa
410.00 MPa 164.000 MPa 200000 MPa
v) Design Data for Resistance Factors for Conventional Construction (AASHTO LRFD-5.5.4.2.1). : (Respective Resistance Factors are mentioned as f or b value) a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) For Flexural & Tension in Reinforced Concrete For Flexural & Tension in Prestressed Concrete For Shear & Torsion of Normal Concrete For Axil Comression with Spirals or Ties & Seismic Zones at Extreme Limit State (Zone 3 & 4). For Bearing on Concrete For Compression in Strut-and-Tie Modeis For Compression in Anchorage Zones with Normal Concrete For Tension in Steel in Anchorage Zones For resistance during Pile Driving Value of b1 for Flexural Compression in Reinforced Concrete (AASHTO LRFD-5.7.2..2.) Value of b for Flexural Tension of Reinforcement in Concrete fFlx-Rin. fFlx-Pres. fShear. fSpir/Tie/Seim. fBearig. fStrut&Tie. fAnc-Copm-Conc. fAnc-Ten-Steel. fPile-Resistanc. b1 b 0.900 1.000 0.900 0.750 0.700 0.700 0.800 1.000 1.000 0.850 0.850
vi) Other Design Related Data :
a) Velocity of Wind Load in Normal Condition b) Velocity of Wind Load in Special Condition c) Velocity of Water/Stream Current Causing Water/Stream Load 4 Factors Applicable for Design of Different Structural Components : i) Formula for Load Factors & Selection of Load Combination :
90.000 260.000 4.200
km/hr km/hr m/s
a) Formula for Load Factors Q = igiQi f Rn = Rr; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-1 & 3.4.1-1) Where, i is Load Modifier having values i = D R I 0.95 in which for Loads a Maximum value of gi Applicable; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-2), & i = 1/(D R I ) 1.00 in which for Loads a Minimum value of gi Allpicable; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-3) Here: gi = Load Factor; a statistically based multiplier Applied to Force Effect, f = Resistance Factor; a statistically based multiplier Applied to Nominal Resitance, i = Load Modifier; a Factor related to Ductility, Redundancy and Operational Functions, For Strength Limit State; D i = D = 1.00 for Conventional Design related to Ductility, 1.000 R i = R = 1.00 for Conventional Levels of Redundancy , 1.000 i = I = 1.00 for Typical Bridges related to Operational Functions, Qi = Force Effect, Rn = Nominal Resitance, Ri = Factored Resitance = fRn. ii) Selection of Load Multiplying Fatcors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) & Load Combination : a) The Bridge will have to face Cyclonic Storms with very high Intensity of Wind Load (Wind Velocity = 260km/hr), but those would be occasional. Thus the respective Multiplier Factors of Limit State STRENGTH I (Bridge used by Normal Vehicle without wind load) for normal operation, Limit State of STRENGTH-III (Wind Velocity exceeding 90km/hr) for wind load during cyclonic storm condition and Limit State of STRENGTH-IV (Having Wind Velocity of 90 km/hr) for normal wind load only are selected as CRITICAL conditions for bridge structure. iii) Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.250 l 1.000
gDW
1.500
gEH
1.500
d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2)
gEV
1.350
gES
1.500
iv) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). STRENGTH - III STRENGTH - V m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.750 1.330
1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.000 1.400 1.000 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
5 Different Load Multiplying Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surcharge Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.000
gDW
1.000
gEH
1.000
gEV
1.000
gES
1.000
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (AASHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Dynamic Load Allowance-IM as per Provision of AASHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; SERVICE - I (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE SERVICE - II m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.000 1.000
1.000 1.000 1.300
g) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR
SERVICE - II
gLL-BR. gLL-LS. gLL-WA.
1.300 1.000 1.000 0.700 1.300 1.000 1.000
SERVICE - IV SERVICE - II
gLL-WS. gLL-WL gLL-FR. gLL-TU.
l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV 6 Load Coefficients Factors & Intensity of Different Imposed Loads : i) Coefficient for Lateral Earth Pressure (EH) : a) Coefficient of Active Horizontal Earth Pressure, ko = (1-sinff ) ,Where; f is Effective Friction Angle of Soil b) For Back Filling with Clean fine sand, Silty or clayey fine to medium sand Effective Friction Angle of Soil, f = 340 .(Table 12.9, Page-138, RAINA,s Book) c) Angle of Friction with Concrete surface & Soli AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1. d) Value of Tan d (dim) for Coefficient of Friction.
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
ko
0.441
34.000
19 to 24
tan d
0.34 to 0.45
dim
= 0.34 to 0.45 (AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1.) ii) Dead Load Surcharge Lateral/Horizontal Pressure Intensity (ES); AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.1. : a) Constant Horizontal Earth Pressur due to Uniform Surcharge, Dp-ES = ksqs in Mpa. Where; b) ks is Coefficien of Earth Pressure due to Surcharge = ko for Active Earth Pressure, c) qs is Uniform Surcharge applied to upper surface of Active Earth Wedge(Mpa) = wE*10-3N/mm2 Dp-ES
2 7.935 kN/m 2 0.007935 N/mm
ks wE*10-3
0.441
2 0.018000 N/mm 2 18.000 kN/m
iii) Live Load Surcharge Vertical & Horizontal Pressure Intensity (LS); AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4. : a) Constant Earth Pressur both Vertical & Horizontal for Live Load Surcharge on Abutment Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic), Where; Dp-LS = kgsgheq*10-9 Dp-LL-Ab<6.00m Dp-LL-Ab6.00m 0.007141 7.141 0.004761 4.761 0.0083309 8.331 0.00476052 4.761 0.441
3 1,835.424 kg/m 2 9.807 m/sec
N/mm2 kN/m2 N/mm2 kN/m2 N/mm2 kN/m2 N/mm2 kN/m2
c) ks is Coefficien of Latreal Earth Pressure = ko for Active Earth Pressure. d) gs is Unit Weight of Soil (kg/m3)
2 e) g is Gravitational Acceleration (m/sec ), AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.1.2.
k gs g heq-Ab<6.00m. heq-Ab6.00m.
f) heq is Equivalent of Height of Abutment Wall Soil for Vehicular Load (mm). Having, H < 6000mm & for having H 6000mm ; AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4; Table-3.11.6.4-1. g) Width of Live Load Surcharge Pressure for Abutment having H < 6000mm.& H 6000mm. AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4; Table-3.11.6.4-1.
900.000 mm 600.000 mm
Weq-Ab<6.00m. Weq-Ab6.00m.
900.000 0.900 600.000 0.600
mm m mm m
h) heq is Equivalent of Height of Abutment Wall Soil for Vehicular Load (mm). Having, H < 6000mm & for having H 6000mm ; AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4; Table-3.11.6.4-2. i) Width of Live Load Surcharge Pressure for Wing Walls, Having H < 6000mm.& H 6000mm.
1,050.000 mm 600.000 mm
600.000 0.600 600.000 0.600
mm m mm m
7 Philosophy in Flexural Design of Back Walls of Bridge Structure : a) The Back Wall of Bridge Substructure will have to face Horizontal Dead Load (DL) & Live Load (LL) Pressures due to Earth & Surcharge on Back Faces. Under Horizontal Pressure (DL & LL) the Back Wall will behave as a Cantilever one. In Construction Phenomenon execution Back Wall works are to be done a well ahead before the Construction of Super structural Components having the total Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) upon it. Thus to ensure the sustainability of Back Wall against the affect of Horizontal Loads & Forces (DL & LL) it should be Designed as a Cantilever Flexural Component. b) For the Design purpose & Calculation of Imposed Loads (DL & LL), Shearing Forces & Moments for Back Wall it is considered having 1.000m Length & Wide Strips according to sequences of Design. LH&V 1.000 m
8 Computation of Horizontal Loads on Back Wall due to Lateral Soil & Surcharge Pressure : i) Horizontal Loads at Bottom Level of Back Wall on 1 (One) meter Strip : a) Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Lateral Soil Dead Load (DL) at Bottom Level of Back Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = k0*wE*hBack-Wall b) Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Dead Load (DL) on Back Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = Dp-ES.LH&V c) Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Live Load (LL) on Back Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic) having hBack-Wall < 6.000m. = Dp-LL-Ab.LH&V PDL-H-Soil-Bot.
2 17.035 kN/m /m
PDL-H-Sur
2 7.935 kN/m /m
PLL-H-Sur
2 7.141 kN/m /m
ii) Factored Horizontal Loads on Back Wall for 1 (One) meter Wide Strip (Strength Limit State-USD): a) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Lateral Soil Dead FPDL-H-Soil-Bot.-USD Load (DL) at Bottom Level of Back Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = gEH*PDL-H-Soil-Bot b) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Dead Load (DL) on Back Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = gES*PDL-H-Sur c) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Live Load (LL) on Back Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = mgLL-LS*PLL-H-Sur-Ab d) Total Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to All Applied Loads (DL & LL) at Bottom Level of Abutment (Perpendicular to Traffic). FPDL-H-Sur-USD
2 25.553 kN/m /m
2 11.902 kN/m /m
FPLL-H-Sur-USD
2 12.496 kN/m /m
FPH-B-Wall-USD
2 49.951 kN/m /m
iii) Factored Horizontal Loads on Back Wall for 1 (One) meter Wide Strip (Service Limit State-WSD): a) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Lateral Soil Dead FPDL-H-Soil-Bot-WSD Load (DL) at Bottom Level of Back Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = gEH*PDL-H-Soil-Bot b) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Dead Load (DL) on Back Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = gES*PDL-H-Sur FPDL-H-Sur-WSD
2 17.035 kN/m /m
2 7.935 kN/m /m
c) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Live Load (LL) on Back Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = mgLL-LS*PLL-H-Sur-Ab d) Total Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to All Applied Loads (DL & LL) at Bottom Level of Abutment (Perpendicular to Traffic). 9 Computation of Coefficients for Calculation of Moments on Back Walls : i) Span Ratio of Back Walls in respect of of Horizontal to Vertical Spans : a) Horizontal Span Length of Back Wall (Inner Distance) b) Vertical Height of Back Wall (From Back Wall Top upto Abutment Cap Top) c) Bach Wall Span Ratio for of Horizontal to Vertical with Unsupported on Top = LBack-Wall/hBack-Wall d) Bach Wall Span Ratio for of Vertical to Horizontal with Unsupported on Top = hBack-Wall/LBack-Wall
FPLL-H-Sur-WSD
2 7.141 kN/m /m
FPH-B-Wall-WSD
2 32.111 kN/m /m
LBack-Wall hBacl-Wall kUnsupp.-H/V
9.350 m 2.147 m 4.355
kUnsupp.-V/H
0.230
ii) Coefficients for Calculation of Moments related to Triangular Loadings on Back Walls : (Using Table-53 of Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook UK.) a) Since k = 4.355 > 3.00, thus let k = 3.000 b) (+) ve Moment Coefficient of Back Wall for Vertical Span. c) (+) ve Moment Coefficient of Back Wall for Horizontal Span Strip. d) (-) ve Moment Coefficient of Back Wall for Vertical Span Strip on Bottom Surface at Middle Position under Triangular Loading at Bottom e) (-) ve Moment Coefficient of Back Wall for Horizontal Span Strip on Faces of Sides. k (+)cS-V-BW-T (+)cS-H-BW-T (-)cS-V-BW-T 3.000 0.000 0.000 0.003
(-)cS-H-WW-T
0.000
iii) Coefficients for Calculation of Moments related to Uniformly Loadings on Back Wall : (Using Table-4.2; 4.3 & 4.4 of Book Design of Concrete Structures- G.Winter) a) Since k = 0.230 , thus let Consider k = 0.500 a) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load (DL) on Back Wall Vertical Span Strip. b) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load (DL) on Back Wall Horizontal Span Strip. c) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Live Load (LL) on Back Wall Vertical Span k (+)cS-V-BW-U-DL 0.500 0.056
(+)cS-H-BW-U-DL
0.004
(+)cS-V-BW-U-LL
0.076
Strip. d) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Live Load (LL) on Back Wall Horizontal Span Strip. e) (-) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load & Live Load (DL + LL) on Back Wall Vertical Span Strip f) (-) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load & Live Load (DL + LL) on Back Wall Horizontal Span Strip (+)cS-H-BW-U-LL 0.005
(-)cS-V-BW-U-DL+LL
0.089
(-)cS-H-BW-U-DL+LL
0.010
10 Factored Moments due to Horizontal Loads on Back Walls Under Strength Limit State (USD): i) Calculation of Factored (+) ve Moments on Back Wall in Vertical Span using Coefficients : a) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-V-BW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Bot-USD*hBack-Wall2 b) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-V-BW-U-DL*FPDL-H-Sur-USD*hBack-Wall2 c) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (+)cS-V-BW-U-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-USD*hBack-Wall2 d) Total (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Loads (+)MS-V-BW-T-USD kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-BW-Sur-DL-USD
3.072 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-BW-Sur-LL-USD
4.378 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-BW-USD
7.450 kN-m/m
ii) Calculation of Factored (-) ve Moments on Back Wall in Vertical Span using Coefficients : a) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-V-BW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Bot.-USD*hBack-Wall2 b) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-V-BW-U-DL+LL*FPDL-H-Sur-USD*hBack-Wall2 c) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (-)cS-V-BW-U-DL+-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-USD*hBack-Wall2 d) Total (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Loads (-)MS-V-BW-T-USD 0.294 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-BW-Sur-DL-USD
4.883 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-BW-Sur-LL-USD
5.127 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-BW-USD
10.304 kN-m/m
iii) Calculation of Factored (+) ve Moments on Back Wall in Horizontal Span using Coefficients : a) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-H-BW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Bot-USD*LBack-Wall2 b) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-H-BW-U-DL*FPDL-H-Sur-USD*LBack-Wall2 (+)MS-H-BW-T-USD kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-BW-Sur-DL-USD
4.162 kN-m/m
c) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (+)cS-H-BW-U-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-USD*LBack-Wall2 d) Total (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Loads
(+)MS-H-BW-Sur-LL-USD
4.370 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-BW-USD
8.532 kN-m/m
iv) Calculation of Factored (-) ve Moments on Back Wall in Horizontal Span using Coefficients : a) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-H-BW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Bot-USD*LBack-Wall2 b) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-H-BW-U-DL+LL*FPDL-H-Sur-USD*LBack-Wall2 c) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (-)cS-H-BW-U-DL-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-USD*LBack-Wall2 d) Total (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Loads (-)MS-H-BW-T-USD kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-BW-Sur-DL-USD
10.405 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-BW-Sur-LL-USD
10.925 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-BW-USD
21.329 kN-m/m
11 Factored Moments due to Horizontal Loads on Back Walls Under Service Limit State (WSD): i) Calculation of Factored (+) ve Moments on Back Wall in Vertical Span using Coefficients : a) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-V-BW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Bot-WSD*hBack-Wall2 b) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-V-BW-U-DL*FPDL-H-Sur-WSD*hBack-Wall2 c) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (+)cS-V-BW-U-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-WSD*hBack-Wall2 d) Total (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Loads (+)MS-V-BW-T-WSD kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-BW-Sur-DL-WSD
2.048 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-BW-Sur-LL-WSD
2.502 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-BW-WSD
4.550 kN-m/m
ii) Calculation of Factored (-) ve Moments on Back Wall in Vertical Span using Coefficients : a) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-V-BW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Bot.-WSD*hBack-Wall2 b) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-V-BW-U-DL+LL*FPDL-H-Sur-WSD*hBack-Wall2 c) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (-)cS-V-BW-U-DL+-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-WSD*hBack-Wall2 d) Total (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Loads (-)MS-V-BW-T-WSD 0.196 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-BW-Sur-DL-WSD
3.255 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-BW-Sur-LL-WSD
2.930 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-BW-WSD
6.381 kN-m/m
iii) Calculation of Factored (+) ve Moments on Back Wall in Horizontal Span using Coefficients :
a) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-H-BW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Bot-WSD*LBack-Wall2 b) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-H-BW-U-DL*FPDL-H-Sur-WSD*LBack-Wall2 c) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (+)cS-H-BW-U-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-WSD*LBack-Wall2 d) Total (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Loads
(+)MS-H-BW-T-WSD
kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-BW-Sur-DL-WSD
2.775 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-BW-Sur-LL-WSD
2.497 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-BW-WSD
5.272 kN-m/m
iv) Calculation of Factored (-) ve Moments on Back Wall in Horizontal Span using Coefficients : a) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-H-BW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Bot-WSD*LBack-Wall2 b) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-H-BW-U-DL+LL*FPDL-H-Sur-USD*LBack-Wall2 c) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (-)cS-H-BW-U-DL-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-WSD*LBack-Wall2 d) Total (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Loads (-)MS-H-BW-T-WSD kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-BW-Sur-DL-WSD
6.937 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-BW-Sur-LL-WSD
6.243 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-BW-WSD
13.179 kN-m/m
11 Calculation of Unfactored Moments due to Horizontal Dead Loads on Back Walls : i) Calculation of (+) ve Moments on Back Wall in Vertical Span due to Unfactored Dead Loads : a) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-V-BW-T*PDL-H-Soil-Bot*hBack-Wall2 b) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-V-BW-U-DL*PDL-H-Sur-Bot.*hBack-Wall2 c) Total (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Dead Loads (+)MS-V-BW-T-UF kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-BW-Sur-DL-UF
2.048 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-BW-UF
2.048 kN-m/m
ii) Calculation of (-) ve Moments on Back-Wall in Vertical Span due to Unfactored dead Loads : a) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-V-BW-T*PDL-H-Soil-Bot*hBack-Wall2 b) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-V-BW-U-DL+LL*PDL-H-Sur-BW*hBack-Wall2 c) Total (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Dead Loads (-)MS-V-BW-T-UF 0.196 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-BW-Sur-DL-UF
3.255 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-BW-UF
3.451 kN-m/m
iii) Calculation of (+) ve Moments on Back-Wall in Horizontal Span due to Unfactored Dead Loads : a) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-H-BW-T*PDL-H-Soil-Bot.*LBack-Wall2 b) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-H-BW-U-DL*PDL-H-Sur-BW*LBack-Wall2 c) Total (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Dead Loads (+)MS-H-BW-T-UF kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-Ab-Sur-DL-UF
2.775 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-BW-UF
2.775 kN-m/m
iv) Calculation of (-) ve Moments on Back-Wall in Horizontal Span due to Unfactored Dead Loads : a) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-H-BW-T*PDL-H-Soil-Bot*LBack-Wall2 b) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-H-BW-U-DL+LL*PDL-H-Sur-BW*LBack-Wall2 c) Total (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Dead Loads 12 Computation of Factored Horizontal Shearing Forces on Back Walls : i) Coefficients for Calculation of Shearing Froces on Back Walls Vertical & Horizontal Faces : (Using Table-4.5 of Book Design of Concrete Structures- G.Winter) a) Since k = 0.230 , thus let Consider k = 0.500 b) Coefficiant of Shearing Forces for Vetical Span Strip having Shearing Forces Bottom Edge of Back Wall c) Coefficiant of Shearing Forces for Horizontal Span Strip having Shearing Forces on Back Wall Vertical Faces k cShear-V-BW 0.500 0.330 (-)MS-H-WB-T-UF kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-BW-Sur-DL-UF
10.405 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-BW-UF
10.405 kN-m/m
cShear-H-BW
0.670
ii) Shearing Froces on Back Walls Vertical & Horizontal Faces Under Strength Limit State (USD): a) Total Factored Horizontal Load on Back Wall for 1.000m Wide Strip on its FPH&V-BW-USD Bottom Level = (0.5*FPDL-H-Soil-Bot-USD + FPDL-H-Sur-BW-USD + FPDL-H-Sur-BW-USD)*hBack-Wall*LH&V b) Shearing Forces on Back Wall on its Bottom Level for Vertical Span Strip = cShear-V-BW*FPH&V-BW-USD d) Shearing Forces on Back Wall on its Bottom Level for Horizontal Span Strip on Vertical Faces = cShear-H-BW*FPH&V-BW-USD VS-V-BW-USD 79.814 kN/m
26.339 kN/m
VS-H-BW-USD
53.475 kN/m
12 Computation of Related Features required for Flexural Design of Vertical & Horizontal Reinforcements of Back Wall : i) Design Strip Width for Back Wall in Vertical & Horizontal Direction & Clear Cover on different Faces;
a) Let Consider the Design Width in both Vertical & Horizontal directions are = 1000mm b) Let the Clear Cover on Earth Face of C-Cov.Earth. = 50mm, Let the Clear Cover on Open Face of Abutment Wall, C-Cov.Open = 50mm,
b C-Cov-Earth. C-Cov-Open
1.000 m 50.000 38.000 mm mm
ii) Calculations of Limits For Maximum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1) : . a) With Maximum Amount of Prestressed & Nonprestressed Reinforcement for c/de-Max. a Section c/de 0.42 in which; b) c is the distance from extreme Compression Fiber to the Neutral Axis in mm c) de is the corresponding Effective Depth from extreme Compression Fiber to the Centroid of Tensial Forces in Tensial Reinforcements in mm. Here; i) de = (Apsfpsdp + Asfyds)/(Apsfps + Asfy), where ; ii) As = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Tinsion Reinforcement in mm2 iii) Aps = Area of Prestressing Steel in mm2 iv) fy = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Tension Bar in MPa. vi) fps = Average Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. xi) dp = Distance of Extreme Compression Fiber from Prestressing Tendon Centroid in mm. xii) ds = Distance of Centroid of Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement from the Extreme Compression Fiber in mm. d) For a Structure having only Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement the values of Aps, fps & dp are = 0. Thus Equation for value of de stands to de = Asfyds/Asfy & thus de = ds . iii) Limits For Manimum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.2) : c de
0.420
Variable Variable
As Aps fy fps dp ds
a) For Section of a Flexural Component having both Prestressed & Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements should have Minimum Resisting Moment Mr 1.2*Mcr or 1.33 Times the Calculated Factored Moment for the Section Based on AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1-Table-3.4.1-1, which one is less.For Compnents having Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements only Mr = 1.2Mcr. b) The Cracking Moment of a Section Mcr = Sc(fr + fcpe) - Mdnc(Sc/Snc -1) Scfr where; i) fcpe = Compressive Stress in Concrete due to Effective Prestress Forces at Extreme Fiber only where Tensile Stress is caused by Externally Applied Forces after allowance of all Prestressing Losses in MPa. In Nonprestressing RCC Components value of fcpe = 0. ii) Mdnc = Total Unfactored Dead Load Moment acting on the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section in N-mm. iii) Sc = Section Modulus for the Extreme Fiber of the Composite Section Mcr fcpe Variable N-mm N/mm2
Mdnc
Variable
N-mm
Sc
Variable
mm3
where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. iv) Snc = Section Modulus of Extreme Fiber of the Monolithic/Noncomposite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. For the Rectangular RCC Section value of Snc = (b*tBack-Wall.3/12)/(tBack-Wall./2) v) fr = Modulus of Rupture of Concrete in Mpa,(AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). c) For Nonprestressing & Monolithic or Noncomposite Beam or Elements, Sc = Snc & fcpe = 0, thus Equation for Cracking Moment Stands to Mcr = Sncfr d) Thus Calculated value of Mcr according to respective values of Equation e) The value of Mcr = Scfr f) Cpoputed value of Mcr = 1.33*MExt Factored Moment due to External Forces Snc
3 0.015 m 3 15.000/10^3 m 3 15.000*10^6 mm
fr Mcr
2 2.887 N/mm
43305340.317 N-mm 43.305 kN-m Variable Variable Variable N-mm N-mm N-mm
Mcr-1 Mcr-2 Mcr-3
g) Table-1 Showing Allowable Resistance Moment M r for Minimum Reinforcement of Different Surface & Direction Position Value of Value of Actuat Acceptable 1.2 Times & Nature Unfactored Mcr-1 Cracking Mcr of Mcr of Moment Dead Load As per Moment Cracking Cracking on Moment Equation Value Moment Moment Back MDL-UF 5.7.3.3.2-1 Sncfr (Mcr-1Sncfr) (1.2*Mcr) Wall kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
(+)ve Strip Vertical (-)ve Strip Vertical (+)ve Strip Horizontal (-)ve Strip Horizontal 3.451 2.775 10.405 43.305 43.305 43.305 43.305 43.305 43.305 43.305 43.305 43.305 51.966 51.966 51.966 10.304 8.532 21.329 13.704 11.347 28.368 51.966 51.966 51.966 51.966 51.966 51.966 2.048 43.305 43.305 43.305 51.966
M Factored Moment of Section M kN-m

7.450
1.33 Times
of M, Factored Moment (1.33*M) kN-m

9.909
Mr Maximum Allowable Flexural Min. Moment Moment for RCC Mu 1.2Mcr (M Mr) kN-m kN-m
51.966 51.966
pmax.
0.016
13 Flexural Design of Vertical Reinforcements on Earth Face of Back Wall against the (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Calculated Flexural (-) ve Moment in Vetrical Span Strip of Back Wall (-)MS-V-BW-USD 10.304 kN-m/m
Wall is Less than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Mr is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against (-) ve Moment value. For (-) ve value the required Reinforcement will be on Earth Face of Back Wall. b) Since (-)MS-V-BW-USD> Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 12f Bars as Vertical Reinforcement on Earth Face of Back Wall b) X-Sectional of 12f Bars = p*DBW-Earth-V2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Earth Face, dpro = (tBack-Wall-CCov-Earth. -DBW-Earth-V./2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 12f bars = Af-12b/As-req-BW-Earth-V. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 12f bars for the Section spro = 125mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 12f bars having Spacing 150mm,C/C = Af-162.b/spro iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
Mr
10.304*10^6 N-mm/m 51.966 kN-m/m 51.966*10^6 N-mm/m 51.966 kN-m/m 51.966*10^6 N-mm/m
MU
DBW-Earth-V. Af-12. de-pro.
12.000 mm
2 113.097 mm
244.000 mm
areq.
12.238 mm
As-req-BW-Earth-V. sreq spro.
592.021 191.036 125.000
mm2/m mm,C/C mm,C/C
As-pro-BW-Earth-V.
904.779
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.004 20.782 mm 86.659 kN-m/m
c) Resisting Moment for the Section with provided Steel Area, = As-pro*fy(d - apro/2)/10^6
d) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro and Calculated Design Moment MU. e) Status of Provided Steel Ration rpro in respect of Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. iv) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, c/de-Max. c
Mpro>Mu pmax>ppro
OK OK
0.450 17.665 mm
having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio of c/de = 0.072 b1 c/de-pro 0.85 0.072 OK
n) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not)
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
v) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Back Wall in Vetrical Strip at Bottom Level. a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Botton Level of Back Wall on its Vertical Strip which is also the Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = VS-V-Ab-USD.= VU VU. 26.339 kN/m 26.339*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tBack-Wall Depth of Well Cap.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 219.600
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
219.600 mm 216.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-BW-Bot
709.968 kN/m 709.968*10^3 N/m 709.968 kN/m 709.968*10^3 N/m 1,152.900 kN/m 1152.900*10^3 N/m 709.968 kN/m 709.968*10^3 N/m N/m
Vn-1
Vn-2
c-i) Vc is Nominal Shear Resistance of Conrete in N & value = 0.083bf/cbvdv, (AASHTO-LRFD- Equ. 5.8.3.3-1); c-ii) Vs is Shear Resistance Provided by Shear Reinforcement in N having value = Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s. (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.3.3-3) in which, For Footing/Foundation/Slab Vs = 0.
Vc
Vs
c-iii) b is Factor for the Diagonally Cracked Concrete to transmit Tension as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4. For Footing/Foundation/Slab b = 2.00. c-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (For RCC Structure Elements, Vp = 0. AASHTO-8.16.6.3.1.)
2.000
Vp.
d) Relation between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces Vn>Vu Satisfied VU for the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not). e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Abutment Wall does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Back Wall on its Bottom Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus Flexural Design of Vertical Reinforcement on Earth Face of Back Wall is OK. vi) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr 77.993 N-mm 77.993*10^6 kN-m 86.659 N-mm 86.659*10^6 kN-m 0.90
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Back Wall in Vertical Direction is being considered as a Cantilever Mn-V-BW Beam having 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments at its Bottom will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment M at Bottom of assumed Cantilever Beam in Vertcal on Earth Face = (-)MS-V-BW-USD (-)MS-V-BW-USD 86.659 kN-m 86.659*10^6 N-mm
10.304 kN-m 10.304*10^6 N-mm
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Factored Moment M at Mid Span ( Which one is Greater, if Mr M the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied)
Mr>Ms-v-bw-usd Satisfied
vii) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where;
b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State
fs-Dev.
2 28.904 N/mm
(-)MS-V-BW-WSD
6.381 kN-m 6.381*10^6 N-mm

2 904.779 mm
ii) As-pro is the Steel Area for the Section under USD Design Calculation. iii) de is Effective Depth between Extreme Compression Fiber to Centroid of the Tensile Reinforcement for the Section. c) fsa is Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement having its value = Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, in Which; i) dc= Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Earth/Water Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Earth. Since Clear Cover on Earth Face of Back Wall, CCov-Earth = 50mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 12f ; thus dc = (12/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Abutment Wall the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure is very close to Sea, thus its Components are of Severe Exposure Category having Allowable Max. value of ZMax. = 23000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element.
As-pro de
244.000 mm
fsa
2 249.434 N/mm
dc
56.000 mm
2 14,000.000 mm
ZMax.
23,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the Back Wall Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs ZDev. 2,665.210 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs Satisfy
g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev.
fsa > 0.6fy Not Satisfy Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Back Wall fs-Dev.< fs Allowable Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allowable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Vertical on Back Wall Earth Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 14 Flexural Design of Vertical Reinforcements on Open Face of Back Wall against the (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Calculated Flexural (+) ve Moment in Vetrical Span Strip of Back (+)MS-V-BW-USD Wall is Less than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Mr is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against (+)ve Moment value. For (+)ve Mr value the required Reinforcement will be on Open Face of Back Wall. b) Since (+)MS-V-BW-USD< Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 12f Bars as Vertical Reinforcement on Open Face of Back Wall. b) X-Sectional of 12f Bars = p*DBW-Open-V2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Water Face, dpro = (tBackWall.-CCov-Open. -DBW-Open-V./2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 12f bars = Af-12b/As-req-BW-Open-V. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 12f bars for the Section spro = 125mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 12f bars having Spacing 150mm,C/C = Af-12.b/spro DBW-Open-V. 12 mm MU 7.450 7.450*10^6 51.966 51.966*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
51.966 kN-m/m 51.966*10^6 N-mm/m
Af-12. de-pro.
2 113.097 mm
244.000 mm
areq.
12.238 mm
As-req-BW-Open-V. sreq spro.
592.021 191.036
mm2/m mm,C/C
125 mm,C/C
As-pro-BW-Open-V.
904.779
mm2/m
iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
ppro apro Mpro
0.004 20.782 mm 86.659 kN-m/m
c) Resisting Moment for the Section with provided Steel Area, = As-pro*fy(d - apro/2)/10^6 d) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro and Designed Moment MU. e) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. iii) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio of c/de = 0.072
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
c/de-Max. c
0.450 17.665 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.072 OK
q) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not)
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
iv) Since Checking have been done for Provision of Vertical Reinforcement on Earth Face of Back Wall against Max. Moment due to Imposed Loads & found Satisfactory in all respect thus it does not require further Checking against Provision of Vertical Reinforcement on Open Face of Back Wall. 15 Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcements on Earth Face of Back Wall against the (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Calculated Flexural (-) ve Moment in Horizontal Span Strip of Back (-)MS-H-BW-USD Wall is Less than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Mr is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against (-)ve Moment value. For (-)ve Mr value the required Reinforcement will be on Earth Face of Back Wall. b) Since (-)MS-H-BW-USD < Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 12f Bars as Horizontal Reinforcement on Earth Face of Back Wall. DBW-Earth-H. 12 mm MU 21.329 21.329*10^6 51.966 51.966*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
51.966 kN-m/m 51.966*10^6 N-mm/m
b) X-Sectional of 12f Bars = p*DBW-Earth-H2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Earth Face, dpro = (tBack-Wall.-CCov-Earth. - DBW-Earth-V- DBW-Earth-H./2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-12b/As-req-BW-Earth-H. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 12f bars for the Section spro = 150mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 12f bars having Spacing 150mm,C/C = Af-12.b/spro iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
Af-12. de-pro.
2 113.097 mm
232.000 mm
areq.
12.908 mm
As-req-BW-Earth-H. sreq spro.
624.397 181.130
mm2/m mm,C/C
150 mm,C/C
As-pro-BW-Earth-H.
753.982
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.003 17.318 mm 69.042 kN-m/m
c) Resisting Moment for the Section with provided Steel Area, = As-pro*fy(d - apro/2)/10^6 d) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro and Designed Moment MU. e) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. iv) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio of c/de = 0.063
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
c/de-Max. c
0.450 14.721 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.063 OK
n) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not)
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
v) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Back Wall in Horizontal Strip at Bottom Level.
a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Botton Level of Back Wall on its Horizontal Strip which is also the Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = VS-H-BW.= VU
VU.
53.475 kN/m 53.475*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tBack-Wall Depth of Well Cap.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 216.000
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
208.800 mm 216.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-BW-H
1,134.000 kN/m 1134.000*10^3 N/m 1,643.128 kN/m 1643.128*10^3 N/m 1,134.000 kN/m 1134.000*10^3 N/m 1,643.128 kN/m 1643.128*10^3 N/m N/m
Vn-1
Vn-2
Vc
Vs
2.000
Vp.
d) Relation between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces Vn>Vu Satisfied VU for the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not). e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Abutment Wall does not require any Shear Reinforcement.
f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Back Wall on its Bottom Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcement on Earth Face ofBack Wall is OK. vi) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr 62.138 N-mm 62.138*10^6 kN-m 69.042 N-mm 69.042*10^6 kN-m 0.90
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Back Wall in Horizontal Direction is being considered as Fixed End Mn-H-BW Beam having 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments at its Fixed Ends will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment MU at Fixed Ends of assumed Rectangular Beam in Horizontal on Earth Face = (-)MS-H-BW-USD (-)MS-H-BW-USD 69.042 kN-m 69.042*10^6 N-mm
21.329 kN-m 21.329*10^6 N-mm
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Mr>Ms-h-bw-usd Satisfied Factored Moment M at Bottom of Vertical Span Strip ( Which one is Greater, if Mr M the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied). vii) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State fs-Dev.
2 75.343 N/mm
(-)MS-H-BW-WSD
13.179 kN-m 13.179*10^6 N-mm

2 753.982 mm
ii) As-pro is the Steel Area for the Section under USD Design Calculation. iii) de is Effective Depth between Extreme Compression Fiber to Centroid of the Tensile Reinforcement for the Section.
As-pro de
232.000 mm
c) fsa is Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement having its value = Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, in Which; i) dc= Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Earth/Water Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Earth. Since Clear Cover on Earth Face of Abutment Wall, CCov-Earth = 75mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 16f ; thus dc = (16/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Backt Wall the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure is very close to Sea, thus its Components are of Severe Exposure Category having Allowable Max. value of ZMax. = 23000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element.
fsa
2 234.726 N/mm
dc
56.000 mm
2 16,800.000 mm
ZMax.
23,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the Abutment Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev. ZDev. 7,382.546 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs fsa< 0.6fy Satisfy Satisfy
Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Back Wall, fs-Dev.< fs Allowable Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allowable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Horizontal on Back Wall Earth Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement.
16 Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcements on Open Face of Back Wall against the (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Calculated Flexural (+) ve Moment in Horizontal Span Strip of Back (+)MS-H-BW-USD Wall is Less than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Mr is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against (+)ve Moment value. For (+)ve Mr value the required Reinforcement will be on Open Face of Back Wall. b) Since (+)MS-H-BW-USD< Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 12f Bars as Horizontal Reinforcement on Open Face of Back Wall. b) X-Sectional of 12f Bars = p*DAb-Open-V2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Open Face, dpro = (tBack-Wall.-CCov-Open. -DBW-Open-V - DBW-Open-H./2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 12f bars = Af-12b/As-req-BW-Open-H. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 12f bars for the Section spro = 150mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 12f bars having Spacing 150mm,C/C = Af-12.b/spro i) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
/ j) With provided Steel Area the value of 'a' = As-pro*fy/(b1*f c*b)
8.532 8.532*10^6 51.966 51.966*10^6
kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
MU
51.966 kN-m/m 51.966*10^6 N-mm/m
DBW-Open-H.
12 mm
Af-12. de-pro.
2 113.097 mm
244.000 mm
areq.
12.238 mm
As-req-BW-Open-H. sreq spro.
592.021 191.036
mm2/m mm,C/C
150 mm,C/C
As-pro-BW-Open-H.
753.982
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.003 17.318 mm 72.752 kN-m/m
k) Resisting Moment for the Section with provided Steel Area, = As-pro*fy(d - apro/2)/10^6 l) Status of Provided Resisting Moment Mpro in respect of Designed Moment MU. m) Status of Provided Steel Ration rpro in respect of Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax.
Mpro>Mu pmax>ppro
OK OK
iii) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.063 q) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) c/de-Max. c 0.450 14.721 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.060 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
iv) Since Checking have been done for Provision of Horizontal Reinforcement on Back Wall Earth Face against Max. Moment due to Imposed Loads & found Satisfactory in all respect thus it does not require further Checking against Provision of Horizontal Reinforcement on Open Face of Back Wall.
ximum
isfied
Satisfy
isfied
K. Structural Design of Abutment Cap (Girder Seat) for Bridge:

300 2147
1 Sketch Diagram of Abutment Cap.
700
450
450
3047
600
2147
675
2000
2000
2000
2000
675
450
300
L1 = 9.350m
400
150 200
10250
250
2 Structural Data : Description i) Dimentions of Superstructure : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p) q) r) Span Length (Clear C/C distance between Bearings) Addl.Length of Girder beyond Bearing Center Line. Total Girder Length (a+2b) Carriageway Width Width of Side Walk on Each Side Width of Curb/Wheel Guard Width of Railing Curb/Post Guard Total Width of Bridge Deck Width & Depth of Railings Width & Breath of Railing Post Height of Railing Post Height of Wheel Guard/Curb Number of Railings on each Side C/C distance between Railing Posts Thickness of Deck Slab Thickness of Wearing Course Number of Main Girders Number of Cross Girders
1200
Notation.
Value.
Unit.
SL SAddl. LGir. WCarr-Way. WS-Walk. WCurb. WR-Post. WB-Deck. RW&D. PW&B. hR-Post. hCurb. Rnos. C/CD-R-Post. tSlab. tWC NGirder. NX-Girder.
24.400 0.300 25.000 7.300 1.250 0.350 0.225 10.250 0.175 0.225 1.070 0.300 3.000 2.000 0.200 0.075 5.000 5.000
m m m m m m m m m m m m nos m m m nos nos
600
2147
350
350
s) t) u) v) w)
Depth of Main Girders (Including Slab as T-Girder) Depth of Cross Girders (Including Slab as T-Girder) Width of Main Girders Width of Cross Girders C/C Distance between Main Girders & Flange Width
hGirder. hX-Girder. bGirder. bX-Girder. C/CD-Girder.
2.000 1.900 0.350 2.500 2.000
m m m m m
ii) Dimentions of Abutment Cap & Back Wall : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) Height of Back Wall Thickness of Back Wall Thickness of Wing Wall Length of Back Wall between the Wing Walls Length of Abutment Cap between outer Faces of Wing Walls Height of Abutment Cap Rectangular Portion (Abutment Seat) Height of Abutment Cap Trapezoid Portion (Abutment Seat) Width of Abutment Cap Rectangular Portion (Abutment Seat) Width of Abutment Cap Trapezoid Portion at Bottom(Abutment Seat) Offset of Trapezoid Portion on Earth Face Offset of Trapezoid Portion on Water Face Span Length between Two Adjacent Bearings Span Length between Exterior Bearing Center to Edge of Abutment Wall hBack-Wall tBack-Wall tWing-Wall LBack-Wall LAb-Cap hAb-Cap-Rec hAb-Cap-Tro. bAb-Cap-Rec bAb-Cap-Tro-Bot. bOffset-Earth. bOffset-Water. LInt-Ab-Cap. LExt-Ab-Cap 2.147 0.300 0.450 9.350 10.250 0.600 0.300 1.000 0.450 0.400 0.150 2.000 1.125 m m m m m m m m m m m m m
2 Design Data : i) Design Criterion : a) AASHTO Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). b) Type of Loads : Combined Application of AASHTO HS20 Truck Loading & Lane Loading.
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d) e)
2,447.232 2,345.264 1,019.680 1,045.172 1,835.424
a) b) c) d) e)
24.000 23.000 10.000 10.250 18.000
viii) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c = 0.043*24^(1.50)*21^(1/2) Mpa, (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy h) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa f/c fc Ec 21.000 8.400 23,855.620 2.887 fr fy fs ES 2.887 MPa MPa MPa MPa
410.000 MPa 164.000 MPa 200000.000 MPa
ix) Design Data for Resistance Factors for Conventional Construction (AASHTO LRFD-5.5.4.2.1). : (Respective Resistance Factors are mentioned as f or b value) a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) For Flexural & Tension in Reinforced Concrete For Flexural & Tension in Prestressed Concrete For Shear & Torsion of Normal Concrete For Axil Comression with Spirals or Ties & Seismic Zones at Extreme Limit State (Zone 3 & 4). For Bearing on Concrete For Compression in Strut-and-Tie Modeis For Compression in Anchorage Zones with Normal Concrete For Tension in Steel in Anchorage Zones For resistance during Pile Driving Value of b1 for Flexural Compression in Reinforced Concrete (AASHTO LRFD-5.7.2..2.) Value of b for Flexural Tension of Reinforcement in Concrete fFlx-Rin. fFlx-Pres. fShear. fSpir/Tie/Seim. fBearig. fStrut&Tie. fAnc-Copm-Conc. fAnc-Ten-Steel. fPile-Resistanc. b1 b 0.90 1.00 0.90 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.80 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.85
x) Other Design Related Data : a) Velocity of Wind Load in Normal Condition b) Velocity of Wind Load in Special Condition c) Velocity of Water/Stream Current Causing Water/Stream Load 3 Factors Applicable for Design of Different Structural Components : i) Formula for Load Factors & Selection of Load Combination : a) Formula for Load Factors Q = igiQi f Rn = Rr; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-1 & 3.4.1-1) Where, i is Load Modifier having values i = D R I 0.95 in which for Loads a Maximum value of gi Applicable; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-2), & i = 1/(D R I ) 1.00 in which for Loads a Minimum value of gi Allpicable; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-3) VWL-Nor. VWL-Spe. VWA 90.000 260.000 4.200 km/hr km/hr m/s
Here: gi = Load Factor; a statistically based multiplier Applied to Force Effect, f = Resistance Factor; a statistically based multiplier Applied to Nominal Resitance, i = Load Modifier; a Factor related to Ductility, Redundancy and Operational Functions, For Strength Limit State; D i = D = 1.00 for Conventional Design related to Ductility, i = R = 1.00 for Conventional Levels of Redundancy , i = I = 1.00 for Typical Bridges related to Operational Functions, Qi = Force Effect, Rn = Nominal Resitance, Ri = Factored Resitance = fRn. R l
1.000 1.000 1.000
4 Different Load Multiplying Fatcors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) & Load Combination : a) The Bridge will have to face Cyclonic Storms with very high Intensity of Wind Load (Wind Velocity = 260km/hr), but those would be occasional. Thus the respective Multiplier Factors of Limit State STRENGTH I (Bridge used by Normal Vehicle without wind load) for normal operation, Limit State of STRENGTH-III (Wind Velocity exceeding 90km/hr) for wind load during cyclonic storm condition and Limit State of STRENGTH-IV (Having Wind Velocity of 90 km/hr) for normal wind load only are selected as CRITICAL conditions for bridge structure. i) Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.250
gDW
1.500
gEH
1.500
gEV
1.350
gES
1.500
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . m 1.000
gLL-Truck
1.750
c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV STRENGTH - III STRENGTH - V
IM
1.330
1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.000 1.400 1.000 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
5 Different Load Multiplying Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 :
a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surcharge Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2)
gDC
1.000
gDW
1.000
gEH
1.000
gEV
1.000
gES
1.000
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (AASHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Dynamic Load Allowance-IM as per Provision of AASHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; SERVICE - I (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR SERVICE - IV SERVICE - II SERVICE - II SERVICE - II m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.000 1.000
gLL-Lane gLL-PL. gLL-CE. gLL-BR. gLL-LS. gLL-WA. gLL-WS. gLL-WL gLL-FR.
1.000 1.000 1.300 1.300 1.000 1.000 0.700 1.300 1.000
l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV 6 Computation of Imposed Load (DL & LL) upon Abutment Cap :
gLL-TU.
1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
i) Philosophy of Flexural Design & Computation of different Loads (DL & LL) upon Well Cap: a) Since the Abutment Cap will have to receive all Vertical Loads both from Live Load Elements & Dead Loads from the Superstructure and its Self Weight, thus computation of these Loads should done accordingly. b) Loads from Superstructure (DL & LL) will act upon Abutment Cap through the Girder Bearings as Concentrated Reactions. The Abutment Cap will also have to carry Dead Loads (DL) due to its Self Weight & Back Wall. These total Loads (DL & LL)will ultimately transmit to the Abutment Wall & those will behave as an Uniformly Distributed Upward Reaction against the Imposed Downward Loads (DL & LL) from Superstructure, Self Weight of Abutment Cap & Back Wall. Based on the mentioned assumptions of Uniformly Distributed Laod Reactions, Abutment Cap will be a Inverted Continuous Rectangular Beam having Girders as Reaction/Supports. Thus eacg Girder will have enhance Reaction Values according their Position in respect of Calculated Uniformely Distributed Load Reaction upon the Abutment Wall. c) Accordingly the Abutment Cap will be Designed as a Continuous Beam Having Uniformly Distributed Load upon it. ii) Unfactored Dead Load Reactions from 1 no. Exteriod Girder : ii) Unfactored Dead Load Reactions from 1 no. Exteriod Girder : a) Super-structural Dead Load without Wearing Course & Utilities b) Wearing Course & Utilities c) Total Dead Load for 1 no. Exterior Girder DLExt-Self & Sup-Imp.-UF DLExt-WC&Uti-UF DLExt-Total-UF 450.566 kN 40.031 kN 490.598 kN
iii) Unfactored Dead Load Reactions from 1 no. Interiod Girder : a) Super-structural Dead Load without Wearing Course & Utilities b) Wearing Course & Utilities c) Total Dead Load for 1 no. Interior Girder iv) Unfactored Live Load Reactions from 1 no. Exteriod Girder : a) Live Load due to HS20-44 Truck on Exterior Girder. b) Truck Live Load with Dynamic Load Allowance (IM) under Strength Limit State = IM*LLExt-Truck. c) Truck Live Load with Dynamic Load Allowance (IM) under Service Limit State = IM*LLExt-Truck. d) Live Load due to Lane Load on Deck e) Live Load due to Pedistrian on Exterior Girder f) Total Live Load for 1 no. Exterior Girder with Dynamic Load Allowance (IM) under Strength Limit State. v) Unfactored Live Load Reactions from 1 no. Interiod Girder : a) Live Load due to HS20-44 Truck on Interior Girder. b) Truck Live Load with Dynamic Load Allowance (IM) under Strength Limit State = IM*LLInt-Truck. c) Truck Live Load with Dynamic Load Allowance (IM) under Service Limit State = IM*LLExt-Truck. d) Live Load due to Lane Load on Deck e) Total Leve Load for 1 no. Interior Girder with Dynamic Load Allowance (IM) under Strength Limit State. LLInt-Truck.-UF LLInt-Truck+IM-UF 0.000 kN 0.000 kN LLExt-Truck.-UF LLExt-Truck+IM-UF 82.544 kN 109.784 kN DLInt-Self & Sup-Imp.-UF DLInt.-WC&Uti-UF DLInt.-Total-UF 358.382 kN 43.125 kN 401.507 kN
LLSExt-Truck.-IM-UF
82.544 kN
LLExt-Lane.-UF LLExt-Ped.-UF LLExt.-Total-UF
25.188 kN 56.250 kN 191.221 kN
LLSInt-Truck.-IM-UF
0.000 kN
LLInt-Lane.-UF LLInt.-Total-UF
77.500 kN 77.500 kN
vi) Factored Dead Load Reactions from 1 no. Exteriod Girder under Strength Limit State Design (USD): a) Self Weight & Superimposed but without Wearing Course & Utilities = gDC*DLExt-Self & Sup-Imp. b) Wearing Course & Utilities = gDW*DLExt-WC&Uti FDLExt-Self & Sup-Imp.-USD 563.208 kN
FDLExt-WC&Uti-USD
60.047 kN
c) Total Factored Factored (USD) Dead Load (DL) for 1 no. Exterior Girder
FDLExt-Total-USD
623.255 kN
vii) Factored Dead Load Reactions from 1 no. Interiod Girder under Strength Limit State Design (USD) : a) Self Weight & Superimposed but without Wearing Course & Utilities = gDC*DLInt-Self & Sup-Imp. b) Wearing Course & Utilities = gDW*DLInt-WC&Uti c) Total Factored Dead Load (DL) for 1 no. Interior Girder FDLInt-Self & Sup-Imp.-USD 447.977 kN
FDLInt.-WC&Uti-USD
64.688 kN
FDLInt.-Total-USD
512.665 kN
viii) Factored Live Load Reactions from 1 no. Exteriod Girder under Strength Limit State Design (USD) : a) Live Load due to HS20-44 Truck on Exterior Girder + IM. = m*IM*gLL-Truck*LLExt-Truck+IM. b) Live Load due to Lane Load on Deck = mgLL-Lane*LLExt-Lane. c) Live Load due to Pedistrian on Exterior Girder = mgLL-PL.*LLExt-Ped. d) Total Factored (USD) Leve Load (LL) for 1 no. Exterior Girder FLLExt-Truck+IM.-USD 192.122 kN
FLLExt-Lane.-USD
44.078 kN
FLLExt-Ped.-USD
98.438 kN
FLLExt.-Total-USD
334.638 kN
ix) Factored Live Load Reactions from 1 no. Interiod Girder under Strength Limit State Design (USD) : a) Live Load due to HS20-44 Truck on Interior Girder. = m*IM*gLL-Truck*LLInt-Truck+IM. b) Live Load due to Lane Load on Deck = mgLL-Lane*LLInt-Lane. c) Total Factored ((USD) Leve Load (LL)for 1 no. Interior Girder FLLInt-Truck.+IM-USD 0.000 kN
FLLInt-Lane.-USD
135.625 kN
FLLInt.-Total-USD
135.625 kN
x) Factored Dead Load Reactions from 1 no. Exteriod Girder under Service Limit State Design (WSD): a) Self Weight & Superimposed but without Wearing Course & Utilities = gDC*DLExt-Self & Sup-Imp. b) Wearing Course & Utilities = gDW*DLExt-WC&Uti c) Total Factored (WSD) Dead Load (DL) for 1 no. Exterior Girder FDLExt-Self & Sup-Imp.-WSD 450.566 kN
FDLExt-WC&Uti-WSD
40.031 kN
FDLExt-Total-WSD
490.598 kN
xi) Factored Dead Load Reactions from 1 no. Interiod Girder under Service Limit State Design (WSD) : a) Self Weight & Superimposed but without Wearing Course & FDLInt-Self & Sup-Imp.-WSD 358.382 kN
Utilities = gDC*DLInt-Self & Sup-Imp. b) Wearing Course & Utilities = gDW*DLInt-WC&Uti c) Total Factored (WSD) Dead Load (DL) for 1 no. Interior Girder FDLInt.-WC&Uti-WSD 43.125 kN
FDLInt.-Total-WSD
401.507 kN
xii) Factored Live Load Reactions from 1 no. Exteriod Girder under Service Limit State Design (WSD) : a) Live Load due to HS20-44 Truck on Exterior Girder + IM. = m*IM*gLL-Truck*LLExt-Truck b) Live Load due to Lane Load on Deck = mgLL-Lane*LLExt-Lane. c) Live Load due to Pedistrian on Exterior Girder = mgLL-PL.*LLExt-Ped. d) Total Factored (WSD) Leve Load (LL) for 1 no. Exterior Girder FLLExt-Truck+IM.-WSD 82.544 kN
FLLExt-Lane.-WSD
25.188 kN
FLLExt-Ped.-WSD
56.250 kN
FLLExt.-Total-WSD
163.982 kN
xiii) Factored Live Load Reactions from 1 no. Interiod Girder under Service Limit State Design (WSD) : a) Live Load due to HS20-44 Truck on Interior Girder. = m*IM*gLL-Truck*LLInt-Truck b) Live Load due to Lane Load on Deck = mgLL-Lane*LLInt-Lane. c) Total Factored (WSD) Leve Load (LL)for 1 no. Interior Girder FLLSInt-Truck.+IM 0.000 kN
FLLSInt-Lane.
77.500 kN
FLLInt.-Total-WSD
77.500 kN
xix) Loads due to Self Weight of Back Wall & Abutment Cap on Abutment Wall for per Meter Length (Considering Weight of Back Wall & Abutment Cap is Acting as Uniformly Distributed Loads.) : a) Dead Load due to Back Wall, = tBack-Wall*hBack-Wall*wc b) Dead Load due to Self Weight of Abutment Cap Rectangular Portion = bAb-Cap-Rec*hAb-Cap-Rec.*wc c) Total Unfactored Uniformly Distributed Load per meter on Abutment Wall due to Back Wall & Abutment Cap. d) Total Factored Dead Load due to Back Wall & Abutment Cap under Strength Limit State Design (USD) = gDC*(DLBack+Ab.-Cap) e) Total Factored Dead Load due to Back Wall & Abutment Cap under Service Limit State Design (WSD) = gDC*(DLBack+Ab.-Cap) DLBack-Wall DLAb.-Cap-Rec. 15.458 kN/m 14.400 kN/m
DLBack+Ab.Cap.
29.858 kN/m
FDLBack+Ab.Cap.-USD
37.323 kN/m
FDLBack+Ab.Cap.WSD
29.858 kN/m
xx) Total Factored Load Reactions (DL + LL) from 1 no. Exterior & 1 no. Interiod Girder under Strength Limit
State Design (USD) : a) Total Factored Load Reactions (DL + LL) from 1 no. Exterior Girder = FDLExt-Total-USD + FLLExt.-Total-USD b) Total Factored Load Reactions (DL + LL) from 1 no. Interior Girder = FDLInt-Total-USD + FLLInt.-Total-USD FLExt.-Total(DL+LL)-USD 957.892 kN
FLInt.-Total(DL+LL)-USD
648.290 kN
xxi) Total Factored Load Reactions (DL + LL) from 1 no. Exterior & 1 no. Interiod Girder under Service Limit State Design (WSD) : a) Total Factored Load Reactions (DL + LL) from 1 no. Exterior Girder = FDLExt-Total-WSD + FLLExt.-Total-WSD b) Total Factored Load Reactions (DL + LL) from 1 no. Interior Girder = FDLInt-Total-WSD + FLLInt.-Total-WSD FLExt.-Total(DL+LL)-WSD 654.579 kN
FLInt.-Total(DL+LL)-WSD
565.489 kN
6 Sketch Diagram of Actual Imposed Factored Loads (DL & LL) from Girder. Abutment Cap & Back Wall Under Strength Limit State (USD) :
RGir.-Ext
957.892
RGir.-Int
648.29 kN 2 m
RGir.-Int
648.289844 kN 2 m
RGir.-Int
648.29 kN 2.00 m
RGir.-Ext.
957.892 kN 1.125 m 450
450
kN 2.00 m
hBack-Wall =
2.147 m
1.125 m
Self Wt. Of Aburment Cap + Back Wall
hAb-Cap-Recl = hAb-Cap-Tro =
0.600 m 0.300 m
FDLBack+Ab.Cap.=
37.323 kN/m
LAb-Cap =
300 700
10.250
Load from Superstructure 350 350 2147
3047
2747
A D
400 450 150 300
B C
600
7 Computation of Unfactored Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads for Abutment Cap and Resultant Reactions on Girder Points :
i) Computation of Uniformity Distributed Dead Loads upon Abutment Cap : a) Unfactored Imposed Dead Loads (DL) from 2nos. Exterior Girders upon Abutment Cap = 2*DLExt.-Total-UF b) Unfactored Imposed Dead Loads (DL) from 3nos. Interior Girders upon Abutment Cap = 3*DLInt.-Total-UF c) Total Unfactored Dead Loads (DL) upon Abutment Cap from Superstructure = (UFLExt.-Gir, + UFLInt.-Gir.) UFDL-Ext.-Gir. 981.195 kN
UFDL-Int.-Gir.
1204.521 kN
UFDL-Super.
2185.716 kN
d) Uniformly Distributed Unfactored Dead Loads (DL) upon Abutment Cap for wDL-Super.-UF its per Meter Length due to Imposed Loads from Superstructure through Girders = UFDL-Super,/ LAb-Cap. e) Uniformly Distributed Unfactored Dead Loads (DL) upon Abutment Cap for its Self Weight & Back Wall = DLBack+Ab.Cap. wDL-Back+Ab.Cap.-UF
213.241 kN/m
29.858 kN/m
f) Total Uniformly Distributed Unfactored Dead Loads (DL) upon Abutment wDL-Ab-Cap.-UF Cap for its per Meter Length due to Imposed Loads from Superstructure through Girders, its Self Weight & Back Wall = (wDL-Super,-UF + wDL-Back+Ab.Cap-UF.) ii) Resultant Reaction on Girders against Computed of Uniformity Distributed Dead Loads : a) Reaction on Each Exterior Girder = wDL-Ab-Cap.*(LExt-Ab-Cap + LInt-Ab-Cap./2) b) Reaction on Each Interior Girder = wDL-Ab-Cap.*LInt-Ab-Cap. RDL-Ext RDL-Int
243.099 kN/m
516.585 kN 486.198 kN
8 Computation of Uniformty Distributed Factored Loads (DL & LL) on Abutment Cap & Resultant Reactions for the Girder Points Under Strength Limit State (USD) : i) Computation of Uniformty Distributed Factored Loads (DL & LL) upon Abutment Cap : a) Factored Imosed Loads (DL & LL)from 2nos. Exterior Girders upon Abutment Cap = 2*(FDLExt.-Total-USD + FLLExt.-Total-USD) b) Factored Imosed Loads (DL & LL)from 3nos. Interior Girders upon Abutment Cap = 3*(FDLInt.-Total-USD + FLLInt.-Total-USD) c) Total Factored Loads (DL & LL) upon Abutment Cap from Superstructure = (FLExt.-Gir,-USD + FLInt.-Gir-USD.) d) Uniformty Distributed Factored Loads (DL & LL) upon Abutment Cap for its per Meter Length due to Imposed Loads from Superstructure through Girders = FLSuper,-USD/ LAb-Cap. e) Uniformty Distributed Factored Loads (DL & LL) upon Abutment Cap FLExt.-Gir.-USD 1915.784 kN
FLInt.-Gir.-USD
1944.870 kN
FLSuper.-USD
3860.654 kN
wSuper.-USD
376.649 kN/m
wBack+Ab.Cap.-USD
37.323 kN/m
for its Self Weight & Back Wall = FDLBack+Ab.Cap-USD f) Total Uniformty Distributed Factored Loads (DL & LL) upon Abutment Cap for its per Meter Length due to Imposed Loads from Superstructure through Girders, its Self Weight & Back Wall = (wSuper,-USD + wBack+Ab.Cap.-USD) wAb-Cap.-USD 413.972 kN/m
ii) Resultant Reaction on Girders against Computed of Uniformity Distributed Factored Loads (DL & LL): a) Reaction on Each Exterior Girder = wAb-Cap.-USD*(LExt-Ab-Cap. + LInt-Ab-Cap./2) b) Reaction on Each Interior Girder = wAb-Cap.-USD*LInt-Ab-Cap. RExt-USD RInt-USD 879.691 kN 827.944 kN
9 Computation of Uniformty Distributed Unfactored Loads (DL & LL) on Abutment Cap & Resultant Reactions for the Girder Points Under Service Limit State (WSD) : i) Computation of Uniformty Distributed Factored Loads (DL & LL) upon Abutment Cap : a) Unfactored Imosed Loads (DL & LL) from 2nos. Exterior Girders upon Abutment Cap = 2*(FDLExt.-Total-WSD + FLLExt.-Total-WSD) b) Unfactored Imosed Loads (DL & LL)from 3nos. Interior Girders upon Abutment Cap = 3*(FDLInt.-Total-WSD + FLLInt.-Total-WSD) c) Total Unfactored Loads (DL & LL) upon Abutment Cap from Superstructure = (FLExt.-Gir,-WSD + FLInt.-Gir.-WSD) FLExt.-Gir.-WSD 1309.159 kN
FLInt.-Gir.-WSD
1437.021 kN
FLSuper.-WSD
2746.179 kN
d) Uniformty Distributed Unfactored Loads (DL & LL) upon Abutment Cap for wSuper.-WSD its per Meter Length due to Imposed Loads from Superstructure through Girders = FLSuper,-WSD/ LAb-Cap. e) Uniformty Distributed Unfactored Loads (DL & LL) upon Abutment Cap for its Self Weight & Back Wall = FDLBack+Ab.Cap.-WSD wBack+Ab.Cap.-WSD
267.920 kN/m
29.858 kN/m
f) Total Uniformty Distributed Unfactored Loads (DL & LL) upon Abutment Cap for its per Meter Length due to Imposed Loads from Superstructure through Girders, its Self Weight & Back Wall = (wSuper-WSD, + wBack+Ab.Cap-WSD.)
wAb-Cap.-WSD
297.778 kN/m
ii) Resultant Reaction on Girders against Computed of Uniformity Distributed Factored Loads (DL & LL): a) Reaction on Each Exterior Girder = wAb-Cap.-WSD*(LExt-Ab-Cap. + LInt-Ab-Cap./2) b) Reaction on Each Interior Girder = wAb-Cap.-WSD*LInt-Ab-Cap. RExt-WSD RInt-WSD 632.779 kN 595.557 kN
10 Sketch Diagram of Computed Factored Loads (DL & LL) on Abutment Cap & Resultant Reactions :
RExt-USD.
879.691
RInt-USD..
827.94 kN
RInt-USD.
827.944329 kN
RInt.-USD.
827.94 kN
RExt-USD.
879.691 kN 450
450
kN
450
450
hBack-Wall =
2.000 m 2.000 m 2.000 m 413.972 kN/m 2.000 m 1.125 m
2.147 m
1.125 m
Computed Uniformly Distributed Loads on Aburment Cap
hAb-Cap-Recl = hAb-Cap-Tro =
0.600 m 0.300 m
wF-Ab-Cap.-USD =
LAb-Cap =
300 700
10.250
Load from Superstructure 350 350 2147
3047
2747
A D
400 450 150 300
B C
600
11 Calculations for Moments under different obstions of Computed Loads from Superstructure, Self Weight of Abutment Cap & Back Wall on Abutment Cap Section 'ABCD' : i) Calculations for Factored Moments at different Reaction Positions Under Strength Limit State (USD): a) (-) ve Moments on Outer Face of Exterior Girder Reaction Position, = wAb-Cap.-USD*LExt-Ab-Cap.2/2 b) (-) ve Moments at Inner Face of Exterior Girder Reaction Position, = wAb-Cap-USD.*LInt-Ab-Cap.2/10 c) (-) ve Moments at Face of Interior Girder Reaction Position, = wAb-Cap.USD*LInt-Ab-Cap.2/9 d) (+) ve Moments at Middle Position in-between Two Reactions, = wAb-Cap.-USD*LInt-Ab-Cap.2/8 (-) MExtr-Out-USD 261.967 kN-m
(-) MExtr-Inner-USD
165.589 kN-m
(-) MInte-Face-USD
183.988 kN-m
(+) MMid-USD
206.986 kN-m
ii) Calculations for Factored Moments at different Reaction Positions Under Service Limit State (WSD): a) (-) ve Moments on Outer Face of Exterior Girder Reaction Position, = wAb-Cap.-WSD*LExt-Ab-Cap.2/2 b) (-) ve Moments at Inner Face of Exterior Girder Reaction Position, = wAb-Cap.-WSD*LInt-Ab-Cap.2/10 (-) MExt-Out-WSD 188.438 kN-m
(-) MExt-Int-WSD
119.111 kN-m
c) (-) ve Moments at Face of Interior Girder Reaction Position, = wAb-Cap.-WSD*LBearing2/9 d) (+) ve Moments at Middle Position in-between Two Reactions, = wAb-Cap.-WSD*LInt-Ab-Cap.2/8 iii) Calculations for Dead Load (DL) Moments at different Reaction Positions: a) (-) ve Moments on Outer Face of Exterior Girder Reaction Position, = wDL-Ab-Cap.*LExt-Ab-Cap.2/2 b) (-) ve Moments at Inner Face of Exterior Girder Reaction Position, = wDL-Ab-Cap.*LInt-Ab-Cap.2/10 c) (-) ve Moments at Face of Interior Girder Reaction Position, = wDL-Ab-Cap.*LInt-Ab-Cap.2/9 d) (+) ve Moments at Middle Position in-between Two Reactions, = wDL-Ab-Cap.*LInt-Ab-Cap.2/8
(-) MInt-WSD
132.346 kN-m
(+) MMid-WSD
148.889 kN-m
(-) MDL-Extr-Out
153.836 kN-m
(-) MDL-Extr-Inner
97.240 kN-m
(-) MDL-Interior
108.044 kN-m
(+) MDL-Middle
121.549 kN-m
11 Calculations for Shearing Forces under different options of Computed Loads from Superstructure, Self Weight of Abutment Cap & Back Wall on Abutment Cap Section 'ABCD' : i) Factored Shearing Forces at different Reaction Positions Under Strength Limit State (USD): a) Shear Forces on Exterior Girder Reaction Position Outer Face, = wAb-Cap.-USD.*LExt.-Ab-Cap. b) Shear Forces on Exterior Girder Reaction Position Inner Face, = RExt.-USD. - VR-Ext.-Out-USD. c) Shear Forces on Interior Girder Reaction Position of Both Faces, = RInt.-USD. - wAb-Cap.-USD.*LInt-Ab-Cap./2 d) Shear Forces on Mid between Interior Girder Reaction Positions = VR-Int-Int.-USD. - wAb-Cap.-USD.*LInt-Ab-Cap./2 (-)VR-Extr-Out-USD. 465.719 kN
VR-Extr-Inn-USD.
413.972 kN
VR-Int-Int-USD.
413.972 kN
VMid-of-Int-USD.
0.000 kN
ii) Factored Shearing Forces at different Reaction Positions Under Service Limit State (WSD): a) Shear Forces at Exterior Girder Reaction Position Outer Face, = wAb-Cap.-WSD*LExt.-Ab-Cap. b) Shear Forces at Exterior Girder Reaction Position Inner Face, = RExt.-WSD - VR-Extr-Out-WSD c) Shear Forces at Interior Girder Reaction Position of Both Faces, (-)VR-Extr-Out-WSD 335.001 kN
VR-Extr-Inn.-WSD
297.778 kN
VR-Int-Int.-WSD
297.778 kN
= RInt.-WSD - wAb-Cap.-WSD*LInt-Ab-Cap./2 d) Shear Forces on Mid between Interior Girder Reaction Positions = VR-Int-Int-WSD - wAb-Cap.-WSD*LInt-Ab-Cap./2 VMid-of-Int.-WSD 0.000 kN
iii) Calculations for Dead Load Shearing Forces at different Reaction Positions: a) Shear Forces at Exterior Girder Reaction Position Outer Face, = wDL-Ab-Cap.*LExt.-Ab-Cap. b) Shear Forces at Exterior Girder Reaction Position Inner Face, = RDL.Ext. - DLVR-Extr-Out. c) Shear Forces at Interior Girder Reaction Position of Both Faces, = RDL.Int. - wDL-Ab-Cap.*LInt-Ab-Cap./2 d) Shear Forces on Mid between Interior Girder Reaction Positions = DLVR-Int-Int.. - wUF-Ab-Cap.*LInt-Ab-Cap./2 (-)DLVR-Extr-Out 273.486 kN
DLVR-Extr-Inn.
273.486 kN
DLVR-Int-Int.
243.099 kN
DLVMid-of-Int.
0.000 kN
11 Computation of Related Features required for Flexural Design of Main Reinforcements for Abutment Cap Against the Calculated Bending Moments on its Different Sections : i) Provisions for Reinforcements, Design Width-Depth & Clear Cover on different Faces of Abutment Cap : a) Against (-) ve Moment values the Abutment Cap Requires the Reinforcements on its Top Surface, whereas for the (+) ve Moment values the Reinforcements will on its Bottom Surface. b) Height on Rectangular Portion of Abutment Cap is Design Depth = hAb-Cap-Rec c) Height on Rectangular Portion of Abutment Cap is Design Width = bAb-Cap-Rec d) e) f) g) Let the Clear Cover on Earth Face of Abutment Cap = 75mm, Let the Clear Cover on Top, Face of Abutment Cap = 50mm, Let the Clear Cover on Bottom Face of Abutment Cap = 50mm, Let the Clear Cover on Water Face of Abutment Cap = 50mm, h b C-Cov-Earth. C-Cov-Top C-Cov-Bot. C-Cov-Water 0.6 m 1m 75 50 50 50 mm mm mm mm
ii) Calculations of Limits For Maximum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1) : . a) With Maximum Amount of Prestressed & Nonprestressed Reinforcement for c/de-Max. a Section c/de 0.42 in which; b) c is the distance from extreme Compression Fiber to the Neutral Axis in mm c) de is the corresponding Effective Depth from extreme Compression Fiber to the Centroid of Tensial Forces in Tensial Reinforcements in mm. Here; i) de = (Apsfpsdp + Asfyds)/(Apsfps + Asfy), where ; ii) As = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Tinsion Reinforcement in mm2 iii) Aps = Area of Prestressing Steel in mm2 c de
0.42
Variable Variable
As Aps
Variable Variable
mm2 mm2
iv) fy = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Tension Bar in MPa. vi) fps = Average Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. xi) dp = Distance of Extreme Compression Fiber from Prestressing Tendon Centroid in mm. xii) ds = Distance of Centroid of Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement from the Extreme Compression Fiber in mm. d) For a Structure having only Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement the values of Aps, fps & dp are = 0. Thus Equation for value of de stands to de = Asfyds/Asfy & thus de = ds . iii) Limits For Manimum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.2) :
fy fps dp ds
2 410.00 N/mm 2 Variable N/mm Variable mm
Variable
mm
a) For Section of a Flexural Component having both Prestressed & Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements should have Minimum Resisting Moment Mr 1.2*Mcr or 1.33 Times the Calculated Factored Moment for the Section Based on AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1-Table-3.4.1-1, which one is less.For Compnents having Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements only Mr = 1.2Mcr. b) The Cracking Moment of a Section Mcr = Sc(fr + fcpe) - Mdnc(Sc/Snc - 1) Scfr where; i) fcpe = Compressive Stress in Concrete due to Effective Prestress Forces at Extreme Fiber only where Tensile Stress is caused by Externally Applied Forces after allowance of all Prestressing Losses in MPa. In Nonprestressing RCC Components value of fcpe = 0. ii) Mdnc = Total Unfactored Dead Load Moment acting on the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section in N-mm. iii) Sc = Section Modulus for the Extreme Fiber of the Composite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. iv) Snc = Section Modulus of Extreme Fiber of the Monolithic/Noncomposite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. For the Rectangular RCC Section value of Snc = (b*h.3/12)/(h./2) v) fr = Modulus of Rupture of Concrete in Mpa,(AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). c) For Nonprestressing & Monolithic or Noncomposite Beam or Elements, Sc = Snc & fcpe = 0, thus Equation for Cracking Moment Stands to Mcr = Sncfr d) Thus Calculated value of Mcr according to respective values of Equation e) The value of Mcr = Scfr f) Cpoputed value of Mcr = 1.33*MExt Factored Moment due to External Forces Mcr fcpe Variable N-mm N/mm2
Mdnc
Variable
N-mm
Sc
Variable
mm3
Snc
3 0.060000 m 3 60.000/10^3 m 3 60.000*10^6 mm
fr Mcr
2 2.887 N/mm
173221361.269
N-mm 173.221 kN-m N-mm N-mm N-mm
Mcr-1 Mcr-2 Mcr-3
g) Table-1 Showing Allowable Resistance Moment M r for Minimum Reinforcement of Different Surface & Direction Position Value of Value of Actuat Acceptable & Nature Unfactored Mcr-1 Cracking Mcr of Moment Dead Load As per Moment Cracking on Moment Equation Value Moment Abutment MDL-UF 5.7.3.3.2-1 Sncfr (Mcr-1Sncfr) Cap kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
(-)ve on 153.836 97.240 108.044 121.549 173.221 173.221 173.221 173.221 173.221 173.221 173.221 173.221 173.221 173.221 173.221 173.221 1.33 Times 1.2 Times M Mr of M, of Mcr Factored Allowable Cracking Moment Factored Min. Moment for RCC Moment of Section Moment 1.2Mcr (1.2*Mcr) M (1.33*M) kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m 207.866 207.866 207.866 207.866 261.967 165.589 183.988 206.986 348.416 220.233 244.704 275.291 207.866 207.866 207.866 207.866

261.967 207.866 207.866 207.866
RExt-Outer
(-)ve on
RExt-Inner
(-)ve on
RInt-Inner
(+)ve on
RInt-Mid
pmax.
0.016
12 Flexural Design of Reinforcements on Top Surface of Abutment Cap against the Max. (-) ve Moment : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Maximum Flexural (-) ve Moment occurs at Exterior Position of Abutment Cap. Against Calculated Factored (-) ve Moment value the Provision of Reinforcements will be on Top Surface of Abutment Cap. (-) MF-Extr-Out-USD Mr 261.967 261.967*10^6 207.866 207.866*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
b) Since (-) MF-Extr-Out-USD > Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus (-) MF-Extr-Out-USD is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement on Top Surface of Abutment Cap : a) Let provide 25f Bars as Main Reinforcement on Top Surface of Abutment Cap. b) X-Sectional of 25f Bars = p*DAb-Cap-Top2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Top Surface, dpro = (h -CCov-Top -DAb-Cap-Top/2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Width of Cap b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2))
MU
261.967 kN-m/m 261.967*10^6 N-mm/m
DAb-Cap-Top
25 mm
Af-25. de-pro-Top.
2 490.874 mm
537.500 mm
areq.
28.035 mm
e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Number of 25f bars Requred for the Section= As-req-Ab-Earth-V./Af-20 g) Let the Provided 8 nos. 25f bars as Main Reinforcement on Top Surface of Abutment Cap. h) The provided Steel Area with 8 nos. 25f bars as Main Reinforcement on Top Surface of = Af-25.*NBer-pro. iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
As-req-Ab-Cap-Top NBer-req. NBer-pro.
1,356.181
mm2/m
2.763 nos. 8 nos.
As-pro-Ab-Cap-Top
3,926.991
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.007 90.200 mm 792.797 kN-m/m
d) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro and Calculated Design Moment MU. e) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. iv) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.143 n) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) c/de-Max. c
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
0.450 76.670 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.143 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
v) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr 713.517 N-mm 713.517*10^6 kN-m 792.797 N-mm 792.797*10^6 kN-m 0.90
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing
AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2); here ds = dpro & a = apro. d) Since Abutment Cap is being considered as a Continous Rectangular Beam having Cantilver arm on both End. The Steel Area against Factored Max. (-) ve Moment is at its Top Surface for which the value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2). e) Calculated Factored (-) ve Moments MU at Exterior Girder Posotions are with Maximum value = (-)MF-Extr-Out-USD Mn-Top 792.797 kN-m 792.797*10^6 N-mm
(-)MF-Extr-Out-USD
261.967 kN-m 261.967*10^6 N-mm

Satisfied
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Mr>Mu Factored Moment MU on Exterior Girder Position ( Which one is Greater, if Mr MU the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied)
vii) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit fs-Dev.
2 89.275 N/mm
(-)MF-Extr-Out-WSD
188.438 kN-m 188.438*10^6 N-mm

2 3,926.991 mm
ii) As-pro is the Steel Area for the Section under USD Design Calculation. iii) de is Effective Depth between Extreme Compression Fiber to Centroid of the Tensile Reinforcement for the Section. c) fsa is Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement having its value = Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, in Which; i) dc= Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of Closest Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Top Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Top. Since Clear Cover on Top Face of Abutment Cap, CCov-Top = 50mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 25f ; thus dc = (25/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear
As-pro de
537.500 mm
fsa
2 231.825 N/mm
dc
62.500 mm
2 15,625.000 mm
Cover = 50mm. In Abutment Cap the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*b/NBar-pro. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure is very close to Sea, thus its Components are of Severe Exposure Category having Allowable Max. value of ZMax. = 23000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. ZMax. 23,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the Abutment Wall Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev. ZDev. 8,857.200 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs fsa< 0.6fy Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy Satisfy Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress on Abutment Cap Tension Reinforcement fs-Dev.< fsa Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev.< ZMax. allowable Max.Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement on Abutment Cap Top Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 13 Flexural Design of Reinforcements on Bottom Surface of Abutment Cap against (+) ve Moment : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Maximum Flexural (+) ve Moment occurs at Middle Position of (+) MInt-Mid-USD 206.986 Abutment Cap Sections in-between Two Girders. Against Calculated Factored 206.986*10^6 (+) ve Moment values the Reinforcements will be on Bottom Surface of Mr 207.866 Abutment Cap. 207.866*10^6 b) Since (+) MInt-Mid-USD > Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus (+) MInt-Mid-USD is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement on Bottom Surface of Abutment Cap : a) Let provide 25f Bars as Main Reinforcement on Bottom Surface of Abutment Cap. DAb-Cap-Bot. 25 mm MU kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
207.866 kN-m/m 206.986*10^6 N-mm/m
b) X-Sectional of 25f Bars = p*DAb-Cap-Bot2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Bottom Surface, dpro = (h -CCov-Bot -DAb-Cap-Bot/2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Width of Cap b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Number of 25f bars Requred for the Section= As-req-Ab-Earth-V./Af-20 g) Let the Provided 6 nos. 25f bars as Main Reinforcement on Top Surface of Abutment Cap. h) The provided Steel Area with 6 nos. 25f bars as Main Reinforcement on Top Surface of = Af-25.*NBer-pro. iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
Af-25. de-pro-Bot.
2 490.874 mm
537.500 mm
areq.
22.121 mm
As-req-Ab-Cap-Bot NBer-req. NBer-pro.
1,065.531
mm2/m
2.171 nos. 8 nos.
As-pro-Ab-Cap-Bot
3,926.991
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.007 90.200 mm 792.797 kN-m/m
d) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro amd Calculated Design Moment MU. e) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. iv) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.143 n) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) c/de-Max. c
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
0.450 76.670 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.143 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
v) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2:
a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing.
Mr
713.517 N-mm 713.517*10^6 kN-m 792.797 N-mm 792.797*10^6 kN-m 0.90
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2); here ds = dpro & a = apro. d) Since Abutment Cap is being considered as a Continous Rectangular Beam having Cantilver arm on both End. The Steel Area against Factored Max. (-) ve Moment is at its Top Surface for which the value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2). e) Calculated Factored (+) ve Moments MU at Middle Posotion in-between Two Girdres have the Maximum value = MInt.-Mid.-USD Mn-Top 792.797 kN-m 792.797*10^6 N-mm
MInt.-Mid.-USD
206.986 kN-m 206.986*10^6 N-mm

Satisfied
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Mr>Mu Factored Moment MU on Exterior Girder Position ( Which one is Greater, if Mr MU the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied)
vii) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State (WSD) fs-Dev.
2 70.538 N/mm
MInt.-Mid.-WSD
148.889 kN-m 148.889*10^6 N-mm

2 3926.990817 mm
ii) As-pro is the Steel Area for the Section under USD Design Calculation. iii) de is Effective Depth between Extreme Compression Fiber to Centroid of the Tensile Reinforcement for the Section. c) fsa is Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement having its value = Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, in Which; i) dc= Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of Closest Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation of Bottom Clear Cover & Radius of the
As-pro de
537.500 mm
fsa
2 231.825 N/mm
dc
62.500 mm
Closest Bar to Tension Face with Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Bot. Since Clear Cover on Bottom Face of Abutment Cap, CCov-Bot = 50mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 25f ; thus dc = (25/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In Abutment Cap the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*b/NBar-pro. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure is very close to Sea, thus its Components are of Severe Exposure Category having Allowable Max. value of ZMax. = 23000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. A
2 15,625.000 mm
ZMax.
23,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the Abutment Wall Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev. ZDev. 6,998.282 N/mm fs-Dev.< fsa fsa< 0.6fy Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy Satisfy Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress on Abutment Cap Tension Reinforcement fs-Dev.< fs Allowable Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev.< ZMax. allowable Max.Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement on Abutment Cap Top Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 14 Design of Shear Reinforcement for Abutment Cap against Shearing Forces & Checkings: i) Calculated Factored Shearing Forces (Vu) at Different Locations due to Applied Loads (DL & LL): a) Table for Max. Shear Forces at Different Locations of Abutment Cap due to Applied Factored Loads (DL & LL); Table-1. For Shearing Forces at different Sections of Abutment Cap due to Factored Loads (DL & LL)
Searing On Outer On Inner On Inner Middl Force Face of Face of Face of between Locations Ext. Girder Ext. Girder Int. Girder Int. Girders Unit kN kN kN kN Shearing 465.719 413.9722 413.972 0.000 Force
b) Factored Shearing Forces on Outer Face of Exterior Girder. c) Factored Shearing Forces on Inner Face of Exterior Girder. d) Factored Shearing Forces on Inner Face of Interior Girder. d) Factored Shearing Forces on Mid of Interior Girders. ii) Factored Shearing Stress & Shearing Depth at Different Locations :
Vu-Ext.-Outer Vu-Ext.-Inner Vu-Int-Inner. Vu-Mid-of-Inner.
465.719 kN 413.972 kN
413.972 kN kN
a) The Shearing Steress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force. vu = (Vu - fVp)/fbvdv, = Vu/fbvdv ; Since Vp = 0; (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b) Vp is Component of Prestressing applied Forces. For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component the value of Vp = 0 c) bv is Width of Abutment Cap = bAb-Cap-Rec.. d) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having the greater value of either of 0.9de or 0.72h in mm. Here, i) de is Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement for the Section in mm ii) h is Depth of Abutment Cap Rectangular Section, hAb-Cap-Rec. e) f is Resistance Factor for Shear = 0.90 (AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2). Vp Mpa
1.00 mm Variable mm Variable mm 0.432 mm Variable mm
0.600 mm 0.90
f) Table for Computation of values of vu, de, bv, 0.9de , 0.72h & dv at different Section of Abutment Cap. Table-3 Values of vu, de, bv, 0.9de , 0.72h & dv at different Section of Abutment Cap.
Locations of Shearing Force Width of Abutmrnt Width (bv) Depth of Abutment Cap Rectangular Effective Depth of Section for Tensial Calculated value of 0.9de Calculated value of 0.72h Calculated value of Effective Shear Depth Calculated value of Shearing Stress
mm
On Outer Face of 1000.000
(h) mm
600.00
(de)
mm 537.50 mm 483.75 mm 432.00
(dv)
mm 483.75
(vu)
N/mm2 1.070
Ext.-Girder On Inner Face of Ext.-Girder On Inner Face of Int.-Girder On Middle between Int.-Girders
1000.000
600.00
537.50
483.75
432.00
483.75
0.951
1000.000
600.00
537.50
483.75
432.00
483.75
0.951
1000.000
600.00
537.50
483.75
432.00
483.75
0.000
g) Shearing Stress due to Applied Factored Shearing Forces at Different Sections of Abutment Cap : i) Shearing Stress due to Applied Shearing Force on Outer Face of Exterior Girder = VExt.-Outer/fbvdv N/mm2 ii) Shearing Stress due to Applied Shearing Force on Inner Face of Exterior Girder = VExt.-Inner/fbvdv N/mm2 iii) Shearing Stress due to Applied Shearing Force on Inner Face of Interior Girder = VInt.-Inner/fbvdv N/mm2 iv) Shearing Stress due to Applied Shearing Force on Middle between Interior Girders = VMid-of-Inner. /fbvdv N/mm2 vExt.-Outer
2 1.070 N/mm
vExt.-Inner
2 0.951 N/mm
vInt.-Inner
2 0.951 N/mm
vMid-of-Inner.
N/mm2
iv) Computation of values of q & b to Calculate the Nominal Shear Resistance (Vn) at Different Locations due to Factored Shear Forces under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.4 : a) The Nominal Shear Resistance Vn at any Section of Abutment Cap is the Lesser value Computed from Equations i) Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-1) & ii) Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv + Vp, (Equ. 5.8.3.3-2) in which, b) Vc is Nominal Shear Resistance of Conrete in N having value = 0.083bf/cbvdv, (Equ. 5.8.3.3-1); c) Vs is Shear Resistance Provided by Shear Reinforcement in N having value = Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s (Equ. 5.8.3.3-3) in which,
d) s is Spacing of Stirrups in mm; e) b a is Factor for the Diagonally Cracked Concrete to transmit Tension as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4;
0 f) q is Angle of Inclenation of Digonal Compressive Stress in ( ) as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4; 0 g) a is Angle of Inclenation of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement to Longitudinal Bars in ( ); AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4. For Vertical Transverse/Shear Reinforcement the Angle of Inclenation, a = 900 a 90 0
h) Av is Area of Shear Reinforcement within a distance s in mm; i) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Vp = 0. Vp. N
v) Computation of Value b & q at different Locations of Abutment Cap as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4: a) Calculation of Longitudinal Strain in Web Reinforcement s in mm/mm on the Flexural Tension side of Abutment Cap according to Equations ; b) ex = (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/2(EsAs + EpAps); (Equ-5.8.3.4.2-1 for the Case with at Least the Min.Shear Reinforcement). c) ex = (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/(EsAs + EpAps); (Equ-5.8.3.4.2-2 for the Case with Less then the Min.Shear Reinforcement); d) ex= (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/(2(EsAs + EpAps); (Equ-5.8.3.4.2-3 for the Cases when value of es is (-) ve.in Equ.5.8.3.4.2-1& Equ.5.8.3.4.2-2). Where, e) Ac is Area of Concerte on Flexural Tention side of Abutment Cap in mm2 having value c A 2 Ac = bX-Web* hX-Gir,/2 mm f) Aps is Area of Prestressing Steel on Flexural Tention side of Girder in mm2. For RCC Structure, the value of Aps = 0 Aps -
mm2
mm2
g) As is Area of Non-Prestressing Steel on Flexural Tention side of Abutment Cap in mm2 under Consideration having respective values of Steel Area. i) On Outer Face of Exterior Girder the Provided Steel Area in mm2 As-Ext.-Outer. 2 ii) On Inner Face of Exterior Girder the Provided Steel Area in mm As-Ext.-Inner. iii) On Inner Face of Interior Girder the Provided Steel Area in mm2 As-Int.-Inner. iv) On Middle of Interior Girders the Provided Steel Area in mm2 As-Mid.-of-Inner. h) fpo is a Parameter for Modulus of Elasticity of Prestressing Tendons which is multiplied by Locked-in differencein Strain between the Prestressing Tendons and Surrounding Concrete (Mpa). For the usal level of Prestressing, the value recommended = 0.7fpu for both Pretensioned & Post-tensioned Case. For Nonprestressed RCC Structural Component, the value of fpo = 0. fpo.
3,926.991 mm 3,926.991 mm 3,926.991 mm 3,926.991 mm
2 2 2 2
MPa.
i) Nu is Factored Axil Force in N, Value will be (+) ve for the case of Tensile & (-) for the case of Compressive due to Prestressing. For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Nu = 0. j) Mu is Factored Moment quantity of the Section in N-mm but not less then Vudv. k) Vu is Factored Shear Force (Only (+) ve values are applicable) for the Section in N.
Nu
I) Table Showing the values of Mu, Vu, Computed value of Vudv & Effective value of Vudv. Table-4. Showing the values of M u, Vu, Computed value of Vudv & Effective value of M u-Eff Vudv.
Locations of Shearing Force Factored Moment for the Section. Factored Shear for the Section. Calculated value of Effective Shear Depth Calculated value of Effective Moment value
Vudv
MuEff
(Mu)
kN-m On Outer Face of Ext.-Girder On Inner Face of Ext.-Girder On Inner Face of Int.-Girder On Mid. between Int.-Girders
261.967
(Vu) kN
465.719
(dv)
mm
483.750
(Vudv)
kN
225.291
(MuEff)
kN-m
261.967
165.589
413.972
483.750
200.259
200.259
183.988
413.972
483.750
200.259
200.259
275.291
0.000
483.750
0.000
275.291
vi) Value of vc/f/c (Ratio of Shearing Stress & Concrete Compressive Strength) at Different Section of Girder : a) Value of vc/f/c on Outer Face of Exterior Girder b) Value of vc/f/c on Inner Face of Exterior Girder c) Value of vc/f/c on Interior Girder Position d) Value of vc/f/c on Middle Position in-between Interior Girders vExt.-Outer/f/c vExt.-Inner/f/c vInt.-Inner/f/c vMid.of-Inner/f/c 0.051 0.045 0.045 -
vii) Values of esx1000 with at Least the Min. Transverse/Shear Reinforcement under AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.5 & provisions of Equation 5.8.3.4.2-1 : a) Since for RCC Compoent values of Prestressing Components Nu, Vp, Asp, fpo, Ep etc. are = 0, thus equation ex = (Mu/dv+0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu -Vp)cotq - Apsfpo)/2(EsAs + EpAps) stands to ex = (Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/2EsAs
b) Considering the Initial value of ex = 0.001on Exterior Girder Outer Face & with the Effective Moment Mu-Eff. From the Equation Cotq = (ex2EsAs - Mu/dv)/0.5Vu c) Having the value of cotq = 1.763, the values of exx1000 at Different Locations are ; d) On Outer Face of Exterior Girder = ((Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/(2EsAs))*1000 e) On Inner Face of Exterior Girder = ((Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/(2EsAs))*1000 f) On Interior Girder Position = ((Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/(2EsAs))*1000 g) On Mid of Interior Girders = ((Mu/dv + 0.5Vucotq )/(2EsAs))*1000
cotq
4.420
ex-Ext-Outer*1000 ex-Ext-Inner*1000 ex-Int-Inner*1000 ex-Mid. -Of-Int*1000
1.000 0.800 0.825 0.362
j) Since at all Positions of the Abutment Cap posses values of es-x1000 > 0.50 1.00 , thus values of q & b of these Sections can obtain from Table -5.8.3.4.2-1 in respect of values of vc/f/c. viii) Computation of Values of q & b from AASHTO-LRFD'sTable -5.8.3.4.2-1. against the Respective Calculated values of esx1000, Ratio vc/f/c : a) Table for Values of q & b at Different Location of Girder.
Location of Abutment Cap Section a) On Exterior Girder Outer Face b) On Exterior Girder Outer Face c) On Interior Girder Inner Face b) On Middle of Interior Girders Referece of Table 5.8.3.4.2.-1 5.8.3.4.2.-2 5.8.3.4.2.-2 5.8.3.4.2.-2 vc/f/c 0.051 0.045 0.045 0.000 exx1000 1.000 0.800 0.825 0.362 Value of q b 36.40 2.23 36.40 2.23 36.40 2.23 30.50 2.59
b) Value of Cotq at different Locaion of Girder : i) On Outer Face of Exterior Girder value of Cotq ii) On Inner Face of Exterior Girder value of Cotq iii) On Interior Girder Position value of Cotq iv) On Mid of Interior Girders value of Cotq Cotq Cotq Cotq Cotq 1.356 1.356 1.356 1.698
ix) Computation of Value for Nominal Shearing Strength of Concrete (Vc) using the Values of q & b : a) Since Critical Section is at the Outer Face of Exterior Girder, thus Values of q & b of that Section are Governing for Computation of Nominal Shearing Strength of Concrete (Vc) for the Abutment Cap. b) Nominal Shear Resistance of Conrete of Girder Vc = 0.083bf/cbvdv, AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3-(Equ. 5.8.3.3-1); Vc 39,485.944 kN 39485.944*10^3 N
x) Regions Requiring Transverse or Shear/Web Reinforcements under AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.4 :
a) The Transverse or Shear Reinforcements are required for those Sections where the Factored Shearing Force due to the Applied Loads (DL & LL), Vu > 0.5f (Vc + Vp); AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.4; Equ-5.8.2.4-1; Here, b) Vu is Factored Shearing Force due to the Applied Loads for the Selected Section in N, c) Vc is Nominal Shear Resistance for the Section having value = 0.083bf/cbvdv according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3. Equation-5.8.3.3-4. d) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Vp = 0. Vp. N
e) b a is Factor for the Diagonally Cracked Concrete to transmit Tension according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4; f) f is Resistance Factor as per to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2. having value 0.90 g) Thus for Nonprestressing Structure the Eqution-5.8.2.4-1 Stands to Vu > 0.5Vc h) Table showing the values of b, Vu, Vc, 0.5Vc & Relation between Vu & 0.5Vc at Different Location of Girder.
Location of Abutment Cap Section a) On Exterior Girder Outer Face b) On Exterior Girder Outer Face c) On Interior Girder Inner Face b) On Middle of Interior Girders Values of
0.90
b
2.230 2.230 2.230 2.590
Vu N
465718.685 413972.164 413972.164 0.000
Vc N
39,485.944 39,485.944 39,485.944 45,860.356
0.5fVc N
17768.675 17768.675 17768.675 20637.160

Vu>0.5Vc Vu>0.5Vc Vu>0.5Vc Vu<0.5Vc Satisfied Satisfied Satisfied Not Satisfied
i) The Table indicates that all the Sections of RCC Abutment Cap have satisfied the required provisions for Transverse/ Shear Reinforcements under Equation Vu > 0.5f (Vc + Vp). AASHTO-LRFD-Equation-5.8.2.4-1. Other than that on Middle in-between Girders. Thus the Abutment Cap requires Transverse or Shear/Web Reinforcements. xi) Computation of Values of Vs,the Shear Resistance against Provided Shear Reinforcement & Spacings at Different Sections according to Vs = Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.3.3-3) : a) With Vertical Shear Reinforcement the value of a = 900 & the Equation Vs = Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s stands to Vs = Avfydvcotq /s, b) On Outer Faces of Exterior Girder, Vs= Avfydv-Ext-Gir-OuterCotq/spro. VS-Ext-Gir-Outer 405.670 kN 405.670*10^3 N 405.670 kN 405.670*10^3 N 405.670 kN 405.670*10^3 N
c) On Inner Face of Exterior Girder, Vs=Avfydv-Ext-Gir-InnerCotq/spro.
VS-Ext-Gir-Inner
d) On Position of Interior Girders, Vs=Avfydv-On-Inner-GirCotq/spro.
VS-On-Inner-Gir
xii) Computation of values for Nominal Shear Resistance (Vn) at Different Section of Abutment Cap under the
Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3 against Equation Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-2) : a) The Nominal Shear Resistanceat any Section of Girder is Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-1) b) For RCC Girder the value of Vp = 0, thus Equation stands to Vn-1 = Vc + Vs c) On Outer Faces of Exterior Girder Vn= Vc-Ext-Outer. + Vs-Ext-Outer. Vn-Ext-Outer 445.156 kN 445.156*10^3 N 445.156 kN 445.156*10^3 N 405.670 kN 405.670*10^3 N
d) On Inner Face of Exterior Girder, Vn = Vc-Ext-Gir-Inner + Vs-Ext-Gir-Inner
Vn-Ext-Gir-Inner
e) On Position of Interior Girders, Vn = Vc-On-Inner+ Vs-On-Inner-Gir
Vn-On-Inner-Gir
xiii) Computation of values for Nominal Shear Resistance (Vn) at Different Section of Abutment Cap under the Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3 against Equation Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-2) : a) According to Equ. 5.8.3.3-1 the Nominal Shear Resistanceat any Section of Girder is Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv + Vp b) For RCC Girder the value of Vp = 0, thus Equation stands to Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv c) On Outer Faces of Exterior Girder Vn= 0.25f/c-bv-Ext-Gir-Outer.dv-Ext-Gir-Outer. Vn-Ext-Gir-Outer. 2,539.688 kN 2539.688*10^3 N Vn-Ext-Gir-Inner 2,539.688 kN 2539.688*10^3 N Vn-On-Inner-Gir 2,539.688 kN 2539.688*10^3 N
d) On Inner Face of Exterior Girder, Vn= 0.25f/c-bv-Ext-Gir-Innerdv-Ext-Gir-Inner
e) On Position of Interior Girders, Vn= 0.25f/c-bv-On-Inner-Girdv-On-Inner-Gir
xiv) Chacking for requirment of Shear Reinforcement based on Computed Nominal Shear Resistance-V n & the Factored Shearing Resistance-Vr of Abutment Cap Accordting to the Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3 & AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.1: a) Nominal Shear Resistance, Vn at any Section of Component is the Lesser value of of the Equqtions as mentioned below ; b) Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-1; AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3) c) Vn = 0.25f/cbvdv + Vp (Equ. 5.8.3.3-2; AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.3) : d) For RCC Component, Vp = 0. e) The Factored Shear Resitance at any Section of Component is Expressed by the Equation-5.8.2.1-2. Having the value, Vr = fVn in which; f) Vr is the Factored Shear Resitance at a Section in N Vr. N
g) f is Resistance Factor according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2.
0.90
h) Checking for requirment of Shear Reinforcement in respect of Acceptable Nominal Shear Resistance, Vn, Respective Factored Shear Resitance-Vr on Different Section of the Abutment Cap Computed under provision of Equ. 5.8.3.3-1 & Equ. 5.8.3.3-2 are shown in the Table below :. i) Table :- Checking for Requirement of Shear Reinforcement in respect of Computed values of Vn & Vr :
Location of Abutment Cap Section On Outer Face of Ext.-Girder On Inner Face of Ext.-Girder On Int.-Girder Position 413.972 405.670 2,539.69 Vn-1< Vn-2 405.670 365.10 Vu> Vr Require SR 413.972 445.156 2539.688 Vn-1< Vn-2 445.156 400.64 Vu> Vr Require SR Calculated Factored Shear Force-Vu kN 465.719 Vn-1 As per Equation. 5.8.3.3-1 kN 445.156 Vn-2 As per Equation 5.8.3.3-2 kN 2539.688 Relation between Values of Vn-1 & Vn-2 Vn-1 > Vn-2 Vn-1< Vn-2 kN 445.156 Accepted Value of Vn Factored Shear Resitance Relation between Values of Vu& Vr Vu> Vr Vu> Vr If VU > Vr Shear Rein (SR) Requires otherwise SR Not Require. Require SR
Vr
kN 400.64
xv) Checking of Required Max. Spacing for Transvers/Shear Reinforcement due to Applied Shearing Stress on Abutment Cap under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.7 : a) Due to applied Shearing Stress, vu < 0.125f/c, the Max. Spacing of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at a Section is smax.-1 = 0.8dv 600mm, (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.2.7-1). b) Due to applied Shearing Stress, vu > 0.125f/c, the Max. Spacing of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at a Section is smax.-2 = 0.4dv 300mm (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.2.7-2) c) Value of 0.125f/c in respect of Max. Spacing of Transvers/Shear Reinforcement due to Applied Shearing Stress at Defferent Section of Girder. 0.125f/c
2 2.63 N/mm
d) Table Showing values of vu, 0.8dv, 0.4dv againest the respective values of 0.125f/c : Table- ; Showing Spacing of Transverse/Shear Reinforcements in respect of Max. Spacing & Status :
Segment. Between Abutment Cap Sections End Edge Ext.-Girder Face
Value of dv for the Section mm

483.750
Maximum
Value of vu N/mm2
1.070
Value of 0.125f/c
Relation between
vu & 0.12f/c
N/mm2
2.625
vu<=>0.12f/c vu<0.1.25f/c
Value of 0.8dv for the Section mm

387.000
Value of 0.4dv for the Section mm

193.500
Relation between 0.8dv & sMax-1<600

0.8dv<600
Relation between 0.4dv & sMax-2<300
Formula Status
Whether Satisfy or Not Satisfy Satisfy
0.4dv<300
Satisfy
Ext.-Girder to Int.-Girder
483.750
0.951
2.625
vu<0.1.25f/c
387.000
193.500
0.8dv<600 0.4dv<300
Satisfy Satisfy
e) The Table indicates that all Sections of Abutment Cap have satisfied the required provisions for Spacings of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement under both the Equations, v u < 0.125f/c ; smax. = 0.8dv 600mm, (Equ. 5.8.2.7-1). & vu > 0.125f/c ; smax. = 0.4dv 300mm, (Equ.-5.8.2.7-2). f) Since under Equation 5.8.2.7-2 (smax. = 0.4dv 300mm) the Spacing of Transverse/Shear Reinforcement is Minimum, thus it will Govern in Provision of same for Abutment Cap. xvi) Computation of Spacing for Transverse/Shear Reinforcement for Abutment Cap : a) Let Provide 2-Leged 12f Bars as Transverse/Shear Reinforcement for the Full Length of Abutment Cap. b) X-Sectional Area of 2-Leged 12f Bars as Transverse/Shear Reinforcement; = 2*pDStir.2/4 mm2 c) Allowable Max. Spacing for Transverse/Shear Reinforcement d) The required Spacing for Transverse/Shear Reinforcement according to the Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.5;Equ.-5.8.2.5-1; Av 0.083f/c(bvs/fy) having s = Avfy/0.083f/cbv f) Let Provide the 150mm Spacing for Transvers/Shear Reinforcements for total Length of Abutment Cap. DShear. 12.000 mm
Av sMax sreq.
2 226.195 mm
300.000 mm 243.825 mm
s-pro.
150.000 mm
xvii) Checking against Requirements of Minimum Transverse Reinforcements for Abument Cap : a) Minimum Transverse/Shear Reinforcement at a Section, Av 0.083f/c(bvs/fy), AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.5. Where, s is Length of Girder Segment under consideration for Transverse/Shear Reinforcement. b) Table for Minimum Transverse/Shear Reinforcement for Abutment Cap.
Locations of Abutmen Web Width Provided Required Cap for Chacking Girder. for the Spacing of Minimum Section Shear Rein Steel Area bv spro Av-req. mm2 mm mm Ext. Girder OuterFace Ext. Girder OuterFace Position of Ent. Girder 1000.000 1000.000 1000.000 150.000 150.000 150.000 139.154 139.154 139.154 Provided Status of Whether Shearing Provided & the Equation Steel Area Required have Av-pro Steel Area Satisfied or mm2 Av-pro>Av-req. Not Satiosfied 226.195 Av-pro> Av Satisfied 226.195 Av-pro> Av Satisfied 226.195 Av-pro> Av Satisfied
xviii) Checking for Width (b) of Abutment Cap in respect of Nominal Shearing Resistance (Vn) at Critical Section : a) Against Applied Loads (DL & LL) the Critical Section for Shearing Forces Prevails at Inner Face of Exterior Girder. b) Computed Nominal Shearing Resistance According to Provisions of AASHTOVn 445.156 kN
LRFD--5.8.3.3 for the Section is Vn = 308.504*10^3N c) Provided width of Abutment Cap, b = 1000 mm. e) In RCC Component the value of Vp = 0, thus according to Equ. 5.8.3.3-2, the Width of Abutment Cap, bv = Vn/0.25*f/cdv, where dv is Calculated Effective Shear Depth for the Critical Section. bv-pro bv-Cal.
445.156*10^3 N 1,000.000 mm 175.280 mm
f) Since the Calculated value of Girder width bv-Cal = bv-pro the Provided Girder Width, thus Design Critical Section is OK. xix) Checking in respect of Longitudinal Reinforcements (Tensile Reinforcements) Provided for Abutment Cap under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.5 : a) At each Section the Tensial Capacity of Longitudinal Reinforcement on Flexural Tension side of the Member shall be proportationed to Satisfy Equation, Asfy + Apsfps Mu/dvff + 0.5Nu/fc + (Vu/fv - 0.5Vs -Vp)Cotq. (Equ-5.8.3.5-1). Where; b) As is Area of Nonprestressing Steel on Flexural Tention side in mm2 c) fy is Yield Strength of Nonprestressing Reinforceing Steel in MPa. d) Aps is Area of Prestressing Steel on Flexural Tention side of Girder in mm2. For Nonprestressing RCC Structure, the value of Aps = 0 e) fps is Yield Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. For Nonprestressing RCC Structure, the value of fps = 0 f) Mu is Factored Moment of the Section due to Dead & Live Loads Loads on Structure. in N-mm but not less then Vudv. g) Nu is Factored Axil Force in N, Value will be (+) ve for the case of Tensile & (-) for the case of Compressive due to Prestressing. For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Nu = 0. h) dv is Effective Shear Depth of Tensil Reinforcement for the Section in mm. i) Vu is Factored Shear Force for the Section in N. j) Vs is Shear Resistance Provided by Shear Reinforcement in N for the Section. k) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; For Nonprestressing RCC Structural Component, the value of Vp = 0.
As fy Aps
Variable -
mm2 MPa mm2
fps
MPa
Mu
Variable
N-mm
Nu
dv Vu Vs Vp.
mm N N N
Variable
m) ff is Resistance Factor for Flexural Tension of Reinforced Concrete according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2.
ff
0.90
n) fv is Resistance Factor for Shearing Force of Reinforced Concrete according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2, o) fc is Resistance Factor for Compression due to Prestressing according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.5.4.2.
fv
0.90
fc
0.80
p) Since for Nonprestressing RCC Structural Components the Items Aps, fps, Nu & Vp have Values = 0, thus mentioned Equ-5.8.3.5-1. Stands to, Asfy Mu/dvff + (Vu/fv - 0.5Vs)Cotq. q) Table- Showing Evalution of Equation-5.8.3.5-1 at Different Section of Abutment Cap & Status of Results.
Locations of Abutmen Cap for Chacking
As.
Provided Tensile Steel Area mm2
3926.991 3926.991 3926.991 3926.991
Mu Vu Factored Factored
Moment kN-mm
261.967 165.589 183.988 206.986
Vs Calculted Calculted Status of Shearing Value of R/H Part Equation Shearing Resistance Asfy of the Wheter Force of Stirrups (L/H Part) Equation Satisfied or kN kN kN kN Not Satisfied
465.719 413.972 413.972 0.000 405.670 405.670 405.670 405.670 1610.066 1610.066 1610.066 1610.066 914.13 656.84 691.07 40.74
Ext. Girder OuterFace Ext. Girder OuterFace Position of Ent. Girder In-between Girders
Satisfied Satisfied Satisfied Satisfied
j) Since at all Section the requirments of Equation are being Satisfied, thus provision of Transverse/Shear Reinforcements for Abutment Cap is OK. 14 Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement on Vertical & Inclined Faces of Abutment Cap : a) The Abutment Cap is being Flexural Designed having Longitudinal Reinforcements both on Top & Bottom Faces against Calculated respective Moments. It has also been Provided with Transverse/Shear Reinforcements against the Calculated Shearing Forces having their Position Perpendicular to Main Reinforcement both on Horizontal and Vertical Faces. Now it requires to Provide Horizontal Reinforcement on Vertical & Inclined Faces under Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement Provisions according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8. i) Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement on Vertica Faces ( Perpendicular to Traffic) : a) Let consider 1 (One) meter Strip Length of Abutmebt Cap for Calculation of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement in Perpendicular to Traffic Direction on its Vertical Faces. b) Depth of Vertical Face of Abutment Cap, hAb-Cap-Rec = 0.600 m c) Width of Abutment Cap, bAb-Cap = 1.000m c) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.1. Compoent having Less Than 1200mm Thicness will require a Steel Area, As 0.11Ag/fy as Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement; Here, d) Ag is Gross Area of Girder's Each Vertical Face = LStrip*hAb-Cap-Rec LStrip. 1.000 m 1,000.000 mm
hAb-Cap-Rec bAb-Cap As-req-T&S-VF
0.600 m 600.000 mm 1.000 mm

2 160.976 mm
Ag-Hori.
2 600000.000 mm
e) Let provide 16f bars as Longitudinal Shrinkage & Temperature on Vertical Faces of Girder. f) X-Sectional Area of 16f bar = pDBar2/4 g) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af16.b/As-req-S&T.Ab-Cap.
DBar.
16 mm
Af-16 sreq-1
2 201.062 mm
749.413
mm,C/C
h) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.2 the Max. Spacing of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements should be the Less vale of 3-times of Component thickness = 3*bAb-Cap or = 450 mm. i) Value of Max. Spacing with 3 Times of Component Thickness = 3*bAb-Cap j) Value of Max. Spacing = 450mm k) Allowable Maximum Spacing for Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.2 Vertical Faces of Abutment Cap h) Number of 16f bars required against Allowable Max. Spacing = hAb-Cap/sallow j) Let Provide 4 nos. 16f Bars as Shrinkage & Temperature on all Vertical Faces (Earth, Water & Sides) of Abutment Cap. k) Spacing for provided 4 nos.16f bars as Longitudinal Shrinkage & Temperature on Vertical Faces = hAb-Cap/(NBar-pro-VF. - 1) l) Steel Area against Provided 4 nos. 16f bars as Horizontal Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement on Vertical Surfaces of Abutment Cap = Af-16*NBar-pro-VF. sreq-2 sreq-3 sallow. 3,000.000 mm 450.000 mm 450.000 mm
NBar-req NBar-pro-VF
2.222 nos. 4 nos
spro-S&T-VF
200.000 mm
As-pro-S&T-VF
2 804.248 mm
m) Based on above Calculations Let Provide on Inclined Water Face 1 (One) no. 16f Bar & on Inclined Earth Face 2 (Two) nos. 16f Bars as Horizontal Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement. m) Since Provided S&T Steel Area As-pro-S&T-VF. > As-req-S&T-VF. & Provided Spacing of S&T spro-S&T-VF..> s-req-S&T-VF. thus the provision of Horizontal Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement on Vertical Faces of Abutment Cap on Surfaces is Faces are OK.
15 Checking Against Punhing Shear Force on Abutment Cap due to Vertical Loads from Superstruture (DL& LL) & Also Loads from Abutment Cap & Back Wall : a) The Abutment Cap is affect by One Way Action of Loading, and According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.13.3.6 its Critical Section should be considered under the Provision of Article 5.8.3.2. According to which the Critacal Section is at a Distance dv (The Effective Shear Depth of Abutment Cap) from the Earthen Face of Abutment Stem. b) Since the Calculated Effective Shear Depth of Abutment Cap, dv = 483.750 mm and the Distance of Abutment Cap Earthen Edge from Stem Face = 400mm, which less than dv, thus it is not required to any Checking in respect of Punching Shear Force on Abutment Cap. More over the Abutment Cap is being Provided with Transverse & Shear
Reinforcements both on Horizontal (Perpendicular to Abutment Cap on Top & Bottom) & Vertical Faces against the Calculated Factored Shearing Forces, which will meet the requirements if any.
L. Structural Design of Abutment Wall & Wing Walls for Aboutments :

Part-I :- Structural Dimensions, Multiplying Factors & Computation of Different Load Intensities. 1 Sketch Diagram of Abutment Wall & Wing Walls :
12750 3000 600 3450 600 3450 600 3450 600 2000 5225 2100 2147 600 450 300 H1 = 4947 H = 6147 1900 3000 450 RL-2.20m 1775 750 2525 1200 C 600 4300 5500 600 C 300 700
600
RL-5.00m
2525
2150 600 2150
5500
1775
3000
3450 450
2450 9350 10250
3450
450
1200
1447
450
2750
1500
450 300
2750
2 Structural Type, Design Criteria & Dimentions of Structure : i) Type of Abutment ii) Type of Wing-walls : : Wall Type Abutment. Wall Type Wing Walls Integrated with Abutment Wall having Counterforts over Well & Cantilever Wings beyond Well. Strength Limit State (USD) Design According to AASHTO-LRFD-2004.
iii) Design Criteria
iv) Dimensions of Substructural Components : Description a) Height of Abutment Wall from Bottom of Well Cap up to Top of Back Wall, b) Height of Abutment Wall from Top of Well Cap up to Top of Back Wall, c) Height of Abutment Well Cap, Notation Dimensions H H1 hWell-Cap. Unit.
6.147 m 4.947 m 1.200 m
6350
d) Height of Abutment Steam e) Height of Back Wall f) Height of Wing Wall g) Length of Wing Walls upon Well cap h) Width of Abutment Well Cap (Longitudinal Length), i) Length of Abutment Well Cap (Transverse Length), j) Transverse Length of Abutment Wall (Outer Face to Outer Face) in X-X Direction. k) Inner Distance in between Wing Walls (Transverse), l) Thickness of Abutment Wall (Stem) at Bottom m) Thickness of Abutment Wall (Stem) at Top n) Thickness of Counterfort Wall (For Wing Wall) o) Number of Wing-Wall Counterforts (on each side) p) Clear Spacing between Counerfort & Abutment Wall at Bottom q) Average Spacing between Counerfort & Abutment Wall = (tAB-Wall-Bot + tAb-Wall-Top)/2+SClear-Count& Ab-Bot. r) Effective Span of Wing Wall Counterfort = SAver-Count + tWW-Countf s) Thickness of Wing Walls within Well Cap, t) Thickness of Cantilever Wing Walls u) Length of Cantilever Wing Walls v) Height of Rectangular Portion of Cantilever Wing Walls w) Height of Triangular Portion of Cantilever Wing Walls x) Longitudinal Length of Well Cap on Toe Side from Abutment Wall Outer Face. y) Average Length (Longitudinal) of Well Cap on Heel Side from Abutment Wall Face.= SAver.-Count.& Ab. + tWW-Count.
hSteam. hb-wall H-W-Wall LW-W-Well-Cap WAb-Cap LAb-T-W-Cap LAB-Trans.
1.900 m 2.147 m 4.947 m 2.975 m 5.500 m
12.750 m 10.250 m
LAb-T-Inner t.-Ab-wall-Bot. t.-Ab-wall-Top. tWW-Countf. NW-W-count SClear-Count& Ab-Bot. SAver-Count&Ab.
9.350 m 0.750 m
0.450 m 0.450 m 1.000 No's 1.775 m 2.375 m
SEfft-Count. tWW tCant-WW Lw-wall-Cant. hw-wall-Cant.-Rec. hw-wall-Cant.-Tri. L-W-Cap-Toe.
2.825 m 0.450 m 0.450 m 3.000 m 2.000 m 1.500 m 2.525 m
L-W-Cap-Heel-Aver.
2.825 m
3 Design Data in Respect of Unit Weight, Strength of Materials & Load Multiplier Factors :
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d) e)
2,447.232 2,345.264 1,019.680 1,045.172 1,835.424
a) b) c) d) e)
24.000 23.000 10.000 10.250 18.000
iii) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2)Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy h) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa f/c fc Ec 21.000 8.400 23,855.620 2.89 fr fy fs ES 2.89 410.000 164.000 200,000.000 MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa
iv) Strength Data related to Working Stress Design & Service Load Condition ( WSD & AASHTO-SLS ) : a) b) c) d) e) Modular Ratio, n = Es/Ec 6 8.384 Value of Ratio of Steel & Concrete Flexural Strength, r = fs/fc Value of k = n/(n + r) Value of j = 1 - k/3 Value of R = 0.5*(fckj) n r k j R 8 20 0.29 0.90 1.10
v) Design Data for Resistance Factors for Conventional Construction (AASHTO LRFD-5.5.4.2.1). : (Respective Resistance Factors are mentioned as f or b value) a) b) c) d) For Flexural & Tension in Reinforced Concrete For Flexural & Tension in Prestressed Concrete For Shear & Torsion of Normal Concrete For Axil Comression with Spirals or Ties & Seismic Zones at Extreme fFlx-Rin. fFlx-Pres. fShear. fSpir/Tie/Seim. 0.90 1.00 0.90 0.75
e) f) g) h) i) j)
Limit State (Zone 3 & 4). For Bearing on Concrete For Compression in Strut-and-Tie Modeis For Compression in Anchorage Zones with Normal Concrete For Tension in Steel in Anchorage Zones For resistance during Pile Driving Value of b 1 for Flexural Compression in Reinforced Concrete (AASHTO LRFD-5.7.2..2.) k) Value of b for Flexural Tension of Reinforcement in Concrete
fBearig. fStrut&Tie. fAnc-Copm-Conc. fAnc-Ten-Steel. fPile-Resistanc. b1 b
0.70 0.70 0.80 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.85
4 Different Load Multiplying Fatcors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) & Load Combination : a) The Bridge will have to face Cyclonic Storms with very high Intensity of Wind Load (Wind Velocity = 260km/hr), but those would be occasional. Thus the respective Multiplier Factors of Limit State STRENGTH I (Bridge used by Normal Vehicle without wind load) for normal operation, Limit State of STRENGTH-III (Wind Velocity exceeding 90km/hr) for wind load during cyclonic storm condition and Limit State of STRENGTH-IV (Having Wind Velocity of 90 km/hr) for normal wind load only are selected as CRITICAL conditions for bridge structure. i) Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.250
gDW
1.500
gEH
1.500
gEV
1.350
gES
1.500
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.750 1.330
d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV STRENGTH - III STRENGTH - V
1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.000 1.400 1.000 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
5 Different Load Multiplying Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , gDC 1.000
gDW
1.000
(Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surcharge Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gEH 1.000
gEV
1.000
gES
1.000
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (AASHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Dynamic Load Allowance-IM as per Provision of AASHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; SERVICE - II (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH SERVICE - IV SERVICE - II SERVICE - II SERVICE - II m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.000 1.300
1.000 1.000 1.300 1.300 1.000 1.000 0.700 1.300 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
(With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV 6 Load Coefficients Factors & Intensity of Different Imposed Loads : i) Coefficient for Lateral Earth Pressure (EH) : a) Coefficient of Active Horizontal Earth Pressure, ko = (1-sinff ) ,Where; f is Effective Friction Angle of Soil b) For Back Filling with Clean fine sand, Silty or clayey fine to medium sand Effective Friction Angle of Soil, f = 340 .(Table 12.9, Page-138, RAINA,s Book) c) Angle of Friction with Concrete surface & Soli AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1. d) Value of Tan d (dim) for Coefficient of Friction. = 0.34 to 0.45 (AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1.) ko 0.441 gLL-TG. 1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
34.000
19 to 24
tan d
0.34 to 0.45
dim
2 7.935 kN/m 2 0.008 N/mm
ks wE*10-3
0.441
2 0.018 N/mm 2 18.000 kN/m
iii) Live Load Surcharge Vertical & Horizontal Pressure Intensity (LS); AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4. : a) Constant Earth Pressur both Vertical & Horizontal for Live Load Surcharge on Abutment Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic), Where; Dp-LS = kgEgheq*10-9 Dp-LL-Ab<6.00m Dp-LL-Ab6.00m 0.007141 7.141 0.004761 4.761 N/mm2 kN/m2 N/mm2 kN/m2
b) Constant Horizontal Earth Pressur due to Live Load Surcharge for Wing Walls (Parallel to Traffic), Where;
Dp-LL-WW<6.00m
2 0.008331 N/mm 2 8.331 kN/m
Dp-LS = kgsgheq*10-9 ,
Dp-LL-WW6.00m
2 0.004761 N/mm 2 4.761 kN/m
0.441
3 1,835.424 kg/m 2 9.807 m/sec
900.000 mm 600.000 mm
900.000 0.900 600.000 0.600
mm m mm m
1,050.000 mm 600.000 mm
600.000 0.600 600.000 0.600
mm m mm m
Part-II :- Computation of Different Load Events, Respective Moments & Shear. 1 Philosophy in Flexural Design of Abutment Walls & Wing Walls of Bridge Structure : a) The Abutment Walls of Bridge Substructure will have to face both Vertical Dead Loads (DL) & Live Loads (LL) from the Superstructure and Horizontal Dead Load (DL) & Live Load (LL) Pressures due to Earth & Surcharge on their Back Faces. Under Vertical Loads (DL & LL) Abutment Wall will behave as Compression Component, whereas it will be a Cantilever one under Horizontal Pressure (DL & LL). The action of Vertical Loads from the Superstructure will reduce the affect of Horizontal Pressure a great extent. But in Construction Phenomenon execution Abutment Wall works are to be done a well ahead before Construction of Super structural Components having the total Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) upon it. Thus to ensure the sustainability of Abutment Wall against the affect of Horizontal Loads & Forces (DL & LL) it should be Designed as a Cantilever Flexural Component. b) The Wing Walls will not have any Vertical Loads but those will have to face similar Horizontal Dead Load (DL) & Live Load (LL) Pressures caused by Earth & Surcharge Loads. Thus Wing Walls are also have to Designed as Cantilever Flexural Components against Horizontal Loads & Forces (DL & LL) upon those. c) For the Design purpose & Calculation of Imposed Loads (DL & LL), Shearing Forces & Moments both Abutment & Wing Wall it is considered having 1.000m Length & Wide Strips according to sequences of Design. LH&V 1.000 m
2 Computation of Horizontal Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls due to Lateral Soil & Surcharge Pressure :
i) Horizontal Loads at Bottom Level of Abutment Wall on 1 (One) meter Strip : a) Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Lateral Soil Dead Load (DL) at Bottom Level of Abutment Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = k0*wE*H1 b) Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Dead Load (DL) on Abutmen Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = Dp-ES.LH&V c) Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Live Load (LL) on Abutmen Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic) having H1 < 6.000m. = Dp-LL-Ab.LH&V d) Total Dead Load (DL) Horizontal Pressure Intensity on Abutment Wall = PDL-H-Soil-WW + PDL-H-Sur-WW ii) Horizontal Loads at Bottom Level of Wing Walls on 1 (One) meter Strip : a) Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Lateral Soil Dead Load (DL) at Bottom Level of Wing Walls (Parallel to Traffic). = k0*wEH1 b) Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Dead Load (DL) on Wing Walls (Paralle to Traffic). = Dp-ES.LH&V c) Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Live Load (LL) on Wing Wall (Parallel to Traffic) having H1 < 6.000m. = Dp-LL-WW.LH&V d) Total Dead Load (DL) Horizontal Pressure Intensity on Wing Wall = PDL-H-Soil-WW + PDL-H-Sur-WW PDL-H-Soil-WW
2 39.252 kN/m /m
PDL-H-Soil-Ab
2 39.252 kN/m /m
PDL-H-Sur-Ab
2 7.935 kN/m /m
PLL-H-Sur-Ab
2 7.141 kN/m /m
pDL-H-Total-Ab
2 47.187 kN/m /m
PDL-H-Sur-WW
2 7.935 kN/m /m
pLL-H-Sur-WW
2 8.331 kN/m /m
pDL-H-Total-WW
2 47.187 kN/m /m
3 Factored Horizontal Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls under Strength Limit State (USD): i) Factored Horizontal Loads on Abutment Wall for 1 (One) meter Wide Strip : a) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Lateral Soil Dead FPDL-H-Soil-Ab-USD Load (DL) at Bottom Level of Abutment Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = gEH*PDL-H-Soil-Ab b) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Dead Load (DL)on Abutment Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = gES*PDL-H-Sur-Ab FPDL-H-Sur-Ab-USD
2 58.878 kN/m /m
2 11.902 kN/m /m
c) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Live FPLL-H-Sur-Ab-USD Load (LL) on Abutment Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = mgLL-LS*PLL-H-Sur-Ab d) Total Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to All Applied Loads (DL & LL) at Bottom Level of Abutment (Perpendicular to Traffic). FPH-Ab-USD
2 12.496 kN/m /m
2 83.276 kN/m /m
ii) Factored Horizontal Loads at Bottom Level of Wing Walls on 1 (One) meter Wide Strip : a) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Lateral Soil Dead FPDL-H-Soil-WW-USD Load (DL) at Bottom Level of Wing Walls (Paralle to Traffic). = gEH*PDL-H-Soil-WW
2 58.878 kN/m /m
b) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Dead Load (DL) on Wing Walls (Paralle to Traffic). = gES*PDL-H-Sur-WW c) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Live Load (LL) on Wing Walls (Paralle to Traffic). = mgLL-LS*PLL-H-Sur-WW d) Total Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to All Applied Loads (DL & LL) at Bottom Level of Wing Walls (Paralle to Traffic)..
FPDL-H-Sur-WW-USD
2 11.902 kN/m /m
FPLL-H-Sur-WW-USD
2 14.579 kN/m /m
FPH-WW-USD
2 85.359 kN/m /m
4 Factored Horizontal Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls under Service Limit State (WSD): i) Factored Horizontal Loads on Abutment Wall for 1 (One) meter Wide Strip : a) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Lateral Soil Dead FPDL-H-Soil-Ab-WSD Load (DL) at Bottom Level of Abutment Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = gEH*PDL-H-Soil-Ab b) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Dead Load (DL)on Abutment Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = gES*PDL-H-Sur-Ab FPDL-H-Sur-Ab-WSD
2 39.252 kN/m /m
2 7.935 kN/m /m
c) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Live FPLL-H-Sur-Ab-WSD Load (LL) on Abutment Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic). = mgLL-LS*PLL-H-Sur-Ab d) Total Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to All Applied Loads (DL & LL) at Bottom Level of Abutment (Perpendicular to Traffic). FPH-Ab-WSD
2 7.141 kN/m /m
2 54.327 kN/m /m
ii) Factored Horizontal Loads at Bottom Level of Wing Walls on 1 (One) meter Wide Strip : a) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Lateral Soil Dead FPDL-H-Soil-WW-WSD Load (DL) at Bottom Level of Wing Walls (Paralle to Traffic). = gEH*PDL-H-Soil-WW b) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Dead Load (DL) on Wing Walls (Paralle to Traffic). = gES*PDL-H-Sur-WW c) Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to Surcharge Live Load (LL) on Wing Walls (Paralle to Traffic). = mgLL-LS*PLL-H-Sur-WW d) Total Factored Horizontal Pressure Intensity due to All Applied Loads (DL & LL) at Bottom Level of Wing Walls (Paralle to Traffic).. FPDL-H-Sur-WW-WSD
2 39.252 kN/m /m
2 7.935 kN/m /m
FPLL-H-Sur-WW-WSD
2 8.331 kN/m /m
FPH-WW-WSD
2 55.518 kN/m /m
5 Computation of Coefficients for Calculation of Moments on Abutment Wall & Wing Walls: i) Span Ratio of Abutment & Wing Walls in respect of Horizontal to Vertical Spans : a) Horizontal Span Length of Abutment Wall (Inner Distance) b) Horizontal Span of Length of Wing Walls (Inner Distance between Abutment Wall & Wing Wall Counterfort). LAb-T-Inner SAver-Count&Ab. 9.350 m 2.375 m
c) Total Vertical Depth of Abutment Wall/Wing Walls (From Back Wall Top upto Well Cap Top) d) Abutment Span Ratio for Horizontal to Vertical with Freely Supported on Top = LAb-T-Inner/H1 e) Wing Wall Span Ratio for Horizontal to Vertical with Un-supported on Top = SAver-Count&Ab./H1. g) Abutment Span Ratio for Vertical to Horizontal with Freely Supported on Top = H1/LAb-T-Inner h) Wing Wall Span Ratio for Vertical to Horizontal with Un-supported on Top = H1/SAver-Count&Ab.
H1
4.947 m
kAb-Supp.-H/V
1.890
kWW-Un-Supp.-H/V
0.480
kAb-Supp.-V/H
0.529
kWW-Un-Supp.-V/H
2.083
ii) Coefficients for Calculation of Moments for Freely Supported Triangular Loadings on Abutment Walls : (Using Table-53 of Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook UK.) a) k = 1.890 b) (+) ve Moment Coefficient of Abutment Wall for Vertical Span Strip c) (+) ve Moment Coefficient of Abutment Wall for Horizontal Span Strip d) (-) ve Moment Coefficient on Bottom Surface of Abutment Wall for Vertical Span Strip at Middle Position under Triangular Loading e) (-) ve Moment Coefficient of Abutment Wall for Horizontal Span Strip on Face of Vertical Edge k (+)cS-V-Ab-T (+)cS-H-Ab-T (-)cS-V-Ab-T 1.890 0.033 0.005 0.055
(-)cS-H-Ab-T
0.003
iii) Coefficients for Calculation of Moments for Unsupported Triangular Loadings on Wing Walls : (Using Table-53 of Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook UK.) a) k = 0.480 b) (+) ve Moment Coefficient of Wing Wall for Vertical Span Strip. c) (+) ve Moment Coefficient of Wing Wall for Horizontal Span Strip. (-) ve Moment Coefficient of Wing Wall for Vertical Span Strip at Middle d) Position on Bottom Surface. e) (-) ve Moment Coefficient at of Wing Wall for Horizontal Span Strip on Face of Vertical Edge k (+)cS-V-WW-T (+)cS-H-WW-T (-)cS-V-WW-T 0.480 0.038 0.009
(-)cS-H-WW-T
0.058
iv) Coefficients for Calculation of Moments related to Uniformly Loadings on Abutment Walls : (Using Table-4.2; 4.3 & 4.4 of Book Design of Concrete Structures- G.Winter. Seventh Edition) a) Since k = 0.529 > 0.500, Let Consider k = 0.550 k 0.550
b) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load (DL) on Abutment Vertical Span Strip. c) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load (DL) on Abutment Horizontal Span Strip. d) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Live Load (LL) on Abutment Vertical Span Strip. e) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Live Load (LL) on Abutment Horizontal Span Strip. f) (-) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load & Live Load (DL + LL) on Abutment Vertical Span Strip g) (-) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load & Live Load (DL + LL) on Abutment Horizontal Span Strip
(+)cS-V-Ab-U-DL
0.052
(+)cS-H-Ab-U-DL
0.005
(+)cS-V-Ab-U-LL
0.070
(+)cS-H-Ab-U-LL
0.007
(-)cS-V-Ab-U-DL+LL
0.085
(-)cS-H-Ab-U-DL+LL
0.014
v) Coefficients for Calculation of Moments related to Uniformly Loadings on Wing Walls : (Using Table-4.2; 4.3 & 4.4 of Book Design of Concrete Structures- G.Winter. Seventh Edition) a) Since k > 2.083, Let Consider k = 1.000. b) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load (DL) on Wing Wall Vertical Span Strip. c) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load (DL) on Wing Wall Horizontal Span Strip. d) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Live Load (LL) on Wing Wall Vertical Span Strip. e) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Live Load (LL) on Wing Wall Horizontal Span Strip. g) (-) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load & Live Load (DL + LL) on Wing Wall Vertical Span Strip h) (-) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load & Live Load (DL + LL) on Wing Wall Horizontal Span Strip k (+)cS-V-WW-U-DL 1.000 0.020
(+)cS-H-WW-U-DL
0.023
(+)cS-V-WW-U-LL
0.028
(+)cS-H-WW-U-LL
0.030
(-)cS-V-WW-U-DL+LL
0.033
(-)cS-H-WW-U-DL+LL
0.061
6 Factored Moments due to Horizontal Loads on Abutment under Strength Limit State (USD): i) Calculation of Factored (+) ve Moments on Abutment Wall in Vertical Span using Coefficients : a) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-V-Ab-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Ab-USD*H12 b) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-V-Ab-U-DL*FPDL-H-Sur-Ab-USD*H12 (+)MS-V-Ab-T-USD 47.550 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-Ab-Sur-DL-USD
15.146 kN-m/m
c) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (+)cS-V-Ab-U-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-Ab-USD*H12 d) Total (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Loads
(+)MS-V-Ab-Sur-LL-USD
21.407 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-Ab-USD
84.104 kN-m/m
ii) Calculation of Factored (-) ve Moments on Abutment Wall in Vertical Span using Coefficients : a) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-V-Ab-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Ab-USD*H12 b) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-V-Ab-U-DL+LL*FPDL-H-Sur-Ab-USD*H12 c) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live = (-)cS-V-Ab-U-DL-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-Ab-USD*H12 d) Total (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Loads (-)MS-V-Ab-T-USD 79.250 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-Ab-Sur-DL-USD
24.758 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-Ab-Sur-LL-USD
25.995 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-Ab-USD
130.003 kN-m/m
iii) Calculation of Factored (+) ve Moments on Abutment Wall in Horizontal Span using Coefficients : a) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-H-Ab-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Ab-USD*LAb-T-Inner2 b) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-H-Ab-U-DL*FPDL-H-Sur-Ab-USD*LAb-T-Inne2 c) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (+)cS-H-Ab-U-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-Ab-USD*LAb-T-Inne2 d) Total (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Loads (+)MS-H-Ab-T-USD 25.736 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-Ab-Sur-DL-USD
5.202 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-Ab-Sur-LL-USD
4.370 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-Ab-USD
35.309 kN-m/m
iv) Calculation of Factored (-) ve Moments on Abutment Wall in Horizontal Span using Coefficients : a) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-H-Ab-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Ab-USD*LAb-T-Inne2 b) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-H-Ab-U-DL+LL*FPDL-H-Sur-Ab-USD*LAb-T-Inne2 c) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (-)cS-H-Ab-U-DL-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-Ab-USD*LAb-T-Inne2 d) Total (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Loads (-)MS-H-Ab-T-USD 10.295 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-Ab-Sur-DL-USD
14.567 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-Ab-Sur-LL-USD
15.294 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-Ab-USD
40.156 kN-m/m
7 Factored Moments due to Horizontal Loads on Wing Walls under Strength Limit State (USD): i) Calculation of Factored (+) ve Moments on Wing Wall in Vertical Span using Coefficients :
a) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-V-WW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-WW-USD*H12 b) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-V-WW-U-DL*FPDL-H-Sur-WW-USD*H12 c) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (+)cS-V-WW-U-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-WW-USD*H12 d) Total (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Loads
(+)MS-V-WW-T-USD
0.000 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-WW-Sur-DL-USD
5.825 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-WW-Sur-LL-USD
9.990 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-WW-USD
15.816 kN-m/m
ii) Calculation of Factored (-) ve Moments on Wing Wall in Vertical Span using Coefficients : a) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-V-WW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-WW-USD*H12 b) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-V-WW-U-DL+LL*FPDL-H-Sur-WW-USD*H12 c) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (-)cS-V-WW-U-DL-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-WW-USD*H12 d) Total (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Loads (-)MS-V-WW-T-USD 12.968 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-WW-Sur-DL-USD
9.612 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-WW-Sur-LL-USD
11.774 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-WW-USD
34.354 kN-m/m
iii) Calculation of Factored (+) ve Moments on Wing Wall in Horizontal Span using Coefficients : a) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-H-WW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-WW-USD*SAver-Count&Ab2 b) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-H-WW-U-DL*FPDL-H-Sur-Ab-USD*SAver-Count&Ab2 c) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (+)cS-H-WW-U-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-WW-USD*SAver-Count&Ab2 d) Total (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Loads (+)MS-H-WW-T-USD 12.620 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-WW-Sur-DL-USD
1.544 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-WW-Sur-LL-USD
2.714 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-WW-USD
16.878 kN-m/m
iv) Calculation of Factored (-) ve Moments on Wing Wall in Horizontal Span using Coefficients : a) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-H-WW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-WW-USD*SAver-Count&Ab2 b) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-H-WW-U-DL+LL*FPDL-H-Sur-WW-USD*SAver-Count&Ab2 c) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (-)cS-H-WW-U-DL-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-WW-USD*SAver-Count&Ab2 (-)MS-H-WW-T-USD 19.262 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-WW-Sur-DL-USD
4.095 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-WW-Sur-LL-USD
5.016 kN-m/m
d) Total (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Loads
(-)MS-H-WW-USD
28.374 kN-m/m
8 Factored Moments due to Horizontal Loads on Abutment under Service Limit State (WSD): i) Calculation of Factored (+) ve Moments on Abutment Wall in Vertical Span using Coefficients : a) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-V-Ab-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Ab-WSD*H12 b) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-V-Ab-U-DL*FPDL-H-Sur-Ab-WSD*H12 c) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (+)cS-V-Ab-U-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-Ab-WSD*H12 d) Total (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Loads (+)MS-V-Ab-T-WSD 31.700 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-Ab-Sur-DL-WSD
10.097 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-Ab-Sur-LL-WSD
12.233 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-Ab-WSD
54.030 kN-m/m
ii) Calculation of Factored (-) ve Moments on Abutment Wall in Vertical Span using Coefficients : a) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-V-Ab-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Ab-WSD*H12 b) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-V-Ab-U-DL+LL*FPDL-H-Sur-Ab-WSD*H12 c) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live = (-)cS-V-Ab-U-DL-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-Ab-WSD*H12 d) Total (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Loads (-)MS-V-Ab-T-WSD 52.834 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-Ab-Sur-DL-WSD
16.505 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-Ab-Sur-LL-WSD
14.854 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-Ab-WSD
84.193 kN-m/m
iii) Calculation of Factored (+) ve Moments on Abutment Wall in Horizontal Span using Coefficients : a) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-H-Ab-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Ab-WSD*LAb-T-Inner2 b) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-H-Ab-U-DL*FPDL-H-Sur-Ab-WSD*LAb-T-Inne2 c) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (+)cS-H-Ab-U-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-Ab-USD*LAb-T-Inne2 d) Total (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Loads (+)MS-H-Ab-T-WSD 17.158 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-Ab-Sur-DL-WSD
3.468 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-Ab-Sur-LL-WSD
4.370 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-Ab-WSD
24.996 kN-m/m
iv) Calculation of Factored (-) ve Moments on Abutment Wall in Horizontal Span using Coefficients : a) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-H-Ab-T*FPDL-H-Soil-Ab-WSD*LAb-T-Inne2 (-)MS-H-Ab-T-WSD 10.295 kN-m/m
b) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-H-Ab-U-DL+LL*FPDL-H-Sur-Ab-WSD*LAb-T-Inne2 c) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (-)cS-H-Ab-U-DL-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-Ab-USD*LAb-T-Inne2 d) Total (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Loads
(-)MS-H-Ab-Sur-DL-WSD
9.711 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-Ab-Sur-LL-USD
8.740 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-Ab-WSD
28.745 kN-m/m
9 Factored Moments due to Horizontal Loads on Wing Walls under Service Limit State (WSD): i) Calculation of Factored (+) ve Moments on Wing Wall in Vertical Span using Coefficients : a) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-V-WW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-WW-WSD*H12 b) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-V-WW-U-DL*FPDL-H-Sur-WW-WSD*H12 c) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (+)cS-V-WW-U-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-WW-WSD*H12 d) Total (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Loads (+)MS-V-WW-T-WSD 0.000 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-WW-Sur-DL-WSD
3.884 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-WW-Sur-LL-WSD
5.709 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-WW-WSD
9.592 kN-m/m
ii) Calculation of Factored (-) ve Moments on Wing Wall in Vertical Span using Coefficients : a) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-V-WW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-WW-WSD*H12 b) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-V-WW-U-DL+LL*FPDL-H-Sur-WW-USD*H12 c) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (-)cS-V-WW-U-DL-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-WW-WSD*H12 d) Total (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Loads (-)MS-V-WW-T-WSD 12.968 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-WW-Sur-DL-WSD
6.408 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-WW-Sur-LL-WSD
6.728 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-WW-WSD
26.104 kN-m/m
iii) Calculation of Factored (+) ve Moments on Wing Wall in Horizontal Span using Coefficients : a) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-H-WW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-WW-WSD*SAver-Count&Ab2 b) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-H-WW-U-DL*FPDL-H-Sur-Ab-WSD*SAver-Count&Ab2 c) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (+)cS-H-WW-U-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-WW-WSD*SAver-Count&Ab2 (+)MS-H-WW-T-WSD 8.413 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-WW-Sur-DL-WSD
1.029 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-WW-Sur-LL-WSD
1.551 kN-m/m
d) Total (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Loads
(+)MS-H-WW-WSD
10.994 kN-m/m
iv) Calculation of Factored (-) ve Moments on Wing Wall in Horizontal Span using Coefficients : a) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-H-WW-T*FPDL-H-Soil-WW-WSD*SAver-Count&Ab2 b) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-H-WW-U-DL+LL*FPDL-H-Sur-WW-USD*SAver-Count&Ab2 c) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Live Load = (-)cS-H-WW-U-DL-LL*FPLL-H-Sur-WW-WSD*SAver-Count&Ab2 d) Total (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Loads (-)MS-H-WW-T-WSD 12.842 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-WW-Sur-DL-USD
2.730 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-WW-Sur-LL-WSD
2.866 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-WW-WSD
18.438 kN-m/m
10 Unfactored Moments due to Horizontal Dead Loads on Abutment Wall : i) Calculation of (+) ve Moments on Abutment Wall in Vertical Span due to Unfactored Dead Loads : a) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-V-Ab-T*PDL-H-Soil-Ab*H12 b) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-V-Ab-U-DL*PDL-H-Sur-Ab*H12 c) Total (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Dead Loads (+)MS-V-Ab-T-UF 31.700 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-Ab-Sur-DL-UF
10.097 kN-m/m
(+)MUF-S-V-Ab-UF
41.797 kN-m/m
ii) Calculation of (-) ve Moments on Abutment Wall in Vertical Span due to Unfactored dead Loads : a) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-V-Ab-T*PDL-H-Soil-Ab*H12 b) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-V-Ab-U-DL+LL*PDL-H-Sur-Ab*H12 c) Total (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Dead Loads (-)MS-V-Ab-T-UF 52.834 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-Ab-Sur-DL-UF
16.505 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-Ab-UF
69.339 kN-m/m
iii) Calculation of (+) ve Moments on Abutment Wall in Horizontal Span due to Unfactored Dead Loads : a) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-H-Ab-T*PDL-H-Soil-Ab*LAb-T-Inner2 b) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-H-Ab-U-DL*PDL-H-Sur-Ab*LAb-T-Inne2 c) Total (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Dead Loads (+)MS-H-Ab-T-UF 17.158 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-Ab-Sur-DL-UF
3.468 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-Ab-UF
20.626 kN-m/m
iv) Calculation of (-) ve Moments on Abutment Wall in Horizontal Span due to Unfactored Dead Loads :
a) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-H-Ab-T*PDL-H-Soil-Ab*LAb-T-Inne2 b) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-H-Ab-U-DL+LL*PDL-H-Sur-Ab*LAb-T-Inne2 c) Total (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Dead Loads 11 Unfactored Moments due to Horizontal Dead Loads on Wing Walls :
(-)MS-H-Ab-T-UF
10.295 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-Ab-Sur-DL-UF
9.711 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-Ab-UF
20.006 kN-m/m
i) Calculation of (+) ve Moments on Wing Wall in Vertical Span due to Unfactored Dead Loads : a) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-V-WW-T*PDL-H-Soil-WW*H12 b) (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-V-WW-U-DL*PDL-H-Sur-WW*H12 c) Total (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Dead Loads (+)MS-V-WW-T-UF 0.000 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-WW-Sur-DL-UF
3.884 kN-m/m
(+)MS-V-WW-UF
3.884 kN-m/m
ii) Calculation of (-) ve Moments on Wing Wall in Vertical Span due to Unfactored Dead Loads : a) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-V-WW-T*PDL-H-Soil-WW*H12 b) (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead = (-)cS-V-WW-U-DL+LL*PDL-H-Sur-WW*H12 c) Total (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip for all Applied Dead Loads (-)MS-V-WW-T-UF 8.645 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-WW-Sur-DL-UF
6.408 kN-m/m
(-)MS-V-Ab-UF
15.053 kN-m/m
iii) Calculation of (+) ve Moments on Wing Wall in Horizontal Span due to Unfactored Dead Loads : a) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (+)cS-H-WW-T*PDL-H-Soil-WW*SAver-Count&Ab2 b) (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (+)cS-H-WW-U-DL*PDL-H-Sur-WW*SAver-Count&Ab2 (+)MS-H-WW-T-UF 8.413 kN-m/m
(+)MS-H-WW-Sur-DL-UF
1.029 kN-m/m
c) Total (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Dead Loads
(+)MS-H-WW-UF
9.443 kN-m/m
iv) Calculation of (-) ve Moments on Wing Wall in Horizontal Span due to Unfactored Dead Loads : a) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Traingular Soil Load = (-)cS-H-WW-T*PDL-H-Soil-WW*SAver-Count&Ab2 b) (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span due to Uniform Surcharge Dead Load = (-)cS-H-WW-U-DL+LL*PDL-H-Sur-WW*SAver-Count&Ab2 (-)MS-H-WW-T-UF 12.842 kN-m/m
(-)MS-H-WW-Sur-DL-UF
2.730 kN-m/m
c) Total (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip for all Applied Loads
(-)MS-H-WW-UF
15.572 kN-m/m
12 Computation of Factored Horizontal Shearing Forces on Abutment & Wing Walls (USD) : i) Coefficients for Calculation of Shearing Froces on Abutment & Wing Walls Vertical & Horizontal Faces : (Using Table-4.5 of Book Design of Concrete Structures- G.Winter. Seveth Edition.) a) Since for Abutment k = 0.529 > 0.500, Let Consider k = 0.550 b) Since Wing Walls k > 2.083, Let Consider k = 1.000. c) Coefficiant of Shearing Forces for Vetical Span Strip having Shearing Forces Bottom Edge of Abutment Wall d) Coefficiant of Shearing Forces for Horizontal Span Strip having Shearing Forces on Abutment Wall Vertical Faces e) Coefficiant of Shearing Forces for Vetical Span Strip having Shearing Forces Bottom Edge of Wing Wall f) Coefficiant of Shearing Forces for Horizontal Span Strip having Shearing Forces on Wing Wall Vertical Faces. k k cShear-V-Ab 0.550 1.000 0.850
cShear-H-Ab
0.150
cShear-V-WW
0.330
cShear-H-WW
0.670
ii) Calculation of Shearing Froces on Abutment & Wing Walls Vertical & Horizontal Faces : a) Total Factored Horizontal Load on Aburment Wall for 1.000m Wide FPH&V-Ab-USD Strip at its Bottom Level = (0.5*FPDL-H-Soil-Ab-USD + FPDL-H-Sur-Ab-USD + FPDL-H-Sur-Ab-USD)*H1*LH&V b) Total Factored Horizontal Load on Wing Wall for 1.000m Wide Strip FPH&V-WW-USD at its Bottom Level = (0.5*FPDL-H-Soil-WW-USD + FPDL-H-Sur-WW-USD + FPDL-H-Sur-WW-USD)*H1*LH&V c) Shearing Forces on Abutment Wall at its Bottom Level for Vertical Span Strip = cShear-V-Ab*FPH&V-Ab-USD d) Shearing Forces on Abutment Wall at its Bottom Level for Horizontal Span Strip on Vertical Faces= cShear-H-Ab*FPH&V-Ab-USD c) Shearing Forces on Wing Wall at its Bottom Level for Vertical Span Strip = cShear-V-WW*FPH&V-WW-USD d) Shearing Forces on Wing Wall at its Bottom Level for Horizontal Span Strip on Vertical Faces = cShear-H-WW*FPH&V-WW-USD VS-V-Ab-USD 266.333 kN/m
276.636 kN/m
226.383 kN/m
VS-H-Ab-USD
39.950 kN/m
VS-V-WW-USD
91.290 kN/m
VS-H-WW-USD
185.346 kN/m
Part-III :- Flexural Design of Abutment Wall Against Applied Loads Under Strength Limit State (USD). 1 Computation of Related Features required for Flexural Design of Vertical & Horizontal Reinforcements on Abutment Wall : i) Design Strip Width for Abutment Wall in Vertical & Horizontal Direction & Clear Cover on different Faces;
a) Let Consider the Design Width in both Vertical & Horizontal directions are = 1000mm b) Let the Clear Cover on Earth Face of C-Cov.Earth. = 75mm, Let the Clear Cover on Water Face of Abutment Wall, C-Cov.Water = 50mm,
b C-Cov-Earth. C-Cov-Water
1.000 m 75.000 50.000 mm mm
0.420
Variable Variable
As Aps fy fps dp ds
a) For Section of a Flexural Component having both Prestressed & Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements should have Minimum Resisting Moment Mr 1.2*Mcr or 1.33 Times the Calculated Factored Moment for the Section Based on AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1-Table-3.4.1-1, which one is less.For Compnents having Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements only Mr = 1.2Mcr. b) The Cracking Moment of a Section Mcr = Sc(fr + fcpe) - Mdnc(Sc/Snc - 1) Scfr where; i) fcpe = Compressive Stress in Concrete due to Effective Prestress Forces at Extreme Fiber only where Tensile Stress is caused by Externally Applied Forces after allowance of all Prestressing Losses in MPa. In Nonprestressing RCC Components value of fcpe = 0. ii) Mdnc = Total Unfactored Dead Load Moment acting on the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section in N-mm. iii) Sc = Section Modulus for the Extreme Fiber of the Composite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. iv) Snc = Section Modulus of Extreme Fiber of the Monolithic/Noncomposite Mcr fcpe Variable N-mm N/mm2
Mdnc
Variable
N-mm
Sc
Variable
mm3
Snc
3 0.093750 m
Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. For the Rectangular RCC Section value of Snc = (b*tAb-Wall-Bot.3/12)/(tAb-Wall-Bot../2) v) fr = Modulus of Rupture of Concrete in Mpa,(AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). c) For Nonprestressing & Monolithic or Noncomposite Beam or Elements, Sc = Snc & fcpe = 0, thus Equation for Cracking Moment Stands to Mcr = Sncfr d) Thus Calculated value of Mcr according to respective values of Equation e) The value of Mcr = Scfr f) Cpoputed value of Mcr = 1.33*MExt Factored Moment due to External Forces fr Mcr
3 93.750/10^3 m 3 93.750*10^6 mm
2 2.887 N/mm
270658376.983 N-mm
270.658 kN-m Mcr-1 Mcr-2 Mcr-3 Variable Variable Variable N-mm N-mm N-mm
g) Table-1 Showing Allowable Resistance Moment M r for Minimum Reinforcement of Different Surface & Direction Position Value of Value of Actuat Acceptable 1.2 Times M & Nature Unfactored Mcr-1 Cracking Mcr of Mcr Factored of Moment Dead Load As per Moment Cracking Cracking Moment on Moment Equation Value Moment Moment of Section Abutment MDL-UF 5.7.3.3.2-1 Sncfr (Mcr-1Sncfr) (1.2*Mcr) M Wall kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
(+)ve Strip Vertical (-)ve Strip Vertical (+)ve Strip Horizontal (-)ve Strip Horizontal 69.339 20.626 20.006 270.658 270.658 270.658 270.658 270.658 270.658 270.658 270.658 270.658 324.790 324.790 324.790 130.003 35.309 40.156 172.904 46.961 53.407 324.790 324.790 324.790 324.790 324.790 324.790 41.797 270.658 270.658 270.658 324.790 84.104 1.33 Times

111.858

1.2Mcr
kN-m
324.790

324.790
pmax.
0.016
2 Flexural Design of Vertical Reinforcements on Earth Face of Abutment Wall against the (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Calculated Flexural (-) ve Moment in Vetrical Span Strip of Abutment (-)MS-V-Ab-USD Wall is Less than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Mr is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against (-) ve Moment value. For (-) ve Mr value the required Reinforcement will be on Water Face of Abutment Wall. 130.003 130.003*10^6 324.790 324.790*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
b) Since (-)MS-V-Ab-USD < Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 16f Bars as Vertical Reinforcement on Earth Face of Abutment Wall. b) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DAb-Earth-V2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Earth Face, dpro = (tAb-Wall-Bot.-CCov-Earth. -DAb-Earth-V./2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-16b/As-req-Ab-Earth-V. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars for the Section spro = 125mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 250mm,C/C = Af-16.b/spro iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
MU
324.790 kN-m/m 324.790*10^6 N-mm/m
DAb-Earth-V.
16 mm
Af-16. de-pro.
2 201.062 mm
667.000 mm
areq.
27.862 mm
As-req-Ab-Earth-V. sreq spro.
1,347.774 149.181
mm2/m mm,C/C
125 mm,C/C
As-pro-Ab-Earth-V.
1,608.495
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.002 36.946 mm 427.693 kN-m/m
d) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro amd Calculated Design Moment MU. e) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. iv) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design c/de-Max. c
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
0.450 31.40 mm
b1
0.85
d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.047 n) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not)
c/de-pro
0.047 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
v) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Abutment Wall in Vetrical Strip at Bottom Level. a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Botton Level of Abutment Wall on its Vertical Strip which is also the Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = VS-V-Ab-USD.= VU VU. 226.383 kN/m 226.383*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tAb-Wall-Bot Width of Abutment Well.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or bv. dv. 1,000.00 mm 600.30
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
600.30 mm 540.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-Ab-Bot
3,151.575 kN/m 3151.575*10^3 N/m 4,566.528 kN/m 4566.528*10^3 N/m 3,151.575 kN/m 3151.575*10^3 N/m 4,566.528 kN/m 4566.528*10^3 N/m 0.000 N/m
Vn-1
Vn-2
Vc
Vs
2.00
Vp.
0.000 N
d) Statue between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces VU Vn>Vu For the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not).
Satisfied
e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Abutment Wall does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Abutment Wall on its Bottom Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus Flexural Design of Vertical Reinforcement on Earth Face of Abutment Wall is OK. vi) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr 384.923 N-mm 384.923*10^6 kN-m 427.693 N-mm 427.693*10^6 kN-m 0.90
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Abutment Wall in Vertical Direction is being considered as a Cantilever Mn-V-Bot Beam having 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments at its Bottom will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment M at Bottom of assumed Cantilever Beam in Vertcal on Earth Face = (-)MS-V-Ab-USD (-)MS-V-Ab-USD 427.693 kN-m 427.693*10^6 N-mm
130.003 kN-m 130.003*10^6 N-mm
Mr>Ms-v-ab-usd Satisfied
2 78.475 N/mm
MS-V-Ab-WSD
84.193 kN-m 84.193*10^6 N-mm
As-pro de
2 1,608.495 mm
667.00 mm
fsa
2 243.67 N/mm
i) dc= Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest dc Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Earth/Water Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Earth. Since Clear Cover on Earth Face of Abutment Wall, CCov-Earth = 75mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 16f ; thus dc = (16/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated A by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Abutment Wall the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure is very close to Sea, thus its Components are of Severe Exposure Category having Allowable Max. value of ZMax. = 23000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. ZMax.
58.00 mm
2 14,500.00 mm
23,000.00 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Abutment Wall fs-Dev.< fsa Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allowable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Vertical on Abutment Wall Earth Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK.
j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 3 Flexural Design of Vertical Reinforcements on Water Face of Abutment Wall against the (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Calculated Flexural (+) ve Moment in Vetrical Span Strip of (+)MS-V-Ab-USD Abutment Wall is Less than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Mr is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against (+) ve Moment Mr value. For (+) ve value the required Reinforcement will be on Water Face of Abutment Wall. b) Since (+)MS-V-Ab-USD< Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 16f Bars as Vertical Reinforcement on Water Face of Abutment Wall. b) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DAb-Water-V2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Water Face, dpro = (tAb-Wall-Bot.-CCov-Water. -DAb-Water-V./2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-16b/As-req-Ab-Water-V. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars for the Section spro = 125mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 125mm,C/C = Af-16.b/spro iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
84.104 84.104*10^6 324.790 324.790*10^6
MU
324.790 kN-m/m 324.790*10^6 N-mm/m
DAb-Water-V.
16 mm
Af-16. de-pro.
2 201.062 mm
692.000 mm
areq.
26.814 mm
1,297.080 155.011
mm2/m mm,C/C
125 mm,C/C
As-pro-Ab-Water-V.
1,608.495
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.002 36.946 mm 444.180 kN-m/m
d) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro and Calculated Design Moment MU. e) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. iii) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.045 q) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) c/de-Max. c
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
0.450 31.404 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.045 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
iv) Since Checking have been done for Provision of Vertical Reinforcement on Earth Face of Abutment Wall against Max. Moment due to Imposed Loads & found Satisfactory in all respect thus it does not require further Checking against Provision of Vertical Reinforcement on Water Face of Abutment Wall. 4 Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcements on Earth Face of Abutment Wall against the (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Calculated Flexural (-) ve Moment in Horizontal Span Strip of (-)MS-H-Ab-USD Abutment Wall is Less than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Mr is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against (-) ve Moment value. Mr For (-) ve value the required Reinforcement will be on Earth Face of Abutment Wall. b) Since (-)MS-H-Ab-USD < Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 16f Bars as Horizontal Reinforcement on Earth Face of Abutment Wall. b) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DAb-Earth-H2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Earth Face, dpro = (tAb-Wall-Bot.-CCov-Earth. - DAb-Earth-V - DAb-Earth-H./2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) DAb-Earth-H. 16 mm MU 40.156 40.156*10^6 324.790 324.790*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
324.790 kN-m/m 324.790*10^6 N-mm/m
Af-16. de-pro.
2 201.062 mm
651.000 mm
areq.
28.577 mm
As-req-Ab-Earth-H.
1,382.400
mm2/m
f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-16b/As-req-Ab-Earth-H. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars for the Section spro = 125mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 125mm,C/C = Af-16..b/spro iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
sreq spro.
145.444
mm,C/C
125 mm,C/C
As-pro-Ab-Earth-H.
1,608.495
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.002 36.946 mm 417.141 kN-m/m
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
0.450 31.404 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.048 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
v) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Abutment Wall in Horizontal Strip at Bottom Level. a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Botton Level of Abutment Wall on its Horizontal Strip which is also the Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = VS-H-Ab-USD.= VU VU. 39.950 kN/m 39.950*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 585.900
h = tAb-Wall-Bot Width of Abutment Well.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
585.900 mm 540.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-Ab-Bot
Vn-1
Vn-2
Vc
Vs
2.00
Vp.
0.000 N
Satisfied
e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Abutment Wall does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Abutment Wall on its Bottom Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcement on Earth Face of Abutment Wall is OK. vi) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr 375.427 N-mm 375.427*10^6 kN-m 417.141 N-mm 417.141*10^6 kN-m 0.90
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Abutment Wall in Horizontal Direction is being considered as Fixed End Mn-H-Bot Beam having 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments at its Fixed Ends will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment MU at Fixed Ends of assumed Rectangular Beam in Horizontal on Earth Face = (-)MS-H-Ab-USD (-)MS-H-Ab-USD 417.141 kN-m 417.141*10^6 N-mm
40.156 kN-m 40.156*10^6 N-mm
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Mr>Ms-h-ab-usd Satisfied Factored Moment M at Bottom of Vertical Span Strip ( Which one is Greater, if Mr M the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied). vii) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State fs-Dev.
2 27.452 N/mm
(-)MS-H-Ab-WSD
28.745 kN-m 28.745*10^6 N-mm

2 1,608.495 mm
As-pro de
651.000 mm
fsa
2 243.667 N/mm
i) dc= Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest dc Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Earth/Water Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Earth. Since Clear Cover on Earth Face of Abutment Wall, CCov-Earth = 75mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 16f ; thus dc = (16/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated A by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Abutment Wall the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition
58.000 mm
2 14,500.000 mm
Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure is very close to Sea, thus its Components are of Severe Exposure Category having Allowable Max. value of ZMax. = 23000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. ZMax. 23,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the Abutment Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev. ZDev. 2,591.196 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs fsa< 0.6fy Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy Satisfy Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Abutment Wall, fs-Dev.< fsa Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allowable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Horizontal on Abutment Wall Earth Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 5 Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcements on Water Face of Abutment Wall against the (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Calculated Flexural (+) ve Moment in Horizontal Span Strip of (+)MS-H-Ab-USD Abutment Wall is Less than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Mr is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against (+) ve Moment Mr value. For (+) ve value the required Reinforcement will be on Water Face of Abutment Wall. b) Since (+)MS-V-Ab-USD< Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 16f Bars as Horizontal Reinforcement on Water Face DAb-Water-H. 16 mm MU 35.309 35.309*10^6 324.790 324.79*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
324.790 kN-m/m 324.79*10^6 N-mm/m
ofAbutment Wall. b) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DAb-Water-V2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Water Face, dpro = (tAb-Wall-Bot.-CCov-Water. -DAb-Water-V - DAb-Water-H./2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-16b/As-req-Ab-Water-H. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars for the Section spro = 125mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 125mm,C/C = Af-16..b/spro i) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
Af-16. de-pro.
2 201.062 mm
676.000 mm
areq.
27.475 mm
As-req-Ab-Earth-H. sreq spro.
1,329.065 151.281
mm2/m mm,C/C
125 mm,C/C
As-pro-Ab-Water-H.
1,608.495
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.002 36.946 mm 433.628 kN-m/m
k) Resisting Moment for the Section with provided Steel Area, = As-pro*fy(d - apro/2)/10^6
l) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro amd Calculated Design Moment MU. m) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. iii) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.046 q) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) c/de-Max. c
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
0.45 31.40 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.05 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
iv) Since Checking have been done for Provision of Horizontal Reinforcement on Abutment Wall Earth Face against Max. Moment due to Imposed Loads & found Satisfactory in all respect thus it does not require further Checking against Provision of Horizontal Reinforcement on Water Face of Abutment Wall
Part-IV :- Flexural Design of Wing Walls Against Applied Loads Under Strength Limit State (USD). 1 Computation of Related Features required for Flexural Design of Vertical & Horizontal Reinforcements on Wing Walls : i) Design Strip Width for Wing Walls in Vertical & Horizontal Direction & Clear Cover on different Faces; a) Let Consider the Design Width in both Vertical & Horizontal directions are = 1000mm b) Let the Clear Cover on Earth Face of C-Cov.Earth. = 75mm, Let the Clear Cover on Water Face of Abutment Wall, C-Cov.Water = 75mm, b C-Cov-Earth. C-Cov-Water 1.00 m 75 mm 50 mm
0.42
Variable Variable
As Aps fy fps dp ds
a) For Section of a Flexural Component having both Prestressed & Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements should have Minimum Resisting Moment Mr 1.2*Mcr or 1.33 Times the Calculated Factored Moment for the Section Based on AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1-Table-3.4.1-1, which one is less.For Compnents having Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements only Mr = 1.2Mcr. b) The Cracking Moment of a Section Mcr = Sc(fr + fcpe) - Mdnc(Sc/Snc - 1) Scfr where; i) fcpe = Compressive Stress in Concrete due to Effective Prestress Forces at Extreme Fiber only where Tensile Stress is caused by Externally Applied Forces after allowance of all Prestressing Losses in MPa. In Nonprestressing RCC Components value of fcpe = 0. Mcr fcpe Variable N-mm N/mm2
ii) Mdnc = Total Unfactored Dead Load Moment acting on the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section in N-mm. iii) Sc = Section Modulus for the Extreme Fiber of the Composite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. iv) Snc = Section Modulus of Extreme Fiber of the Monolithic/Noncomposite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. For the Rectangular RCC Section value of Snc = (b*tWW.3/12)/(tWW/2) v) fr = Modulus of Rupture of Concrete in Mpa,(AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). c) For Nonprestressing & Monolithic or Noncomposite Beam or Elements, Sc = Snc & fcpe = 0, thus Equation for Cracking Moment Stands to Mcr = Sncfr d) Thus Calculated value of Mcr according to respective values of Equation e) The value of Mcr = Scfr f) Cpoputed value of Mcr = 1.33*MExt Factored Moment due to External Forces
Mdnc
Variable
N-mm
Sc
Variable
mm3
Snc
3 0.033750 m 3 33.750/10^3 m 3 33.750*10^6 mm
fr Mcr
2 2.887 N/mm
Mcr-1 Mcr-2 Mcr-3
g) Table-2 Showing Allowable Resistance Moment M r for Minimum Reinforcement of Different Surface & Direction Position Value of Value of Actuat Acceptable 1.2 Times M & Nature Unfactored Mcr-1 Cracking Mcr of Mcr Factored of Moment Dead Load As per Moment Cracking Cracking Moment on Moment Equation Value Moment Moment of Section Wing MDL-UF 5.7.3.3.2-1 Sncfr (Mcr-1Sncfr) (1.2*Mcr) M Walls kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
(+)ve Strip Vertical (-)ve Strip Vertical (+)ve Strip Horizontal (-)ve Strip Horizontal 69.339 9.443 15.572 97.437 97.437 97.437 97.437 97.437 97.437 97.437 97.437 97.437 116.924 116.924 116.924 34.354 16.878 28.374 45.691 22.448 37.737 116.924 116.924 116.924 116.924 116.924 116.924 41.797 97.437 97.437 97.437 116.924 15.816 1.33 Times

21.035

1.2Mcr
kN-m
116.924

116.924
pmax.
0.016
2 Flexural Design of Vertical Reinforcements on Earth Face of Wing Walls against the (-) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip :
i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Maximum Flexural (-) ve Moment at Bottom Face of Wing Wall (-)MS-V-WW-USD is the Calcutated Factored Moment which is Less than Mr. For (-) ve value of Moment the Reinforcement will be on Earth Face of Wing Wall. Mr 34.354 34.354*10^6 116.924 116.924*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
b) Since (-)MS-V-WW-USD < Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 16f Bars as Vertical Reinforcement on Earth Face of Abutment Wall. b) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DWW-Earth-V2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Earth Face, dpro = (tWW.-CCov-Earth. -DWW-Earth-V./2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-16b/As-req-Ab-Earth-V. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars for the Section spro = 100mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 100mm,C/C = Af-16..b/spro iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
MU
116.924 kN-m/m 116.924*10^6 N-mm/m
DWW-Earth
16 mm
Af-16. de-pro.
2 201.062 mm
367.000 mm
areq.
18.305 mm
As-req-WW-Earth-V. sreq spro.
885.484 227.064
mm2/m mm,C/C
150 mm,C/C
As-pro-WW-Earth-V.
1,340.413
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.004 30.788 mm 193.232 kN-m/m
d) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro amd Calculated Design Moment MU. e) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. iv) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 :
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.107 n) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not)
c/de-Max. c
0.450 26.170 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.071 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
v) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Wing Wall in Vetrical Strip at Bottom Level. a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Botton Level of Wing Wall on its Vertical Strip which is also the Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = VS-V-WW-USD = VU VU. 91.290 kN/m 91.290*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tWW Thickness of Wing Wall.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 330.300
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
330.30 mm 324.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-WW-Bot
Vn-1
Vn-2
Vc
Vs
c-iii) b is Factor for the Diagonally Cracked Concrete to transmit Tension as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4. For Footing/Foundation/Slab b = 2.00. c-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (For RCC Structure Elements, Vp = 0. AASHTO-8.16.6.3.1.)
2.00
Vp.
0.000 N
d) Statue between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces Vn>Vu Satisfied VU For the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not). e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Wing Wall does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Wing Wall on its Bottom Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus Flexural Design of Vertical Reinforcement on Earth Face of Wing Wall is OK. vi) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr 173.909 N-mm 173.909*10^6 kN-m 193.232 N-mm 193.232*10^6 kN-m 0.90
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Abutment Wall in Vertical Direction is being considered as a Cantilever Mn-V-Bot Beam having 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments at its Bottom will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment MU at Bottom of assumed Cantilever Beam in Vertcal on Earth Face = MS-V-WW-USD MS-V-WW-USD 193.232 kN-m 193.232*10^6 N-mm
34.354 kN-m 34.354*10^6 N-mm
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Mr>Ms-v-ww-usd Satisfied Factored Moment M at Bottom of Vertical Span Strip (Which one is Greater, if Mr MU the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied). vii) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where;
b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State
fs-Dev.
2 53.065 N/mm
(-)MS-V-WW-WSD
26.104 kN-m 26.104*10^6 N-mm

2 1,340.413 mm
As-pro de
367.000 mm
fsa
2 229.299 N/mm
i) dc= Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest dc Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Earth/Water Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Earth. Since Clear Cover on Earth Face of Abutment Wall, CCov-Earth = 75mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 16f ; thus dc = (16/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated A by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Abutment Wall the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure is very close to Sea, thus its Components are of Severe Exposure Category having Allowable Max. value of ZMax. = 23000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. ZMax.
58.000 mm
2 17,400.000 mm
23,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the Wing Wall Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev. ZDev. 5,322.702 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs fsa< 0.6fy Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy Satisfy Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Wing Wall f s-Dev.< fsa the Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allocable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Vertical on Wing Wall Earth Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 18 Flexural Design of Vertical Reinforcements on Water Face of Wing Wall against the (+) ve Moment on Vertical Span Strip : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Calculated Flexural (+) ve Moment in Vetrical Span Strip of Wing Wall (+)MS-V-WW is Less than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Mr is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against (+) ve Moment value. For (+) Mr ve value the required Reinforcement will be on Water Face of Wing Wall. b) Since (+)MS-V-WW< Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 16f Bars as Vertical Reinforcement on Water Face of the Wing Wall. b) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DAb-Water-V2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Water Face, dpro = (tWW.-CCov-Water. -DWW-Water-V./2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-16b/As-req-WW-Water-V. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 25f bars for the Section spro = 175mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 175mm,C/C = Af-16..b/spro iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro ppro 0.003 DWW-Water-V. 16 mm MU 15.816 15.816*10^6 116.924 116.924*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
116.924 kN-m/m 116.924*10^6 N-mm/m
Af-16. de-pro.
2 201.062 mm
392.000 mm
areq.
17.082 mm
As-req-WW-Earth-V. sreq spro.
826.343 243.315
mm2/m mm,C/C
175 mm,C/C
As-pro-WW-Water-V.
1,148.925
mm2/m
apro Mpro
26.390 mm 178.440 kN-m/m
d) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro amd Calculated Design Moment MU. e) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. iii) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis & the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.057 q) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) c/de-Max. c
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
0.450 22.431 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.057 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
iv) Since Cackings have been done for Provision of Vertical Reinforcement on Earth Face of Wing Wall against Max. Moment due to Imposed Loads & found Satisfactory in all respect, thus it does not require further Checking against Provision of Vertical Reinforcement on Water Face of Wing Wall 19 Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcements on Earth Face of Wing Wall against the (-) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Calculated Flexural (-) ve Moment in Horizontal Span Strip of Wing (-)MS-H-WW-USD Wall is Less than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Mr is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against (-) ve Moment value. For (-) ve Mr value the required Reinforcement will be on Earth Face of Wing Wall. b) Since (-)MS-H-WW-USD< Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 16f Bars as Horizontal Reinforcement on Earth Face of Wing Wall. b) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DWW-Earth-H2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Earth Face, dpro = (tWW.-CCov-Earth. - DWW-Earth-V - DWW-Earth-H./2) DWW-Earth-H. 16 mm MU 28.374 28.374*10^6 116.924 116.924*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
116.924 kN-m/m 116.924*10^6 N-mm/m
Af-16. de-pro.
2 201.062 mm
351.000 mm
d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-16b/As-req-WW-Earth-H. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars for the Section spro = 175mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 175mm,C/C = Af-16..b/spro iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
areq.
19.186 mm
As-req-WW-Earth-H. sreq spro.
928.126 216.632
mm2/m mm,C/C
175 mm,C/C
As-pro-WW-Earth-H.
1,148.925
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.003 26.390 mm 159.126 kN-m/m
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
0.450 22.431 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.064 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
v) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Wing Wall in Horizontal Strip at Bottom Level. a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Botton Level of Wing Wall on its Horizontal Strip which is also the Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = VS-H-WW.= VU VU. 185.346 kN/m 185.346*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here,
b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tWW Thickness of Wing Wall.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or
bv. dv.
1,000.000 mm 324.000
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
315.900 mm 324.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-Ab-Bot
Vn-1
Vn-2
Vc
Vs
2.00
Vp.
0.000 N
d) Statue between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces Vn>Vu Satisfied VU For the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not). e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Abutment Wall does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Wing Wall on its Earth Face does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcement on Earth Face of Wing Wall is OK. vi) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, Mr 143.214 N-mm
where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mn f
143.214*10^6 kN-m 159.126 N-mm 159.126*10^6 kN-m 0.90
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Wing Wall in Horizontal Direction is being considered as Fixed End Mn-H-Bot Beam having 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments at its Fixed Ends will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment MU at Fixed Ends of assumed Rectangular Beam in Horizontal on Earth Face = MS-H-WW-USD MS-H-WW-USD 159.126 kN-m 159.126*10^6 N-mm
28.374 kN-m 28.374*10^6 N-mm

Satisfied
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Mr>Mu Factored Moment MU on Horiziontal Strip Span ( Which one is Greater, if Mr MU the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied)
2 45.721 N/mm
MS-H-WW-WSD
18.438 kN-m 18.438*10^6 N-mm

2 1,148.925 mm
As-pro de
351.000 mm
fsa
2 217.814 N/mm
i) dc= Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest dc Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Earth/Water Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Earth. Since Clear Cover on Earth Face of Wing Wall, CCov-Earth = 75mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 16f ; thus dc = (16/2 + 50)mm
58.000 mm
ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated A by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Abutment Wall the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure is very close to Sea, thus its Components are of Severe Exposure Category having Allowable Max. value of ZMax. = 23000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. ZMax.
2 20,300.000 mm
23,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the T-Girder Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev. ZDev. 4,827.918 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs fsa< 0.6fy Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy Satisfy Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Well Cap fs-Dev.< fsa the Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allocable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Horizontal on Wing Wall Earth Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 15 Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcements on Water Face of Wing Wall against the (+) ve Moment on Horizontal Span Strip : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Calculated Flexural (+) ve Moment in Horizontal Span Strip of Wing (+)MS-H-WW Wall is Less than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Mr is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against (+) ve Moment value. For (+) ve Mr value the required Reinforcement will be on Water Face of Wing Wall. 16.878 16.878*10^6 116.924 116.924*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
b) Since (+)MS-V-WW< Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 16f Bars as Horizontal Reinforcement on Water Face of Wing Wall. b) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DWW-Water-H2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Water Face, dpro = (tWW.-CCov-Water. -DWW-Water-V - DWW-Water-H./2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-16b/As-req-Ab-Water-H. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 25f bars for the Section spro = 175mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 175mm,C/C = Af-16..b/spro i) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
MU
116.924 kN-m/m 116.924*10^6 N-mm/m
DWW-Water-H.
16 mm
Af-16. de-pro.
2 201.062 mm
376.000 mm
areq.
17.845 mm
As-req-WW-Earth-H. sreq spro.
863.219 232.921
mm2/m mm,C/C
175 mm,C/C
As-pro-Ab-Water-H.
1,148.925
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.003 26.390 mm 170.903 kN-m/m
k) Resisting Moment for the Section with provided Steel Area, = As-pro*fy(d - apro/2)/10^6
l) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro amd Calculated Design Moment MU. m) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. iii) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.060 c/de-Max. c
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK Not OK
0.450 22.43 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.060
q) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not)
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
OK
iv) Since Checking have been done for Provision of Horizontal Reinforcement on Earth Face of Wing Wall against Max. Moment due to Imposed Loads & found Satisfactory in all respect thus it does not required further Checking against Provision of Horizontal Reinforcement on Water Face of Wing Wall
ximum
ximum
M. Structural Design of Wing Wall Counterfort :

1 Sketch Diagram of Abutment Wall & Wing Walls :
300
5225 3000 2100
700
C 2000
RL-5.00m
600 450 300 H1 = 4947 H = 6147 1900 3000 450 RL-2.20m 1775 750 2525 1200 C 600 4300 5500 600
1200
1447
1500
2 Structural Type, Design Criteria & Dimentions of Structure : i) Type of Abutment ii) Type of Wing-walls : : Wall Type Abutment. Wall Type Wing Walls Integrated with Abutment Wall having Counterforts over Well & Cantilever Wings beyond Well. Service Limit State (WSD) Design According to AASHTO-LRFD-2004.
iv) Dimensions of Substructural Components : Description a) Height of Wing Wall from Bottom of Well Cap up to its Top, b) Height of Wing Wall from Top of Well Cap up to its Top, Notation Dimensions Unit. H H1 6.147 m 4.947 m
6350
2147
c) Height of Abutment Well Cap, d) Height of Abutment Steam f) Height of Wing Wall g) Length of Wing Walls upon Well cap l) Thickness of Abutment Wall (Stem) at Bottom m) Thickness of Abutment Wall (Stem) at Top n) Thickness of Counterfort Wall For Wing Wall. o) Number of Wing-Wall Counterforts (on each side) p) Length of Counterfort Base (Length at Bottom). q) Clear Spacing between Counerfort & Abutment Wall at Bottom r) Average Spacing between Counerfort & Abutment Wall = (tAB-Wall-Bot + tAb-Wall-Top)/2+SClear-Count& Ab-Bot. s) Effective Span of Wing Wall Counterfort = SAver-Count + tWW-Countf t) Thickness of Wing Walls within Well Cap, u) Length of Cantilever Wing Walls (On Top). v) Thickness of Cantilever Wing Walls w) Height of Rectangular Portion of Cantilever Wing Walls x) Height of Triangular Portion of Cantilever Wing Walls y) Longitudinal Length of Well Cap on Toe Side from Abutment Wall Outer Face.
hWell-Cap. hSteam. H-W-Wall LW-W-Well-Cap t.-Ab-wall-Bot. t.-Ab-wall-Top. tWW-Countf. NW-W-count LCount-Base. SClear-Count& Ab-Bot. SAver-Count&Ab.
1.200 m 1.900 m 4.947 m 2.975 m 0.750 m
0.450 m 0.450 m 1.000 No's 3.450 m 1.775 m 2.375 m
SEfft-Count. tWW LCant-WW. tCant-WW hCant.-WW-Rec. hCant.-WW-Tri. LW-Cap-Toe.
2.825 m 0.450 m 3.000 m 0.450 m 2.000 m 1.500 m 2.525 m
3 Design Data in Respect of Unit Weight, Strength of Materials & USD Multiplier Factors :
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d)
Unit weight of Normal Concrete Unit weight of Wearing Course Unit weight of Normal Water Unit weight of Saline Water
gc gWC gW-Nor. gW-Sali.
2,447.232 2,345.264 1,019.680 1,045.172
kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3
e) Unit weight of Earth (Compected Clay/Sand/Silt)

gs
3 1,835.424 kg/m
a) b) c) d) e)
24.000 23.000 10.000 10.250 18.000
iii) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2)Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy h) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa f/c fc Ec 21.000 8.400 23,855.620 2.89 fr fy fs ES 2.89 MPa MPa MPa MPa
410.000 MPa 164.000 MPa 200000.000 MPa
4 Different Load Multiplying Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.000
gDW
1.000
gEH
1.000
d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surcharge Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2)
gEV
1.000
gES
1.000
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; SERVICE - I (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). SERVICE - IV SERVICE - II SERVICE - II SERVICE - II m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.000 1.000
1.000 1.000 1.300 1.300 1.000 1.000 0.700 1.300 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV 5 Load Coefficients Factors & Intensity of Different Imposed Loads : i) Coefficient for Lateral Earth Pressure (EH) : a) Coefficient of Active Horizontal Earth Pressure, ko = (1-sinff ) ,Where; f is Effective Friction Angle of Soil b) For Back Filling with Clean fine sand, Silty or clayey fine to medium sand Effective Friction Angle of Soil, f = 340 .(Table 12.9, Page-138, RAINA,s Book) c) Angle of Friction with Concrete surface & Soli AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1. d) Value of Tan d (dim) for Coefficient of Friction. = 0.34 to 0.45 (AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1.)
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
ko
0.441
34
19 to 24
tan d
0.34 to 0.45 dim
2 7.935 kN/m 2 0.007935 N/mm
ks wE*10-3
0.441
2 0.018 N/mm 2 18.000 kN/m
iii) Live Load Surcharge Vertical & Horizontal Pressure Intensity (LS); AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4. : a) Constant Earth Pressur both Vertical & Horizontal for Live Load Surcharge on Abutment Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic), Where; Dp-LS = kgEgheq*10-9 Dp-LL-Ab<6.00m Dp-LL-Ab6.00m 0.007141 7.141 0.004761 4.761 0.008331 8.331 0.004761 4.761 N/mm2 kN/m2 N/mm2 kN/m2 N/mm2 kN/m2 N/mm2 kN/m2
b) Constant Horizontal Earth Pressur due to Live Load Surcharge for Wing Walls (Parallel to Traffic), Where; Dp-LS = kgEgheq*10-9 ,
0.441
3 1,835.424 kg/m 2 9.807 m/sec
900.000 mm 600.000 mm
900.000 0.900 600.000 0.600
mm m mm m
1,050.000 mm 600.000 mm
600.000 0.600 600.000 0.600
mm m mm m
6 Philosophy in Flexural Design of Counterforts for Bridge substructure : a) On Extrme edge of Well Cap's Earth Side Counterforts are being proposed for Bridge Substructure as an additional Support for the Cantilever Wing Wall Components. These Counterforts will have to Face Vertical Dead Loads (DL) due to Soil & Surcharge Pressure including Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure upon an Area of Well Cap having the Dimensions with Effective Span Length of Counterfort & its Base Length. The Components will also have to Face the Horizontal Dead Load (DL ) & Live Load (LL) Pressures caused by same Forces acting upon Vertica Faces of Wing Walls having Dimensions with Effective Span Length of Counterforts & Height of Wing Wall. b) In normal cases, Counterforts would have Well Cap/Abutment Cap & Wing Wall/Abutment Wall on their both sides, but for the present case Wall Cap is existing beyond Counterfort. At the same time beyond Well Cap there exists a Cantilever Type Wing Wall at Top Level of Counterfort. Thus for Calculation of Vertical Loads (DL & LL) Effective Vertical Span would be considered from Counterfort Outer Face up to the Middle Point between Abutment Wall and the Counterfort. Whereas for Calculation of Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) the Effective Horizontal Span would be the Length from Middle Point between Abutment Wall and Counterfort + Equivelent Horizontal Length of Cantilever Wing Wall. c) Since the Counterfort posses Triangular shape & the Applied Forces are of Complex Nature, thus it is considered to adopt the Service Limit State Methodology (WSD) in Flexural Design of Counterforts for Wing Wall. d) The Main Reinforcements of Counterfort will be Against Applied Horizontal Forces upon Effective Horizontal Span of Counterfort. The Shear/Web Reinforcements would be under both Vertical & Horizontal Forces accordingly. d) To reduce the Complex in Calculation of Horizontal Loads upon the LCant-WW-Equi. 1.668 m
Trapezoid Shape Cantilever Wing Wall, keeping its Height & Vertical Surface Area same, an Equivalent Horizontal Length is being considered for the Component. Thus the Calculated Equivalent Horizontal Length of Cantilever Wing Wall = (LCant-WW.*hCant.-WW-Rec. + 0.50*LCant-WW.*hCant.-WW-Tri.)/H1 e) For Flexural Design & Calculation of Loads, Shear & Moments due to Applied 1.000m Width/Depth Strips are being considered both in Vertical & Horizontal. 7 Calculation of Loads upon Counterfort: i) Skech Diagram Showing Dimentions Related to Loads Upon Counterfort : tWW. = 0.45 m A q bStrip-V hStrip-H 1.000 m 1.000 m
G/
H=
6.147 m
H1 =
4.947 m
90o G/ B C D G q
K/ K F hWell-Cap. = E 1.2 m
LW-Cap-Toe.. =
2.525 m LCount-Base. =
3.45 m
ii) Computation of Span Lengths for Vertical & Horizontal Loads upon Counterfort : a) Clear span in between Counterfort & Abutment Wall (Average), b) Thickness of Counterfort for Wing Wall, c) Effective Span of Counterfort for Horizontal Load Calculations; = SAver-Count&Ab./2+ tWW-Countf.+ LCant-WW-Equi. d) Effective Span of Counterfort for Vertical Load Calculations; = SAver-Count&Ab./2+ tWW-Countf. SAver-Count&Ab. tWW-Countf. SEff.-Coutf-H-Load. 2.375 m 0.450 m 3.305 m
SEff.-Coutf-V-Load.
1.638 m
iii) Computation of Horizontal Loads acting upon Counterfort : a) Intensity of Horizontal Load acting upon Counterfort on its Bottom Level due to Active Horizontal Earth Dead Load Pressure upon Horizontal Effective Span Length; = ko*H1*SEff.-Coutf-H-Load.hStrip-H b) Intensity of Horizontal Load acting upon Counterfort on its Bottom Level due to the Horizontal Surcharge Dead Load Pressure upon Horizontal Effective Span Length; = Dp-ES*SEff.-Coutf-H-Load.hStrip-H c) Intensity of Horizontal Load acting upon Counterfort on its Bottom Level due to the Horizontal Surcharge Live Load Pressure for Wing Wall upon Horizontal Effective Span Length; = Dp-LL-WW*SEff.-Coutf-H-Load.hStrip-H (H1<6.000m). d) Intensity of Total Horizontal Loads acting upon Counterfort on its Bottom Level due to all Horizontal Loads/Pressure (DL & LL) upon the Horizontal Effective Span Length; = pEarth-DL-H + pSur-DL-H + pSur-LL-H iv) Computation of Factored Horizontal Loads acting upon Counterfort : a) Intensity of Factored Horizontal Load acting upon Counterfort on its Bottom Level due to Active Horizontal Earth Dead Load Pressure upon Horizontal Effective Span Length; = gDE*pEarth-DL-H b) Intensity of Factored Horizontal Load acting upon Counterfort on its Bottom Level due to the Horizontal Surcharge Dead Load Pressure upon Horizontal Effective Span Length; = gDS*pSur-DL-H c) Intensity of Horizontal Load acting upon Counterfort at its Bottom due to the Horizontal Surcharge Live Load Pressure for Wing Wall upon Horizontal Effective Span Length; = gLL-LS.*pSur-LL-H . (H1<6.000m). d) Intensity of Total Factored Horizontal Loads acting upon Counterfort on its Bottom Level due to all Horizontal Loads/Pressure (DL & LL) upon the Horizontal Effective Span Length; = FpEarth-DL-H + FpSur-DL-H + FpSur-LL-H v) Computation of Vertical Loads acting upon Counterfort : a) Intensity of Vertical Load acting upon Counterfort Bottom Level at F & G due to Active Vertical Earth Dead Load Pressure upon Vertical Effective Span Length; = wE*H1*SEff.-Coutf-V-Load.hStrip-V b) Intensity of Vertical Load acting upon Counterfort Bottom Level at F & G due to Dead Load Pressure caused by Self Weight of Well Cap upon Vertical Effective Span Length; = wC*hWell-Cap*SEff.-Coutf-V-Load.hStrip-V. c) Intensity of Vertical Load acting upon Counterfort Bottom Level at F & G due to Vertical Surcharge Live Load Pressure for Wing Wall upon Vertical pEarth-DL-V 145.813 kN/m FpEarth-DL-H 7.208 kN/m pEarth-DL-H 7.208 kN/m
pSur-DL-H
26.225 kN/m
pSur-LL-H
27.535 kN/m
pH-(DL+LL)
60.968 kN/m
FpSur-DL-H
26.225 kN/m
FpSur-LL-H
60.968 kN/m
FpH-(DL+LL)
94.400 kN/m
pSelf.-Wt.-DL-V
47.160 kN/m
pSur-LL-V
13.642 kN/m
Effective Span Length; = Dp-LL-WW*SEff.-Coutf-V-Load.hStrip-V. (H1<6.000m). d) Intensity of Total Horizontal Loads acting upon Counterfort on its Bottom Level due to all Horizontal Loads/Pressure (DL & LL) upon the Horizontal Effective Span Length; = pEarth-DL-V+ pSelf.-Wt.-DL-V + pSur-LL-V vi) Computation of Factored Vertical Loads acting upon Counterfort : a) Intensity of Factored Vertical Load acting upon Counterfort Bottom Level at F &r G due to Active Vertical Earth Dead Load Pressure upon Vertical Effective Span Length; = gDV*pEarth-DL-V b) Intensity of Factored Vertical Load acting upon Counterfort Bottom Level at F & G due to Dead Load Pressure caused by Self Weight of Well Cap upon Vertical Effective Span Length; = gDC*pSelf.-Wt.-DL-V c) Intensity of Factored Vertical Load acting upon Counterfort Bottom Level at F & G due to Vertical Surcharge Live Load Pressure for Wing Wall upon Vertical Effective Span Length; = gLL-LS.*pSur-LL-V. (H1<6000m). d) Intensity of Total Factored Vertical Loads acting upon Counterfort on its Bottom Level at F & G due to all Vertical Loads/Pressure (DL & LL) upon the Horizontal Effective Span Length; = FpEarth-DL-V + FpSelf.-Wt.-DL-V + FpSur-LL-V FpEarth-DL-V 145.813 kN/m pH-(DL+LL) 206.615 kN/m
FpSelf.-Wt.-DL-V
47.160 kN/m
FpSur-LL-V
13.642 kN/m
FpV-(DL+LL)
206.615 kN/m
8 Calculation of Shearing & Moments Forces acting upon Counterfort due to Applied Forces : i) Selection of Plane for Critical Section to Calculate action of Shearing Forces & Moments : a) The Critical Section of Counterfort Prevails at B, the Point on Toe Face of Wing Wall at Top Surface of Well Cap. b) Since the Counterfort is of Triangular Shape having Max. Horizontal Forces on its Bottom Level, thus to Calculate the Effective Depth of Flexural Reinforcement on Tension Face, the Perpendicular Distance from Earth Face of the Counterfort up to the Critical Point should be determined. c) From Sketch Diagram Distance between Point G & F = LCount-Base. d) From Sketch Diagram Distance between Point B & F = LCount-Base. + tWW e) Height of Wing Wall from Top of Well Cap up to its Top, GF BF H1 3.450 m 3.900 m 4.947 m
o g) Let q be the Angle formed at Top between the Earth Side Vertical Face of Wing Wall & Counterfort's Inclined Face.
h) From Sketch Diagramvalue of tanq = GF/H1

-1 i) From the Calcutated value of tanq, the value of q = tan
tanq q
0.697 34.892 0 0.609 rad 0.572
0 j) Thus Value of sinq = sin34.488
sinq
0 k) Value of cosq = cos34.488
cosq GK
0.820 2.830 m
l) From Geometry of Sketch Diagram the Perpendicular Distance from Point G up to Inclined Face of Counterfort, GK = AG sinq = H1*sinq
/ / m) Let Consider G a Point on Wing Wall Vertical Face on a Line BK which is Parallel to GK & Drown up to Inclined Inclined Face of Counterfort. Since the Parallel Lines GK & BK/ are very colse, thus it may Consider GK = G/K/
n) Acoordingly from Geometry of Sketch Diagram Design Depth of Counterfort on its Bottom Level is BK/ = GK + tWW*cosq .
BK/
3.199 m
ii) Calculation of Shearing Forces acting upon Critical Section of Counterfort due to Applied Forces : a) The Horizontal Shearing Force on Counterfort Critical Section at B is the Total Factored Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) on its Bottom Level for the Effective Horizontal Span Length = 0.50*FpEarth-DL-H*H1 + FpSur.-DL-H*H1 + FpSur-LL-H*H1 b) The Vertical Shearing Force on Counterfort Critical Section at B is the Total Factored Vertical Loads (DL & LL) on its Bottom Level for the Effective Verticla Span Length = FpV-(DL-LL)*LCount-Base. VCritical-H 614.561 kN
VCritical-V
712.821 kN
iii) Calculation of Design Moments for Provision of Reinforcements Against Applied Horizontal Forces: a) Bending Moment at B due to Factored Horizontal Dead Load Earth Pressure = 1/3*FpEarth-DL-H *H12 b) Bending Moment at B due to Factored Horizontal Dead Load Surcharge Pressure = 0.50*FpSur-DL-H *H12 c) Bending Moment at B due to Factored Horizontal Live Load Surcharge Pressure = 0.50*FpSur-LL-H*H12 d) Total Factored Bending Moment at B due to all applied Forces = MEarth-DL-H + MSur-DL-H + MSur-LL-H MEarth-DL-H 58.796 kN-m/m
MSur-DL-H
320.900 kN-m/m
MSur-LL-H
746.025 kN-m/m
MTotal-H 1,125.721 kN-m/m 1125.721*10^6 N-mm/m
9 Flexural Design of Reinforcements for Counterfort at Bottom Level against Calculated Factored Moment : i) Provisions of Different Elements for Design & Checking for Effective Depth of Counterfort on its Bottom: a) Width of Counterfort for Flexural Design, b = 450mm b) Since the all Faces of Counterfort will be Covered by Earth, thus 75mm Clear Covers are being proposed on its all Faces. c) Let Consider - Layers 25f Bars will be required as Flexural Reinforcement for the Calculated Moments at Bottom Level of Counterforts b CCover. 450 mm 75 mm
DBar-Main.
25 mm
d) X-Sectional Area of 25f Main Bars = p*DBar2/4 d) Let the Spacing between 2-Layers of Main Reinforcement Bars = 32mm e) With 2-Layers of Main Bars, Clear Cover & Bar Layer Spacing the Provided Effective Depth for Tensial Reinforcements of Counterfort on its Bottom Leval at B; = BG/ - CCover - sBer-Layers/2 - DBar f) Since the Counterfort acts as a T-Beam, thus against the Calculated Factored Moment on Bottom Level of Counterfort at B the Required Effective Depth; = (MTotal-H /Rb)1/2
Af-25 sBar-Layers. dpro-B.
2 490.874 mm
32 mm 3,082.918 mm
dreq-B.
1,506.338 mm
g) Since the Provided Effective Depth for Tensial Reinforcement dpro > dreq, the Calculated Effective Depth, thus the Ptovision of Counterfort Depth on its Bottom Level is OK. ii) Design of main Reinforcement for Counterfort against Calculated Factored Moment on its Bottom Level: a) Required Steel Area against Calculated Moment = MTotal-H/jdfs b) No's of 25f bars required = As-req/Af-25 c) As per Convention & Practice of Design, Let provide with 8 No's 25f bars as Main Reinforcements for the Counterforts in 2-Layers havin 4nos. Bars on Each Layer. d) Provided Steel Area againest Provided Main Rinforcements = Af-25*NBars-pro iii) Checking of Design for Reinforcement in respect of Shear: a) Since the Counterfort T-Beam posses variable Depth (Distance between Earth Face of Counterfort & Water Face of Wing Wall), thus Formula for the Effective Shearing Force on Bottom Level V = VTotal-H - (MTotal-H/d/)*tanq; where, b) d/ is Horizontal Effective Depth of Counterfort having value = dpro/cosq
/ c) The Shearing Stress due to calculated Shearing Force V & Effective Depth d = V/bd/
As-req NBars-req. NBars-pro.
2 2,465.371 mm
5.022 nos. 8 nos.
As-pro-Main
2 3,926.991 mm
405.687 kN 405.687*10^3 N
d/ tv
3,758.577 mm
2 0.240 N/mm
d) Percentage of Steel Provided for the section = 100*As/bd/ e) With p = 0.147, f/C =21MPa, the Permissible Shearing Stress in concrete, Computed from Table 5.1 of Book Treasure of RCC Design (In S.I Units) of Sushik Kumar.
p tc
2 0.232 N/mm 2 0.222 N/mm
f) Since tv > tc thus Shear Reinforcements in the form of Vertical and Horizontal Ties are required for Counterforts to Provide Reinforcements as well as Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements for Un-Reinforced Surfaces. v) Curtailment of Main Reinforcements in Counterforts:
a) Since Horizontal Earth Pressure on Counterforts reduces with reduction of Depth in upward direction and Bending Moment also reduces accordingly. For these reduction of Moments in respect of Depth (h), the requrment of Steel Area for the Section also reduces. No of Bars required for a Section h2, the Depth of Section - h. b) At Depth 1/2H1 from Top the Intensity of Factored Horizontal Earth Dead Load Pressure; = gDEko*1/2H1*SEff.-Coutf-H-Load.*hStrip-H c) At Depth 1/2H1 from Top the Intensity of Factored Horizontal Surcharge Dead Load Pressure; = gDSDp-ES*SEff.-Coutf-H-Load.*hStrip-H d) At Depth 1/2H1 from Top the Intensity of Factored Horizontal Surcharge Live Load Pressure; = gLL-LS.Dp-LL-WW*SEff.-Coutf-H-Load.*hStrip-H Fp1/2-Earth-DL-H 3.604 kN/m
Fp1/2-Sur-DL-H
26.225 kN/m
Fp1/2-Sur-LL-H
23.602 kN/m
e) Intensity of Total Factored Horizontal Loads acting upon Counterfort at Fp1/2H-(DL+LL) 1/2H1 from Top due to Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) upon the Horizontal Effective Span Length; = Fp1/2-Earth-DL-H + Fpp1/2-Sur-DL-H+ Fpp1/2-Sur-LL-H f) Factored Miment due to Horizonal Loads at a Depth 1/2H1 for Section = 0.50*Fp1/2-Earth-DL-H*1/3*(1/2H1)2 + Fp1/2-Sur-DL-H*(1/2*H1)2 -Fp1/2-Sur-LL-H*(1/2*H1)2 MH-1/2H
53.430 kN/m
308.524 kN-m/m
g) From Calculations Sl.-8-v-(f) it Appaires that the Calculated Moment at a Depth 1/2H1 is about 1/3rd of Moments at Bottom Level. On the mentioned ground 50% of Main Reiforcement from Depth 1/2H1 Depth can be Cut off. But the Wing Walls have a 3.000 m long Trapezium Shape Extended Cantilever Part at Top Level, whose Self Weight and Imposed Loads should be supported by the Counterfort. Thus it is Recommended not reduce the Number of Main Bars of Counterfort. 10 Design of Shear-Web (Tie) Reiforcements for Counterforts: i) Design of Horizontal Ties for Counterforts: a) Factored Horizontal Shearing Force at Depth H1 from Top due to Horizontal Loads/Pressure (DL & LL) acting upon Counterfort for its Horizontal Effective Span Length; = FpH-(DL+ LL) VH1-(DL+LL) 94.400 kN/m 94.400*10^3 N/m
b) Factored Horizontal Shearing Force at Depth 1/2H1 from Top due to V1/2H1-(DL+LL) 53.430 kN/m Horizontal Loads/Pressure (DL & LL) acting upon Counterfort for its Horizontal 53.430*10^3 N/m Effective Span Length; = FpH-(DL+ LL) c) Let Provide 2-Legged 10f bars as Horizontal Ties for the Counterfort,
2 d) X-Sectional of 2-Legged 10f bars as Horizontal Ties = 2*pDBar-Hor /4
DBar-Hor. Af-10 As-req-Tie-H1
10 mm
2 157.080 mm 2 575.611 mm
e) Steel Area required for Horizontal Ties against Horizontal Forces VH1-(DL+LL) at Depth H1 from Top of Wing Wall = VH1-(DL+LL)/fs f) Spacing required for 2-Legged Horizontal Ties at Depth H1 from Top of Wing
sreq.-Tie-H1
272.892 mm c/c
Wall = Af-10*hStrip-H/As.req-H1. g) Let Provide 200mm C/C spacing for 2-Legged Horizontal Ties with 10f bars for Total Depth. ii) Design of Vertical Ties for Counterforts: a) Sketck Diagram Showing Vertical Load Upon Counterfort : tWW. = 0.45 m A q spro-Tie-H1-1/2H1 200 mm c/c
H=
6.147 m
H1 =
4.947 m
90o G/ B C D G q
K/ K F hWell-Cap. = E 1.2 m
LW-Cap-Toe.. =
2.525 m LCount-Base. =
3.45 m
FpV-(DL+LL)-G = 206.6147 kN/m
FpV-(DL+LL) -F = 206.6147 kN/m
b) Vertically Downward Factored Shearing Force at Point F due to Earth & Self Weight of Well Cap Dead Loads (DL)and Suecharge Live Load (LL) = FpV-(DL+LL) c) Vertically Downward Factored Shearing Force at Point G due to Earth & Self Weight of Well Cap Dead Loads (DL)and Suecharge Live Load (LL) = FpV-(DL+LL)
VD-F
206.615 kN/m 206.615*10^3 N/m 206.615 kN/m 206.615*10^3 N/m
VD-G
d) Since the Vertically Factored Shearing Forces at Points F & G have same Magnitude, thus it requires to Provide Shearing/Web Reinforcements for its full Horizontal Length. e) Let Provide 2-Legged 12f bars as Horizontal Ties for the Counterfort, DBar-Hor. 12 mm
2 f) X-Sectional of 2-Legged 12f bars as Horizontal Ties = 2*pDBar-Hor /4
Af-12 As-req-V-Tie
2 226.195 mm 2 1,259.846 mm
e) Area of Steel required as Vertical Ties for Counterforts at Points F & G = VD-F&G/fs e) Spacing for 2-Legged Vertical Ties with 12f in between F & G = Af-12*hStrip-V/As-req-V-Tie f) Let Provide 150mm C/C Spacing for Vertical Ties with 2-Legged 12f bars in between Points F & G of Counterfort.
sreq-Vert.F-G
179.542 mm
spro-Virt.(F& G)
150 mm C/C
DESIGN OF SUB-STRUCTURE FOR CHAMPATOLI BRIDGE AT 11.90km ON BAGHAIHUT-MACHALONGSEZEK ROAD
N. Structural Design of Cantilever Portion of Wing Walls:

1 Sketch Diagram of Abutment Wall & Wing Walls :
300
5225 3000 2100
700
C 2000
RL-5.00m
600 450 300 H1 = 4947 H = 6147 1900 3000 450 RL-2.20m 1775 750 2525 1200 C 600 4300 5500 600
1200
1447
1500
2 Structural Type, Design Criteria & Dimensions of Structure : i) Type of Abutment ii) Type of Wing-walls : : Wall Type Abutment. Wall Type Wing Walls Integrated with Abutment Wall having Counterforts over Well & Cantilever Wings beyond Well. Ultimate Stress Design (AASHTO-LRFD-2004).
iv) Dimensions of Substructure Components : Description a) Height of Abutment Wall from Bottom of Well Cap up to Top of Back Wall, b) Height of Abutment Wall from Top of Well Cap up to Top of Back Wall, c) Height of Abutment Well Cap, Notation Dimensions H H1 hWell-Cap. Unit.
6350
2147
6.147 m 4.947 m 1.200 m
Page 499
d) Height of Abutment Steam e) Height of Back Wall f) Height of Wing Wall g) Length of Wing Walls upon Well cap h) Inner Distance in between Wing Walls (Transverse), g) Thickness of Wing Wall Counterforts h) Number of Wing-Wall Counterforts (on each side) i) Thickness of Wing Walls within Well Cap, j) Thickness of Cantilever Wing Walls k) Horizontal Length of Cantilever Wing Walls l) Height of Rectangular Portion of Cantilever Wing Walls m) Height of Triangular Portion of Cantilever Wing Walls
hSteam. hBack-wall H-W-Wall LW-W-Well-Cap LAb-T-Inner tWW-Countf. NW-W-count tWW tCant-WW LCanti-WW hCanti-WW-Rec. hCanti-WW-Trian.
1.900 m 2.147 m 4.947 m 2.975 m 9.350 m 0.450 m 1.000 No's 0.450 m 0.450 m 3.000 m 2.000 m 1.500 m
3 Design Data in Respect of Unit Weight, Strength of Materials & Load Multiplier Factors :
3 i) Unit Weight of Different Materials in kg/m : (Having value of Gravitational Acceleration, g =
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d) e)
2,447.232 2,345.264 1,019.680 1,045.172 1,835.424
a) b) c) d) e)
24.000 23.000 10.000 10.250 18.000
iii) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) f/c 21.000 MPa
Page 500
b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Load Condition (SLC) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2)Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Load Condition (SLC) = 0.40fy g) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa
fc Ec
8.400 23,855.620 2.887
MPa MPa
fr fy fs ES
2.887
MPa
410.000 MPa 164.000 MPa 200000.000 MPa
v) Design Data for Resistance Factors for Conventional Construction (AASHTO LRFD-5.5.4.2.1). : (Respective Resistance Factors are mentioned as f or b value) a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) For Flexural & Tension in Reinforced Concrete For Flexural & Tension in Prestressed Concrete For Shear & Torsion of Normal Concrete For Axil Compression with Spirals or Ties & Seismic Zones at Extreme Limit State (Zone 3 & 4). For Bearing on Concrete For Compression in Strut-and-Tie Models For Compression in Anchorage Zones with Normal Concrete For Tension in Steel in Anchorage Zones For resistance during Pile Driving Value of b1 for Flexural Compression in Reinforced Concrete (AASHTO LRFD-5.7.2..2.) Value of b for Flexural Tension of Reinforcement in Concrete fFlx-Rin. fFlx-Pres. fShear. fSpir/Tie/Seim. fBearig. fStrut&Tie. fAnc-Copm-Conc. fAnc-Ten-Steel. fPile-Resistanc. b1 b 0.900 1.000 0.900 0.750 0.700 0.700 0.800 1.000 1.000 0.85 0.85
4 Different Load Multiplying Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors under Strength Limit State Design (USD): a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.250
gDW
1.500
Page 501
c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surcharge Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Dynamic Load Allowance-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). STRENGTH - III STRENGTH - V
gEH
1.500
gEV
1.350
gES
1.500
1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.750 1.330
1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.000 1.400 1.000 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
Page 502
o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
5 Different Load Multiplying Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surcharge Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.000
gDW
1.000
gEH
1.000
gEV
1.000
gES
1.000
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; SERVICE - I (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.000 1.000
gLL-Lane
1.000
Page 503
e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV 6 Load Coefficients Factors & Intensity of Different Imposed Loads : i) Coefficient for Lateral Earth Pressure (EH) : a) Coefficient of Active Horizontal Earth Pressure, ko = (1-sinff ) ,Where; f is Effective Friction Angle of Soil b) For Back Filling with Clean fine sand, Silty or clayey fine to medium sand Effective Friction Angle of Soil, f = 340 .(Table 12.9, Page-138, RAINA's Book) SERVICE - IV SERVICE - II SERVICE - II SERVICE - II
gLL-PL. gLL-CE. gLL-BR. gLL-LS. gLL-WA. gLL-WS. gLL-WL gLL-FR. gLL-TU.
1.000 1.300 1.300 1.000 1.000 0.700 1.300 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
ko
0.441
34.000
Page 504
c) Angle of Friction with Concrete surface & Soil AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1. d) Value of Tan d (dim) for Coefficient of Friction. = 0.34 to 0.45 (AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1.)
19 to 24
tan d
0.34 to 0.45 dim
ii) Dead Load Surcharge Lateral/Horizontal Pressure Intensity (ES); AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.1. : a) Constant Horizontal Earth Pressure due to Uniform Surcharge, Dp-ES = ksqs in Mpa. Where; b) ks is Coefficient of Earth Pressure due to Surcharge = ko for Active Earth Pressure, c) qs is Uniform Surcharge applied to upper surface of Active Earth Wedge (Mpa) = wE*10-3N/mm2 Dp-ES
2 7.935 kN/m 2 0.008 N/mm
ks wE*10-3
0.441
2 0.018 N/mm 2 18.000 kN/m
iii) Live Load Surcharge Vertical & Horizontal Pressure Intensity (LS); AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4. : a) Constant Earth Pressure both Vertical & Horizontal for Live Load Surcharge on Abutment Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic), Where; Dp-LS = kgsgheq*10-9 Dp-LL-Ab<6.00m Dp-LL-Ab6.00m 0.007 7.141 0.005 4.761 0.008331 8.331 0.004761 4.761 0.441
3 1,835.424 kg/m 2 9.807 m/sec
b) Constant Horizontal Earth Pressure due to Live Load Surcharge for Wing Walls (Parallel to Traffic), Where; Dp-LS = kgsgheq*10-9 ,
c) ks is Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure = ko for Active Earth Pressure. d) gs is Unit Weight of Soil (kg/m3)
900.000 mm 600.000 mm
900.000 0.900 600.000 0.600
mm m mm m
h) heq is Equivalent of Height of Abutment Wall Soil for Vehicular Load (mm). Having, H < 6000mm & for having H 6000mm ; AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4; Table-3.11.6.4-2.
1,050.000 mm 600.000 mm
Page 505
i) Width of Live Load Surcharge Pressure for Wing Walls, Having H < 6000mm.& H 6000mm.
600.000 0.600 600.000 0.600
mm m mm m
7 Philosophy in Flexural Design of Cantilever Wing Walls of Bridge Structure : a) The Wing Walls of Bridge Substructure will have to face Horizontal Dead Load (DL) & Live Load (LL) Pressures due to Earth & Surcharge upon them. Under Horizontal Pressure (DL & LL) the Wing Walls behave as Cantilever Structure having Fixed End on Bottom in Horizontal Plane. But the Cantilever Wing Walls have Vertical Fixed End due to their Trapezoidal Shape having Variable Depth. These Wing Walls also have to Face the same Horizontal Loads/Pressure (DL & LL) as that of Normal Wing Walls. Thus to ensure the sustainability of these Type of Wing Walls those should Designed as a Cantilever Flexural Component against the affect of Horizontal Loads & Forces (DL & LL) accordingly. b) Cantilever Wing Walls have Vertical Fixed End & their Depth gradually reduces with distance from Support. Load Intensity caused by Horizontal Earth Pressures (DL) & Surcharge Loads (DL & LL) are Higher at Deep Depth & those gradually reduce with reduction of Depth. But the Cumulative Horizontal Loads on Upper Strip is Higher than that of Deeper Strip due to greater Span Length. Since in Cantilever Component Max. Moment occurs on Support Edge due to Total Applied Loads, thus the Flexural Design should be done considering the Cantilever Wing Walls are of Span Strips in Horizontal Direction Each having 1.000m Depth. On Rectangular Portion Loads will the Total for Span & on Triangular Portion those will the Average of Top & Bottom Span Strips. c) For the Design purpose & Calculation of Imposed Loads (DL & LL), Shearing Forces & Moments Let considered the Cantilever Wing Walls being divided in 4 (Four) Horizontal Span Strips of whom Top 3 (Three) have 1.000m Depth & the Bottom One is of 0.500m Depth. d) Sketch Diagram of Cantilever Wing Wall & Arrangement of Design Strips : LCanti-WW = DV-Strip-1 = 1.00 m LSteip-1 = DV-Strip-2= 1.00 m LSteip-2 = DV-Strip-3 = DV-Strip-4 = 1.00 m LSteip-(Aver)-3 = 0.50 m LSteip-(Aver)-4 = 0.500 m 1.000 m 2m hCanti-WW-Trian. = 1.500 m 3m 3m hCanti-WW-Rec. = 2.000 m 3m DV-Strip-1-3 DV-Strip-4 1.000 m 0.500 m
LSteip-Top-4 =
8 Calculations of Horizontal Loads Upon Design Strips of Cantilever Wing Wall: i) Design Strips & Strip Dimensions :
Page 506
a) Let the Design Strips in Horizontal Direction with having Depth in Vertical Direction D = 1.000m for Top 3-Strips & for Bottom One D = 0.500m b) Total Number of Horizontal Strips for Design in Cantilever Wing Walls c) Horizontal Length of 1st. Strips on Wing Wall's Rectangular Portion d) Horizontal Length of 2nd Strips on Wing Wall's Rectangular Portion e) Average Horizontal Length of 3rd Strip on Wing Wall's Triangular Portion (Considering Equivalent Rectangular Shape for the Strip). f) Average Horizontal Length of 4th Strip on Wing Wall's Triangular Portion (Considering Equivalent Rectangular Shape for the Strip).
DV-Strip-1-3. DV-Strip-4 NStrip. L-Strip-1 L-Strip-2 L-Strip-(Aver)-3.
1.000 m 0.500 m 4.000 nos. 3.000 m 3.000 m 2.000 m
L-Strip-(Aver)-4.
0.500 m
ii) Intensity of Horizontal Earth & Surcharge Pressure (DL & LL) on Wing Wall Components : a) Intensity of Horizontal Earth Pressure at any Depth h, on Cantilever Wing Wall can Expressed by pEarth = wE*ko*h ; where wEko in kN/m3 ; Which is a Constant Factor for Site Soil Condition. b) Intensity of Surcharge Dead Load Horizontal Pressure at any Depth h, on Cantilever Wing Wall can Expressed by pSur-DL = Dp-ES in kN/m2 ; Which is a Constant Factor for Site Soil Condition. c) Intensity of Surcharge Live Load Horizontal Pressure at any Depth h, on Cantilever Wing Wall can Expressed by pSur-LL-WW = Dp-LL-WW in kN/m2 ; Which is a Constant Factor for Site Soil Condition & Depth h 6.000m . For Present Case Depth h < 6.000m. wE*ko
3 7.935 kN/m
Dp-ES
2 7.935 kN/m
Dp-LL-WW
2 8.331 kN/m
d) Sketch Diagram showing Depth of Different Levels Horizontal Strips from Top of Cantilever Wing Wall. LCanti-WW = DV-Strip-1 = 1.00 m hStrip-1-Bot. = LSteip-1 = DV-Strip-2= 1.00 m LSteip-2 = DV-Strip-3 = DV-Strip-4 = 1.00 m LSteip-(Aver)-3 = 0.50 m LSteip-(Aver)-4 = 0.500 m 2m hStrip-4-Bot. = 3.500 m 3m hStrip-3-Bot. = 3.000 m 3m hStrip-2-Bot. = 2.000 m 1.000 m 3m
Page 507
LSteip-Top-4 =
1.000 m
iii) Total Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Earth Pressure on Different Strips of Cantilever Wing Wall : (Considering Intensity of Horizontal Earth Pressure on Bottom of Strip is Effective on full Depth). a) Total Horizontal Earth Pressure on Strip-1 = wEko*hStrip-1-Bot*DV-Strip-1*LStrip-1 b) Total Horizontal Earth Pressure on Strip-2 = wEko*hStrip-2-Bot*DV-Strip-2*LStrip-2 c) Total Horizontal Earth Pressure on Strip-3 = wEko*hStrip-3-Bot*DV-Strip-3*LStrip-(Aver)-3 d) Total Horizontal Earth Pressure on Strip-4 = wEko*hStrip-4-Bot*DV-Strip-4*LStrip-(Aver)-4 PE-Strip-1 23.804 kN
PE-Strip-2
47.607 kN
PE-Strip-3
47.607 kN
PE-Strip-4
6.943 kN
iv) Total Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Different Strips of Cantilever Wing Wall : a) Total Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-1 = Dp-ES*DV-Strip-1*LStrip-1 b) Total Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-2 = Dp-ES*DV-Strip-2*LStrip-2 c) Total Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-3 = Dp-ES*DV-Strip-3*LStrip-(Aver)-3 d) Total Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-4 = Dp-ES*DV-Strip-4*LStrip-(Aver)-4 PSur-DL-Strip-1 23.804 kN
PSur-DL-Strip-2
23.804 kN
PSur-DL-Strip-3
15.869 kN
PSur-DL-Strip-4
1.984 kN
v) Total Horizontal Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure on Different Strips of Cantilever Wing Wall : a) Total Horizontal Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-1 = Dp-LL-WW*DV-Strip-1*LStrip-1 b) Total Horizontal Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-2 = Dp-LL-WW*DV-Strip-2*LStrip-2 c) Total Horizontal Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-3 = Dp-LL-WW*DV-Strip-3*LStrip-(Aver)-3 d) Total Horizontal Live Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-4 = Dp-LL-WW*DV-Strip-4*LStrip-(Aver)-4 PSur-LL-Strip-1 24.993 kN
PSur-LL-Strip-2
24.993 kN
PSur-LL-Strip-3
16.662 kN
PSur-LL-Strip-4
2.083 kN
vi) Total Horizontal Dead Loads (DL) due to Earth & Surcharge Pressure on Different Strips :
Page 508
a) Total Horizontal Dead Load due to Earth & Surcharge Pressure on Strip-1 = PE-Strip-1 + PSur-DL-Strip-1 b) Total Horizontal Dead Load due to Earth & Surcharge Pressure on Strip-2 = PE-Strip-2 + PSur-DL-Strip-2 c) Total Horizontal Dead Load due to Earth & Surcharge Pressure on Strip-3 = PE-Strip-3+ PSur-DL-Strip-3 d) Total Horizontal Dead Load due to Earth & Surcharge Pressure on Strip-4 = PE-Strip-4+ PSur-DL-Strip-4
PDL-Strip-1
47.607 kN
PDL-Strip-2
71.411 kN
PDL-Strip-3
63.476 kN
PDL-Strip-4
8.926 kN
9 Calculations of Factored Horizontal Loads Upon Design Strips of Cantilever Wing Wall under Strength Limit State Design (USD): i) Factored (USD) Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Earth Pressure on Different Strips : a) Factored Horizontal Earth Pressure on Strip-1 = gEH*PE-Strip-1 b) Factored Horizontal Earth Pressure on Strip-2= gEH*PE-Strip-2 c) Factored Horizontal Earth Pressure on Strip-3 = gEH*PE-Strip-3 d) Factored Horizontal Earth Pressure on Strip-4 = gEH*PE-Strip-4 PE-Strip-1-USD PE-Strip-2-USD PE-Strip-3-USD PE-Strip-4-USD 35.705 kN 71.411 kN 71.411 kN 10.414 kN
ii) Factored (USD) Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Different Strips : a) Factored Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-1 = gES*PSur-DL-Strip-1 b) Total Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-2 = gES*PSur-DL-Strip-2 c) Factored Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-3 = gES*PSurDL-Strip-3 d) Factored Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-4 = gES*PSur-DL-Strip-4 PSur-DL-Strip-1-USD 35.71 kN
PSur-DL-Strip-2-USD
35.705 kN
PSur-DL-Strip-3-USD
23.804 kN
PSur-DL-Strip-4-USD
2.975 kN
iii) Factored (USD) Horizontal Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure on Different Strips : a) Factored Horizontal Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-1 = gLL-LS*PSur-LL-Strip-1 b) Factored Horizontal Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-2 = gLL-LS*PSur-LL-Strip-2 PSur-LL-Strip-1-USD 43.737 kN
PSur-LL-Strip-2-USD
43.737 kN
Page 509
c) Factored Horizontal Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-3 =gLL-LS*PSur-LL-Strip-3 d) Factored Horizontal Live Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-4 = gLL-LS*PSur-LL-Strip-4
PSur-LL-Strip-3-USD
29.158 kN
PSur-LL-Strip-4-USD
3.645 kN
iv) Factored (USD) Total Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) on Different Strips of Cantilever Wing Wall : a) Factored Total Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) on Strip-1 = PE-Strip-1-USD + PSur-DL-Strip-1-USD + PSur-LL-Strip-1-USD b) Factored Total Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) on Strip-2 = PE-Strip-2-USD + PSur-DL-Strip-2-USD + PSur-LL-Strip-2-USD c) Factored Total Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) on Strip-3 = PE-Strip-3-USD + PSur-DL-Strip-3-USD + PSur-LL-Strip-3-USD d) Factored Total Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) on Strip-4 = PE-Strip-4-USD + PSur-DL-Strip-4-USD + PSur-LL-Strip-4-USD PStrip-1-USD 115.148 kN
PStrip-2-USD
150.853 kN
PStrip-3-USD
124.373 kN
PStrip-4-USD
17.034 kN
10 Calculations of Factored Horizontal Loads Upon Design Strips of Cantilever Wing Wall under Service Limit State Design (WSD): i) Factored (WSD) Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Earth Pressure on Different Strips : a) Factored Horizontal Earth Pressure on Strip-1 = gEH*PE-Strip-1 b) Factored Horizontal Earth Pressure on Strip-2= gEH*PE-Strip-2 c) Factored Horizontal Earth Pressure on Strip-3 = gEH*PE-Strip-3 d) Factored Horizontal Earth Pressure on Strip-4 = gEH*PE-Strip-4 PE-Strip-1-WSD PE-Strip-2-WSD PE-Strip-3-WSD PE-Strip-4-WSD 23.804 kN 47.607 kN 47.607 kN 6.943 kN
ii) Factored (WSD) Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Different Strips : a) Factored Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-1 = gES*PSur-DL-Strip-1 b) Total Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-2 = gES*PSur-DL-Strip-2 c) Factored Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-3 = gES*PSurDL-Strip-3 d) Factored Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-4 = gES*PSur-DL-Strip-4 PSur-DL-Strip-1-WSD 23.804 kN
PSur-DL-Strip-2-WSD
23.804 kN
PSur-DL-Strip-3-WSD
15.869 kN
PSur-DL-Strip-4-WSD
1.984 kN
iii) Factored (WSD) Horizontal Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure on Different Strips :
Page 510
a) Factored Horizontal Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-1 = gLL-LS*PSur-LL-Strip-1 b) Factored Horizontal Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-2 = gLL-LS*PSur-LL-Strip-2 c) Factored Horizontal Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-3 =gLL-LS*PSur-LL-Strip-3 d) Factored Horizontal Live Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Strip-4 = gLL-LS*PSur-LL-Strip-4
PSur-LL-Strip-1-WSD
24.993 kN
PSur-LL-Strip-2-WSD
24.993 kN
PSur-LL-Strip-3-WSD
16.662 kN
PSur-LL-Strip-4-WSD
2.083 kN
iv) Factored (WSD) Total Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) on Different Strips of Cantilever Wing Wall : a) Factored Total Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) on Strip-1 = PE-Strip-1-WSD + PSur-DL-Strip-1-WSD + PSur-LL-Strip-1-WSD b) Factored Total Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) on Strip-2 = PE-Strip-1-WSD + PSur-DL-Strip-1-WSD + PSur-LL-Strip-1-WSD c) Factored Total Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) on Strip-3 = PE-Strip-3-WSD + PSur-DL-Strip-3-WSD + PSur-LL-Strip-3-WSD d) Factored Total Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) on Strip-4 = PE-Strip-4-WSD + PSur-DL-Strip-4-WSD + PSur-LL-Strip-4-WSD PStrip-1-WSD 72.600 kN
PStrip-2-WSD
96.403 kN
PStrip-3-WSD
80.138 kN
PStrip-4-WSD
11.009 kN
11 Calculation of Moments on Different Strips of Cantilever Wing Wall at Counterfort Face ; i) Moments on Different Strips at Counterfort Face due Factored Loads under Strength Limit Stale (USD) : a) Moment at Counterfort Face due to Factored Loads on Strip-1 = PStrip-1-USD*LStrip-1/2 b) Moment at Counterfort Face due to Factored Loads on Strip-2 = PStrip-2-USD*LStrip-2/2 c) Moment at Counterfort Face due to Factored Loads on Strip-3 = PStrip-3-USD*LStrip-(Aver)-3/2 d) Moment at Counterfort Face due to Factored Loads on Strip-4 = PStrip-4-USD*LStrip-(Aver)-4/2 MStrip-1-USD 172.722 kN-m 172.722*10^6 N-mm 226.280 kN-m 226.280*10^6 N-mm 124.373 kN-m 124.373*10^6 N-mm 4.259 kN-m 4.259*10^6 N-mm
MStrip-2-USD
MStrip-3-USD
MStrip-4-USD
ii) Moments on Different Strips at Counterfort Face due Factored Loads under Service Limit Stale (WSD) : a) Moment at Counterfort Face due to Factored Loads on Strip-1 = PStrip-1-WSD*LStrip-1/2 MStrip-1-WSD 108.900 kN-m 108.900*10^6 N-mm
Page 511
b) Moment at Counterfort Face due to Factored Loads on Strip-2 = PStrip-2-WSD*LStrip-2/2 c) Moment at Counterfort Face due to Factored Loads on Strip-3 = PStrip-3-WSD*LStrip-(Aver)-3/2 d) Moment at Counterfort Face due to Factored Loads on Strip-4 = PStrip-4-WSD*LStrip-(Aver)-4/2
MStrip-2-WSD
144.605 kN-m 144.605*10^6 N-mm 80.138 kN-m 80.138*10^6 N-mm 2.752 kN-m 2.752*10^6 N-mm
MStrip-3-WSD
MStrip-4-WSD
iii) Moments on Different Strips at Counterfort Face due Unfactored Dead Loads : a) Moment at Counterfort Face due to Factored Loads on Strip-1 = PDL-Strip-1*LStrip-1/2 b) Moment at Counterfort Face due to Factored Loads on Strip-2 = PDL-Strip-2*LStrip-2/2 c) Moment at Counterfort Face due to Factored Loads on Strip-3 = PDL-Srip-3*LStrip-(Aver)-3/2 d) Moment at Counterfort Face due to Factored Loads on Strip-4 = PDL-Strip-4*LStrip-(Aver)-4/2 MDL-Strip-1-UF 71.411 kN-m 71.411*10^6 N-mm 107.116 kN-m 107116*10^6 N-mm 63.476 kN-m 63.476*10^6 N-mm 2.232 kN-m 2.232*10^6 N-mm
MDL-Strip-2-UF
MDL-Strip-3-UF
MDL-Strip-4-UF
12 Computation of Related Features required for Flexural Design of Main Reinforcements (Horizontal) for Cantilever Wing Walls : i) Design Strip Width for Cantilever Wing Walls in Vertical Direction & Clear Cover on different Faces; a) Let Consider the Design Width in Vertical direction for Strip-1 = 1000mm Strip-2 = 1000mm Strip-3 = 1000mm Strip-4 = 500mm b) Let the Clear Cover on Earth Face of C-Cov.Earth. = 75mm, Let the Clear Cover on Water Face, C-Cov.Water = 50mm, b-1 b-2 b-3 b-4 C-Cov-Earth. C-Cov-Water 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 75 50 m m m m mm mm
ii) Calculations of Limits For Maximum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1) : . a) With Maximum Amount of Prestressed & Nonprestressed Reinforcement for c/de-Max. a Section c/de 0.42 in which; b) c is the distance from extreme Compression Fiber to the Neutral Axis in mm c) de is the corresponding Effective Depth from extreme Compression Fiber to the Centroid of Tensial Forces in Tensial Reinforcements in mm. Here; i) de = (Apsfpsdp + Asfyds)/(Apsfps + Asfy), where ; ii) As = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Tinsion Reinforcement in mm2 iii) Aps = Area of Prestressing Steel in mm2 c de
0.42
Variable Variable
As Aps
Variable Variable
mm2 mm2
Page 512
iv) fy = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Tension Bar in MPa. vi) fps = Average Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. xi) dp = Distance of Extreme Compression Fiber from Prestressing Tendon Centroid in mm. xii) ds = Distance of Centroid of Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement from the Extreme Compression Fiber in mm. d) For a Structure having only Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement the values of Aps, fps & dp are = 0. Thus Equation for value of de stands to de = Asfyds/Asfy & thus de = ds . iii) Limits For Manimum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.2) :
fy fps dp ds
N/mm2 N/mm2 mm mm
a) For Section of a Flexural Component having both Prestressed & Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements should have Minimum Resisting Moment Mr 1.2*Mcr or 1.33 Times the Calculated Factored Moment for the Section Based on AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1-Table-3.4.1-1, which one is less.For Compnents having Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements only Mr = 1.2Mcr. b) The Cracking Moment of a Section Mcr = Sc(fr + fcpe) - Mdnc(Sc/Snc -1) Scfr where; i) fcpe = Compressive Stress in Concrete due to Effective Prestress Forces at Extreme Fiber only where Tensile Stress is caused by Externally Applied Forces after allowance of all Prestressing Losses in MPa. In Nonprestressing RCC Components value of fcpe = 0. ii) Mdnc = Total Unfactored Dead Load Moment acting on the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section in N-mm. iii) Sc = Section Modulus for the Extreme Fiber of the Composite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. iv) Snc = Section Modulus of Extreme Fiber of the Monolithic/Noncomposite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. For the Rectangular RCC Section value of Snc = (b*tCant-WW.3/12)/(tCant-WW./2). (For Strip-1, Strip-2 & Strip-3). v) fr = Modulus of Rupture of Concrete in Mpa,(AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). c) For Nonprestressing & Monolithic or Noncomposite Beam or Elements, Sc = Snc & fcpe = 0, thus Equation for Cracking Moment Stands to Mcr = Sncfr (For Strip-1, Strip-2 & Strip-3). d) Thus Calculated value of Mcr according to respective values of Equation e) The value of Mcr = Scfr f) Cpoputed value of Mcr = 1.33*MExt Factored Moment due to External Forces Mcr fcpe Variable N-mm N/mm2
Mdnc
Variable
N-mm
Sc
Variable
mm3
Snc
3 0.033750 m 3 33.750/10^3 m 3 33.750*10^6 mm
fr Mcr-Strip-1,2,3
2 2.887 N/mm
97437015.714
N-mm 97.437 kN-m
Mcr-1 Mcr-2 Mcr-3
N-mm N-mm N-mm
Page 513
g) For Strip-4 having Strip Width b = 0.500m; Snc = (b*tCant-WW.3/12)/(tCant-WW./2).
Snc
3 0.017 m 3 16.875/10^3 m 3 16.875*10^6 mm
h) For Strip-4 having Strip Width b = 0.500m; Mcr = Sncfr
Mcr-Strip-4
48718507.857
48.719 kN-m N-mm
g) Table-1 Showing Allowable Resistance Moment M r for Minimum Reinforcement of Strips Direction Strip No. Value of Value of Actuat Acceptable 1.2 Times M for Unfactored Mcr-1 Cracking Mcr of Mcr Factored Moments Dead Load As per Moment Cracking Cracking Moment on Cant. Moment Equation Value Moment Moment of Section Wing MDL-UF 5.7.3.3.2-1 Sncfr (Mcr-1Sncfr) (1.2*Mcr) M Wall kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
Strip-1 Strip-2 Strip-3 Strip-4 71.411 107.116 63.476 2.232 97.437 97.437 97.437 48.719 97.437 97.437 97.437 48.719 97.437 97.437 97.437 48.719 116.924 116.924 116.924 58.462 172.722 226.280 124.373 4.259 1.33 Times

229.720 300.953 165.415 5.664
Mr Maximum Allowable Flexural Min. Moment Moment for RCC Mu 1.2Mcr (M Mr) kN-m kN-m
116.924 116.924 116.924 58.462 172.722 226.280 124.373 58.462
pmax.
0.016
13 Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcements on Earth Face of Cantilever Wing Wall against Calculated the Moments on Strips-1 : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) Calculated Flexural Moment in Horizontal Span Strip-1 of Cantilever Wing Wall is Greater than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus MStrip-1 is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against Moment value. Since the Strip is facing Earth Loads, thus requird Reinforcements will be on Earth Side. b) Since MStrip-1-USD> Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus MStrip-1 is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 16f Bars as Horizontal Reinforcement on Earth Face of Strip-1. b) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DStrip-12/4 DStrip-1 Af-16. 16 mm
2 201.062 mm
MStrip-1-USD Mr
172.722 172.722*10^6 116.924 116.924*10^6
MU
172.722 kN-m/m 172.722*10^6 N-mm/m
Page 514
c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Earth Face, dpro = (tCant.-WW -CCov-Earth. -DStrip-1/2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-16b/As-req-Strip-1-Earth g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars for the Section spro = 125mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 125mm,C/C = Af-16.b/spro iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
de-pro.
367.000 mm
areq.
27.388 mm
As-req-Strip-1-Earth sreq spro.
1,324.861 151.761
mm2/m mm,C/C
100 mm,C/C
As-pro-Strip-1-Earth
2,010.619
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.005 46.182 mm 283.503 kN-m/m
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
0.450 39.255 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.107 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
v) Checking Against Calculated Shear Force at Counterfot Face of Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-1 : a) The Shear Force at Counterfot Face of Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-1 is the Total Factored Load on the Strip which is also the Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Shear Force, VStrip-1 = PStrip-1-USD = VU VU. 115.148 kN/m 115.148*10^3 N/m
Page 515
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tCant-WW Thickness of Cant. Wing Wall.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 330.300
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
330.300 mm 324.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-Strip-1
Vn-1
Vn-2
Vc
Vs
2.00
Vp.
0.000 N
d) Statue between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces Vn>Vu Satisfied VU for the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not). e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-1 does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-1 Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus Flexural Design for Provisio of Horizontal
Page 516
Reinforcement on Earth Face of Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-1 is OK. vi) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr 255.152 N-mm 256.152*10^6 kN-m 283.503 N-mm 283.503*10^6 kN-m 0.90
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-1 is being considered as a Cantilever Mn-Strip-1 283.503 kN-m Beam having 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments 283.503*10^6 N-mm at its Support Face will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment MU at Support Face of Cantilever Beam is on its Earth Face = MStrip-1-USD MStrip-1-USD 172.722 kN-m 172.722*10^6 N-mm
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Factored Moment M at Support Face ( Which one is Greater, if Mr M the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied)
Mr>MStrip-1-USD Satisfied
2 147.581 N/mm
MStrip-1-WSD
108.900 kN-m 108.900*10^6 N-mm

2 2,010.619 mm
As-pro de
367.000 mm
fsa
2 262.482 N/mm
Page 517
i) dc= Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest dc Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Earth/Water Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Earth. Since Clear Cover on Earth Face of Back Wall, CCov-Earth = 75mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 16f ; thus dc = (16/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated A by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Abutment Wall the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure is very close to Sea, thus its Components are of Severe Exposure Category having Allowable Max. value of ZMax. = 23000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. ZMax.
58.000 mm
2 11,600.000 mm
23,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the Cant. Wing Wall Structure, thus value of Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev. ZDev. 12,931.833 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Cant. Wing Wall fs-Dev.< fsa Computed Tensile Stress; though Computed Tensile Stress fsa>0.6fy; but Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev.<ZMax. Allowable Max.Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Cant. Wing Wall Strip-1 Earth Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 14 Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcements on Earth Face of Cantilever Wing Wall against Calculated the Moments on Strips-2 :
Page 518
i) Design Moment for the Section : a) Calculated Flexural Moment in Horizontal Span Strip-2 of Cantilever Wing Wall is Greater than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus MStrip-2 is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against Moment value. Since the Strip is facing Earth Loads, thus requird Reinforcements will be on . Earth Side b) Since MStrip-2-USD > Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus MStrip-2-USD is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 16f Bars as Horizontal Reinforcement on Earth Face of Strip-2. b) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DStrip-22/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Earth Face, dpro = (tCant.-WW -CCov-Earth. -DStrip-2/2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-16b/As-req-Strip-2. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars for the Section spro = 100mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 100mm,C/C = Af-16.b/spro iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
MStrip-2-USD Mr
226.280 226.280*10^6 116.924 116.924*10^6
MU
226.280 kN-m/m 226.280*10^6 N-mm/m
DStrip-2 Af-16. de-pro.
16 mm
2 201.062 mm
367.000 mm
areq.
36.341 mm
1,757.951 114.373
mm2/m mm,C/C
75 mm,C/C
2,680.826
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.007 61.576 mm 369.543 kN-m/m
d) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro amd Calculated Design Moment MU. e) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. iv) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 :
Mpro>Mu pmax>ppro
OK OK
Page 519
a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.143 n) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not)
c/de-Max. c
0.450 52.340 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.143 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
v) Checking Against Calculated Shear Force at Counterfot Face of Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-2 : a) The Shear Force at Counterfot Face of Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-2 is the Total Factored Load on the Strip which is also the Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Shear Force, VStrip-2 = PStrip-2-USD = VU VU. 150.853 kN/m 150.853*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tCant-WW Thickness of Cant. Wing Wall.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 330.300
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
330.300 mm 324.000 mm 0.900 N
Vn-Strip-1
Vn-1
Vn-2
c-i) Vc is Nominal Shear Resistance of Conrete in N & value = 0.083bf/cbvdv, (AASHTO-LRFD- Equ. 5.8.3.3-1); c-ii) Vs is Shear Resistance Provided by Shear Reinforcement in N having value
Vc
Vs
Page 520
= Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s. (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.3.3-3) in which, For Footing/Foundation/Slab Vs = 0. c-iii) b is Factor for the Diagonally Cracked Concrete to transmit Tension as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4. For Footing/Foundation/Slab b = 2.00. c-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (For RCC Structure Elements, Vp = 0. AASHTO-8.16.6.3.1.) b 2.00
Vp.
0.000 N
d) Statue between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces Vn>Vu Satisfied VU for the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not). e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-2 does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-2 Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus Flexural Design for Provisio of Horizontal Reinforcement on Earth Face of Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-2 is OK. vi) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr 332.589 N-mm 255.152*10^6 kN-m 369.543 N-mm 283.503*10^6 kN-m 0.90
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-2 is being considered as a Cantilever Mn-Strip-2 369.543 kN-m Beam having 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments 283.503*10^6 N-mm at its Support Face will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment MU at Support Face of Cantilever Beam is on its Earth Face = MStrip-2-USD MStrip-2-USD 226.280 kN-m 226.280*10^6 N-mm
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Factored Moment M at Support Face ( Which one is Greater, if Mr M the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied)
Mr>MStrip-2-USD Satisfied
vii) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) :
Page 521
a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State fs-Dev.
2 146.98 N/mm
MStrip-2-WSD
144.605 kN-m 144.605*10^6 N-mm

2 2,680.826 mm
As-pro de
367.000 mm
fsa
2 288.899 N/mm
58.000 mm
2 8,700.000 mm
23,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the Cant. Wing Wall Structure, thus value of Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 ZDev. 11,701.238 N/mm
Page 522
fs-Dev.< fs
Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Cant. Wing Wall fs-Dev.< fsa Computed Tensile Stress; though Computed Tensile Stress fsa>0.6fy;but Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev.<ZMax. Allowable Max.Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Cant. Wing Wall Strip-2 Earth Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 15 Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcements on Earth Face of Cantilever Wing Wall against Calculated the Moments on Strips-3 : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) Calculated Flexural Moment in Horizontal Span Strip-3 of Cantilever Wing Wall is Greater than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus MStrip-3 is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against Moment value. Since the Strip is facing Earth Loads, thus requird Reinforcements will be on Earth Side. b) Since MStrip-3-USD> Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus MStrip-3 is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 16f Bars as Horizontal Reinforcement on Earth Face of Strip-3. b) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DStrip-32/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Earth Face, dpro = (tCant.-WW -CCov-Earth. -DStrip-3/2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-16b/As-req-Strip-3 g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars for the Section spro = 175mm,C/C DStrip-3 Af-16. de-pro. 16.000 mm
2 201.062 mm
MStrip-3-USD Mr
124.373 124.373*10^6 116.924 116.924*10^6
MU
124.373 kN-m/m 124.373*10^6 N-mm/m
367.000 mm
areq.
19.504 mm
943.470 213.109
mm2/m mm,C/C
175 mm,C/C
Page 523
h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 175mm,C/C = Af-16.b/spro iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
1,148.925
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.003 26.390 mm 166.663 kN-m/m
Mpro>Mu pmax>ppro
OK OK
0.450 22.431 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.061 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
v) Checking Against Calculated Shear Force at Counterfot Face of Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-3 : a) The Shear Force at Counterfot Face of Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-3 is the Total Factored Load on the Strip which is also the Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Shear Force, VStrip-3= PStrip-3-USD = VU VU. 124.373 kN/m 124.373*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tCant-WW Thickness of Cant. Wing Wall.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 330.300
0.9*de. 0.72h
330.300 mm 324.000 mm
Page 524
b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or
f Vp.
0.90 N
Vn-Strip-1
1,734.075 kN/m 1734.075*10^3N/m 2,512.617 kN/m 2152.617*10^3 N/m 1,734.075 kN/m 1734.075*10^3 N/m 2,512.617 kN/m 2152.617*10^3 N/m 0.000 N/m
Vn-1
Vn-2
Vc
Vs
2.000
Vp.
0.000 N
d) Statue between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces Vn>Vu Satisfied VU for the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not). e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-3 does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-3 Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus Flexural Design for Provisio of Horizontal Reinforcement on Earth Face of Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-3 is OK. vi) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr 149.997 N-mm 173.909*10^6 kN-m 166.663 N-mm 193.232*10^6 kN-m 0.90
Mn f
Page 525
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-2 is being considered as a Cantilever Mn-Strip-3 Beam having 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments at its Support Face will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment MU at Support Face of Cantilever Beam is on its Earth Face = MStrip-3-USD MStrip-3-USD 166.663 kN-m 193.232*10^6 N-mm
124.373 kN-m 124.373*10^6 N-mm

Satisfied
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Mr>MStrip-3-USD Factored Moment MStrip-2-USD at Support Face ( Which one is Greater, if Mr MStrip-2-USD the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied)
vii) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State of Loads fs-Dev.
2 190.056 N/mm
MStrip-3-WSD
80.138 kN-m 80.138*10^6 N-mm

2 1,148.925 mm
As-pro de
367.000 mm
fsa
2 217.814 N/mm
i) dc= Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest dc Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Earth/Water Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Earth. Since Clear Cover on Earth Face of Back Wall, CCov-Earth = 75mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 16f ; thus dc = (16/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear A
58.00 mm
2 20,300.000 mm
Page 526
Cover = 50mm.In Abutment Wall the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure is very close to Sea, thus its Components are of Severe Exposure Category having Allowable Max. value of ZMax. = 23000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. ZMax. 23,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the Cant. Wing Wall Structure, thus value of Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev. ZDev. 20,068.839 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs fsa< 0.6fy Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy Satisfy Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Cant. Wing Wall fs-Dev.< fsa Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allowable Max.Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Cant. Wing Wall Strip-3 Earth Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 16 Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcements on Earth Face of Cantilever Wing Wall against Calculated the Moments on Strips-4 : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) Calculated Flexural Moment in Horizontal Span Strip-4 of Cantilever Wing Wall is Less than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Mr is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement against Moment value. Since the Strip is facing Earth Loads, thus requird Reinforcements will be on Earth Side. b) Since MStrip-4 -USD < Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section,thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : MStrip-4-USD Mr 4.259 4.259*10^6 58.462 58.462*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
MU
58.462 kN-m/m 58.462*10^6 N-mm/m
Page 527
a) Let provide 16f Bars as Horizontal Reinforcement on Earth Face of Strip-4. b) X-Sectional of 16f Bars = p*DStrip-42/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Earth Face, dpro = (tCant.-WW -CCov-Earth. -DStrip-4/2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars = Af-16b/As-req-Strip-4 g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars for the Section spro = 175mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 175mm,C/C = Af-16.b/spro iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
DStrip-4 Af-16. de-pro.
16 mm
2 201.062 mm
367.000 mm
areq.
18.305 mm
442.742 227.064
mm2/m mm,C/C
175 mm,C/C
574.463
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.003 26.390 mm 83.332 kN-m/m
Mpro>Mu pmax>ppro
OK OK
0.450 22.431 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.061 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
Page 528
v) Checking Against Calculated Shear Force at Counterfot Face of Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-4 : a) The Shear Force at Counterfot Face of Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-4 is the Total Factored Load on the Strip which is also the Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Shear Force, VStrip-4 = FPStrip-4 -USD = VU VU. 17.03 kN/m 17.034*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tCant-WW Thickness of Cant. Wing Wall.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or bv. dv. 500.000 mm 330.300
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
330.300 mm 324.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-Strip-4
867.038 kN/m 867.038*10^3 N/m 1,256.309 kN/m 1256.309*10^3 N/m 867.038 kN/m 867.038*10^3 N/m 1,256.309 kN/m 1256.309*10^3 N/m 0.000 N/m
Vn-1
Vn-2
Vc
Vs
2.000
Vp.
0.000 N
d) Statue between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces Vn>Vu Satisfied VU for the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not).
Page 529
e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-4 does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-4 Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus Flexural Design for Provisio of Horizontal Reinforcement on Earth Face of Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-4 is OK. vi) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr 74.998 N-mm 74.998*10^6 kN-m 83.332 N-mm 83.332*10^6 kN-m 0.90
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Cantilever Wing Wall on Strip-4 is being considered as a Cantilever Mn-Strip-4 Beam having 0.500 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments at its Support Face will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment MU at Support Face of Cantilever Beam is on its Earth Face = MStrip-4-USD MStrip-4-USD 83.332 kN-m 83.332*10^6 N-mm
4.259 kN-m 4.259*10^6 N-mm

Satisfied
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Mr>MStrip-4-USD Factored Moment MStrip-4-USD at Support Face ( Which one is Greater, if Mr MStrip-4-USD the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied)
vii) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State of Loads fs-Dev.
2 13.055 N/mm
MStrip-4-WSD
2.752 kN-m 2.752*10^6 N-mm

2 574.463 mm
ii) As-pro is the Steel Area for the Section under USD Design Calculation.
As-pro
Page 530
iii) de is Effective Depth between Extreme Compression Fiber to Centroid of the Tensile Reinforcement for the Section. c) fsa is Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement having its value = Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, in Which;
de
367.000 mm
fsa
2 217.814 N/mm
58.00 mm
2 20,300.000 mm
23,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the Cant. Wing Wall Structure, thus value of Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev. ZDev. 1,378.492 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs fsa< 0.6fy Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy Satisfy Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Cant. Wing Wall fs-Dev.< fsa Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allowable Max.Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Cant. Wing Wall Strip-4 Earth Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. 17 Provision of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements both on Earth & Water Faces of Cantilever Wing
Page 531
Walls in Vertical & Horizontal Directions : i) Requiment of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements for Cantilever Wing Walls : a) The Flexural Design of Cantilever Wing Walls are being done Considering the Structure as Constituents of Multiple Cantilever Beam Strips having Span Length in Longitudinal, Width in Vertical & Depth in Transverse Direction. Since the Cantilever Wing Walls are Subject to Horizontal Earth & Surcharge Pressures, thus under Concept of Flexural Design the Longitudinal Reinforcements are on Earth Face in Vertical Plane. According to Principle of RCC Design all Concrete Surfaces should have Reinforcements in both Directions either under Flexural Tension/Compression or under Flexural Shear/Web/Torsion. The Surfaces where there is no such type of Reinforcements on that surface Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements should arrange according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.1. Provisions. b) On Earth Surface Cantilever Wing Walls the Main Reinforcements are in Horizontal Direction, thus on Earth Face Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements are required in Vertical Direction. Whereas on Water Face Provision of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements are required both in Vertical & Horizontal Directions. ii) Provision of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements on Earth Face in Vertical and for Wate Face both in Vertical & Horizontal Direction : a) Since the Thickness/Depth of Cantilever Wing Walls is less than1200mm, thus to Calculate the Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements on both Faces in Vertical & Horizontal Directions a Strip is being Considered having Length of each Arm b = 1000mm. c) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.1. Steel Area required as Shrinkage Temperature Reinforcement for Structural Components having its Thickness 1200mm or Less; As 0.11Ag/fy in both way.(Here Thickness = 450mm). d) Here Ag is Gross Area of Strip on Vertical Surface = LHor.*hVer. e) Let provide 16f bars as Shrinkage & Temperature in Vertical Direction on Earth Face Both in Vertical & Horizontal Direction on Water Face. f) X-Sectional Area of 16f bar = pDBar-S&T-V&H2/4 g) Spacings required for 16f Bars as Shrinkage & Temperature in Vertical Direction on Earth Face Both Vertical & Horizontal Direction on Water Face. = Af-16*b/As-req-S&T-V&H LHor. hVer. b 1.000 m 1.000 m 1.000 m
As-req-S&T
2 268.293 mm
Ag-Strip DBar-S&T-V&H
2 1000000.000 mm
16 mm
Af-16 sreq-S&T-V&H
2 201.062 mm
749.413 nos.
h) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.1. In a Component having Less 1200mm Thickness, Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements should not Spaced further Apart than 3.00 Times the Component's Thickness or 450mm. i) 3.00 Times of Cantilever Wing Wall Thickness = 3.00*tCont.-WW ii) Allowable Max. Spacing for Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements i) Let provide 300 mm Spacing for Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements with 16f Bars in Vertical Direction on Earth Face, Both in Vertical & Horizontal Direction on Water Face. 3.00*tCont.-WW sAllow-S&T-V&H-1 spro-S&T-V&H 1,350.000 mm 450.000 mm 300 mm
Page 532
j) The provided Steel Area with 16f Bars as Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements having Spacing 300mm,C/C = Af-16.b/spro-S&T-V&H
As-pro-S&T-V&H
670.206
mm2/m
k) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.1. For Components of Solid Structural Concrete Wall & Footing having Less 1200mm Thickness, the Spacing of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements Bars should not Exceed 300mm in Each Direction on all Faces and Steel Area of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements need not Exceed value of Ab = 0.0015Ag. Since the Cantilever Wing Walls are Concrete Wall Structure, thus i) Allowable Max. Spacing for Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements sAllow-S&T-V&H-2 300.000 mm 2 Ab = ii) Calculated value of Ab = 0.0015Ag. Ab = 1,500.000 mm /m i) Status between Provided Steel Area of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement & Allowable Max, Steel Area for Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement (Whether Ab > As-pro-S&T-V&H or not. If Ab < As-pro-S&T-V&H ; then Provisions of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement have Satisfied, otherwise Not Satisfied) Ab > As-pro-S&T Satisfied l) Since Calculated Ab > As-pro-S&T-V&H. > As-req-S&T-V&H. & spro-S&T-V&H. = sAllow-S&T-V&H-2, thus Provisions for the Shrinkage & Temperature on Surfaces of Cantilever Wing Wall is OK.
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Satisfy
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Satisfy
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O. Structural Design of Abutment Well Cap :

1 Sketch Diagram of Abutment & Wing wall:
12750 3000 600 3450 600 3450 600 3450 600 600 C 2000 5225 2100 300 700
RL-5.00m 600 450 300
2525
2150
5500
600 2150
1447
450
2750
3000
3000
450
RL-2.20m 1775 750 2525 1200
3450 450
2450 9350 10250
3450
450
1200
600
4300 5500
600
2 Dimension of Different Sub-Structural Components & RCC Well for Foundation: Description i) Dimensions of Sub-Structure. a) Height of Abutment Wall from Bottom of Well Cap up to Top of Back Wall, b) Height of Abutment Wall from Top of Well Cap up to Top of Back Wall, c) Height of Abutment Well Cap, d) Height of Abutment Steam e) Height of Back Wall f) Height of Wing Wall H H1 hWell-Cap. hSteam. hb-wall H-W-Wall 6.147 m 4.947 m 1.200 m 1.900 m 2.147 m 4.947 m Notation Dimensions Unit.
6350
H1 = 4947
1775
H = 6147
1500
450 300
2750
1900
2147
g) Width of Wall Cap on Heel Side (From Abutment Wall Face). h) Width (Longitudinal Length) of Abutment Well Cap, i) Length (Transverse Length) of Abutment Well Cap, j) Transverse Length of Abutment Wall (Outer Face to Outer Face) in X-X Direction. k) Inner Length of Abutment Wall in between Wing Walls (Transverse), l) Thickness of Abutment Wall (Stem) at Bottom m) Thickness of Abutment Wall (Stem) at Top n) Thickness of Counterfort Wall (For Wing Wall) o) Number of Wing-Wall Counterforts (on each side) p) Clear Spacing between Counerfort & Abutment Wall at Bottom q) Average Spacing between Counerfort & Abutment Wall = (tAB-Wall-Bot + tAb-Wall-Top)/2+SClear-Count& Ab-Bot. r) Effective Span of Wing Wall Counterfort = SAver-Count + tWW-Countf s) Thickness of Wing Walls within Well Cap, t) Thickness of Cantilever Wing Walls u) Length of Cantilever Wing Walls v) Height of Rectangular Portion of Cantilever Wing Walls w) Height of Triangular Portion of Cantilever Wing Walls x) Longitudinal Length of Well Cap on Toe Side from Abutment Wall Outer Face. y) Average Length (Longitudinal) of Well Cap on Heel Side from Abutment Wall Face.= SAver.-Count.& Ab. + tWW-Count. z) Surface Area of Well Cap ii) Dimensions of RCC Well for Foundation. a) Width of Well in Y-Y Direction (In Longitudinal Direction)
WWell-Cap-Hell LAb-Cap-Long. LW-Cap-Trans LAB-Wall-Trans.
2.975 m 5.500 m
12.750 m 10.250 m
LAb-T-Inner t.-Ab-wal-Bot. t.-Ab-wal-Top. tWW-Countf. NW-W-count SClear-Count& Ab-Bot. SAver-Count&Ab.
9.350 m 0.750 m
0.450 m 0.450 m 1.000 No's 1.775 m 2.375 m
2.825 m 0.450 m 0.450 m 3.000 m 2.000 m 1.500 m 2.525 m
L-W-Cap-Heel-Aver.
2.825 m
AWell-Cap.
2 66.879 m
WWell-Y-Y
5.500 m
b) Length of Well in X-X Direction (In Transverse Direction) c) Depth of Well from Bottom of Well Cap up to Bottom of Well Curb d) Wall thickness of Well, f) Thickness of Partition Walls of Well, g) Diameter of Outer Circle, h) Diameter of Inner Circle = DOuter - 2* tWall i) Transverse Length of Rectangular Portion of Well Cap =LWell-X-X - DOuter j) Length of Partition Walls = DOuter - 2*tWall k) Number of Pockets within Well l) Distance between Inner Faces of Pockets in Y-Y Direction (Longitudinal Span Length). m) Distance between Inner Faces of Outer Pockets in X-X Direction (Transverse Span Length). n) Distance between Inner Faces of Central Pocket in X-X Direction (Transverse Span Length). o) Effective Span Length in Y-Y Direction (C/C Distance between Well Walls.) = SPock-Y-Y. + tWall p) Effective Span Length in X-X Direction (C/C Distance between Well Walls.) = SPock-X-X-Central/Outer + tWall(tWall-Perti) 3 Information about Soil, Foundation, Abutment & Wing-walls: a) Type of Sub-soil :
LWell-X-X HWell-pro. tWell. tWall-Perti DOuter. DInner. LRect. LParti. NPock. SPock-Y-Y.
12.750 m 6.325 m 0.600 m 0.600 m 5.500 m 4.300 m 7.250 m 4.300 m 3.000 Nos 4.300 m
SPock-X-X-Outer.
3.450 m
3.450 m
SEff-Y-Y.
4.900 m
SEff-X-X
4.050 m
a) At Borehole No-BH07 (Cox's Bazar End), from GL (GL is - 2.25m from Road Top Level) up to 2.50m depth Sub-soil posses Loss gray fine Silty sand having SPT Value ranging 7 to 12. Whereas in next 0.75m from depth 2.50m to 3.75m there exists Medium dense gray fine sand with SPT value ranging from 12 to 40. From depth about 3.75m there exists Bed-rock (Gray Shale) having 50 and over SPT values . b) At Borehole No-BH08 (Teknuf End), from GL (GL is - 2.25m from Road Top Level) upto 2.75m depth Sub-soil posses Medium dency gray sandy silt having SPT Value renging 12 to 37. In next 2.15m (About depth 2.75m to 4.80m) there exists Medum densey gray fine sand with SPT value renging from 37 to 50. From depth about 4.80m there exists Bed rock (Gray Shale) having SPT value 50 over.
b) Type of Foundation
Due to its Geographical position, Marin Drive Road have every risk to effected by Wave action & Cyclonic Strom from Sea. More over the Slain Water is also an important factor for RCC Construction Works in these area. In Designing of any Permanent Bridge/Structure on this Road, specially in Foundation Design all the prevalling adverse situations should be considered for their Survival and Durability. Though as per Soil Investigation Report there exist Loss to Medium dency gray sandy silt on Seashore Sub-soil, but due to ground their formation those posses a very poor Mechanical bonding among it contitutent.But there exites Bed-rock at a considerably short depth (About 3.75m to 4.80m) from the Ground Level.Presence of Bed-rock is an important for the Foundation of any Structue on this Road. To encounter all mentioned adverse situations Provision of RCC Caissons embedded into the Bed-rock will be best one as Foundation of Bridges on this Road. RCC Caissons embedded into the Bed-rock will be a Solid mass to save guard the Structure against Errosion, Sliding, Overturning etc. which caused by the Wave action & Cyclonic Strom. More over against Salinity effect necessary meassary can provide for RCC Caissions. Thus it is recommended to Provide RCC Caissions embedded into the Bed-rock at least 1.50m into Bed-rock as Foundation of Delpara Bridge. Wall Type Abutment. Wall Type Wing Walls Integrated with Abutment Wall having Counterforts over Well & Cantilever Wings beyond Well. Strength Limit State of Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-2004.
c) Type of Abutment d) Type of Wing-walls
: :
e) Design Criteria
4 Design Data in Respect of Unit Weight, Flexural Multiplier Factors, Material Strength & Soil Pressure:
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d) e)
2,447.232 2,345.264 1,019.680 1,045.172 1,835.424
3 ii) Unit Weight of Materials in kN/m Related to Design Forces :
a) b) c) d) e)
24.000 23.000 10.000 10.250 18.000
kN/m^3 kN/m^3 kN/m^3 kN/m^3 kN/m^3
iii) Design Data for Resistance Factors for Conventional Construction (AASHTO LRFD-5.5.4.2.1). : (Respective Resistance Factors are mentioned as f or b value)
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k)
For Flexural & Tension in Reinforced Concrete For Flexural & Tension in Prestressed Concrete For Shear & Torsion of Normal Concrete For Axil Comression with Spirals or Ties & Seismic Zones at Extreme Limit State (Zone 3 & 4). For Bearing on Concrete For Compression in Strut-and-Tie Modeis For Compression in Anchorage Zones with Normal Concrete For Tension in Steel in Anchorage Zones For resistance during Pile Driving Value of b 1 for Flexural Compression in Reinforced Concrete (AASHTO LRFD-5.7.2..2.) Value of b for Flexural Tension of Reinforcement in Concrete
fFlx-Rin. fFlx-Pres. fShear. fSpir/Tie/Seim. fBearig. fStrut&Tie. fAnc-Copm-Conc. fAnc-Ten-Steel. fPile-Resistanc. b1 b
0.90 1.00 0.90 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.80 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.85
vi) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy h) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa f/c fc Ec 21.000 8.400 23,855.620 2.887 fr fy fs ES 2.887 MPa MPa MPa MPa
410.000 MPa 164.000 MPa 200000.000 MPa
v) Strength Data related to Working Stress Design & Service Load Condition ( WSD & AASHTO-SLS ) : a) b) c) d) e) Modular Ratio, n = Es/Ec 6 8.384 Value of Ratio of Steel & Concrete Flexural Strength, r = fs/fc Value of k = n/(n + r) = 9.000/(9.000 + 20) Value of j = 1 - k/3 = 1 - 0.307/3 Value of R = 0.5*(fckj) n r k j R 8 19.524 0.291 0.903 1.102 kN/m3 N N/ p 50 Over 33
2 770 kN/m
vi) Sub-soil Investigation Report & Side Codition Data: a) SPT Value as per Soil Boring Test Report, / b) Corrected SPT Value for N>15, N = 15 + 1/2(N - 15) = 15 + 1/2(50 - 15) = 15 + 1/2(50 - 15) = 32.5 . Say N/ = 33 c) Recommended Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil as per Soil Investigation Report witht SPT Value 50 over, p = 7.2 Ton/ft2. = 770kN/m2 5 Intensity of Different Imposed Loads, Load Coefficients & Multiplier Factors : i) Coefficient for Lateral Earth Pressure (EH) :
a) Coefficient of Active Horizontal Earth Pressure, ko = (1-sinff ) ,Where; f is Effective Friction Angle of Soil b) For Back Filling with Clean fine sand, Silty or clayey fine to medium sand Effective Friction Angle of Soil, f = 340 .(Table 12.9, Page-138, RAINA,s Book) c) Angle of Friction with Concrete surface & Soli AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1. d) Value of Tan d (dim) for Coefficient of Friction. = 0.34 to 0.45 (AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1.)
ko f
0.441
34
19 to 24
Tan d
0.34 to 0.45 dim
ii) Dead Load Surcharge Lateral/Horizontal Pressure Intensity (ES); AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.1. : a) Constant Horizontal Earth Pressur due to Uniform Surcharge, Dp-ES = ksqs in Mpa. Where; b) ks is Coefficien of Earth Pressure due to Surcharge = ko for Active Earth Pressure, c) qs is Uniform Surcharge applied to upper surface of Active Earth Wedge(Mpa) = wE*10-3N/mm2 iii) Live Load Surcharge Vertical & Horizontal Pressure Intensity (LS); AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4. : a) Constant Earth Pressur both Vertical & Horizontal for Live Load Surcharge on Abutment Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic), Where; Dp-LS = kgsgheq*10-9 Dp-LL-Ab<6.00m Dp-LL-Ab6.00m Dp-LL-WW<6.00m Dp-LL-WW6.00m 0.007141 7.141 0.004761 4.761 0.00833 8.331 0.004761 4.761 0.441
3 1,835.424 kg/m 2 9.807 m/sec
Dp-ES
2 7.935 kN/m 2 0.007935 N/mm
ks wE*10-3
0.441
2 0.018 N/mm
c) ks is Coefficien of Latreal Earth Pressure = ko for Active Earth Pressure. d) gsis Unit Weight of Soil (kg/m3)
900.000 mm 600.000 mm
900.000 mm 0.900 m 600.000 mm
0.600 m i) heq is Equivalent of Height of Abutment Wall Soil for Vehicular Load (mm). Having, H < 6000mm & for having H 6000mm ; AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4; Table-3.11.6.4-2. j) Width of Live Load Surcharge Pressure for Wing Walls, Having H < 6000mm.& H 6000mm. heq-WW<6.00m. heq-WW6.00m. 1,050.000 mm 600.000 mm
600.000 0.600 600.000 0.600
mm m mm m
iv) Wind Load Intensity on Superstructure Elements (WS) : a) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Vertical Fcaes of Superstructure Elements in Lateral Direction of Wind Flow (Parallel to Traffic). AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.2.2; Table-3.8.1.2.2-1. b) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Vertical Fcaes of Superstructure Elements in Longitudinal Direction of Wind Flow (Perpendicular to Traffic). v) Wind Load Intensity on Substructure Elements (WS) : a) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Vertical Fcaes of Substructure Elements in Lateral Direction (Parallel to Traffic). = 0.0019*cos600 Mpa, Considering 600 Skew Angle of Main Force; (AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.2.3). b) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Vertical Fcaes of Substructure Elements in Longitudinal Direction (Perpendicular to Traffic). = 0.0019*sin600 Mpa; Considering 600 Skew Angle of Main Force; (AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.2.3). vi) Wind Load Intensity on Live Load (WL) : a) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Live Load upon Superstructure in Longitudinal Direction (Parallel to Traffic). = 0.550 N/mm, having action at 1800mm above Deck & Considering 600 Skew Angle of Force; for Two Lane Bridge. (AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.3; Table- 3.8.1.3-1). b) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Live Load upon Superstructure in Lateral Direction (Perpendicular to Traffic) = 0.500N/mm having action at 1800mm above Deck & Considering 600 Skew Angle of Main Force; for Two Lane Bridge.(AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.3; Table- 3.8.1.3-1). vii) Intensity on Breaking Force (BR) : a) Intensity of Horizontal Breaking on Superstructure is the Greater value of pLL-Sup-Break. i) 25% of the Axle Weight of Design Truck/Design Tendem, or pLL-25%-Truck. ii) 5% of Design (Truck + Lane Load) or (Design Tendem + Lane Load) pLL-5%-(Tru+Lane.) Breaking Force is for Two Lane Bridge & its Action at 1800mm above Deck. (AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.4). 162.500 kN 162.500 kN 55.750 kN pWind-LL-Sup-Let. 0.550 N/mm 0.550 kN/m pWind-Sub-Let. 0.000950 Mpa 2 0.950 kN/m pWind-Sup-Let. 0.0008 Mpa 2 0.800 kN/m
pWind-Sup-Long.
0.0009 Mpa 2 0.900 kN/m
pWind-Sub-Long.
0.001645 Mpa 2 1.645 kN/m
pWind-LL-Sup-Long.
0.500 N/mm 0.500 kN/m
6 Different Load Multiplying Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors under Limit State (USD) according to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1: a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.250
gDW gEH
1.500
1.500
gEV gES
1.350
1.500
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors under Limit State (USD) according to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1: a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; (Applicable for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading only) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL STRENGTH - III STRENGTH - V m gLL-Truck IM 1.000
1.750 1.330
gLL-Lane gLL-PL. gLL-CE. gLL-BR. gLL-LS. gLL-WA. gLL-WS. gLL-WL
1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.000 1.400 1.000
k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV
gLL-FR. gLL-TU. gLL-CR. gLL-SH. gLL-TG. gLL-SE. gLL-EQ. gLL-CT. gLL-CV.
1.000 1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
7 Different Load Multiplying Factors for Service Limit State Design (USD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.000
gDW gEH
1.000
1.000
gEV gES
1.000
1.000
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m m 1.000
(ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; SERVICE - I (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV SERVICE - IV SERVICE - II SERVICE - II SERVICE - II gLL-Truck IM 1.000 1.000
gLL-Lane gLL-PL. gLL-CE. gLL-BR. gLL-LS. gLL-WA. gLL-WS gLL-W gLL-FR gLL-TU. gLL-CR. gLL-SH. gLL-TG. gLL-SE. gLL-EQ gLL-CT. gLL-CV.
1.000 1.000 1.300 1.300 1.000 1.000 0.700 1.300 1.000 1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
8 Calculations of Vertical Loads on Abutment Well Cap, Moments & Shearing Forces under Limite State Condition (USD) :
i) Philosophy in Computation of different Loads (DL & LL) upon Well Cap: a) Since the Well Cap will have to receive all Vertical Loads both from Live Load Elements & Dead Loads from the Superstructure & Substructure Components, Soil Load, Surcharge Load and its Self Weight, thus computation of these Loads should done accordingly. b) Loads from Superstructure will act upon Well Cap through the Abutment Wall & its Position is in X-X Direction (Perpendicular to Traffic), thus all Loads from Superstructure & Loads of Abutment Wall including Components resting on it will be Computated as Uniformly Distributed Load in X-X Direction having its Unit in kN/m. Value of these Uniformly Distributed Load will compute by dividing the Total Load in these respect by the Total Length of Well Cap in X-X Direction. c) Since Loads from Wing Walls, Countrforts, Soil & Surcharge upon Well Cap are on Heel Side, thus Loads will also considered as Uniformly Distributed Load but the Unit will be kN/m2. Value of these Uniformly Distribued Load will compute by dividing the Total Load in these respect by the Total Surface Area of Well Cap on Heel Side. Action of these Loads will be on Heel Side only.
2 d) Self Weight of Well Cap will also be an Uniformly Distributed Load having its Unit in kN/m . Value of these Load will compute by dividing the Total Load in these respect by the Total Surface Area of Well Cap. These Load will be active over the Wall Cap Total Surface Area.
e) For Calculation of Moment & Shear Total vertical Loads are considered be to an Uniformly Distributed Load over the Total Surface Area of Well Cap for which the Unit of Pressure will kN/m 2. The Value of these Load will be compute by dividing the Total Vertical Loads upon Well Cap by the Total Surface Area of Well Cap. These Load will be active over the Total Surface Area of Well Cap. ii) Imposed Vertical Loads (LL+ DL) on Well Cap from Superstructure, Substructure, Self Weight of Well Soil & Surcharge : a) Superstructure Dead Load Reaction (Without Utilites & Wearing Course) b) Superstructure Dead Load Reaction only for Utilites & WC c) Superstructure Live Load Reaction due to Wheel Load (Without IM) d) Superstructure Live Load Reaction due to Lane Load e) Superstructure Live Load Reaction due to Pedestrian Load f) Dead Load Reaction from Abutment Wall Components (Stem+ B-Wall+Seat). d) Dead Load Reactions from Wing Wall Counterforts e) Dead Load Reactions from Wing Walls (Including Cantilevers) f) Dead Load Reaction from Self Weight of Well Cap g) Earth Pressure on Heel Side of Well Cap RDL-Supr-1 RDL-Supr-2 RLL-Supr-Wheel RLL-Supr-Lane RLL-Supr-Pede. RDL-Ab-Wall 1,976.278 kN 209.438 kN 574.221 kN 232.500 kN 112.500 kN 551.822 kN
RDL-WW-Countf RDL-WW RDL-Well-Cap-Self-Wt. RDL-Soil.
184.325 kN 366.494 kN 2,524.950 kN 2,102.265 kN
h) Live Load Surcharge on Well Cap Heel Side (For H1 <6.00m) = Dp-LL-Ab*WEq-Ab*H1*LAb-T-Inner
RLL-Sur.
297.264 kN
iii) Factored Vertical Load Reactions Upon Abutment Cap under Strength Limit State (USD) : a) Factored Superstructure Dead Load (Without Utilites & Wearing Course) = gDC*RDL-Supr-1 b) Factored Superstructure Dead Load Reaction only for Utilites & WC = gDW*RDL-Supr-2 c) Factored Superstructure Live Load Reaction due to Wheel Load (Including IM) = m*IMgLL-TruckRLL-Supr-Wheel d) Superstructure Live Load Reaction due to Lane Load = mgLL-Lane*RLL-Supr-Lane e) Factored Superstructure Live Load due to Pedestrian Load = mgLL-PL*RLL-Pede. f) Factored Dead Load from Abutment Wall Components (Stem+ B-Wall+Seat). = gDC*RDL-Ab-Wall d) Factored Dead Load from Wing Wall Counterforts = gDC*RDL-WW-Countf e) Factored Dead Load from Wing Walls (Including Cantilevers) = gDC*RDL-WW f) Factored Dead Load due to Self Weight of Well Cap = gDC*RDL-Well-Cap-Self-Wt. g) Factored Earth Load on Heel Side of Well Cap = gEV*RDL-Soil. h) Factored Live Load Surcharge on Well Cap Heel Side (For H1 <6.00m) = gLL-LS.*RLL-Sur. i) Summasion all Factored Vertical Loads upon Well Cap RDL-Supr-1-USD 2,470.348 kN
RDL-Supr-2-USD
314.156 kN
RLL-Supr-Wheel-USD
1,336.500 kN
RLL-Supr-Lane-USD
406.875 kN
RLL-Supr-Pede.-USD
196.875 kN
RDL-Ab-Wall-USD
689.778 kN
RDL-WW-Countf-USD
230.407 kN
RDL-WW-USD
458.118 kN
RDL-Self-Wt.-USD
3,156.188 kN
RDL-Soil.-USD
2,838.057 kN
RLL-Sur.-USD
520.212 kN
SRAll-V-Load.-USD
12,617.513 kN
iv) Computation of Factored Vertical Pressure on Well Cap through Abutment Wall for 1 (one) Meter Strip Length in X-X Direction due DL & LL from Superstructure, Self Weight of Abutment & its Components : a) Total Vertical Reaction on Well Cap from Superstructure, Self Weight SRSupr+Ab-Wall-USD of Abutment & its Components = (RDL-Supr-1-USD+ RDL-Supr-2-USD+ RLL-Supr-Wheel-USD 5,414.532 kN
+ RLL-Supr-Lane-USD + RLL-Supr-Pede.-USD + RDL-Ab-Wall-USD) b) Verticall Pressure on Well Cap for per meter Length in X-X Direction due to Superstructure, Self Weight of Abutment & its Component. = SRSup+Ab-Wall-USD/LW-Cap-Trans PSup+Ab-Wall-USD 424.669 kN/m
v) Computation of Factored Vertical Pressure (DL & LL) on Well Cap due to Wing Walls, Soil & Surcharge on Heel Side for Unit Surface Area (kN/m2): a) Surface Area of Well Cap on Heel Side = LW-Cap-Trans*WWell-Cap-Hell b) Pressure from Wing Walls upon Heel Side = RDL-WW-USD c) Pressure from Counterforts upon Heel Side = RDL-WW-Count-USD d) Pressure from Soil upon Heel Side = RDL-Soil.-USD e) Pressure from Surcharge upon Heel Side = RDL-Sur.-USD f) Total Pressure upon Well Cap Heel Side due to Factored Loads from Walls, Counterforts, Soil & Surcharge g) Unit Pressure upon Well Cap on Heel Side from Wing Walls, Counterforts, Soil & Surcharge = SPWell-Cap-Heel-USD./AWell-Cap-Heel. vi) Computation of Vertical Pressure (Load) on Well Cap due its Self Weight : a) Pressure due to Self Weight of Well Cap = RDL-Self-Wt.-USD b) Unit Pressure upon Well Cap for Self Weight = PSelf-Wt-USD./AWell-Cap PSelf-Wt.-USD pSelf-Wt.-USD 3,156.188 kN
2 47.192 kN/m
AWell-Cap-Heel PDL-W-Wall-USD PDL-Count-USD PDL-Soil.-USD PDL-Sur.-USD SPWell-Cap-Heel.-USD
2 37.931 m
458.118 kN 230.407 kN 2,838.057 kN 520.212 kN 4,084.724 kN
pHeel.-USD
2 107.688 kN/m
vii) Computation of Total Vertical Pressure (Load) on Well Cap as Uniformly Distributed Load over Total Surface Area of Well Cap : a) Surface Area of Well Cap = AWell-Cap b) Total Vertical Loads upon Well Cap = SRAll-V-Load.-USD c) Vertical Load upon Well Cap for per meter Square per meter Length in X-X Direction = SRAll-V-Load-USD./AWell-Cap viii) Calculations of Upward Reactions at Supports having Span in Y-Y Direction : a) Span Length in Y-Y Direction (C/C Distance between Well Walls.) = SEff-Y-Y. b) Concentrated Vertical Pressure on Well Cap for per meter Length in X-X Direction due to Superstructure, Self Weight of Abutment & its Component. LY-Y. PSup+Ab-Wall-USD 4.900 m 424.669 kN/m AWell-Cap SRAll-V-Load.-USD wX-X-USD
2 66.879 m
12,617.513 kN
2 188.661 kN/m /m
c) Unit Pressure upon Well Cap on Heel Side from Wing Walls, Counterforts, Soil & Surcharge. d) Unit Pressure upon Well Cap for Self Weight
pHeel.-USD
2 107.688 kN/m /m
pSelf-Wt.-USD
2 47.192 kN/m /m
e) Sketch Diagram of Different Imposed Loads (Factored) & Reactions in Y-Y Direction as Simple Supported Single Span Beam of 1.000m Width. PSup+Ab-Wall = 424.6691 kN/m
pHeel. = Heel End A
107.688
kN/m2/m
pSelf-Wt. =
LY-Y/2 =
47.192 C
LY-Y/2 =
kN/m2/m
2.450 m LY-Y =
2.450 m
Toe End
4.900 RB = 393.915 kN/m 525.832 kN/m
RA =
525.832 kN/m
f) Reaction RA at Support Position-A on Heel End, RA-USD 2 =((PSup+Ab-Wall-USD*LY-Y/2)+(pSelf-Wt.-USD*LY-Y /2)+(PHeel-USD*LY-Y/2*(LY-Y/4+LY-Y/2)))/LY-Y g) Reaction RB at Support Position-B on Toe End, RB-USD =((PSup+Ab-Wall-USD*LY-Y/2)+(pSelf-Wt.-USD*LY-Y2/2)+(pHeel-USD*(LY-Y/2)2)/2)/LY-Y RB-USD
393.915 kN/m
ix) Moments in Y-Y Direction (about X-X) at different Points due to Factored (USD) Vertical Loads : a) (+) ve Bending Moment at Middle of Span at Position C, MMidd-Y-Y-USD = (RB-USD*LY-Y/2 - pSelf-Wt.-USD*(LY-Y/2)2/2) (+)MMidd-Y-Y-USD 823.455 kN-m/m 823.455*10^6 N-mm/m
b) (+)ve Bending Moment Just on Outer Face of Abutment Wall on Toe (+)MAb-Outer-Toe.-USD 759.644 kN-m/m 2 Side, MAb-Out-Toe.-USD = (RB-USD*(LY-Y/2-tAb-wal-Top./2) - pSelf-Wt.-USD*(LY-Y/2-tAb-wal-Top./2) /2) 759.644*10^6 N-mm/m c) (+) ve Bending Moment Just on Inner Face of Abutment Wall on Heel Side, MAb-Inn-Heel.-USD = RA-USD*(WWell-Cap-Hell - tWall./2) - pSelf-Wt.-USD*(WWell-Cap-Hell - tWall./2)2/2- pHeel-USD*(WWell-Cap-Hell - tWall./2)2/2 (+)MAb-Inn-Heel.-USD 852.469 kN-m/m 852.469*10^6 N-mm/m
d) (+) ve Bending Moment Just at Inner Face of Well Wall on Heel Side, (+)MHell-Well-Wall.-USD 143.810 kN-m/m MHeel-Well-Wall.-USD = RA-USD*tWall/2 - pSelf-Wt.-USD*(tWall/2)2/2 - pHeell-USD*(tWall/2)2/2 143.810*10^6 N-mm/m e) Max. (+) Moment Value in Y-Y Direction occurs on Inner Face of Abutment Wall on Heel Side of Well Cap. (+)MMax.-USD-Y-Y 852.469 kN-m/m 852.469*10^6 N-mm/m
x) Shearing Force in Y-Y Direction at different Points due to Factored (USD) Vertical Loads : i) Shearing Force at Inner Face of Well Wall on Heel Side. VHeel-W-Wall-USD = RA-USD - (pHeel.-USD+ pSelf-Wt.-USD)*tWall/2 VHeel-W-Wall.-USD 479.368 kN/m 479.368*10^3 N/m
j) Shearing Force at just Inner Face of Abutment Wall on Heel Side. VAb-Heel-USD = RA-USD - (pHeel.-USD + pSelf-Wt.-USD)*(WWell-Cap-Hell - tWall./2) k) Shearing Force at Inner Face of Well Wall on Toe Side. VToe-W-Wall-USD = RB-USD - pSelf-Wt.-USD*tWall/2 l) Shearing Force at Span Center Position VCenter-Span-USD = RA-USD - (pHeel.-USD+ pSelf-Wt-USD.)*LY-Y/2 - PSup+Ab-USD m) Shearing Force at just Outer Face of Abutment Wall on Toe Side. VAb-Toe-USD = RB-USD - (pSelf-Wt.-USD)*(LY-Y/2- tAb-wal-Top./2)
VAb-Heel-USD 111.528 kN/m 111.528*10^3 N/m VToe-W-Wall.-USD 379.757 kN/m 379.757*10^3 N/m VCenter-Span.-USD (278.293) kN/m (-)278.293*10^3 N/m VAb-Toe-USD 288.912 kN/m 288.912*10^3 N/m
xi) Calculations of Upward Reactions at Supports having Span in X-X Direction : a) Span Length in X-X Direction Central & Side Pockets of Well (C/C Distance between Well Walls) = SEffX-X b) Total Span Length of Well c) Vertical Load upon Well Cap for per meter Square in X-X Direction. LX-X 4.050 m
LX-X-Total wX-X
12.150 m
2 188.661 kN/m /m
d) Sketch Diagram of Imposed Loads (Factored) & Reactions in X-X Direction as a Multi Span Continuous Beam in X-X Direction with 1.000m Width.
wX-X =
188.661 kN/m 4.050 m 764.079 m R1R = 382.039 m
LX-X = R1L =
4.050 m 382.039 m
LX-X = R2L =
4.05 m LX-X = 764.079 STotal = R2R =
12.150 m R1L& R1R R2L& R2R 382.039 kN 764.079 kN
e) Reaction at Support R1L = R1R = wX-X *LX-X/2 f) Reaction at Support R2L = R2R = 2*wX-X *LX-X/2
xii) Moments in X-X Direction (about Y-Y) at different Points due to Factored (USD) Vertical Loads : a) (+) ve Bending Moment at Middle Position of Each Span MMidd-USD = wX-X*1/14*(LX-X)2/2 b) (-) ve Bending Moment at Support Positions R1 & R2, MR1&R2-X-X-USD = wX-X-USD*1/10*(LX-X)2/2 (+)MMidd-X-X-USD 110.519 kN-m/m 110.519*10^6 N-mm/m (-)MWall-R1&R2-X-X-USD 154.726 kN-m/m 154.726*10^6 N-mm/m
xiii) Shearing Force in X-X Direction at different Points due to Factored (USD) Vertical Loads : a) Shearing Force on Inner Face of Well Wall at Support Position R1,. VR1-X-X-USD 353.740 kN/m
VR1-X-X-USD = wX-X-USD*(LX-X - tWall/2)/2 b) Shearing Force at both Face of Well Wall on Support Position R2,. VR2-X-X-USD = wX-X-USD*(LX-X - tWall/2)/2 VR2-X-X-USD
353.74010^3 N/m 353.740 kN/m 353.74010^3 N/m
x) Critical Section of Well Cap in Combined application of Shearing Force both in Y-Y & X-X Direction : a) The Critical Section of Well Cap in respect of Shearing Force which has the Highest Calculated Factored Shear Force. The Section on Inner Face of Well Wall on Heel Side in Y-Y Direction posses the Highest Shearing Force VCritical. 479.368 kN/m 492.097*10^3 N/m
9 Computation of Factored Moments & Shearing Forces under Service Limit State (WSD) : i) Factored Vertical Load Reactions Upon Abutment Cap under Service Limit State (WSD) : a) Factored Superstructure Dead Load (Without Utilites & Wearing Course) = gDC*RDL-Supr-1 b) Factored Superstructure Dead Load Reaction only for Utilites & WC = gDW*RDL-Supr-2 c) Factored Superstructure Live Load Reaction due to Wheel Load (Including IM) = m*IMgLL-TruckRLL-Supr-Wheel d) Superstructure Live Load Reaction due to Lane Load = mgLL-Lane*RLL-Supr-Lane e) Factored Superstructure Live Load due to Pedestrian Load = mgLL-PL*RLL-Pede. f) Factored Dead Load from Abutment Wall Components (Stem+ B-Wall+Seat). = gDC*RDL-Ab-Wall d) Factored Dead Load from Wing Wall Counterforts = gDC*RDL-WW-Countf e) Factored Dead Load from Wing Walls (Including Cantilevers) = gDC*RDL-WW f) Factored Dead Load due to Self Weight of Well Cap = gDC*RDL-Well-Cap-Self-Wt. g) Factored Earth Load on Heel Side of Well Cap = gEV*RDL-Soil. h) Factored Live Load Surcharge on Well Cap Heel Side (For H1 <6.00m) RDL-Supr-1-WSD 1,976.278 kN
RDL-Supr-2-WSD
209.438 kN
RLL-Supr-Wheel-WSD
574.221 kN
RLL-Supr-Lane-WSD
232.500 kN
RLL-Supr-Pede.-WSD
112.500 kN
RDL-Ab-Wall-WSD
551.822 kN
RDL-WW-Countf-WSD
184.325 kN
RDL-WW-WSD
2,524.950 kN
RDL-Self-Wt.-WSD
2,524.950 kN
RDL-Soil.-WSD
2,102.265 kN
RLL-Sur.-WSD
297.264 kN
= gLL-LS.*RLL-Sur. i) Summasion all Factored Vertical Loads upon Well Cap SRAll-V-Load.-WSD 11,290.514 kN
ii) Computation of Factored Vertical Pressure on Well Cap through Abutment Wall for 1 (one) Meter Strip Length in X-X Direction due DL & LL from Superstructure, Self Weight of Abutment & its Components : a) Total Vertical Reaction on Well Cap from Superstructure, Self Weight SRSupr+Ab-Wall-WSD of Abutment & its Components = (RDL-Supr-1-WSD+ RDL-Supr-2-WSD+ RLL-Supr-Wheel-WSD + RLL-Supr-Lane-WSD + RLL-Supr-Pede.-WSD + RDL-Ab-Wall-WSD) b) Verticall Pressure on Well Cap for per meter Length in X-X Direction due to Superstructure, Self Weight of Abutment & its Component. = SRSup+Ab-Wall-WSD/LW-Cap-Trans PSup+Ab-Wall-WSD 3,656.759 kN
286.805 kN/m
iii) Computation of Factored Vertical Pressure (DL & LL) on Well Cap due to Wing Walls, Soil & Surcharge on Heel Side for Unit Surface Area (kN/m2): a) Surface Area of Well Cap on Heel Side = LW-Cap-Trans*WWell-Cap-Hell b) Pressure from Wing Walls upon Heel Side = RDL-WW-WSD c) Pressure from Counterforts upon Heel Side = RDL-WW-Count-WSD d) Pressure from Soil upon Heel Side = RDL-Soil.-WSD e) Pressure from Surcharge upon Heel Side = RDL-Sur.-WSD f) Total Pressure upon Well Cap Heel Side due to Factored Loads from Walls, Counterforts, Soil & Surcharge g) Unit Pressure upon Well Cap on Heel Side from Wing Walls, Counterforts, Soil & Surcharge = SPWell-Cap-Heel-WSD/AWell-Cap-Heel. iv) Computation of Vertical Pressure (Load) on Well Cap due its Self Weight : a) Pressure due to Self Weight of Well Cap = RDL-Self-Wt.-WSD b) Unit Pressure upon Well Cap for Self Weight = PSelf-Wt-WSD./AWell-Cap PSelf-Wt.-WSD pSelf-Wt.-WSD 2,524.950 kN
2 37.754 kN/m
AWell-Cap-Heel PDL-W-Wall-WSD PDL-Count-WSD PDL-Soil.-WSD PDL-Sur.-WSD SPWell-Cap-Heel.-WSD
2 37.931 m
2,524.950 kN 184.325 kN 2,102.265 kN 297.264 kN 5,146.735 kN
pHeel.-WSD
2 135.686 kN/m
v) Computation of Total Vertical Pressure (Load) on Well Cap as Uniformly Distributed Load over Total Surface Area of Well Cap : a) Surface Area of Well Cap = AWell-Cap b) Total Vertical Loads upon Well Cap = SRAll-V-Load.-WSD c) Vertical Load upon Well Cap for per meter Square per meter Length in X-X AWell-Cap SRAll-V-Load.-WSD wX-X-WSD
2 66.879 m
11,290.514 kN
2 168.820 kN/m /m
Direction = SRAll-V-Load-WSD./AWell-Cap vi) Calculations of Upward Reactions at Supports having Span in X-X Direction : a) Span Length in Y-Y Direction (C/C Distance between Well Walls.) = SEff-Y-Y. b) Concentrated Vertical Pressure on Well Cap for per meter Length in X-X Direction due to Superstructure, Self Weight of Abutment & its Component. c) Unit Pressure upon Well Cap on Heel Side from Wing Walls, Counterforts, Soil & Surcharge. d) Unit Pressure upon Well Cap for Self Weight LY-Y. PSup+Ab-Wall-WSD 4.900 m 286.805 kN/m
pHeel.-WSD
2 135.686 kN/m /m
pSelf-Wt.-WSD
2 37.754 kN/m /m
e) Sketch Diagram of Different Imposed Loads (Factored) & Reactions in Y-Y Direction as Simple Supported Single Span Beam of 1.000m Width. PSup+Ab-Wall = 286.805 kN/m
pHeel. = Heel End A
135.686
kN/m2/m
pSelf-Wt. =
LY-Y/2 =
37.754 C
LY-Y/2 =
kN/m2/m
2.450 m LY-Y =
2.450 m
Toe End
4.900 RB = 319.007 kN/m 485.222 kN/m
RA =
485.222 kN/m
f) Reaction RA at Support Position-A on Heel End, RA-WSD =((PSup+Ab-Wall-WSD*LY-Y/2)+(pSelf-Wt.-WSD*LY-Y2/2)+(PHeel-WSD*LY-Y/2*(LY-Y/4+LY-Y/2)))/LY-Y g) Reaction RB at Support Position-B on Toe End, RB-WSD =((PSup+Ab-Wall-WSD*LY-Y/2)+(pSelf-Wt.-WSD*LY-Y2/2)+(pHeel-WSD*(LY-Y/2)2)/2)/LY-Y RB-WSD
319.007 kN/m
vii) Moments in Y-Y Direction (about X-X) at different Points due to Factored (WSD) Vertical Loads : a) (+) ve Bending Moment at Middle of Span at Position C, MMidd-Y-Y-WSD = (RB-WSD*LY-Y/2 - pSelf-Wt.-WSD*(LY-Y/2)2/2) (+)MMidd-WSD 668.258 kN-m/m 668.258*10^6 N-mm/m
b) (+)ve Bending Moment Just on Outer Face of Abutment Wall on Toe MAb-Outer-Toe.-WSD 668.258 kN-m/m 2 Side, MAb-Out-Toe.-WSD = (RB-WSD*(LY-Y/2-tAb-wal-Top./2) - pSelf-Wt.-WSD*(LY-Y/2-tAb-wal-Top./2) /2) 668.258*10^6 N-mm/m c) (+) ve Bending Moment Just on Inner Face of Abutment Wall on Heel (+)MAb-Inn-Heel.-WSD 677.434 kN-m/m Side, MAb-Inn-Heel.-USD = RA-WSD*(WWell-Cap-Hell - tWall./2) 677.434*10^6 N-mm/m 2 2 - pSelf-Wt.-WSD*(WWell-Cap-Hell - tWall./2) /2- pHeel-WSD*(WWell-Cap-Hell - tWall./2) /2 d) (+) ve Bending Moment Just at Inner Face of Well Wall on Heel Side, (+)MHell-Well-Wall.WSD 129.957 kN-m/m 2 2 MHeel-Well-Wall.WSD = RA-WSD*tWall/2 - pSelf-Wt.-WSD*(tWall/2) /2 - pHeell-WSD*(tWall/2) /2 135.039*10^6 N-mm/m
e) Max. (+) Moment Value in Y-Y Direction occurs on Inner Face of Abutment Wall on Heel Side of Well Cap.
(+)MMax.-WSD-Y-Y 677.434 kN-m/m 677.434*10^6 N-mm/m
viii) Shearing Force in Y-Y Direction at different Points due to Factored (WSD) Vertical Loads : a) Shearing Force at Inner Face of Well Wall on Heel Side. VHeel-W-Wall-WSD = RA-WSD - (pHeel.-WSD+ pSelf-Wt.-WSD)*tWall/2 b) Shearing Force at just Inner Face of Abutment Wall on Heel Side. VAb-Heel-WSD = RA-WSD - (pHeel.-WSD + pSelf-Wt.-WSD)*(WWell-Cap-Hell - tWall./2) c) Shearing Force at Inner Face of Well Wall on Toe Side. VToe-W-Wall-WSD = RB-WSD - pSelf-Wt.-WSD*tWall/2 d) Shearing Force at Span Center Position VCenter-Span-WSD = RA-WSD - (pHeel.-WSD+ pSelf-Wt-WSD.)*LY-Y/2 - PSup+Ab-WSD e) Shearing Force at just Outer Face of Abutment Wall on Toe Side. VAb-Toe-WSD = RB-WSD - (pSelf-Wt.-WSD)*(LY-Y/2- tAb-wal-Top./2) VHeel-W-Wall.-WSD 433.190 kN/m 433.190*10^3 N/m VAb-Heel-WSD 21.271 kN/m 21.271*10^3 N/m
VToe-W-Wall.-WSD 307.681 kN/m 307.681*10^3 N/m VCenter-Span.-WSD (226.510) kN/m (-)226.510*10^3 N/m VAb-Toe-WSD 235.005 kN/m 235.005*10^3 N/m
ix) Calculations of Upward Reactions at Supports having Span in X-X Direction : a) Span Length in X-X Direction Central & Side Pockets of Well (C/C Distance between Well Walls) = SEffX-X b) Total Span Length of Well c) Vertical Load upon Well Cap for per meter Square in X-X Direction. LX-X 4.050 m
LX-X-Total wX-X-WSD
12.150 m
2 168.820 kN/m /m
d) Sketch Diagram of Imposed Loads (Factored) & Reactions in X-X Direction as a Multi Span Continuous Beam in X-X Direction with 1.000m Width.
wX-XWSD =
168.820 kN/m 4.050 m 683.720 m R1 = 341.860 m
LX-X = R1 =
4.050 m 341.860 m
LX-X = R2 =
4.050 m LX-X = 683.720 STotal = R2 =
12.150 m R1L& R1R R2L& R2R 341.860 kN 683.720 kN
x) Moments in X-X Direction (about Y-Y) at different Points due to Factored (WSD) Vertical Loads : a) (+) ve Bending Moment at Middle Position of Each Span (+)MMidd-X-X-WSD 98.895 kN-m/m
MMidd-WSD = wX-XWSD*1/14*(LX-X)2/2 b) (-) ve Bending Moment at Support Positions R1 & R2, MR1&R2-X-X-WSD = wX-X-WSD*1/10*(LX-X)2/2
98.895*10^6 N-mm/m (-)MWall-R1&R2-X-X-WSD 138.453 kN-m/m 138.453*10^6 N-mm/m
xi) Shearing Force in X-X Direction at different Points due to Factored (WSD) Vertical Loads : a) Shearing Force on Inner Face of Well Wall at Support Position R1,. VR1-X-X-WSD = wX-X-WSD*(LX-X - tWall/2)/2 b) Shearing Force at both Face of Well Wall on Support Position R2,. VR2-X-X-WSD = wX-X-WSD*(LX-X - tWall/2)/2 VR1-X-X-WSD 316.537 kN/m 316.537*10^3 N/m VR2-X-X-WSD 316.537 kN/m 316.537*10^3 N/m
xii) Critical Section of Well Cap in Combined application of Shearing Force both in Y-Y & X-X Direction : a) The Critical Section of Well Cap in respect of Shearing Force which has the Highest Calculated Factored Shear Force. The Section on Inner Face of Well Wall on Heel Side in Y-Y Direction posses the Highest Shearing Force VCritical. 433.190 kN/m 433.190*10^3 N/m
10 Calculations of Unfactored Vertical Dead Loads on Abutment Well Cap & Moments : i) Computation of Unfactord Dead Load (DL) Vertical Pressure on Well Cap from Different Components of Bridge Superstructure, Substructure (Abutment, Wing Walls& Counterforts, Well Cap) & Soil : a) Surface Area of Well Cap on Heel Side = LAb-T-W-Cap*WWell-Cap-Hell b) Total Vertical Pressure on Well Cap from Superstructure, Self Weight of Abutment & its Components = (RDL-Supr-1+ RDL-Supr-2+ RDL-Ab-Wall) c) Verticall Pressure on Well Cap for per meter Length in X-X Direction due to Superstructure, Self Weight of Abutment & its Component. = SPDL-Sup+Abl-UF/LAb-T-W-Cap d) DL Pressure from Wing Walls upon Heel Side = RDL-WW-UF e) DL Pressure from Counterforts upon Heel Side = RDL-WW-Count-UF f) DL Pressure from Soil upon on Heel Side = RDL-Soil.-UF g) DL Pressure from Surcharge upon Heel Side = RDL-Sur.-UF h) Total DL Pressure upon Well Cap Heel Side due to Factored Loads from Walls, Counterforts, Soil & Surcharge i) Unfactored DL Unit Pressure upon Well Cap on Heel Side from Wing Wall Counterforts, Soil & Surcharge = SPWell-Cap-Heel.-UF/AWell-Cap-Heel. j) DL Pressure due to Self Weight of Well Cap = RDL-Self-Wt.-UF AWell-Cap-Heel SPDL-Supr+Ab-UF
2 37.931 m
2,737.538 kN
PDL-Sup+Ab-Wall-UF
214.709 kN/m
PDL-W-Wall-UF PDL-Count-UF PDL-Soil.-UF PDL-Sur.-UF SPWell-Cap-Heel.-UF
366.494 kN 184.325 kN 2,102.265 kN 297.264 kN 2,950.348 kN
pUF-DL-Heel-UF.
2 77.781 kN/m
PSelf-Wt.-UF
2,524.950 kN
k) DL Unit Pressure upon Well Cap for Self Weight = PSelf-Wt-UF./AWell-Cap l) Summation of all Unfactored Vertical DL upon Well Cap = SRAll-V-DL.-UF m) Unfactored Vertical DL upon Well Cap for per meter Square per meter Length in X-X Direction = SFRAll-V-DL-UF./AWell-Cap
pDL-W-Cap-UF SRAll-V-DL.-UF wX-X-UF
2 37.754 kN/m
8,212.836 kN
2 122.801 kN/m /m
ii) Calculations of Unfactored Upward Dead Load Reactions at Supports having Span in X-X Direction : a) Span Length in Y-Y Direction (C/C Distance between Well Walls.) = SEff-Y-Y. LY-Y. 4.900 m
b) Sketch Diagram of Different Imposed Unfactored Dead Loads & Reactions in Y-Y Direction as Simple Supported Single Span Beam of 1.000m Width. PUF-DL-Sup+Ab-Wall = 214.709 kN/m
pUF-DL-Heel.=
2 77.781 kN/m /m pUF-DL-W-Cap =
2 37.754 kN/m /m
Heel End A LY-Y/2 = RAUF = 2.450 m LY-Y = 342.775 kN/m
C LY-Y/2 = 2.450 4.9 m m RBUF =
Toe End
247.493
kN/m 342.775 kN/m
c) Reaction RA at Support Position-A on Heel End, RA-UF =((PUF-DL-Sup+Ab-Walll*LY-Y/2)+(pUF-DL-W-Cap.*LY-Y2/2)+(PUF-DL-Heel*LY-Y/2*(LY-Y/4+LY-Y/2)))/LY-Y d) Reaction RB at Support Position-B on Toe End, RB-UF RB-UF =((PDL-Sup+Ab-Wall-UF*LY-Y/2)+(pDL-W-Cap-UF*LY-Y2/2)+(pDL-Heel.-UF*(LY-Y/2)2)/2)/LY-Y
247.493 kN/m
iii) Unfactored Moments in Y-Y Direction (about X-X) at different Points due to Vertical Dead Loads : a) (+) ve Bending Moment at Middle of Span at Position C, MDL-Midd-Y-Y -UF = (RB-UF*LY-Y/2 - pDL-W-Cap-UF.*(LY-Y/2)2/2) (+)MDL-Midd-UF 493.048 kN-m/m 493.048*10^6 N-mm/m
b) (+)ve Bending Moment Just on Outer Face of Abutment Wall on Toe (+)MAb-Outer-Toe.-UF 457.218 kN-m/m 2 Side, MDL-Ab-Out-Toe.-UF=(RB-UF*(LY-Y/2-tAb-wal-Top./2) - pDL-W-Cap.-UF*(LY-Y/2-tAb-wal-Top./2) /2) 457.218*10^6 N-mm/m c) (+) ve Bending Moment Just on Inner Face of Abutment Wall on Heel (+)MAb-Inn-Heel.-UF 503.559 kN-m/m Side, MAb-Inn-Heel.-UF = RA*(WWell-Cap-Hell - tWall./2) 503.559*10^6 N-mm/m 2 2 - pDL-W-Cap-UF*(WWell-Cap-Hell - tWall./2) /2- pDL-Heel-UF.*(WWell-Cap-Hell - tWall./2) /2 d) (+) ve Bending Moment Just at Inner Face of Well Wall on Heel Side, (+)MHell-Well-Wall.-UF 92.434 kN-m/m 2 2 MHeel-Well-Wall.-UF = RA-UF*tWall/2 - pDL-W-Cap-UF*(tWall/2) /2 - pDL-Heel-UF.*(tWall/2) /2 95.489*10^6 N-mm/m e) Max. (+) Moment Value in Y-Y Direction occurs on Inner Face of (+)MMax.-UF-Y-Y 503.559 kN-m/m
Abutment Wall on Heel Side of Well Cap.
503.559*10^6 N-mm/m
iv) Calculations of Unfactored Upward Dead Load Reactions at Supports having Span in Y-Y Direction : a) Sketch Diagram of Imposed Unfactored Dead Loads & Reactions in X-X Direction as a Multi Span Continuous Beam in X-X Direction with 1.000m Width.
wX-X-UF =
122.801 kN/m 4.050 R2R = m LX-X = 497.345 m 4.050 m R1R = 248.672 m
LX-X = R1L = 248.672 m
4.050 m R2L =
LX-X = 497.345 STotal =
12.150 m R1L& R1R R2L& R2R 248.672 kN 497.345 kN
v) Unfactored Moments in X-X Direction (about Y-Y) at different Points due to Vertical Dead Loads : a) (+) ve Bending Moment at Middle Position of Each Span MMidd-UF = wX-X-UF*1/14*(LX-X)2/2 b) (-) ve Bending Moment at Support Positions R1 & R2, MWall-1&R2-X-X -UF= wX-X-UF*1/10*(LX-X)2/2 (+)MMidd-X-X-UF 71.937 kN-m/m 71.937*10^6 N-mm/m
(-)MWall-R1&R2-X-X-UF 100.712 kN-m/m 100.712*10^6 N-mm/m
11 Features related to Flexural Design of Reinforcements for Well Cap in botn Y-Y & X-X Directions: i) Design Strip Width for Well Cap in Y-Y & X-X Directions & Clear Cover of Different Faces; a) Let Consider the Design Width in both Y-Y & X-X Directions are = 1000mm b) Let the Clear Cover at Bottom Surface of Well Cap, C-Cov.Bot. = 75mm, Let the Clear Cover at Top Surface of Well Cap, C-Cov.Top = 75mm, Let the Clear Cover at Vertical Surface of Well Cap, C-Cov.Vert.. =75mm, b C-Cov-Bot. C-Cov-Top. C-Cov-Side. 1.000 m 75 mm 75 mm 75 mm
ii) Calculations of Limits For Maximum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1) : . a) With Maximum Amount of Prestressed & Nonprestressed Reinforcement for a c/de-Max. Section c/de 0.42 in which; b) c is the distance from extreme Compression Fiber to the Neutral Axis in mm c) de is the corresponding Effective Depth from extreme Compression Fiber to the Centroid of Tensial Forces in Tensial Reinforcements in mm. Here; i) de = (Apsfpsdp + Asfyds)/(Apsfps + Asfy), where ; ii) As = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Tinsion Reinforcement in mm2 c de
0.42
Variable Variable
As
Variable
mm2
iii) Aps = Area of Prestressing Steel in mm2 iv) fy = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Tension Bar in MPa. vi) fps = Average Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. xi) dp = Distance of Extreme Compression Fiber from Prestressing Tendon Centroid in mm. xii) ds = Distance of Centroid of Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement from the Extreme Compression Fiber in mm. d) For a Structure having only Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement the values of Aps, fps & dp are = 0. Thus Equation for value of de stands to de = Asfyds/Asfy & thus de = ds . iii) Limits For Manimum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.2) :
Aps fy fps dp ds
Variable 410.00 Variable Variable Variable
mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 mm mm
a) For Section of a Flexural Component having both Prestressed & Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements should have Minimum Resisting Moment Mr 1.2*Mcr or 1.33 Times the Calculated Factored Moment for the Section Based on AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1-Table-3.4.1-1, which one is less.For Compnents having Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements only Mr = 1.2Mcr. b) The Cracking Moment of a Section Mcr = Sc(fr + fcpe) - Mdnc(Sc/Snc - 1) Scfr where; i) fcpe = Compressive Stress in Concrete due to Effective Prestress Forces at Extreme Fiber only where Tensile Stress is caused by Externally Applied Forces after allowance of all Prestressing Losses in MPa. In Nonprestressing RCC Components value of fcpe = 0. ii) Mdnc = Total Unfactored Dead Load Moment acting on the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section in N-mm. iii) Sc = Section Modulus for the Extreme Fiber of the Composite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. iv) Snc = Section Modulus of Extreme Fiber of the Monolithic/Noncomposite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. For the Rectangular RCC Section value of Snc = (b*hWell-Cap.3/12)/(hWell-Cap./2) v) fr = Modulus of Rupture of Concrete in Mpa,(AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). c) For Nonprestressing & Monolithic or Noncomposite Beam or Elements, Sc = Snc & fcpe = 0, thus Equation for Cracking Moment Stands to Mcr = Sncfr d) Thus Calculated value of Mcr according to respective values of Equation e) The value of Mcr = Scfr f) Cpoputed value of Mcr = 1.33*MExt Factored Moment due to External Forces Mcr fcpe Variable N-mm N/mm2
Mdnc
Variable
N-mm
Sc
Variable
mm3
Snc
3 0.240 m 3 240.000/10^3 m 3 240.000*10^6 mm
fr Mcr
2 2.88702269 N/mm
692885445.077
N-mm 692.89 kN-m N-mm N-mm N-mm
Mcr-1 Mcr-2 Mcr-3
g) Table-1 Showing Allowable Resistance Moment M r for requirment of Minimum Reinforcement at Different Sections Location Value of Value of Actuat Acceptable 1.2 Times of Section Unfactored Mcr-1 Cracking Mcr of Mcr under Dead Load As per Moment Cracking Cracking for Moment Equation Value Moment Moment Moment MDL-UF 5.7.3.3.2-1 Sncfr (Mcr-1Sncfr) (1.2*Mcr) Calculation kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
(+)ve. Monents in Y-Y Direction. Mid. Span Ab-Out-Toe. Ab-In-Heel 493.048 457.218 503.559 692.885 692.885 692.885 692.885 692.885 692.885 692.885 692.885 692.885 692.885 692.885 692.885 831.463 831.463 831.463 831.463 831.463 831.463 823.455 759.644 852.469 143.810 110.519 154.726 1095.195 1010.327 1133.783 191.268 146.990 205.785 831.463 831.463 831.463 831.463 831.463 831.463 831.463 831.463 852.469 831.463 831.463 831.463
M Factored Moment of Section M kN-m
1.33 Times
Mr of M, Allowable Factored Min. Moment for RCC Moment 1.2Mcr (1.33*M) kN-m kN-m
Heel-Wall 92.434 692.885 692.885 (+) ve. & (-) ve. Moments in X-X Direction. (+) Middle (-) on Wall 71.937 100.712 692.885 692.885 692.885 692.885
iv) Calculations for Balanced Steel Ratio- pb & Max. Steel Ratio- pmax according to AASHTO-1996-8.16.2.2 : a) Balanced Steel Ratio or the Section, pb = b*b1*((f/c/fy)*(599.843/(599.843 + fy))), b) Max. Steel Ratio, pmax. = f *pb , (Here f = 0.75) 12 Flexural Design of Reinforcements for Well Cap in Y-Y Directions: i) Design of Reinforcements in Y-Y Direction (Parallel to Traffic) against Max. (+) ve Moment: a) In Y-Y Direction the Maximum Moment occurs at Inner Face of Abutment (+)MMax.-USD-Y-Y 823.455 which is Less than Mr the Allowable Minimum Moment for Flexural Design. 823.455*10^6 Thus Mr is the Governing Moment for Flexural Design. For (+) ve, Moment the Mr 831.463 Reinforcements will be on Bottom Surface of Well Cap. 831.463*10^6 b) Since MMax.-USD-Y-Y > Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus MMax.-USD-Y-Y is the Design Moment MU. c) Let provide 25f bars as Main Reinforcement on Bottom Surface in Y-Y Direction of Well Cap. d) X-Sectional of 25f Main bars = p*DMain-bar2/4 e) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Main Reinforcement on Bottom Surface, dpro = (hWell-Cap.-CCov-Bot. -DMain-bar-Y-Y./2) f) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) MU kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m pb 0.022
pmax.
0.016
831.463 kN-m/m 831.463*10^6 N-mm/m 25 mm
DMain-bar-Y-Y.
Af-25. de-pro.
2 490.874 mm
1,112.500 mm
areq.
42.689 mm
g) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) h) Spacing of Reinforcement with 25f bars = Af-25.b/As-req-Bot.-Y-Y i) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 25f bars for the Section spro = 125mm,C/C j) The provided Steel Area with 25f bars having Spacing 150mm,C/C = Af-25..b/spro k) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
/ i) With provided Steel Area the value of 'a' = As-pro*fy/(b1*f c*b)
As-req-Bot.-Y-Y sreq spro.
2,045.157 240.018
mm2/m mm,C/C
125 mm,C/C
As-pro-Bot-Y-Y.
3,926.991
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.004 90.200 mm 1,718.585 kN-m/m
j) Resisting Moment for the Section with provided Steel Area, = As-pro*fy(d - apro/2)/10^6
k) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro amd Calculated Design Moment MU. l) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. m) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : i) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, ii) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. ii) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design iii) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.069 n) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) ii) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Well Cap in X-X Direction. a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Inner Face of Well Wall on Heel Side, which is also Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = VHeel-W-Wall-USD.= VU VU. c/de-Max. c
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
0.450 76.670 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.069 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
479.368 kN/m 479.368*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 1,001.250
to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = hWell-Cap Depth of Well Cap.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
1,001.250 mm 864.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-Heel
Vn-1
Vn-2
Vc
Vs
2.000
Vp.
0.000 N
d) Statue between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces VU Vn>Vu Satisfied For the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not). e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Well does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Well Cap Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus the Flexural Design of Reinforcement on Bottom Surface of Well Cap in Y-Y Direction (Parallel to Traffic Direction) is OK. iii) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; Mr 1,546.726 N-mm 1298.015*10^6 kN-m 1,718.585 N-mm
i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm
Mn
1442.239*10^6 kN-m ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. f 0.90
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Well Cap is being considered as s Simple Supported Rectangular Beam having 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments at its Mid Span will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment MU at Mid Span of assumed Rectangular Beam in Y-Y Direction = MMax.-USD-Y-Y Mn-Y-Y 1,718.585 kN-m 1442.239*10^6 N-mm
MMax.-USD-Y-Y
823.455 kN-m 823.455*10^6 N-mm
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Factored Moment M for the Section ( Which one is Greater, if Mr M the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied)
Mr>MMax.-USD-Y-Y Satisfied
iv) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State fs-Dev.
2 155.063 N/mm
MMax.-WSD-Y-Y 677.434 kN-m 677.434*10^6 N-mm As-pro de

2 3,926.991 mm
ii) As-pro is the Steel Area for the Section under USD Design Calculation. iii) de is Effective Depth between Extreme Compression Fiber to Centroid of the Tensile Reinforcement for the Section. c) fsa is Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement having its value = Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, in Which; i) dc=Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Bottom/Top Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Bot. Since Clear Cover at Bottom of Well Cap, CCover-Bot = 75mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 25f ; thus dc = (25/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated
1,112.500 mm
fsa
2 171.349 N/mm
dc
62.500 mm
2 15,625.000 mm
by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Well Cap the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure will be a Buried Components thus the Allowable Max. value is ZMax. = 17000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. ZMax. 17,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the T-Girder Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev. ZDev. 15,384.168 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs fsa< 0.6fy Satisfy Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Well Cap fs-Dev.< fsa the Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allocable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Y-Y Direction at Well Cap Bottom Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any additional Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 13 Flexural Design of Reinforcements for Well Cap in X-X Directions for (+) Moment on Bottom Surface : i) Design of Reinforcements in X-X Direction (Perpendicular to Traffic) against (+) ve Moment: a) The Max. (+) ve Moment occurs just at Middle of all Spans in X-X (+)MMidd-X-X-USD 110.519 Direction the value of MMidd.-X-X-USD < Mr, Minimum Flexural Strength Moment 110.519*10^6 for the Section, thus Mr is Governing Moment for Design. For (+) ve Moment Mr 831.463 value the Reinforcements will be on the Bottom Surface of Well Cap in X-X 831.463*10^6 Direction. b) Since (-)MMidd-X-X-USD > Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, MU kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
831.463 kN-m/m
thus (-) MMidd.-X-X-USD is the Design Moment MU. c) Let provide 25f bars as Reinforcement on Bottom Surface in X-X Direction of Well Cap. d) X-Sectional of 25f Bars = p*DBar-X-X-Bot.2/4 e) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Main Reinforcement in Y-Y on Bottom Surface 25f, dpro = (hWell-Cap. - CCov-Bot. -DMain-Y-Y - DBarX-X.-Bot/2) f) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) g) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) h) Spacing of Reinforcement with 25f bars = Af-25.b/As-req-Bot.-Y-Y i) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 25f bars for the Section spro = 200mm,C/C j) The provided Steel Area with 25f bars having Spacing 200mm,C/C = Af-25.b/spro k) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
/ l) With provided Steel Area the value of 'a' = As-pro*fy/(b1*f c*b)
831.463*10^6 N-mm/m DBar-X-X.-Bot 25.000 mm
Af-25. dpro.
2 490.874 mm
1,087.500 mm
areq.
43.711 mm
As-req-Bot.-X-X sreq spro.-X-X-Bot.
2,114.482 232.149 200.000
mm2/m mm, C/C mm,C/C
As-pro-Bot-X-X.
2,454.369
mm2/m
ppro apro
0.002 56.375 mm
m) Resisting Moment for the Section with provided Steel Area, = As-pro*fy(d - apro/2)/10^6
Mpro
1,705.563 kN-m/m Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax Not OK Not OK
n) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro amd Calculated Design Moment MU. o) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. ii) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.044 e) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) c/de-Max. c
0.450 47.919 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.044 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
iii) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Well Cap in X-X Direction. a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Inner Face of Well Wall on X-X Direction, which is also Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = VR1-X-X-USD= VU VU. 353.740 kN/m 353.74010^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = hWell-Cap Depth of Well Cap.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 978.750
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
978.750 mm 864.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-X-X-Mid 3,164.306 kN/m 3164.306*10^3 N/m Vn-1 3,164.306 kN/m 3164.306*10^3 N/m 5,138.438 kN/m 5138.438*10^3 N/m 3,164.306 kN/m 3164.306*10^3 N/m 0.000 N/m
Vn-2
Vc
Vs
d) Statue between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces VU Vn>Vu Satisfied For the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not). e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Well does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Shear Forces for the Section in X-X Direction > the Critical Shear Forces in Y-Y Direction, thus the Flexural Design of Bottom Surface Reinforcement of Well Cap in X-X Direction (Perpendicular to Traffic) is OK.
iv) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; Mr 959.379 N-mm 959.379*10^6 kN-m 1,065.977 N-mm 1065.977*10^6 kN-m 0.90
i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing.
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Well Cap is being considered as s Simple Supported Rectangular Beam having 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored (+) Moments in X-X at its Mid Span will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment (+) M at Mid Span of assumed Rectangular Beam in X-X Direction = (+) MMidd-X-X-USD (+)Mn-X-X 1,065.977 kN-m 1065.977*10^6 N-mm
(+)MMidd-X-X-USD
110.519 kN-m 110.519*10^6 N-mm
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Factored Moment M for the Section ( Which one is Greater, if Mr M the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied)
Mr>MMidd-X-X-USD Satisfied
v) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State fs-Dev.
2 37.052 N/mm
(+)MMidd-X-X-USD
98.895 kN-m 98.895*10^6 N-mm

2 2,454.369 mm
As-pro de
1,087.500 mm
fsa
2 170.000 N/mm
i) dc=Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Bottom/Top Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Bot. Since Clear Cover at Bottom of Well Cap, CCover-Bot = 75mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 25f ; thus dc = (25/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Well Cap the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure will be a Buried Components thus the Allowable Max. value is ZMax. = 17000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element.
dc
50.000 mm
2 20,000.000 mm
ZMax.
17,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Well Cap fs-Dev.< fsa the Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allocable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Y-Y Direction at Well Cap Bottom Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any additional Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 14 Flexural Design of Reinforcements for Well Cap in X-X Directions for (-) Moment on Top Surface : i) Design of Reinforcements in X-X Direction (Perpendicular to Traffic) against (-) ve Moment:
a) The Calculated (-)ve Moments occur at Support Positions of Well (-)MWall-R1&R2-X-X-USD 154.726 Cap in X-X Direction having equal value. (-) MWall-R1&R2-X-X-USD < Mr, the 154.726*10^6 Required Minimum Flexural Strength Moment which Governs the Design. For Mr 831.463 (-) ve Moment value the Reinforcement will be on Top Surface of Well Cap in 831.463*10^6 X-X Direction. b) Since (-) MWall-R1&R2-X-X-USD > Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus (-) MWall-R1&R2-X-X-USD is the Design Moment MU. MU
831.463 kN-m/m 831.463*10^6 N-mm/m
b) Let provide 25f bars as Reinforcement on Top Surface in X-X Direction of Well Cap. c) X-Sectional of 25f Bars = p*DBar-X-X-Bot.2/4 e) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Main Reinforcement on Top Surface, dpro = (hWell-Cap. - CCov-Top - DBarX-X.-Top/2) f) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) g) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) h) Spacing of Reinforcement with 25f bars = Af-25.b/As-req-Bot.-Y-Y i) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 25f bars for the Section spro = 200mm,C/C j) The provided Steel Area with 25f bars having Spacing 200mm,C/C = Af-25b/spro k) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
/ l) With provided Steel Area the value of 'a' = As-pro*fy/(b1*f c*b)
DBar-X-X.-Top
25.000 mm
Af-25. dpro.
2 490.874 mm
1,112.500 mm
areq.
42.689 mm
As-req-Top.-X-X sreq spro.
2,065.046 237.706 200.000
mm2/m mm,C/C mm,C/C
As-pro-Top-X-X.
2,454.369
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.002 56.375 mm 1,091.134 kN-m/m
m) Resisting Moment for the Section with provided Steel Area, = As-pro*fy(d - apro/2)/10^6
n) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro amd Calculated Design Moment MU. o) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. ii) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, c/de-Max. c
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
0.450 47.919 mm
having c = b1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.043 e) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) iii) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Well Cap in X-X Direction. a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Inner Face of Well Wall on X-X Direction, which is also Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = VR1-X-X-USD= VU VU. 316.537 kN/m 316.537*10^3 N/m b1 c/de-pro 0.85 0.043 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = b, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = hWell-Cap Depth of Well Cap.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 1,001.250
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
1,001.250 mm 864.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-X-X-R1&R2 3,237.048 kN/m 3237.048*10^3 N/m Vn-1 3,237.048 kN/m 3237.048*10^3 N/m 5,256.563 kN/m 5256.563*10^3 N/m 3,237.048 kN/m 3237.048*10^3 N/m 0.000 N/m
Vn-2
Vc
Vs
d) Statue between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces VU Vn>Vu Satisfied For the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not). e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Well does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Shear Forces for the Section in X-X Direction > the Critical Shear Forces in Y-Y Direction, thus the Flexural Design of Bottom Surface Reinforcement of Well Cap in X-X Direction (Perpendicular to Traffic) is OK. iv) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; Mr 956.493 N-mm 956.493*10^6 kN-m 1,062.770 N-mm 1062.770*10^6 kN-m 0.90
i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing.
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Well Cap is being considered as s Simple Supported Rectangular Beam having 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored (-) Moments in X-X Well Wall Face will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment (-) M at Well Wall Face of assumed Rectangular Beam in X-X Direction = (-) MWall-R1&R2-X-X-USD (-)Mn-X-X 1,062.770 kN-m 1062.770*10^6 N-mm
(-)MWall-R1&R2-X-X-USD
154.726 kN-m 154.726*10^6 N-mm
f) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Mr>MWall-R1&R2-X-X-USD Satisfied Actual Factored Moment M for the Section ( Which one is Greater, if Mr M the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied) v) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State fs-Dev.
2 50.706 N/mm
(-)MWall-R1&R2-X-X-USD 138.453 kN-m 138.453*10^6 N-mm
ii) As-pro is the Steel Area for the Section under USD Design Calculation. iii) de is Effective Depth between Extreme Compression Fiber to Centroid of the Tensile Reinforcement for the Section. c) fsa is Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement having its value = Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, in Which; i) dc=Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Bottom/Top Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Bot. Since Clear Cover at Bottom of Well Cap, CCover-Bot = 75mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 25f ; thus dc = (25/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Well Cap the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure will be a Buried Components thus the Allowable Max. value is ZMax. = 17000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element.
As-pro de
2 2,454.369 mm
1,112.500 mm
fsa
2 170.000 N/mm
dc
50.000 mm
2 20,000.000 mm
ZMax.
17,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Well Cap fs-Dev.< fsa the Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allocable Max. Crack
Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Y-Y Direction at Well Cap Bottom Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any additional Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 15 Arrangement of Reinforcement on Top & Bottom Surface of Well Cap under Provision of Distribution Reinforcement or as Temperature & Shrinkage Reinforcement in Y-Y (Parallel to Traffic) & also X-X (Perpendicular to Traffic) Directions Including the Vertical Faces. i) Arrangement of Reinforcement on Horizontal Surfaces : a) Since on Bottom Surface of Well Cap, Reinforcements are being Provided both in Y-Y & X-X Directions, but on Top Surface the Provided Reinforcements are in X-X Direction only. Thus it requires provision of Reinforcements in Y-Y Direction. On Top Surface in Y-Y Direction (Parallel to Traffic) Reinforcements can Provide as Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement on same Surface according to provisions of AASHTO-LRFD.- 5.10.8. b) Let consider a 1.000m X 1.000m Strip of Surface of Well Cap for Calculation of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement on Top Surface in Y-Y Direction. c) Under Provision of AASHTO1996-8.20.1&.2. the Required Steel Area against Temperature & Shrinkage Reinforcement on any Cocrete Exposed Surface in both Directions = (1/8)*25^2*3.28mm 2/m bY-Y. bX-X AS-S&T 1.000 m 1.000 m
2 256.250 mm /m
d) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.1. Steel Area required as Shrinkage As-req-S&T-Top.Y-Y Temperature Reinforcement for Structural Components having its Thickness 1200mm or Less; As 0.11Ag/fy in both way.(Here Well Cap Thickness = 1200mm). e) Here Ag is Gross Area of Strip on Top Surface = bY-Y*bX-X f) Let provide 16f bars as Shrinkage & Temperature on Top of Well Cap in Y-Y Direction. g) X-Sectional Area of 16f bar = pDBar2/4 h) Spacing of 16f bars as Shrinkage & Temperature on Top of Well Cap in Y-Y Direction = Af-16.bX-X/As-req-S&T-Top.Y-Y Ag-Strip DBar.S&T-Y-Y
2 268.293 mm
2 1000000.000 mm
16.000 mm
Af-16 sreq-S&T-Top-Y-Y.
2 201.062 mm 2 749.413 mm
i) Spacing of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements will less of 3-times spro-S&T-Top-Y-Y. the Component thickness or 450mm. Since the Thickness of Component is 1200mm; thus let provide Specing of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements for Top Surface in Y-Y Direction = 300m C/C.
300.000 mm
j) Since As-pro-Top. > As-req-Top & spro-Top> s-req-Top, thus the provision of Shrinkage & Temperature on Top Surface of Wel Cap in Y-Y Direction is OK. ii) Arrangement of Reinforcements on Vertical Faces both in Vertical & Horizontal Direction :
a) The Vertical Faces of Well Cap Require Reinforcements in both Vertical & Horizontal Directions, those can also provide as Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD.- 5.10.8. b) Since the Well Cap has a Thickness/Depth of 1200mm, thus let consider a Strip of Well Cap Vertical Surface having Horizontal Length LHor. = 1000mm & Vertical Height hVer. = 1200mm (Depth of Well Cap) for Calculations of its Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements on both Directions. LHor. hVer. 1.000 m 1.200 m
c) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.10.8.1. Steel Area required as Shrinkage As-req-S&T-V-Face Temperature Reinforcement for Structural Componentshaving its Thickness 1200mm or Less; As 0.11Ag/fy in both way.(Here Well Cap Thickness = 1200mm). d) Here Ag is Gross Area of Strip on Vertical Surface = LHor.*hVer. e) Let provide 16f bars as Shrinkage & Temperature on Well Cap Vertical Faces in Horihontal Direction. f) X-Sectional Area of 16f bar = pDBar-Hor2/4 g) Number of 16f Bars required as Shrinkage & Temperature on Vertical Faces in Horihontal Direction = As-req-S&T-V-Face/Af-16. h) Let provide 4 nos 16f Bars as Shrinkage & Temperature on Vertical Faces in Horihontal Direction. i) Spacing of 4nos. 16f bars as Shrinkage & Temperature on Well Cap Vertical Faces in Horizopntal Direction = hVer./(NBar-Hor-pro.- 1) Ag-Strip DBar-Hor
2 321.951 mm
2 1200000.000 mm
16.000 mm
Af-16 NBar-Hor-req.
2 201.062 mm
1.601 nos.
NBar-Hor-pro.
4.000 nos.
spro-S&T-Hor.
400.000 mm
h) Spacing of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements will less of 3-times spro-S&T-Top-Y-Y. the Component thickness or 450mm. Since the Thickness of Component is 1200mm; thus let provide Specing of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements for Top Surface in Y-Y Direction = 300m C/C.
300.000 mm
j) Since As-pro-Top. > As-req-Top & spro-Top> s-req-Top, thus the provision of Shrinkage & Temperature on Top Surface of Wel Cap in Y-Y Direction is OK. k) Since the Well Cap Bottom & Top Surfaces are being Provided with Flexural as well Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement Bars having Spacing ranging 150mm to 300mm C/C, thus it is Recommended to bent up & down those Bars alternately from Bottom & Top. These arrangement will fulfill the requirements of Vertical Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcements for Vertical Faces of Well Cap. 16 Checking against Shearing Forces at Critical Sections of Well Cap. i) Checking of Shearing Forces at Critical Sections of Well Cap along X-X Direction due to Vertical Loads from Superstructure (DL + LL), Loads of Abutment Wall (DL), Soil & Surcharge Loads (DL + LL). a) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.2; 5.13.3.6.1 & C 5.13.3.6.1 the Critical Sections of Footings (Here Well Cap) prevaile on 2 (Two) Loactions; i) At a Distance dv from Face of Abutment Wall Toe Side (River Face), ii) Just on the
Back Face of Abutment Well on Heel Side (Earth Face). b) Since the Well Cap is being Designed Considering it has One Way Action; thus the Shear Resistances for both the Locations should Satisfy the Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3. c) The Calculated Factored Shearing Forces on Toe Side of Well Cap at Critical Section at a Distance dv from the = RB-USD - (LY-Y/2 - tAb-Wal-Bot/2 - dv)*pSelf-Wt.-USD d) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or VU-dv-Toe 348.492 kN/m
Vn-Heel 5,256.563 kN/m 52563.563*10^3 N/m Vn-1 7,616.584 kN/m 7616.584*10^3 N/m 5,256.563 kN/m 52563.563*10^3 N/m 7,616.584 kN/m 7616.584*10^3 N/m N/m
Vn-2
d-i) Vc is Nominal Shear Resistance of Conrete in N & value = 0.083bf/cbvdv, (AASHTO-LRFD- Equ. 5.8.3.3-1); d-ii) Vs is Shear Resistance Provided by Shear Reinforcement in N having value = Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s. (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.3.3-3) in which, For Footing/Foundation Slab Vs = 0. d-iii) b is Factor for the Diagonally Cracked Concrete to transmit Tension as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4. For Footing/Foundation Slab b = 2.00. d-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (For RCC Structure Elements, Vp = 0. AASHTO-8.16.6.3.1.)
Vc
Vs
2.000
Vp.
e) Statue between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces VU Vn>Vu Satisfied For the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not). f) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Well does not require any Shear Reinforcement. g) Checking of Shearing Forces at Critical Section on Abutment Wall Heel Face of Well Cap along X-X Direction due to Vertical Loads from Superstructure (DL + LL), Loads of Abutment Wall (DL), Soil & Surcharge Loads (DL + LL) have already been done in Serial No-12-ii & found Satisfactory, thus no further Checking ie Required. ii) Checking of Punching Shear Forces at Critical Sections of Well Cap along X-X Direction due to Vertical Loads from Superstructure (DL + LL), Loads of Abutment Wall (DL), Soil & Surcharge Loads (DL + LL) as Two-Way Action According to Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.13.3.6 : a) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.13.3.6.1 the Critical is Located at a Distance not Less than 0.5dv to Calcutate the Parimeter bo of the Concetrated Loads. b) According to AASHTO-LRFD-5.13.3.6.3 for Two-Way Action without Transverse/Shear Reinforcement the Nominal
Shear Resitance of Concrete for the Section, Vn = (0.17+0.33/bc)f/cbodv 0.33 f/cbodv ; where, c) bc is Ratio of Long Side to Short Side of Rectangule through which the Horces bc Concentrated Load or Reaction Transmitted having value = LAb-Wall-Trans./LAb-Cap-Long. d) bo is Perimeter of the Critial Section at a distance 0.5*dv from Face of Load bo 3 Action Face having value, bo = 2*{(2*0.5dv +LAB-Wall-Trans) + (tAb-Wall-Bot+2*0.5dv)} /10 m e) dv is Effective Shear Depth in mm. f) The Calculated Factored Total Shearing Forces at Critical on Toe Side at a Distance 0.5*dv from the Abutment Wall Face = ((RB-USD - (LY-Y/2 - tAb-Wal-Bot/2 - 0.5*dv)*pSelf-Wt.-USD)*LW-Cap-Trans. g) The Calculated Factored Total Shearing Forces at Critical on Heel Side at a Distance 0.5*dv from the Abutment Wall Face = ((RA-USD - (LY-Y/2 - tAb-Wal-Bot/2 - 0.5*dv)*pSelf-Wt.-USD+ pHeel)*LW-Cap-Trans. h) Computed value on Toe Side for Vn-1 = (0.17+0.33/bc)f/cbodv i) Computed value on Toe Side for Vn-2 = 0.33 f/cbodv dv VU-Total-Crit-Toe-1 1.864
26.005 m 26.005*10^3 mm 1,001.250 mm 4,075.105 kN
VU-Total-Crit-Toe-2
7,130.067 kN
Vn-1 Vn-2
41,412.369 kN 180439.918 kN 180439.918*10^3 N Satisfied
j) Relation betweenComputed values of Vn-1 & Vn-2 for Tor Side
Vn1<Vn2
k) All Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.13.3.6.1 & AASHTO-LRFD-5.13.3.6.3 are being Satisfied, thus the Structure is Safe in Respect Critical Shear. l) Since VC-d2 > VC-d1 > VU, Thus the Well Cap does not Require any Punching Shear Reinforcement. m) Since the Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, the Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Calculated Imposed Max. Shear Forces (Nominal & Punching) < the Computed Shear Forces (Nominal & Punching) and the Well Cap does not require any Shear Reinforcement, thus the Flexural Design of the Well Cap for Reinforcement on Top & Bottom Surface in all respect (both in X-X & Y-Y Direction) is OK.
ximum
the
P. Structural Design of RCC Wells for Bridge foundation:

1 Sketch Diagram of Abutment & Wing wall:
12750 3000 600 3450 600 3450 600 3450 600 600 C 2000 5225 2100 300 700
RL-5.00m 600 450 300
2525
2150
5500
1447
450
600
2750
3000
3000
450
RL-2.20m 1775 750 2525 1200
3450 450
2450 9350 10250
3450
450
1200
600
4300 5500
600
2 Dimensions of Bridge Superstructur, Substructure & RCC Well for Foundation : Description i) Dimentions of Superstructure : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) Span Length (Clear C/C distance between Bearings) Addl.Length of Girder beyond Bearing Center Line. Total Girder Length (a+2b) Carriageway Width Width of Side Walk on Each Side Width of Curb/Wheel Guard Width of Railing Curb/Post Guard Total Width of Bridge Deck Width & Depth of Railings Width & Breath of Railing Post SL SAddl. LGir. WCarr-Way. WS-Walk. WCurb. WR-Post. WB-Deck. RW&D. PW&B. 24.400 0.300 25.000 7.300 1.250 0.350 0.225 10.250 0.175 0.225 m m m m m m m m m m Notation Dimensions Unit.
Page 637
6150
1900 H1 = 4947
1775
H = 6147
2150
450 300
2750
1500
2147
k) l) m) n) o) p) q) r) s) t) u) v) w) w-i) x) y)
Height of Railing Post Height of Wheel Guard/Curb Number of Railings on each Side C/C distance between Railing Posts Thickness of Deck Slab Thickness of Wearing Course Number of Main Girders Number of Cross Girders Depth of Main Girders (Including Slab as T-Girder) Depth of Cross Girders (Including Slab as T-Girder) Width of Main Girders Width of Cross Girders C/C Distance Between Main Girders Distance of Slab Outer Edge to Exterior Girder Center Clear Distance Between Main Interior Girders Filets : i) Main Girder in Vertical Direction ii) Main Girder in Horizontal Direction iii) X-Girder in Vertical Direction vi) X-Girder in Horizontal Direction z) Vertical Surface Area of Superstructure's Exposed Elements
hR-Post. hCurb. Rnos. C/CD-R-Post. tSlab. tWC NGirder. NX-Girder. hGirder. hX-Girder. bGirder. bX-Girder. C/CD-Girder. CD-Ext.-Girder-Edg. ClD-Int.-Girder. FM-Girder-V. FM-Girder-H. FX-Girder-V. FX-Girder-H. ASup-Vert.
1.070 m 0.300 m 3.000 nos 2.000 m 0.200 m 0.075 m 5.000 nos 5.000 nos 2.000 m 1.900 m 0.350 m 0.250 m 2.000 m 1.125 m 1.650 m 0.150 m 0.150 m 0.075 m 0.075 m 2 87.108 m
ii) Dimensions of Sub-Structure. a) Height of Abutment Wall from Bottom of Well Cap up to Top of Back Wall, b) Height of Abutment Wall from Top of Well Cap up to Top of Back Wall, c) Height of Abutment Well Cap, d) Height of Abutment Steam e) Height of Back Wall f) Height of Wing Wall g) Width of Wall Cap on Heel Side (From Abutment Wall Face). h) Width (Longitudinal Length) of Abutment Well Cap, i) Length (Transverse Length) of Abutment Well Cap, j) Transverse Length of Abutment Wall (Outer Face to Outer Face) in X-X Direction. k) Inner Length of Abutment Wall in between Wing Walls (Transverse), l) Thickness of Abutment Wall (Stem) at Bottom H H1 hWell-Cap. hSteam. hb-wall H-W-Wall WWell-Cap-Hell WAb-Cap LAb-T-W-Cap LAB-Trans. 6.147 m 4.947 m 1.200 m 1.900 m 2.147 m 4.947 m 2.525 m 5.500 m
12.750 m 10.250 m
LAb-T-Inner t.-Ab-wal-Bot.
9.350 m 0.750 m
Page 638
m) Thickness of Abutment Wall (Stem) at Top n) Thickness of Counterfort Wall (For Wing Wall) o) Number of Wing-Wall Counterforts (on each side) p) Clear Spacing between Counerfort & Abutment Wall at Bottom q) Average Spacing between Counerfort & Abutment Wall = (tAB-Wall-Bot + tAb-Wall-Top)/2+SClear-Count& Ab-Bot. r) Effective Span of Wing Wall Counterfort = SAver-Count + tWW-Countf s) Thickness of Wing Walls within Well Cap, t) Thickness of Cantilever Wing Walls u) Length of Cantilever Wing Walls v) Height of Rectangular Portion of Cantilever Wing Walls w) Height of Triangular Portion of Cantilever Wing Walls x) Longitudinal Length of Well Cap on Toe Side from Abutment Wall Outer Face. y) Average Length (Longitudinal) of Well Cap on Heel Side from Abutment Wall Face.= SAver.-Count.& Ab. + tWW-Count. iii) Dimensions of RCC Well for Foundation. a) Width of Well in Y-Y Direction (In Longitudinal Direction) b) Length of Well in X-X Direction (In Transverse Direction) c) Depth of Well from Bottom of Well Cap up to Bottom of Well Curb d) Wall thickness of Well, f) Thickness of Partition Walls of Well, g) Diameter of Outer Circle, h) Diameter of Inner Circle = DOuter - 2* tWall i) Transverse Length of Rectangular Portion of Well Cap =LWell-X-X - DOuter
t.-Ab-wal-Top. tWW-Countf. NW-W-count SClear-Count& Ab-Bot. SAver-Count&Ab.
0.450 m 0.450 m 1.000 No's 1.775 m 2.375 m
2.825 m 0.450 m 0.450 m 3.000 m 2.000 m 1.500 m 2.525 m
L-W-Cap-Heel-Aver.
2.825 m
WWell-Y-Y LWell-X-X HWell-pro. tWell-Wall. tWall-Perti DOuter. DInner. LRect.
5.500 m 12.750 m 6.325 m 0.600 m 0.600 m 5.500 m 4.300 m 7.250 m
Page 639
j) Length of Partition Walls = DOuter - 2*tWall k) Number of Pockets within Well l) Distance between Inner Faces of Pockets in Y-Y Direction (Longitudinal Span Length). m) Distance between Inner Faces of Outer Pockets in X-X Direction (Transverse Span Length). n) Distance between Inner Faces of Central Pocket in X-X Direction (Transverse Span Length). o) Width of Well from its c.g. Line in X-X. = WWell-Y-Y/2 p) Surface Area of Well at Top & Bottom Level = pDOuter2/4 + LRect*DOuter q) Total Length of Staining of Well (Main & Partitions) through Center line = p*(DOuter+ DInner)/2 + 2*LRect. + 2*LParti r) Surface Area of Well Cap = LAb-T-W-Cap*W1/2-Well-Y-Y + 0.5*pDOuter2/4 + LRect*W1/2-Well-Y-Y s) Distance of c.g. (X-X) Line from Well Cap Toe Face = (LAb-T-W-Cap*(W1/2-Well-Y-Y)2*1.50+ (0.5*pDOuter2/4)*0.50*DOuter*3/4 + LRect*W1/2-Well-Y-Y2/2)/AWell-Cap. t) RL of Height Flood Level (HFL) u) RL of Maximum Scoring Level (MSL) v) Depth of Well Portion within Bed-rock, 3 Design Data in Respect of Unit Weight & Strength of Materials : i) Unit Weight of Different Materials :
LParti. NPock. SPock-Y-Y.
4.300 m 3.000 Nos 4.300 m
SPock-X-X-Outer.
3.450 m
3.450 m
W1/2-Well-Y-Y AWell. LStaining.
2.750 m
2 63.633 m
38.494 m
AWell-Cap.
2 66.879 m
bc.g.-Y-Y.
2.939 m
HFLRL MSLRL HB-Rock
2.100 m (4.750) m 1.500 m
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d) e)
2,447.23 2,345.26 1,019.68 1,045.17 1,835.42
Page 640
a) b) c) d) e)
24.00 23.00 10.00 10.25 18.00
ii) Design Data for Resistance Factors for Conventional Construction (AASHTO LRFD-5.5.4.2.1). : (Respective Resistance Factors are mentioned as f or b value) a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) For Flexural & Tension in Reinforced Concrete For Flexural & Tension in Prestressed Concrete For Shear & Torsion of Normal Concrete For Axil Comression with Spirals or Ties & Seismic Zones at Extreme Limit State (Zone 3 & 4). For Bearing on Concrete For Compression in Strut-and-Tie Modeis For Compression in Anchorage Zones with Normal Concrete For Tension in Steel in Anchorage Zones For resistance during Pile Driving Value of b1 for Flexural Compression in Reinforced Concrete (AASHTO LRFD-5.7.2..2.) Value of b for Flexural Tension of Reinforcement in Concrete fFlx-Rin. fFlx-Pres. fShear. fSpir/Tie/Seim. fBearig. fStrut&Tie. fAnc-Copm-Conc. fAnc-Ten-Steel. fPile-Resistanc. b1 b 0.90 1.00 0.90 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.80 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.85
iii) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy h) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa f/c fc Ec 21.000 8.400 23,855.620 2.887 fr fy fs ES 2.887 MPa MPa MPa MPa
410.000 MPa 164.000 MPa 200000.000 MPa
iv) Strength Data related to Working Stress Design & Service Load Condition ( WSD & AASHTO-SLS ) : a) b) c) d) e) Modular Ratio, n = Es/Ec>6 8.384 Value of Ratio of Steel & Concrete Flexural Strength, r = fs/fc = 164/8.400 Value of k = n/(n + r) = 9.000/(9.000 + 20) Value of j = 1 - k/3 = 1 - 0.307/3 Value of R = 0.5*(fckj) = 0.5*(8.400*0.307*0.898) = 1.156 n r k j R 8 19.524 0.291 0.903 1.102
v) Sub-soil Investigation Report & Bearing Capacity of Bed-rock :
Page 641
a) SPT Value as per Soil Boring Test Report, / b) Corrected SPT Value for N>15, N = 15 + 1/2(N - 15) = 15 + 1/2(50 - 15) = 15 + 1/2(50 - 15) = 32.5 . Say N/ = 33 c) Recommended Allowable Bearing Capacity of Bed-rock (Soil Investigation Report witht SPT Value 50 over, p = 7.2 Ton/ft2. = 770kN/m2) 4 Intensity of Different Imposed Loads, Load Coefficients & Multiplier Factors : i) Coefficient for Lateral Earth Pressure (EH) : a) Coefficient of Active Horizontal Earth Pressure, ko = (1-sinff ) ,Where; f is Effective Friction Angle of Soil b) For Back Filling with Clean fine sand, Silty or clayey fine to medium sand Effective Friction Angle of Soil, f = 340 .(Table 12.9, Page-138, RAINA,s Book) c) Angle of Friction with Concrete surface & Soli AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1. d) Value of Tan d (dim) for Coefficient of Friction. = 0.34 to 0.45 (AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.5.3 ;Table 3.11.5.3-1.)
N N/ p
50 Over 33
2 770 kN/m
ko
0.441
34
19 to 24
Tan d
0.34 to 0.45
dim
2 0.007935 N/mm 2 7.935 kN/m
ks wE*10-3
0.441
2 0.018 N/mm
iii) Live Load Surcharge Vertical & Horizontal Pressure Intensity (LS); AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4. : a) Constant Earth Pressur both Vertical & Horizontal for Live Load Surcharge on Abutment Wall (Perpendicular to Traffic), Where; Dp-LS = kgsgheq*10-9 Dp-LL-Ab<6.00m Dp-LL-Ab6.00m 0.007141 7.141 0.004761 4.761 0.008331 8.331 0.004761 4.761 N/mm2 kN/m2 N/mm2 kN/m2 N/mm2 kN/m2 N/mm2 kN/m2
k gs
0.441 3 1,835.499 kg/m
Page 642
e) Since wE, the Unit Wieght of Soil = 18kN/m 3, thus gs = wE*10^3/g 2 f) g is Gravitational Acceleration (m/sec ), AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.1.2. g) heq is Equivalent of Height of Abutment Wall Soil for Vehicular Load (mm). Having, H < 6000mm & for having H 6000mm ; AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4; Table-3.11.6.4-1. h) Width of Live Load Surcharge Pressure for Abutment having H < 6000mm.& H 6000mm. AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4; Table-3.11.6.4-1.
g heq-Ab<6.00m. heq-Ab6.00m. Weq-Ab<6.00m. Weq-Ab6.00m.
2 9.807 m/sec
900.000 mm 600.000 mm 900.000 0.900 600.000 0.600 mm m mm m
i) heq is Equivalent of Height of Abutment Wall Soil for Vehicular Load (mm). Having, H < 6000mm & for having H 6000mm ; AASHTO-LRFD-3.11.6.4; Table-3.11.6.4-2. j) Width of Live Load Surcharge Pressure for Wing Walls, Having H < 6000mm.& H 6000mm.
1,050.000 mm 600.000 mm
600.000 0.600 600.000 0.600
mm m mm m
iv) Wind Load Intensity on Superstructure Elements (WS) : a) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Vertical Fcaes of Superstructure Elements in Lateral Direction of Wind Flow (Parallel to Traffic). AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.2.2; Table-3.8.1.2.2-1. b) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Vertical Fcaes of Superstructure Elements in Longitudinal Direction of Wind Flow (Perpendicular to Traffic). v) Wind Load Intensity on Substructure Elements (WS) : a) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Vertical Fcaes of Substructure Elements in Lateral Direction (Parallel to Traffic). = 0.0019*cos600 Mpa, Considering 600 Skew Angle of Main Force; (AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.2.3). b) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Vertical Fcaes of Substructure Elements in Longitudinal Direction (Perpendicular to Traffic). = 0.0019*sin600 Mpa; Considering 600 Skew Angle of Main Force; (AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.2.3). vi) Wind Load Intensity on Live Load (WL) : a) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Live Load upon Superstructure in Longitudinal Direction (Parallel to Traffic). = 0.550 N/mm, having action at 1800mm above Deck & Considering 600 Skew Angle of Force; for Two Lane Bridge. (AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.3; Table- 3.8.1.3-1). b) Horizontal Wind Load Intensity on Live Load upon Superstructure in Lateral Direction (Perpendicular to Traffic) = 0.500N/mm having pWind-LL-Sup-Let. 0.550 N/mm 0.550 kN/m pWind-Sub-Let. 0.000950 Mpa 2 0.950 kN/m pWind-Sup-Let. 0.000800 Mpa 2 0.800 kN/m
pWind-Sup-Long.
0.0009000 Mpa 2 0.900 kN/m
pWind-Sub-Long.
0.001645 Mpa 2 1.645 kN/m
pWind-LL-Sup-Long.
0.500 N/mm 0.500 kN/m
Page 643
action at 1800mm above Deck & Considering 600 Skew Angle of Main Force; for Two Lane Bridge.(AASHTO-LRFD-3.8.1.3; Table- 3.8.1.3-1). vii) Intensity on Breaking Force (BR) : a) Intensity of Horizontal Breaking on Superstructure is the Greater value of pLL-Sup-Break. i) 25% of the Axle Weight of Design Truck/Design Tendem, or pLL-25%-Truck. ii) 5% of Design (Truck + Lane Load) or (Design Tendem + Lane Load) pLL-5%-(Tru+Lane.) Breaking Force is for Two Lane Bridge & its Action at 1800mm above Deck. (AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.4). 162.500 kN 162.500 kN 55.750 kN
5 Different Load Multiplying Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE m 1.000 gDC 1.250
gDW
1.500
gEH
1.500
gEV
1.350
gES
1.500
gLL-Truck IM
1.750 1.330
1.750 1.750 1.750
Page 644
g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV STRENGTH - III STRENGTH - V
1.750 1.750 1.000 1.400 1.000 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
6 Different Load Multiplying Factors for Service Limit State Design (USD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. gDC 1.000
gDW
1.000
gEH
1.000
Page 645
value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gEV 1.000
gES
1.000
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; SERVICE - I (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG SERVICE - IV SERVICE - II SERVICE - II SERVICE - II m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.000 1.000
gLL-Lane gLL-PL. gLL-CE. gLL-BR. gLL-LS. gLL-WA. gLL-WS gLL-WL gLL-FR gLL-TU.
1.000 1.000 1.300 1.300 1.000 1.000 0.700 1.300 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
Page 646
(With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV gLL-SE. 1.000
gLL-EQ gLL-CT. gLL-CV.
1.000
7 Checkings in Respect of RCC Staining Walls Thickness & Bearing Capacity of Bed-rock : i) Checking for Thickness of RCC Staining Walls of Well Foundation. a) Provided Thickness of RCC Staining Walls for Well Foundation. b) Formula for Checking of Wall Thickness, t = Kdh, Where, c) K is Coefficient for Dumb-bell shap Twin-D & One Rectangular Type RCC Well Foundation in predominantly Sandy Strata having value = 0.030. d) d = DOuter the Outer Diameter which is the Smaller dimension of RCC Well e) h = HWell-pro, Depth of Well (Since GL > LWL) f) Thus the Required thickness of Well Wall, t = Kdh K 0.030 tWell-pro. 0.600 m
d h treq.
5.500 m 6.325 m 0.415 m
g) Since the Provided thickness for RCC Staining Walls of Well tWall > treq. thus the Provision is O.K. ii) Checking Bearing Capacity of Bed-rock underneath RCC Well Foundation against all Imposed Vertical Loads from Superstructure & Substructure (DL & LL) : a) Dead Load Reaction from Total Super-Structure b) All Live Load Reaction (Wheel+IM Load, Lane Load & Pedestrian Loads) c) Vertical Loads from Sub-structural Componts, Soil, Surcharge etc. d) Total Vertical Forces due to Dead & Live Load e) Bearing Capacity of Bea-rock as per Soil Investigation Report
2 f) Per m Load on Bed-rock from Superstructure & Substructure (DL & LL) through RCC Well for Bridge Foundation = Total Load/ X- Area of Well = PV/AWell
RDL-Supr. RLL-Super. RLL-Sub&Soil. PV pBed-rock pImpos.
2,185.716 kN 1,108.714 kN 5,729.857 kN 9,024.287 kN

2 770.000 kN/m 2 141.817 kN/m
g) Relation between Bearing Capacity of Beadrock & Imposed Pressure through Well
Satisfy
OK
Page 647
h) Since Bed-rock Bearing Capacity pBed-rock > pImpos, thus it is capable to Uphold the Imposed Loads of Bridge Structure. 8 Computation of Loads (DL & LL) from Superstructure, Substructure,Soil & Surcharge Elements : i) Vertical Loads on RCC Well from Superstructure & Substructure Components, Soil & Surcharge : a) Since all the Vertical Loads (DL & LL) from Superstructure & Substructure will transmit to the Bed-rock through the Staining of RCC Well, thus it is considered an uniform intensity of Vertical Loads upon the Walls with equal magnitude per meter Length of Staining. b) Vertical DL Reaction on Well from Superstructure without Utility & WC c) Vertical DL Reaction on Well from Utility & WC on Superstructure d) Vertical DL Reaction on Well from Substructure Components. e) Vertical DL Reaction on Well from Soil Load upon Well Cap. f) Vertical LL Reaction on Well due to Wheel Load (Without IM) g) Vertical LL Reaction on Well due to Lane Load on Superstructure h) Vertical LL Reaction on Well due to Pedestrian Load i) Vertical Reaction due to Surcharge LL on Well Cap on Abutment Wall Face =Dp-LL-Ab*Weq-Ab*LAb-T-Inner j) Vertical Reaction due to Surcharge LL on Well Cap on Wing Wall Face =2*Dp-LL-WW*Weq-WW*LW-Cap-Heel-Aver. RDL-V-Supr. RDL-V-Ut.&WC. RDL-V-Sub. RDL-V-Soil. RLL-V- Wheel. RLL-V-Lane. RLL-V-Pedes. RLL-V-Sur-Ab. 1,976.278 kN 209.438 kN 3,627.592 kN 2,102.265 kN 574.221 kN 232.500 kN 112.500 kN 247.398 kN
RLL-V-Sur-WW.
16.139 kN
ii) Horizontal Loads (DL & LL)on Superstructure & Substructure due to Lateral Siol Pressure & others: a) Horizontal Dead Load (DL) due to Lateral Soil Pressure on Vertical Faces of Abutment Wall & Wing Walls (Parallel to Traffic). = 0.5*k0*wE*H12*LAB-Trans. b) Horizontal Surcharge Dead Load (DL) Pressure on Vertical Face of Well Cap for Rectangular Pressure Block (Parallel to Traffic). = k0*wE*H1*hWell-Cap*LAb-T-W-Cap. c) Horizontal Dead Load (DL) due to Lateral Soil Pressure on Vertical Face of Well Cap for Triangular Pressure Block (Perpendicular to Traffic). =0.5* ko*gE*(hWell-Cap)2*LAb-T-W-Cap. d) Horizontal Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Vertical Faces of Abutmen Wall & Wing Walls (Perpendicular to Traffic). RDL-H-Soil-Ab 995.173 kN
RDL-H-Soil-Cap-Rec.
600.557 kN
RDL-H-Soil-Cap-Tri.
72.839 kN
RDL-H-Sur-Ab
402.334 kN
Page 648
= Dp-ES*H1*LAB-Trans. e) HorizontalDead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure on Vertical Face of Well Cap (Perpendicular to Traffic). = Dp-ES*hWell-Cap*LAb-T-W-Cap. f) Horizontal Surcharge Live Load (LL) Pressure on Vertical Faces of Abutmen Wall & Wing Walls (Perpendicular to Traffic). = Dp-LL-Ab*H1*LAB-Trans. g) Horizontal Surcharge Live Load (LL) Pressure on Vertical Face of Wall Cap (Perpendicular to Traffic). = Dp-LL-Ab*hWell-Cap*LAb-T-W-Cap. h) Horizontal Live Load (LL) due to Wind on Superstructure = pWind-Sup-Let.*ASup-Vert. i) Horizontal Live Load (LL) due to Wind on Substructure = pWind-Sub-Let.*H1*LAb-Trans. j) Horizontal Live Load (LL) due to Wind on Live Load = pWind-LL-Sup-Let.*LGir. k) Horizontal Live Load (LL) due to Breaking Force of Vehicle on Bridge Deck =pLL-Sup-Break. RDL-H-Sur-W-Cap 121.398 kN
RLL-H-Sur-Ab
362.101 kN
RLL-H-Sur-Ab
109.258 kN
RLL-H-Wind-Super.
13.750 kN
RLL-H-Wind-Sub.
48.171 kN
RLL-H-Wind-LL.
13.750 kN
RLL-H-Break.
162.500 kN
9 Computation of Factored Loads (DL & LL) under Strength Limit State Design (USD) from Superstructure, Substructure, Soil & Surcharge Elements : i) Factored Vertical Loads on RCC Well : a) Factored Vertical DL from Superstructure without Utility & WC = gDC*RDL-V-Supr. b) Factored Vertical DL due to Utility & WC = gDW*RDL-V-Ut.&WC. c) Factored Vertical DL from Substructure Components. = gDC*RDL--V-Sub. d) Factored Vertical DL from Soil Load upon Well Cap. = gEV*RDL--V-Soil. e) Factored Vertical LL on Well due to Wheel Load (Including IM) = m*gLL-Truck*RLL-V- Wheel. f) Factored Vertical LL on Well due to Lane Load on Superstructure FRDL-V-Supr.-USD 2,732.145 kN
FRDL-V-Ut.&WC.-USD
314.156 kN
FRDL--V-Sub.-USD
4,534.490 kN
FRDL--V-Soil-USD.
2,838.057 kN
FRLL-V- Wheel.USD
1,004.887 kN
FRLL-V-Lane.-USD
406.875 kN
Page 649
= m*gLL-Lane*RLL-V-Lane. g) Factored Vertical LL on Well due to Pedestrian Load = m*gLL-Pedes*RLL-V-Pedes. h) Factored Vertical LL due to Surcharge on Abutment Wall Face = m*gLL-Sur.*RLL-V-Sur-Ab. i) Factored Vertical LL due to Surcharge on Wing Wall Face = m*gLL-Sur.*RLL-V-Sur-WW. k) Total Factored Vertical Loads upon RCC Well. l) Factored Vertical Load on per meter Length of Staining of Well (Including Partition Walls) = FV-Load./LStaining. ii) Factored Horizontal Loads on Superstructure & Substructure: a) Factored Horizontal DL due to Lateral Soil Pressure on Abutment Wall & Wing Walls (Parallel to Traffic). =gEH*RDL-H-Soil-Ab. b) Factored Horizontal DL due to Lateral Soil Pressure on Vertical Face of Well Cap for Rectangular Pressure Block (Parallel to Traffic). = gEH*RDL-H-Soil-Cap-Rec. FRDL-H-Soil-Ab-USD 1,492.760 kN FRLL-V-Pedes.-USD 196.875 kN
FRLL-V-Sur-Ab.-USD
432.947 kN
FRLL-V-Sur-WW.-USD
28.243 kN
FV-Load.-USD pStaining.USD
12,488.676 kN 324.433 kN/m
FRDL-H-Soil-Cap-ReC.-USD
900.836 kN
c) Factored Horizontal DL due to Lateral Soil Pressure on Vertical FRDL-H-Soil-Cap-Tri.-USD Face of Well Cap for Triangular Pressure Block (Perpendicular to Traffic). = gEH*RDL-H-Soil-Cap-Tri. d) Factored Horizontal DL Surcharge Pressure on Vertical Faces of Abutmen Wall & Wing Walls (Perpendicular to Traffic). = gES*RDL-H-Sur-Ab e) Factored Horizontal DL Surcharge Pressure on Vertical Face of Well Cap (Perpendicular to Traffic). = gES*RDL-H-Sur-W-Cap f) Factored Horizontal Surcharge LL Pressure on Vertical Faces of Abutmen Wall & Wing Walls (Perpendicular to Traffic). = gLL-LS.*RLL-H-Sur-Ab g) Factored Horizontal Surcharge LL Pressure on Vertical Face of Wall Cap (Perpendicular to Traffic). = gLL-LS.*RLL-H-Sur-W-Cap h) Factored Horizontal LL due to Wind on Superstructure FRDL-H-Sur-Ab-USD
109.258 kN
603.501 kN
FRDL-H-Sur-W-Cap-USD
72.257 kN
FRLL-H-Sur-Ab-USD
633.676 kN
FRLL-H-Sur-W-Cap-USD
191.202 kN
FRLL-H-Wind-Super.-USD
19.250 kN
Page 650
= gLL-WS.*RLL-H-Wind-Super. i) Factored Horizontal LL due to Wind on Substructure = gLL-WS.*RLL-H-Wind-Sub. j) Factored Horizontal LL due to Wind on Live Load = m*gLL-WL.*RLL-H-Wind-LL. k) Factored Horizontal LL due to Breaking Force of Vehicle on Bridge Deck = m*gLL-BR.*RLL-H-Break. l) Total Factored Horizontal Pressure m) Factored Horizontal Pressure per meter Legnth = SPH-Well-Cap-USD/LWEll-X-X FRLL-H-Wind-Sub.-USD 67.440 kN
FRLL-H-Wind-LL.-USD
13.750 kN
FRLL-H-Break.-USD
284.375 kN
SPH-Well-Cap-USD pH-Y-Y-USD
4,388.306 kN 344.181 kN/m
10 Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) on Faces of RCC Well for per meter Length at Top & Bedrock Level: i) Intensity Horizontal Earth Loads on Vertical Face at Top Level of Well (Perpendicular to Traffic) : a) Horizontal Earth Load (DL) Itensity on Earth Face at Well's Top Level (Just below Well Cap) = ko*wE*H kN/m b) Horizontal Dead Load Surcharge (DL) Itensity on Earth Face at Well's Top Level (Just below Well Cap) = Dp-ES kN/m c) Horizontal Live Load Surcharge (LL) Itensity on Earth Face at Well's Top Level (Just below Well Cap) = Dp-LL-Ab6.00m kN/m d) Intensity of Total Horizontal Load (DL+ LL) at Well's Top Level. PH-Soil-Top. 48.774 kN/m
PH-Sur-DL-Top.
7.935 kN/m
PH-Sur-LL-Top.
4.761 kN/m
PH-Top-UF
56.708 kN/m
ii) Intensity Horizontal Earth Loads on Vertical Face at Bedrock Level of Well (Perpendicular to Traffic) : a) Horizontal Earth Load (DL) Itensity on Earth Face at Bed-rock Level = ko*wE*(H + HWell-pro.- H-B-Rock) kN/m b) Horizontal Dead Load Surcharge (DL) Itensity on Earth Face at Bed-rock Level = Dp-ES kN/m c) Horizontal Live Load Surcharge (LL) Itensity on Earth Face at Bed-rock Level = Dp-LL-Ab6.00m kN/m c) Intensity of Total Horizontal Load (DL + LL) at Well's Bedrock Level. PH-Soil-Rock 87.058 kN/m
PH-Sur-DL-Rock
7.935 kN/m
PH-Sur-LL-Rock.
4.761 kN/m
PH-Rock-UF
94.992 kN/m
11 Factored Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) on Faces of RCC Well under Strength Limit State Design (USD) : i) Factored Horizontal Load Intensity due to Soil & Surcharge at Top Level : a) Factored Itensity of DL Earth Pressure at Well's Top Level FPH-Soil-Top.-USD 73.160 kN/m
Page 651
= gEH*PH-Soill-Top. kN/m b) Factored Itensity of DL Surcharge Pressure at Well's Top Level. = gES*PH-Sur-DL-Top. kN/m c) Factored Itensity of LL Surcharge Pressure at Well's Top Level. = mgLL-LS*PH-Sur-LL-Top. kN/m d) Intensity of Factored Total Horizontal Load (DD + LL) at Well's Top. FPH-Sur-DL-Top.-USD 11.902 kN/m
FPH-Sur-LL-Top.-USD
8.331 kN/m
FPH-Top.-USD
85.062 kN/m
ii) Factored Horizontal Load Intensity due to Soil & Surcharge at Bedrock Level : a) Factored Itensity of DL Earth Pressure at Well's Bedrock Level = gEH*PH-Soil-Rock. kN/m b) Factored Itensity of DL Surcharge Pressure at Well's Bedrock Level = gES*PH-Sur-DL-Rock. kN/m c) Factored Itensity of LL Surcharge Pressure at Well's Bedrock Level = mgLL-LS*PH-Sur-LL-Rock. kN/m c) Intensity of Factored Total Horizontal Load (DD & LL) at Bed-rock. 12 Computation of Coefficients for Calculation of Moments on Well Wall : i) Span Ratio of Well Wall in respect of of Horizontal to Vertical Spans : a) Horizontal Span Length of Well Wall (Inner Distance between Partations) = SPocket-X-X-Central. b) Vertical Height of Well Wall (From Bedrock Top upto Well Cap Bottom) =HWell-pro. - HB-Rock c) Bach Wall Span Ratio for of Horizontal to Vertical with Fixed on Top = SL-Well/hB-Rock-Well d) Bach Wall Span Ratio for of Vertical to Horizontal with Fixed on Top = hB-Rock-Well/SL-Well SL-Well. 3.450 m FPH-Soil-Rock-USD 130.586 kN/m
FPH-Sur-DL-Rock.-USD
11.902 kN/m
FPH-Sur-LL-Rock.-USD
8.331 kN/m
FPH-Rock.-USD
142.488 kN/m
hRock-Well
4.825 m
kFixed.-H/V
0.715
kFixed-V/H
1.399
ii) Coefficients for Calculation of Moments related to Triangular Loadings on Well Wall : (Using Table-53 of Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook UK.) a) kFixed.-H/V = 0.715 b) (+) ve Moment Coefficient of Well Wall for Vertical Span at Top Level. c) (+) ve Moment Coefficient of Well Wall for Vertical Span at Bottom. k (+)cS-V-T-Top (+)cS-V-T-Bot 0.715 0.010 0.005
Page 652
d) (+) ve Moment Coefficient of Well Wall for Horizontal Span Strip at Middle. e) (-) ve Moment Coefficient of Well Wall for Vertical Span Strip at Bottom f) (-) ve Moment Coefficient of Well Wall for Horizontal Span Strip on Faces
(+)cS-H-T (-)cS-V-T (-)cS-H-T
0.020 0.010 0.025
iii) Coefficients for Calculation of Moments related to Uniformly Loadings on Well Wall : (Using Table-4.2; 4.3 & 4.4 of Book Design of Concrete Structures- G.Winter) a) Since kFixed-V/H = 1.399 , thus let Consider kFixed-V/H = 1.000 (Case-2) b) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load (DL) on Well Wall Vertical Span Strip. c) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load (DL) on Well Wall Horizontal Span Strip. d) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for Live Load (LL) on Well Wall Vertical Span Strip. e) (+) ve Moment Coefficient for LiveLoad (LL) on Well Wall Horizontal Span Strip. f) (-) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load & Live Load (DL + LL) on Well Wall Vertical Span Strip g) (-) ve Moment Coefficient for Dead Load & Live Load (DL + LL) on Back Wall Horizontal Span Strip k (+)cS-V-U-DL 1.000 0.018
(+)cS-H-U-DL
0.018
(+)cS-V-U-LL
0.027
(+)cS-H-U-LL
0.027
(-)cS-V-U-DL+LL
0.045
(-)cS-H-U-DL+LL
0.045
iv) Coefficients for Calculation of Shearing Froces on Well Wall Vertical Faces : (Using Table-4.5 of Book Design of Concrete Structures- G.Winter) a) Since kFixed-V/H = 1.399 , thus let Consider kFixed-V/H = 1.000 (Case-2) b) Coefficiant of Shearing Forces for Horizontal Span Strip having Shearing Forces on Well Wall Vertical Faces c) Coefficiant of Shearing Forces for Vertical Span Strip having Shearing Forces on Well Wall Horizontal Face at Bedrock k cShear-H-DL+LL 1.000 0.500
cShear-V-DL+LL
0.500
13 Factored Horizontal Moments on Face of Well Wall under Strength Limit State of Design (USD): i) Philosophy in Calculation of Moment & Shear : a) Moments on Horizontal Span of Well due to Imposed Horizontal Loads are to be Calculate Considering 1(One) meter wide strips of Well Wall in Vertical & Fixed Ends in both Horizontal & Vertical Faces with Well Partitions & Bedrock at Bottom & Well Cap on Top. The Horizontal Span Length is the C/C distance of Partition Walls. The. Moments & Shearing Forces will be based upon Respective Coefficients.
Page 653
b) Horizontal Span Length = SPocket-X-X-Central.
SL-Well
3.450 m
ii) (+) Moments on Mid of Well Wall Horizontal Span at Top Level due to Applied Lateral Loads : a) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-H-T*FPH-Soil-Top.-USD*SL-Well.2 b) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-H-U-DL*FPH-Sur-DL-Top.-USD*SL-Well.2 c) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Live Load (LL) Surcharge Wall = (+)cS-H-U-LL*FPH-Sur-LL-Top.-USD*SL-Well.2 d) Total Horizontal (+) ve Moment atWell Top Level (+) MH-Soil-Top.-USD 17.416 kN-m/m 17.416*10^6 N-mm/m 2.550 kN-m/m 2.550*10^6 N-mm/m 2.677 kN-m/m 2.677*10^6 N-mm/m 22.643 kN-m/m 22.643*10^6 N-mm/m
(+) MH-Sur-DL-Top.-USD
(+) MH-Sur-LL-Top.-USD
(+) MTotal-H-Top-USD
iii) (+) Moments on Mid of Well Wall Horizontal Span at Bedrock Level due to Applied Lateral Loads : a) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-H-T*FPH-Soil-Rock-USD*SL-Well.2 b) (+) ve Moment due to Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-H-U-DL*FPH-DL-Sur-Rock.-USD*SL-Well.2 c) (+) ve Moment due to Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure upon Wall = (+)cS-H-U-LL*FPH-LL-Sur-Rock.-USD*SL-Well.2 d) Total Horizontal (+) ve Moment at Bedrock Level (+) MH-Soil-Rock-USD 31.086 kN-m/m 31.086*10^6 N-mm/m 2.550 kN-m/m 2.550*10^6 N-mm/m 2.677 kN-m/m 2.677*10^6 N-mm/m 36.313 kN-m/m 36.313*10^6 N-mm/m
(+) MH-Sur-DL-Rock-USD
(+) MH-Sur-LL-Rock-USD
(+) MTotal-H-Rock-USD
iv) (-) Moments on Faces of Well Wall Horizontal Span at Top Level due to Applied Lateral Loads : a) (-) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-H-T*FPH-Soil-Top.-USD*SL-Well.2 b) (-) ve Moment due to Lateral Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-H-U-DL+LL*FPH-Sur-DL-Top.-USD*SL-Well.2 c) (-) ve Moment due to Lateral Live Load (LL) Surcharge Wall = (-)cS-H-U-DL+LL*FPH-Sur-LL-Top.-USD*SL-Well.2 d) Total Horizontal (-) ve Moment atWell Top Level (-) MH-Soill-Top.-USD 21.770 kN-m/m 21.770*10^6 N-mm/m 6.375 kN-m/m 6.375*10^6 N-mm/m 4.462 kN-m/m 2.677*10^6 N-mm/m 32.607 kN-m/m 22.643*10^6 N-mm/m
(-) MH-Sur-DL-Top.-USD
(-) MH-Sur-LL-Top.-USD
(-) MTotal-H-Top-USD
v) (-) Moments on Faces of Well Wall Horizontal Span at Bedrock Level due to Applied Lateral Loads :
Page 654
a) (-) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-H-T*FPH-Soil-Rock-USD*SL-Well.2 b) (-) ve Moment due to Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-H-U-DL+LL*FPH-DL-Sur-Rock.-USD*SL-Well.2 c) (-) ve Moment due to Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure upon Wall = (-)cS-H-U-LL+DL*FPH-LL-Sur-Rock.-USD*SL-Well.2 d) Total Horizontal (-) ve Moment at Bedrock Level
(-) MH-Soil-Rock-USD
38.858 kN-m/m 38.858*10^6 N-mm/m 6.375 kN-m/m 6.375*10^6 N-mm/m 4.462 kN-m/m 4.462*10^6 N-mm/m 49.695 kN-m/m 49.695*10^6 N-mm/m
(-) MH-Sur-DL-Rock-USD
(-) MH-Sur-LL-Rock-USD
(-) MTotal-H-Rock-USD
14 Factored Vertical Moments on Bedrock Face of Well Wall under Strength Limit State of Design (USD): i) Philosophy in Calculation of Moment & Shear : a) Moments on Vertical Span of Well due to Imposed Horizontal Loads at Bedrock are to be Calculate Considering 1(One) meter wide strips of Well Wall in Horizontal & Fixed Ends in both Horizontal & Vertical Faces with Well Partitions & Bedrock at Bottom & Well Cap on Top. The Horizontal Span Length is the C/C distance of Partition Walls. The Moments & Shearing Forces will be based upon Respective Coefficients. b) Vertical Span Length = hRock-Well hRock-Well 4.825 m
ii) (+) Moments on Mid of Well Wall Vertical Span due to Applied Lateral Loads : a) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-V-T*FPH-Soil-Rock.-USD*hRock-Well.2 b) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-V-U-DL*FPH-Sur-DL-Rock.-USD*hRock-Well.2 c) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Live Load (LL) Surcharge Wall = (+)cS-V-U-LL*FPH-Sur-LL-Rock.-USD*hRock-Well.2 d) Total Horizontal (+) ve Moment atWell Top Level (+) MV-Soil-USD 15.201 kN-m/m 15.201*10^6 N-mm/m 4.987 kN-m/m 4.987*10^6 N-mm/m 3.491 kN-m/m 3.491*10^6 N-mm/m 23.679 kN-m/m 23.679*10^6 N-mm/m
(+) MV-Sur-DL-USD
(+) MV-Sur-LL-USD
(+) MTotal-V-Rock-USD
iii) (-) Moments on Faces of Well Wall Vertical Span at Bedrock Level due to Applied Lateral Loads : a) (-) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-V-T*FPH-Soil-Rock-USD*hRock-Well.2 b) (-) ve Moment due to Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-V-U-DL*FPH-DL-Sur-Rock.-USD*hRock-Well.2 (-) MV-Soil-Rock-USD 20.268 kN-m/m 20.268*10^6 N-mm/m 12.469 kN-m/m 12.469*10^6 N-mm/m
(-) MV-Sur-DL-Rock-USD
Page 655
c) (-) ve Moment due to Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure upon Wall = (-)cS-H-U-LL+DL*FPH-LL-Sur-Rock.-USD*hRock-Well.2 d) Total Horizontal (-) ve Moment at Bedrock Level
(-) MV-Sur-LL-Rock-USD
8.728 kN-m/m 8.728*10^6 N-mm/m 41.464 kN-m/m 41.464*10^6 N-mm/m
(-) MTotal-V-Rock-USD
15 Factored Shearing Forces on both Horizontal & Vertical Span of Well Wall Support Faces under Strength Limit State of Design (USD): i) Shearing Forces in Horizontal Span at Bottom Level on Faces of Partition Walls : a) The Maximum Shearing Forces occoures at Bottom Level on Partion Wall Faces having value = cShear-H-DL+LL*FPH-B-Rock.-USD*SL-Well ii) Shearing Forces in Vertical Span at Bottom Level on Bedrock Level : a) The Maximum Shearing Forces occoures at Bottom Level on Bedrock Face having value = cShear-VDL+LL*FPH-B-Rock.-USD*hRock-Well VV-Rock-USD 171.876 kN/m 171.876*10^3 N/m VH-Wall-Rock-USD 122.896 kN/m 122.896*10^3 N/m
16 Factored Horizontal Loads (DL & LL) on Faces of RCC Well under Strength Limit State Design (WSD) : i) Factored Horizontal Load Intensity due to Soil & Surcharge at Top Level : a) Factored Itensity of DL Earth Pressure at Well's Top Level = gEH*PH-Soil-Well-Top. kN/m b) Factored Itensity of DL Surcharge Pressure at Well's Top Level. = gES*PH-DL-Sur-Well-Top. kN/m c) Factored Itensity of LL Surcharge Pressure at Well's Top Level. = mgLL-LS*PH-Sur-LL-Top. kN/m d) Intensity of Factored Total Horizontal Load (DD & LL) at Well's Top. FPH-Soil-Top.-WSD FPH-DL-Sur-Top.-WSD FPH-Sur-LL-Top.-WSD FPH-Top.-WSD 48.774 kN/m
7.935 kN/m
4.761 kN/m
61.469 kN/m
ii) Factored Horizontal Load Intensity due to Soil & Surcharge at Bed-rock Level : a) Factored Itensity of DL Earth Pressure at Well's Bottom Level = gEH*PH-Soil-Rock. kN/m b) Factored Itensity of DL Surcharge Pressure at Well's Bottom Level = gES*PH-DL-Sur-Rock. kN/m c) Factored Itensity of LL Surcharge Pressure at Well's Bedrock Level = mgLL-LS*PH-Sur-LL-Rock. kN/m c) Intensity of Factored Total Horizontal Load (DD & LL) at Bed-rock. FPH-Soil-Rock-WSD FPH-Sur-DL-Rock.-WSD FPH-Sur-LL-Rock.-WSD FPH-Rock.-WSD 87.058 kN/m
7.935 kN/m
4.761 kN/m
99.753 kN/m
17 Factored Horizontal Moments on Outer Face of Well Wall under Service Limit State of Design (WSD): i) Philosophy in Calculation of Moment & Shear :
Page 656
a) Moments on Horizontal Span of Well due to Imposed Horizontal Loads are to be Calculate Considering 1(One) meter wide strips of Well Wall in Vertical & Fixed Ends in both Horizontal & Vertical Faces with Well Partitions & Bedrock at Bottom & Well Cap on Top. The Horizontal Span Length is the C/C distance of Partition Walls. The. Moments & Shearing Forces will be based upon Respective Coefficients. b) Horizontal Span Length = SPocket-X-X-Central. SL-Well 3.450 m
ii) (+) Moments on Mid of Well Wall Horizontal Span at Top Level due to Applied Lateral Loads : a) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-H-T*FPH-Soil-Top.-wSD*SL-Well.2 (+) MH-Sur-DL-Top.-WSD (+) MH-Soil-Top.-wSD 11.611 kN-m/m 11.611*10^6 N-mm/m 1.700 kN-m/m 1.700*10^6 N-mm/m (+) MH-Sur-LL-Top.-WSD 1.530 kN-m/m 1.530*10^6 N-mm/m (+) MTotal-H-Top-WSD 14.840 kN-m/m 14.840*10^6 N-mm/m iii) (+) Moments on Mid of Well Wall Horizontal Span at Bedrock Level due to Applied Lateral Loads : a) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-H-T*FPH-Soil-Rock-WSD*SL-Well.2 b) (+) ve Moment due to Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-H-U-DL*FPH-DL-Sur-Rock.-WSD*SL-Well.2 c) (+) ve Moment due to Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure upon Wall = (+)cS-H-U-LL*FPH-LL-Sur-Rock.-WSD*SL-Well
.2
b) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-H-U-DL*FPH-Sur-DL-Top.-WSD*SL-Well.2
c) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Live Load (LL) Surcharge Wall = (+)cS-H-U-LL*FPH-Sur-LL-Top.-WSD*SL-Well
.2
d) Total Horizontal (+) ve Moment atWell Top Level
(+) MH-Soil-Rock-WSD
20.724 kN-m/m 20.724*10^6 N-mm/m 1.700 kN-m/m 1.700*10^6 N-mm/m 1.530 kN-m/m 1530*10^6 N-mm/m
(+) MH-Sur-DL-Rock-WSD
(+) MH-Sur-LL-Rock-WSD
d) Total Horizontal (+) ve Moment at Bedrock Level
(+) MTotal-H-Rock-WSD
23.954 kN-m/m 23.954*10^6 N-mm/m
iv) (-) Moments on Faces of Well Wall Horizontal Span at Top Level due to Applied Lateral Loads : a) (-) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-H-T*FPH-Soil-Top.-wSD*SL-Well.2 (-) MH-Sur-DL-Top.-WSD (-) MH-Soill-Top.-WSD 14.513 kN-m/m 14.513*10^6 N-mm/m 4.250 kN-m/m 4.250*10^6 N-mm/m (-) MH-Sur-LL-Top.-WSD 2.550 kN-m/m 2.550*10^6 N-mm/m (-) MTotal-H-Top-WSD 21.313 kN-m/m
b) (-) ve Moment due to Lateral Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-H-U-DL+LL*FPH-Sur-DL-Top.-WSD*SL-Well.2
c) (-) ve Moment due to Lateral Live Load (LL) Surcharge Wall = (-)cS-H-U-DL+LL*FPH-Sur-LL-Top.-WSD*SL-Well.2
d) Total Horizontal (-) ve Moment atWell Top Level
Page 657
21.313*10^6 N-mm/m v) (-) Moments on Faces of Well Wall Horizontal Span at Bedrock Level due to Applied Lateral Loads : a) (-) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-H-T*FPH-Soil-Rock-WSD*SL-Well.2 (-) MH-Sur-DL-Rock-WSD (-) MH-Soil-Rock-WSD 25.905 kN-m/m 25.905*10^6 N-mm/m 4.250 kN-m/m 4.250*10^6 N-mm/m (-) MH-Sur-LL-Rock-WSD 2.550 kN-m/m 2.550*10^6 N-mm/m (-) MTotal-H-Rock-WSD 32.705 kN-m/m 32.705*10^6 N-mm/m 18 Factored Vertical Moments on Bedrock Face of Well Wall under Service Limit State of Design (WSD): i) Philosophy in Calculation of Moment & Shear : a) Moments on Vertical Span of Well due to Imposed Horizontal Loads at Bedrock are to be Calculate Considering 1(One) meter wide strips of Well Wall in Horizontal & Fixed Ends in both Horizontal & Vertical Faces with Well Partitions & Bedrock at Bottom & Well Cap on Top. The Horizontal Span Length is the C/C distance of Partition Walls. The Moments & Shearing Forces will be based upon Respective Coefficients. b) Vertical Span Length = hRock-Well hRock-Well 4.825 m
b) (-) ve Moment due to Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-H-U-DL+LL*FPH-DL-Sur-Rock.-WSD*SL-Well.2
c) (-) ve Moment due to Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure upon Wall = (-)cS-H-U-LL+DL*FPH-LL-Sur-Rock.-WSD*SL-Well.2
d) Total Horizontal (-) ve Moment at Bedrock Level
ii) (+) Moments on Mid of Well Wall Vertical Span due to Applied Lateral Loads : a) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-V-T-Bot*FPH-Soil-Rock.-WSD*hRock-Well
.2
(+) MV-Soil-WSD
10.134 kN-m/m 10.134*10^6 N-mm/m
b) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-V-U-DL*FPH-Sur-DL-Rock.-WSD*hRock-Well.2
(+) MV-Sur-DL-WSD
3.325 kN-m/m 3.325*10^6 N-mm/m
c) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Live Load (LL) Surcharge Wall = (+)cS-V-U-LL*FPH-Sur-LL-Rock.-WSD*hRock-Well
.2
(+) MV-Sur-LL-WSD
2.992 kN-m/m 2.992*10^6 N-mm/m
d) Total Horizontal (+) ve Moment atWell Top Level
16.451 kN-m/m 16.451*10^6 N-mm/m
iii) (-) Moments on Faces of Well Wall Vertical Span at Bedrock Level due to Applied Lateral Loads : a) (-) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-V-T*FPH-Soil-Rock-WSD*hRock-Well.2 (-) MV-Sur-DL-Rock-WSD (-) MV-Soil-Rock-WSD 20.268 kN-m/m 20.268*10^6 N-mm/m 8.312 kN-m/m 8.312*10^6 N-mm/m 4.987 kN-m/m
b) (-) ve Moment due to Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-V-U-DL+LL*FPH-DL-Sur-Rock.-WSD*hRock-Well.2 c) (-) ve Moment due to Live Load (LL) Surcharge Pressure upon
(-) MV-Sur-LL-Rock-WSD
Page 658
Wall = (-)cS-H-U-LL+DL*FPH-LL-Sur-Rock.-WSD*hRock-Well.2 d) Total Horizontal (-) ve Moment at Bedrock Level (-) MTotal-V-Rock-WSD
4.987*10^6 N-mm/m 33.567 kN-m/m 33.567*10^6 N-mm/m
19 Unfactored Dead Load (DL) Horizontal Moments on Bedrock Face of Well Wall : i) Philosophy in Calculation of Moment & Shear : a) Moments on Horizontal Span of Well due to Imposed Horizontal Loads are to be Calculate Considering 1(One) meter wide strips of Well Wall in Vertical & Fixed Ends in both Horizontal & Vertical Faces with Well Partitions & Bedrock at Bottom & Well Cap on Top. The Horizontal Span Length is the C/C distance of Partition Walls. The. Moments & Shearing Forces will be based upon Respective Coefficients. b) Horizontal Span Length = SPocket-X-X-Central. SL-Well 3.450 m
ii) (+) Moments on Mid of Well Wall Horizontal Span at Bedrock Level due to Applied Lateral Dead Loads : a) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-H-T*PH-Soil-Rock*SL-Well.2 b) (+) ve Moment due to Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-H-U-DL*PH-DL-Sur-Rock.*SL-Well.2 c) Total Horizontal (+) ve Moment at Bedrock Level (+) MH-Soil-Rock-UF 20.724 kN-m/m 20.724*10^6 N-mm/m 1.700 kN-m/m 1.700*10^6 N-mm/m 22.424 kN-m/m 22.424*10^6 N-mm/m
(+) MH-Sur-DL-Rock-UF
(+) MTotal-H-Rock-UF
iii) (-) Moments on Faces of Well Wall Horizontal Span at Bedrock Level due to Applied Lateral Dead Loads : a) (-) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-H-T*PH-Soil-Rock*SL-Well.2 (-) MH-Sur-DL-Rock-UF (-) MH-Soil-Rock-UF 25.905 kN-m/m 25.905*10^6 N-mm/m 4.250 kN-m/m 4.250*10^6 N-mm/m (-) MTotal-H-Rock-UF 30.155 kN-m/m 30.155*10^6 N-mm/m 20 Unfactored Dead Load (DL) Vertical Moments on Bedrock Face of Well Wall : i) Philosophy in Calculation of Moment & Shear : a) Moments on Vertical Span of Well due to Imposed Horizontal Loads at Bedrock are to be Calculate Considering 1(One) meter wide strips of Well Wall in Horizontal & Fixed Ends in both Horizontal & Vertical Faces with Well Partitions & Bedrock at Bottom & Well Cap on Top. The Horizontal Span Length is the C/C distance of Partition Walls. The Moments & Shearing Forces will be based upon Respective Coefficients. b) Vertical Span Length = hRock-Well hRock-Well 4.825 m
b) (-) ve Moment due to Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-H-U-DL+LL*PH-DL-Sur-Rock.*SL-Well.2
c) Total Horizontal (-) ve Moment at Bedrock Level
ii) (+) Moments on Mid of Well Wall Vertical Span due to Applied Lateral Dead Loads :
Page 659
a) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-V-T-Bot*PH-Soil-Rock.*hRock-Well.2 b) (+) ve Moment due to Lateral Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (+)cS-V-U-DL*PH-Sur-DL-Rock.*hRock-Well.2 c) Total Horizontal (+) ve Moment atWell Top Level
(+) MV-Soil-UF
10.134 kN-m/m 10.134*10^6 N-mm/m 3.325 kN-m/m 3.325*10^6 N-mm/m 13.459 kN-m/m 13.459*10^6 N-mm/m
(+) MV-Sur-DL-UF
iii) (-) Moments on Faces of Well Wall Vertical Span at Bedrock Level due to Applied Lateral Dead Loads : a) (-) ve Moment due to Lateral Soil Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-V-T*FPH-Soil-Rock*hRock-Well.2 b) (-) ve Moment due to Dead Load (DL) Surcharge Pressure upon Well Wall = (-)cS-V-U-DL+LL*FPH-DL-Sur-Rock.*hRock-Well.2 c) Total Horizontal (-) ve Moment at Bedrock Level (-) MV-Soil-Rock-UF 20.268 kN-m/m 20.268*10^6 N-mm/m 8.312 kN-m/m 8.312*10^6 N-mm/m 28.580 kN-m/m 28.580*10^6 N-mm/m
(-) MV-Sur-DL-Rock-UF
(-) MTotal-V-Rock-UF
21 Events related to Flexural Design of Horizontal & Vertical Reinforcements of Well Walls both Inner & Outer Faces : i) Events for Provision of Reinforcements on RCC Well Walls : a) Thicness of Well Wall, tWall 600.000 mm 0.600 m 18 mm 18 mm 14 mm 14 mm 50 mm 75 mm 559.000 mm 0.559 m 534.000 mm 0.534 m 525.000 mm
b) Let Provide 18f bars as Horizontal Reinforcements on Inner Face of Well. c) Let Provide 18f bars as Horizontal Reinforcements on Outer Face of Well. d) Let Provide 14f bars as Vertical Reinforcements on Inner Face of Well. e) Let Provide 14f bars as Vertical Reinforcements on Outer Face of Well. f) Let Provide 50mm Clear Cover of Well Walls on Inner Face, g) Let Provide 50mm Clear Cover of Well Walls on Outer Face, h) Effective Depth for Horizontal Tensial Reinforcement on Inner Faces of Wall = tWall - CCov-Inner - DBer-Hor-Inner./2 i) Effective Depth for Horizontal Tensial Reinforcement on Outer Faces of Wall = tWall - CCov-Outer - DBer-Hor-Outer./2 j) Effective Depth for Vertical Tensial Reinforcement on Inner Faces of Wall
DBar-Hor.-Inner DBar-Hor.-Outer DBar-Ver.-Inner DBar-Ver.-Outer CCov-Inner CCov-Outer de-Inner-H
de-Outer-H
de-Inner-V
Page 660
= tWall - CCov-Inner - DBer-Hor-Inner - DBer-Ver-Inner./2 k) Effective Depth for Vertical Tensial Reinforcement on Outer Faces of Wall = tWall - CCov-Outer - DBer-Hor-Outer - DBer-Ver-Outer./2 l) Strip Width for Horizontal Span (In Vertical Direction), b = 1.000m de-Outer-V
0.525 m 500.000 mm 0.500 m 1,000.000 mm 1.000 m 1,000.000 mm 1.000 m

2 254.469 mm 2 254.469 mm
bH
m) Strip Width forVertical Span (In Horizontal Direction), b = 1.000m
bV
n) X-Area of 18f Hori-Bar = p*f18.2/4 o) X-Area of 14f Hori-Bar = p*f14.2/4 ii) Limits For Maximum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1) : . a) With Maximum Amount of Prestressed & Nonprestressed Reinforcement for a Section c/de 0.42 in which; b) c is the distance from extreme Compression Fiber to the Neutral Axis in mm c) de is the corresponding Effective Depth from extreme Compression Fiber to the Centroid of Tensial Forces in Tensial Reinforcements in mm. Here; i) de = (Apsfpsdp + Asfyds)/(Apsfps + Asfy), where ; ii) As = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Tinsion Reinforcement in mm2 iii) Aps = Area of Prestressing Steel in mm2 iv) fy = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Tension Bar in MPa. vi) fps = Average Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. xi) dp = Distance of Extreme Compression Fiber from Prestressing Tendon Centroid in mm. xii) ds = Distance of Centroid of Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement from the Extreme Compression Fiber in mm. d) For a Structure having only Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement the values of Aps, fps & dp are = 0. Thus Equation for value of de stands to de = Asfyds/Asfy & thus de = ds . iii) Limits For Manimum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.2) :
Af18, Af14.
c/de-Max.
0.420
c de
Variable Variable
As Aps fy fps dp ds
Variable Variable Variable Variable Variable
a) For Section of a Flexural Component having both Prestressed & Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements should have Minimum Resisting Moment Mr 1.2*Mcr or 1.33 Times the Calculated Factored Moment for the Section Based on AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1-Table-3.4.1-1, which one is less.For Compnents having Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements only Mr = 1.2Mcr. b) The Cracking Moment of a Section Mcr = Sc(fr + fcpe) - Mdnc(Sc/Snc-1) Scfr where; Mcr Variable N-mm
Page 661
i) fcpe = Compressive Stress in Concrete due to effective Prestress Forces only at Extreme Fiber where Tensile Stress is caused by Externally Applied Forces after allowance for all Prestressing Losses in MPa. For Nonprestressing RCC Components value of fcpe = 0. ii) Mdnc = Total Unfactored Dead Load Moment acting on the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section in N-mm. iii) Sc = Section Modulus for the Extreme Fiber of the Composite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. iv) Snc=Section Modulus of Extreme Fiber of the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. For the Rectangular RCC Well Section value of Snc = (bHtWall3/12)/(tWall/2) v) fr = Modulus of Rupture of Concrete in RCC in Mpa,(AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). c) For Nonprestressing & Monolithic or Noncomposite Beam or Elements, Sc = Snc & fcpe = 0, thus Equation for Cracking Moment Stands to Mcr = Sncfr d) Thus Calculated value of Mcr according to respective values of Equation e) The value of Mcr = Scfr f) Cpoputed value of Mcr = 1.33*MExt Factored Moment due to External Forces
fcpe
N/mm2
Mdnc
N-mm
Sc
Variable
mm3
Snc
3 60000000.000 mm 3 0.06000 m 3 60.000/10^3 m 2 2.887 N/mm
fr Mcr
Mcr-1 Mcr-2 Mcr-3
g) Table-1 Showing Allowable Resistance Moment M r for requirment of Minimum Reinforcement at Different Sections
Nature of Moment And Span Direction kN-m/m (+) ve. Moment in Horizontal (-) ve. Moment in Horizontal (+) ve. Moment in Vertical (-) ve. Moment in Vertical
Unfactored Moment for the
Section
22.424
Value of Actuat Acceptable Mcr-1 Cracking Mcr As per Moment Cracking Equation Value Moment 5.7.3.3.2-1 Sncfr (Mcr-1Sncfr) kN-m/m kN-m/m kN-m/m 173.221 173.221 173.221
1.2 Times M 1.33 Times of Mcr Factored of M,

Cracking Moment Moment of Section
Factored Moment (1.33*M)

1.2Mcr
Maximum Flexural Moment
(1.2*Mcr) kN-m/m 207.866
M kN-m/m 36.313
kN-m/m 48.297
kN-m/m 207.866
Mu (M Mr) kN-m/m 207.866
30.155
173.221
173.221
173.221
207.866
49.695
66.094
207.866
207.866
13.459
173.221
173.221
173.221
207.866
23.679
31.494
207.866
207.866
28.580
173.221
173.221
173.221
207.866
41.464
55.147
207.866
207.866
iv) Calculations for Balanced Steel Ratio - pb & Max. Steel Ratio - pmax ( AASHTO- 8.16.3) :
Page 662
a) Balanced Steel Ratio for Grider Section according to AASHTO-1996-8.16.2.2 pb =0.85*0.85*((f/c/fy)*(599.843/(599.843 + fy))), b) Max. Steel Ratio, pmax. = f *pb , (Here f = 0.75)
pb pmax.
0.022 0.016
22 Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcement on Inner Faces of Well Wall having Strips Width Direction in Vertical : i) Provision Horizontal Reinforcements on Inner Face of Well Wall against ( + ) ve. Moment : a) The Calculated (+) ve Moment occurs at Middle of Well Horizontal (+) MTotal-H-Rock-USD Span having (+) MTotal-H-Rock-USD <Mr, the Allowable Minimum .For (+) ve value, the Main Reinforcement will be on Inner Face of Wall. Mr 36.313 36.313*10^6 207.866 207.866*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
b) Since (+) MTotal-H-Rock-USD < Mr, the Minimum Flexural Strength Moment.Thus Mr is the Ultimate DesignMoment MU. c) Effective Depth for Horizontal Tensial Reinforcement on Inner Face of Wall = tWall - CCov-Inner - DBer-Hor-Inner./2
/ 2 1/2 d) With Design Moment MU the value of a = dpro*(1-((1-2MU/)/(b1f cbdpro )) )
MU
207.866 kN-m/m 207.866*10^6 N-mm/m 559.000 mm 0.559 m 21.235 mm 1,027.242 247.721 150.000 mm2/m mm,C/C mm,C/C
de-Inner-H
areq. As-H-req-Inn sreq spro.
e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement = Af18,*b/As-H-req-Inn g) Let the Spacing of Reinforcement with 18f bars for the Section = 150mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 18f bars having Spacing 150mm,C/C = Af18,*b/spro i) Steel Ratio with provided Steel Area, As-H-pro-Inn/bdpro
/ j) With provided Steel Area the value of 'a' = As-H-pro-Inn*fy/(0.b1*f c*b)
As-H-pro-Inn
1,696.460
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
0.003 38.966 mm 375.260 kN-m/m Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax OK OK
k) Resisting Moment with provided Steel Area = As-pro*fy(de - apro/2)/10^6
l) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro amd Calculated Design Moment MU. m) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax.
n) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, thus the Flexural Design for Reinforcement on Inner Face of Well Wall in Horizontal Direction is OK.
Page 663
ii) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis & the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b 1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.059 e) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) c/de-Max. c 0.450 33.121 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.059 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
iii) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.1: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; b) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm c) f is Resistance Factor for Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr 337.734 kN-m 337.734*10^6 N-mm 375.260 kN-m 375.260*10^6 N-mm 0.90
Mn f
d) The Nominal Resistance for a Flanged Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.2 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2). e) For a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Either of I or T Section with Flenge & Web Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2). In Horizontal Rectangular Section Width b = bH & ds = de, thus the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) f) For Fixed Supported & Single Reinforced Rectangular Section with Provided (+)Mn-Mid Steel Area against Factored (+) ve.Max. Moments at its Mid Span will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) g) Calculated Factored (+) ve. Moment M at Mid Span (+)MTotal-H-Rock-USD 375.260 kN-m 375.260*10^6 N-mm
36.313 kN-m 36.313*10^6 N-mm Satisfied
h) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Mr>MTotal-H-Rock-USD Actual Factored Moment M at Mid Span ( Which one is Greater, if Mr M the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied) iv) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Well Wall in Horizontal Span at Bedrock Level. a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Face of Well Wall for Horizontal Span which is also Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = VH-Wall-Rock-USD .= VU VU.
122.896 kN/m 122.896*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv,
Page 664
(AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = bH, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tWell-Wall Thickness of Well Wall.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Wall is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 503.100
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
503.100 mm 432.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-Well-Wall
Vn-1
Vn-2
Vc
Vs
2.000
Vp.
0.000 N
Satisfied
e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus on Innerside of Well Well does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Well Wall Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus the Flexural Design of Reinforcement on Inner Surface of Well Wall in Horizontal Direction is OK.
Page 665
v) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State fs-Dev.
2 25.259 N/mm
(+)MTotal-H-Rock-WSD
23.954 kN-m 23.954*10^6 N-mm

2 1,696.460 mm
ii) As-pro is the Steel Area for the Section under USD Design Calculation. iii) de is Effective Depth between Extreme Compression Fiber to Centroid of the Horizontal Tensile Reinforcement on Inner Face of Well Wall. c) fsa is Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement having its value = Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, in Which; i) dc=Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Bottom/Top Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Inner Since Clear Cover at Inner Face of Well Wall, CCov-Inner = 50mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 18f ; thus dc = (18/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Well Wall the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure will be a Buried Components thus the Allowable Max. value is ZMax. = 17000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element.
As-pro de
559.000 mm
fsa
2 167.561 N/mm
dc
59.000 mm
2 17,700.000 mm
ZMax.
17,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the RCC Well Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve.
Page 666
e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev.
ZDev.
2,562.694 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs fsa< 0.6fy Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy Satisfy Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Well Cap fs-Dev.< fsa the Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allocable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Horizontal for Well Wall on Outer Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any additional Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 23 Flexural Design of Horizontal Reinforcement on Outer Faces of Well Wall having Strips Width Direction in Vertical : i) Provision Horizontal Reinforcements on Outer Face of Well Wall against ( - ) ve. Moment : a) The Calculated (-) ve Moment occurs at Middle of Well Horizontal Span having (-) MTotal-H-Rock-USD > Mr the Allowable Minimum .For (-) ve value, the Main Reinforcement will be on Outer Face of Wall. (-) MTotal-H-Rock-USD Mr 32.705 32.705*10^6 207.866 207.866*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
b) Since (-) MTotal-H-Rock-USD> Mr, the Minimum Flexural Strength Moment.Thus (-) MH-Well-Bot-USD is the Ultimate DesignMoment MU. c) Effective Depth for Horizontal Tensial Reinforcement on Outer Face of Wall = tWall - CCov-Outer - DBer-Hor-Outer./2
MU
207.866 kN-m/m 207.866*10^6 N-mm/m 534.000 mm
de-Outer-H
areq. As-H-req-Out. sreq spro.
22.272 mm 1,077.377 236.193 100.000 mm2/m mm,C/C mm,C/C
e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/[ffy(dpro - a/2)] f) Spacing of Reinforcement = Af18,*b/As-req-Out. g) Let the Spacing of Reinforcement with 18f bars for the Section = 100mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 18f bars having Spacing 100mm,C/C = Af18,*b/spro i) Steel Ratio with provided Steel Area, As-H-pro-Out/bdpro
/ j) With provided Steel Area the value of 'a' = As-H-pro-Out*fy/(0.b1*f c*b)
As-H-pro-Out
2,544.690
mm2/m
ppro apro
0.005 58.449 mm
Page 667
k) Resisting Moment with provided Steel Area = As-pro*fy(d - apro/2)/10^6
Mpro
526.644 kN-m/m Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax OK OK
n) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, thus the Flexural Design for Reinforcement on Outer Face Wall in Horizontal Direction is OK. ii) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis & the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b 1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.093 e) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) c/de-Max. c 0.450 49.682 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.850 0.093 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
Mn f
d) The Nominal Resistance in a Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestressing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.2 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2). e) For a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Either of I or T Section with Flenge & Web Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2). In a Rectangular Section Structure Width b = bH & ds = de, thus the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) f) For Fixed Supported & Single Reinforced Rectangular Section with Provided Steel Area against Factored (-) ve.Max. Moments at Partion Faces will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) g) Calculated Factored (-) ve. Moment M at Mid Span Mn-Face 526.644 kN-m 526.644*10^6 N-mm
(-) MTotal-H-Rock-USD
32.705 kN-m 32.705*10^6 N-mm
h) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual
Mr>MTotal-H-Rock-USD
Page 668
Factored Moment M at face of Span ( Which one is Greater, if Mr M the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied) iv) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Well Wall in Horizontal Span at Bedrock Level. a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Face of Well Wall for Horizontal Span which is also Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = VH-Wall-Rock-USD= VU VU.
Satisfied
122.896 kN/m 122.896*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = bH, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tWell-Wall Thickness of Well Wall.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Wall is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 480.600
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
480.600 mm 432.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-Well-Wall
Vn-1
Vn-2
Vc
Vs
2.000
Vp.
0.000 N
Page 669
Satisfied
e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Well does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Well Wall Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus the Flexural Design of Reinforcement on Outer Surface of Well Wall in Horizontal Direction is OK. v) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State fs-Dev.
2 24.068 N/mm
(-)MTotal-H-Rock-WSD
32.705 kN-m 32.705*10^6 N-mm

2 2,544.690 mm
ii) As-pro is the Steel Area for the Section under USD Design Calculation. iii) de is Effective Depth between Extreme Compression Fiber to Centroid of the Horizontal Tensile Reinforcement on Outer Face of Well Wall. c) fsa is Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement having its value = Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, in Which; i) dc=Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation the Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face with Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Outer.Since Clear Cover at Inner Face of Well Wall, CCov-Outer = 75mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 18f ; thus dc = (18/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Well Wall the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000
As-pro de
534.000 mm
fsa
2 214.187 N/mm
dc
50.000 mm
2 10,000.000 mm
ZMax.
17,000.000 N/mm
Page 670
b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure will be a Buried Components thus the Allowable Max. value is ZMax. = 17000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. 0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the Well Wall Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev. ZDev. 1,910.259 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs fsa< 0.6fy Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy Satisfy Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Well Cap fs-Dev.< fsa the Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allocable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Horizontal for Well Wall on Outer Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any additional Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 24 Flexural Design of Vertical Reinforcement on Inner Faces of Well Wall having Strips Width Direction in Horizontal : i) Provision Horizontal Reinforcements on Inner Face of Well Wall against (+) ve. Moment at Bedrock Level: a) The Calculated (+) ve Moment at Bedrock Level occurs at Middle in (+) MTotal-V-Rock-USD between Pertition Walls having (+) MTotal-V-Rock-USD <Mr, the Allowable Minimum .For (+) ve value, the Main Reinforcement will be on Inner Face of Wall. Mr 23.679 23.679*10^6 207.866 207.866*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
b) Since (+) MTotal-V-Rock-USD < Mr, the Minimum Flexural Strength Moment.Thus Mr is the Ultimate DesignMoment MU. c) Effective Depth for Vertical Tensile Reinforcement on Inner Face of Wall = tWall - CCov-Inner - DBer-Hor-Inner - DBer-Ver-Inner./2
MU
207.866 kN-m/m 207.866*10^6 N-mm/m 525.000 mm 0.525 m 22.671 mm 1,096.67 232.038 mm2/m mm,C/C
de-Inner-V
areq. As-V-req-Inn sreq
e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement = Af14,*b/As-V-req-Inn
Page 671
g) Let the Spacing of Reinforcement with 14f bars for the Section = 150mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 14f bars having Spacing 150mm,C/C = Af14,*b/spro i) Steel Ratio with provided Steel Area, As-V-pro-Inn/bdpro
/ j) With provided Steel Area the value of 'a' = As-V-pro-Inn*fy/(0.b1*f c*b)
spro.
150.000
mm,C/C
As-V-pro-Inn
1,696.460
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
k) Resisting Moment with provided Steel Area = As-pro*fy(de - apro/2)/10^6
n) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, thus the Flexural Design for Reinforcement on Inner Face Wall in Vertical Direction is OK. ii) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis & the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b 1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.063 e) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) c/de-Max. c 0.450 33.121 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.063 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
Mn f
d) The Nominal Resistance for a Flanged Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestressing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.2 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2). e) For a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Either of I or T Section with Flenge & Web Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2). In a Rectangular Section Structure
Page 672
Width b = bV & ds = de, thus the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) f) For Fixed Supported & Single Reinforced Rectangular Section with Provided (+)Mn-Mid Steel Area against Factored (+) ve.Max. Moments at its Mid Span will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) g) Calculated Factored (+) ve. Moment M at Mid Span (+)MTotal-V-Rock-USD 351.612 kN-m 351.612*10^6 N-mm
23.679 kN-m 23.679*10^6 N-mm Satisfied
h) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Mr>MTotal-H-Rock-USD Actual Factored Moment M at Mid Span ( Which one is Greater, if Mr M the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied) iv) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Well Cap in X-X Direction. a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Bedrock of Well Wall in Vertical Span, which is also Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = VV-Wall-Rock-USD .= VU VU.
171.876 kN/m 171.876*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = bV, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tWell-Wall Thickness of Well Wall.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Cap is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 472.500
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
472.500 mm 432.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-Well-Wall
2,480.625 kN/m 2480.625*10^3 N/m 3,594.343 kN/m 3594.343*10^3 N/m 2,480.625 kN/m 2480.625*10^3 N/m 3,594.343 kN/m 3594.343*10^3 N/m
Vn-1
Vn-2
c-i) Vc is Nominal Shear Resistance of Conrete in N & value = 0.083bf/cbvdv, (AASHTO-LRFD- Equ. 5.8.3.3-1);
Vc
Page 673
c-ii) Vs is Shear Resistance Provided by Shear Reinforcement in N having value = Avfydv(cotq + cota)sina /s. (AASHTO-LRFD-Equ. 5.8.3.3-3) in which, For Footing/Foundation/Slab Vs = 0. c-iii) b is Factor for the Diagonally Cracked Concrete to transmit Tension as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3.4. For Footing/Foundation/Slab b = 2.00. c-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (For RCC Structure Elements, Vp = 0. AASHTO-8.16.6.3.1.)
Vs
0.000 N/m
2.000
Vp.
0.000 N
Satisfied
e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus on Innerside of Well Well does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Well Wall Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus the Flexural Design of Reinforcement on Inner Surface of Well Wall in Vertical Direction is OK. v) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State fs-Dev.
2 18.471 N/mm
(+)MTotal-V-Rock-WSD
16.451 kN-m 16.451*10^6 N-mm

2 1,696.460 mm
ii) As-pro is the Steel Area for the Section under USD Design Calculation. iii) de is Effective Depth between Extreme Compression Fiber to Centroid of the Horizontal Tensile Reinforcement on Inner Face of Well Wall. c) fsa is Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement having its value = Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, in Which; i) dc=Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation of Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face with Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar-H + DBar-V/2 + CCov-Inner Since Clear Cover at Inner Face of Well Wall, CCov-Inner = 50mm & Bar Dia, DBar-H = 18f and DBar-V = 14f thus dc = (18 +14/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated
As-pro de
525.000 mm
fsa
2 142.791 N/mm
dc
75.000 mm
2 22,500.000 mm
Page 674
by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Well Wall the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure will be a Buried Components thus the Allowable Max. value is ZMax. = 17000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. ZMax. 17,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the T-Girder Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev. ZDev. 2,199.092 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs fsa< 0.6fy Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy Satisfy Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Well Cap fs-Dev.< fsa the Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allocable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Vertical for Well Wall on Inner Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any additional Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement. 25 Flexural Design of Vertical Reinforcement on Outer Faces of Well Wall having Strips Width Direction in Horizontal : i) Provision Vertical Reinforcements on Outer Face of Well Wall against ( - ) ve. Moment : a) The Calculated (-) ve Moment occurs at Middle of Well Horizontal Span having (-) MTotal-V-Rock-USD > Mr the Allowable Minimum .For (-) ve value, the Main Reinforcement will be on Outer Face of Wall. (-) MTotal-V-Rock-USD Mr 41.464 41.464*10^6 207.866 207.866*10^6 kN-m/m N-mm/m kN-m/m N-mm/m
b) Since (-) MTotal-V-Rock-USD> Mr, the Minimum Flexural Strength Moment.Thus
MU
207.866 kN-m/m
Page 675
(-) MTotal-V-Rock-USD is the Ultimate DesignMoment MU. c) Effective Depth for Vertical Tensile Reinforcement on Inner Face of Wall = tWall - CCov-Outer - DBer-Hor-Outer - DBer-V-Outer./2
207.866*10^6 N-mm/m de-Outer-V 500.000 mm 0.500 m 23.860 mm 1,154.181 220.476 100.000 mm2/m mm,C/C mm,C/C
areq. As-V-req-Out. sreq spro.
e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/[ffy(dpro - a/2)] f) Spacing of Reinforcement = Af14,*b/As-V-req-Out. g) Let the Spacing of Reinforcement with 14f bars for the Section = 100mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 14f bars having Spacing 100mm,C/C = Af14,*b/spro i) Steel Ratio with provided Steel Area, As-V-pro-Out/bdpro
/ j) With provided Steel Area the value of 'a' = As-V-pro-Out*fy/(0.b1*f c*b)
As-V-pro-Out
2,544.690
mm2/m
ppro apro Mpro
k) Resisting Moment with provided Steel Area = As-pro*fy(d - apro/2)/10^6
n) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, thus the Flexural Design for Reinforcement on Outer Face Wall in Vertical Direction is OK. ii) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis & the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b 1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.099 e) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) c/de-Max. c 0.450 49.682 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.099 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
iii) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.1: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; Mr 442.054 kN-m 473.979*10^6 N-mm
Page 676
b) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm c) f is Resistance Factor for Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing.
Mn f
491.171 kN-m 491.171*10^6 N-mm 0.90
d) The Nominal Resistance in a Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestressing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.2 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2). e) For a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Either of I or T Section with Flenge & Web Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) + 0.85f/c(b-bw)b1hf(a/2-hf/2). In a Rectangular Section Structure Width b = bH & ds = de, thus the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) f) For Fixed Supported & Single Reinforced Rectangular Section with Provided Steel Area against Factored (-) ve.Max. Moments at Bedrock Faces will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) g) Calculated Factored (-) ve. Moment M at Bedrock Face of Span Mn-Face 491.171 kN-m 491.171*10^6 N-mm
(-) MTotal-V-Rock-USD
41.464 kN-m 41.464*10^6 N-mm
h) Relation between the Computed Factored Flexural Resistance Mr & the Actual Factored Moment M at face of Span ( Which one is Greater, if Mr M the Flexural Design for the Section has Satisfied otherwise Not Satisfied)
Mr>MTotal-V-Rock-USD Satisfied
iv) Checking Against Max. Shear Force on Well Wall in Horizontal Span at Bedrock Level. a) The Maximum Shear Force occurs at Bedrock of Well Wall for Vertical Span which is also Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section. Thus Maximum Shear Force, VMax = VV-Wall-Rock-USD= VU VU. 171.876 kN/m 171.876*10^3 N/m
b) The Shearing Stress on Concrete due to Applied Shear Force at a Section. vu = (VU - fVp)/fbvdv, (AASSHTO-LRFD-5.8.2.9).Here, b-i) bv is Minimum Width of the Section, here bv = bV, the Design Strip Width. a-ii) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = tWell-Wall Thickness of Well Wall.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; b-iii) f is Resistance Factor for Shear b-iv) Vp is component of Prestressing Force in direction of Shear Force in N; (Sinec the Well Wall is a RCC Structure, thus Vp = 0. c) The Nominal Shear Resitance Vn for the Section is the Lesser value of bv. dv. 1,000.000 mm 450.000
0.9*de. 0.72h f Vp.
450.000 mm 432.000 mm 0.90 N
Vn-Well-Wall
15,125.597 kN/m
Page 677
any of Equations as mentioned in Aritical 5.8.3.3 : i) Vn-1 = Vc + Vs + Vp Equ.- 5.8.3.3-1, or Vn-1
15125.597*10^3 N/m 15,125.597 kN/m 15125.597*10^3 N/m 46,125.000 kN/m 46125.000*10^3 N/m 15,125.597 kN/m 15125.597*10^3 N/m 0.000 N/m
Vn-2
Vc
Vs
2.000
Vp.
0.000 N
Satisfied
e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Well does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Well Wall Section does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus the Flexural Design of Reinforcement on Outer Surface of Well Wall in Vertical Direction is OK. v) Checking in respect of Control of Cracking By Distribution of Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4) : a) Under Service Limit State Load Condition, Developed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement fs-Dev. of Concrete Elements, should not exceed fs the Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement under provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.4. Where; b) fs-Dev. is Developed Tensile Stress in Provided Reinforcements of Section under the Service Limit State of Loads = M/As-prode in which, i) M is Calculated Moment for the Section under Service Limit State fs-Dev.
2 26.382 N/mm
(-)MTotal-V-Rock-WSD
33.567 kN-m 33.567*10^6 N-mm

2 2,544.690 mm
ii) As-pro is the Steel Area for the Section under USD Design Calculation. iii) de is Effective Depth between Extreme Compression Fiber to Centroid of the Horizontal Tensile Reinforcement on Outer Face of Well Wall.
As-pro de
500.000 mm
Page 678
c) fsa is Computed Tensile Stress of Reinforcement having its value = Z/(dcA)1/3 0.6fy, in Which; i) dc=Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation of Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar-H + DBar-V/2 + CCov-Outer Since Clear Cover at Outer Face of Well Wall, CCov-Outer = 75mm & Bar Dia, DBar-H = 18f and DBar-V = 14f thus dc = (18 +14/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Well Wall the Tension Bars in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure will be a Buried Components thus the Allowable Max. value is ZMax. = 17000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element.
fsa
2 163.455 N/mm
dc
75.000 mm
2 15,000.000 mm
ZMax.
17,000.000 N/mm
0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
d) Since the Calculated value of fs-Dev. is responsible for Controlling the formation of Cracks under Applied Loads to the Well Wall Structure, thus value of the Crack Width Parameter Z should calculate based the value of fs-Dve. e) Based on fs-Dve. the value of Crack Width Parameter ZDev. = fs-Dev.*(dcA)1/3 f) Relation between of Developed Tensile Stress fs-Dev. & Allowable Tensile Stress fs g) Relation between Computed Tensile Stress fsa & Calculated value of 0.6fy h) Relation between Allowable Max. value of ZMax. & Developed value ZDev. ZDev. 2,743.875 N/mm fs-Dev.< fs fsa< 0.6fy Zdev.< Zmax. Satisfy Satisfy Satisfy
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Well Cap fs-Dev.< fsa the Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allocable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcement in Vertical for Well Wall on Outer Surface in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK. j) More over though the Structure is a Nonprestressed one & value of dc have not Exceeds 900 mm, thus Component does require any additional Longitudinal Skein Reinforcement.
Page 679
26 Design of Well Wall under Provisions of Compression Member : i) Dimensions of Assumed Rectangular Column Strip of Well Wall & Related Features: a) Width of Assumed Column Strip = 1.000m b) Depth of Assumed Column Strip = tWell-Wall = 0.600m
3 c) Moment of Inertia of Assumed Column Strip = bh /12
b h I
1.000 m 0.600 m
18000000000.0 mm
4
0.018 m d) Assumed Depth of Scour = HWell-pro. - HB-Rock e) Factored Vertical Load upon Assumed Column Strip = pStaining-USD f) Factored Horizontal Load At Top of Well Due to Soil & Surcharge Equally Carried by Wells Rear & Front Walls = FPH-Well-Top.-USD/2 g) Coefficient of Horizontal Subgreade Modulus of Soil = h h) Stiffness Factor T = (EcI/h)0.2 i) Minimum Depth required Well Wall = 4* T ii) Calculation of Moment due to Applied Horizontal Forces : a) Maximum Horizontal Force on Assumed Column Strip = pH-Y-Y-USD b) Moment due to Max. Horizontal Pressure with Scour Depth = 0.5*(1.8*T +dScour) + H iii) Events Related to Calculation of Core Width : a) Provided Diameter of Horizontal Reinforcements on Inner Face of Well. b) Provided Diameter of Horizontal Reinforcements on Outer Face of Well. c) Provided Diameter of Vertical Reinforcements on Inner Face of Well. d) Provided Diameter of Vertical Reinforcements on Outer Face of Well. e) Provided Clear Cover of Well Walls on Inner Face, f) Provided Clear Cover of Well Walls on Outer Face, g) Core Width of Well Wall = tWall - CCov-Inner - CCov-Outer -2*DBer-H.+ DBer-V. DBar-H-Inner DBar-H-Outer DBar-V-Inner DBar-V-Outer CCov-Inner CCov-Outer d H M dScour N PH-Well-Top.-USD 4.825 m
324.433 kN/m 42.531 kN/m
h T Ld-req
3 1,500.000 kN/m
3.100 12.400 m
42.531 kN/m 221.266 kN-m/m
18 mm 18 mm 14 mm 14 mm 50 mm 75 mm 425.000 mm 0.425 m
Page 680
h) Ratio between Core Width of Wall & Total Thickness of Wall = d/h i) X-Sectional Area of 14f Bar = p*D-f-142/4
d/h Af-14
0.71
2 153.938 mm
iii) Events Related to Provision of Compression Reinforcements Using UK Code-BS8110: a) For Assumed Rectangular Column Section tne Value of N/bhSf/c b) For Assumed Rectangular Column Section tne Value of N/bhSf/c N/bhf/c M/bh2f/c 0.03 0.03
iv ) Calculations for Reinforcement by Using the BS8110 British Code of Practic Data Sheet 53 for d/h = 80 & Sheet 54 for d/h = 75 for Calculation of value of p1/f/c & computing same for d/h = 0.71 : (Example of the Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings). iv-i) Compution of Data Sheet 53 for Value of fy = 410 kN/mm2 a) With values fy = 250N/mm2, d/h = 0.80, M/bh2f/c = 0.03,N/bhf/c = 0.03 the value of p1/f/c = 0.0000+(0.0005-0.0000)*5/17 b) With values fy = 460N/mm2, d/h = 0.80, M/bh2f/c = 0.03, N/bhf/c = 0.03 the value of p1/f/c = 0.0000+(0.0005-0.0000)*4/13 c) Thus form values a & b for fy =410N/mm2,with d/h =0.80, M/bh2f/c =0.03 & N/bhf/c = 0.03 the Commutated value of p1/f/c = 0.0001 + (410-250)*(0.0002-0.0001)/(460-250) iv-ii) Compution of Data Sheet 54 for Value of fy = 410 kN/mm2 a) With values fy = 250N/mm2, d/h = 0.75 M/bh2f/c = 0.03,N/bhf/c = 0.03 the value of p1/f/c = 0.0000+(0.0005-0.0000)*4/18 b) With values fy = 460N/mm2, d/h = 0.75, M/bh2f/c = 0.03r, N/bhf/c = 0.03 the value of p1/f/c = 0 c) Thus form values a & b for fy =410N/mm2,with hs/h =0.75, M/h3f/c =0.09 & Nmin/h2f/c = 0.09 the Commutated value of p1/f/c = 0.0000+ (410-250)*(0.0001-0.0000)/(460-250) p1/f/c 0.0001 p1/f/c 0.0001
p1/f/c
0.0002
p1/f/c
0.0002
p1/f/c
0.0000
p1/f/c
0.0001
iv-iii) Compution of Value of p1/f/c againstd/h = 0.71 for fy = 410 N/mm2 using the Computed value of p1/f/c Computed Values of d/h = 0.80 & 0.75 for fy = 410N/mm2: a) Against d/h = 0.80 & fy = 410N/mm2 p1/f/c = 0.0002 b) Against d/h = 0.75 & fy = 410N/mm2 p1/f/c = 0.0001
Page 681
c) Thus for d/h =0.71 & fy =410N/mm2 p1/f/c = 0.0001+(0.0002-0.0001)*9/5
p1/f/c
0.0001
iv-iv) Calculations for Reinforcements Considering Well Wall as Compression Component : a) With Commutated value of p1/f/c = 0.0001, p1 =0.0001*f/c
2 / 2 b) For fy = 410N/mm , f c = 21N/mm , d/h = 0.71, & p1 = 0.002 for Rectangular Section the Required Total Steel Area for both Faces Wall, As = p1*b*h
p1 As-Comp.
0.002
2 1,260.000 mm
c) Steel Area Provided for the Rectangular Section as Vertical Reinforcements under Flexural Arrangement for both Faces = As-V-pro-Inn + As-V-pro-Out
As-Total-Flx.
2 4,241.150 mm
d) Relation between Required Compression Component Steel Area & Provided As-Comp.<As-Total-Flx. Satisfied. Flexural Component Steel Area (Whether Requirement of Compression Component is being Satisfied). e) Since the Provision of Vertical Reinforcements of Well Wall as Flexural Component is Higher than that Required as Compression Component, thus the Structue is Safe as a Compression Component also. 27 Checking for Provisionsof Vertical Reinforcements of RCC Well Wall as Compression Component : i) Philosophy in Designing Vertical Reinforcements for RCC Well as Compression Member & Checking: a) The RCC Well will have to Receive all Vertical Load Reactions (DL & LL) from Superstructure & Substructures. It will also have to Receive Horizontal Loads those will Imposed upon Well's Outer Surfaces due to Lateral Soil & Surcharge Pressure in between Well Cap Bottom & Bed-rock Top during Construction. After Construction Inner Pockets of Well will be filled up by Bottom Plugging, Filling Material & Finally the Top Plugging. After completion the Outer Horizontal Pressures will be Balanced by the Lateral Pressures of filled Inner Materials. ii) Checking of Vertical Reinforcements for RCC Well inrespect of Compression Member : a) The Provided Vertical Reinforcement for RCC Wells should not be less than 0.20% of the Actual Grosse Cross-Sectional Area of Staining & at least of which One-third (33%) on Inner Face. (Concrete Bridge Practice : Analysis, Design and Economice- RAINA; The Substructure Pager-79). b) Min of Steel Area Required as Vertical Reinforcement on the Staining Wall as % of Grosse Cross-Sectional Area. c) Min of Steel Area Required on Inner Face of the Staining Wall in respect Total Total Steel Area as Vertical Reinforcement for of Staining. d) Provided Steel Area as Vertical Reinforcement for per meter Length of the Staining of Well on Inner Face = As-V-pro-Inn.mm2 e) Provided Steel Area as Vertical Reinforcement for per meter Length of the Staining of Well on Outer Face = As-V-pro-Out.mm2 d) Provided Total Steel Area as Vertical Reinforcement for per meter Length %Min.-Gross 0.200 %
%Min.Inner
33.000 %
As-V-pro-Inn.
1,696.460
mm2/m
As-V-pro-Out.
2,544.690
mm2/m
As-V-pro-Total.
4,241.150
mm2/m
Page 682
of Staining of Well (Both Faces) = As-V-pro-Inn.+ As-V-pro-Out. e) Percentage of Steel Area Provided as Vertical Reinforcement against Grosse Crosse-sectional Area for 1 (One) meter Length of of Staining of Well. = 100*As-V-pro-Total/b*tWall %As-V 0.707 %
f) Whether the Provided Total Steel Area against Vertical Reinforcement have Satisfied the Minimum Reqirment or Not. g) Percentage of Steel Area on Inner Face against Total Provided Steel Area as Vertical Reinforcement on Staining of Well = 100*As-V-pro-Inn./As-V-pro-Total. %As-V-Inn.
Provision Satisfied
40.000 %
h) Whether the Provided Steel Area against Vertical Reinforcement on Inner Face Satisfied the Minimum Reqirment or Not.
Provision Satisfied
g) Since the Percentage of Steel Area Provided as Vertical Reinforcement against Grosse Crosse-sectional Area of Staining of Well have Satisfied the Minimum Requirment & also the Steel Area on Inner Face of the Staining have Satisfied the Minimum Requirement against Total Provided Steel Area as Vertical Reinforcement, thus Arranges for Vertical Reinforcement is OK. 28 Checking of Provided Horizontal Reinforcements for RCC Well Wal in Respect of Hoop Tension : i) Provisions of Hoop Tension for Horizontal Reinforcements in Staining of Well : a) The Staining of RCC Well should Provide Hoop Reinforcement at lest 0.04% by Volume against Unit Length of Staining. (Concrete Bridge Practice : Analysis, Design and Economice- RAINA; The Substructure Pager-79). b) Minimum Requirment as Hoop Reinforcement by Volume for Unit Horizontal Length of Staining of Well. c) Provided Steel Area as Horizontal Reinforcement for per meter Height of Staining of Well on Inner Face = As-H-pro-Inn.mm2 d) Provided Steel Area as Horizontal Reinforcement for per meter Height of Staining of Well on Outer Face = As-H-pro-Out.mm2 e) Provided Total Steel Area as Horizontal Reinforcement for per meter Height of Staining of Well (Both Faces) = As-H-pro-Inn.+ As-H-pro-Out. f) Required Steel Area as Horizontal Reinforcement as per Calculation for per meter Height of Staining of Well on Inner Face = As-H-req-Inn. g) Required Steel Area as Horizontal Reinforcement as per Calculation for per meter Height of Staining of Well on Outer Face = As-H-req-Out. Vs-Hoop. 0.040 %
As-H-pro-Inn.
1,696.460
mm2/m
As-H-pro-Out.
2,544.690
mm2/m
As-H-pro-Total.
4,241.150
mm2/m
As-H-req-Inn.
1,027.242
mm2/m
As-H-req-Out.
1,077.377
mm2/m
h) Required Total Steel Area as per Calculation as Horizontal Reinforcement As-H-req-Total. for per meter Height of Staining of Well (Both Faces) = As-H-req-Inn.+ As-H-req-Out.
2,104.619
mm2/m
Page 683
i) Additional Horizontal Steel Provided against Calculated Steel for per meter Length of Staining of Rcc Well (Both Faces) = As-H-pro-Total.- As-H-req-Total. j) Grosse Volume of Concreta for 1 (One) meter Length & 1 (One) Height of Staining of Well, VStain. = 1000*1000*tWell. k) Provided Addl. Steel Volume in 1 (One) meter Length & 1 (One) Height of Staining of Well, VH-Steel-Addl. = 1000*As-H-pro-Addl. mm3 l) Percentage of Addl. Steel Volume Provided as Horizontal Reinforcement = 100*VH-Steel-Addl./VStain.
As-H-pro-Addl.
2,136.531
mm2/m
VStain.
3 600000000.000 mm /m
VH-Steel-Addl.
3 2136531.216 mm /m
%H-Steel-Addl.
0.356 %
m) Whether the Provided Addl. Steel Volume as Horizontal Reinforcement for Unit Length of Staining have Satisfied the Minimum Reqirment of Hoop Reinforcement or Not.
Provision Satisfied
n) Since the Addl. Steel Volume Provided as Horizontal Reinforcement of Staining of Well have Satisfied the Minimum Required Volume of Steel as Hoop Reinforcement, thus Design of Staining of Well for Reinforcement in Respect of Hoop Tension is OK.
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Q. Design of Elastomeric Bearings for Abutment :

1 Phenomenon in Designing of Elastomeric Bearing for Simple Supported Bridge Structure : i) Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD- Section-14(SI) : Joints And Bearings in Respect of Design of Steel Reinforced Elastomeric Bearings for Bridge Structures (Claues 14.4.1;: a) The Bearings should be Designed to allow the Deformations due to Temperature, Creep, Shrinkage and other Time Based causes. Those should be consistence with proper Functioning of the Bridge Structure b) The Bearings should be Designed to resist Applied Loads & Accommodate Movements under Service Limit State & Strength Limit State. Those Should also Satisfy thru requirements of Fatigue & Fracture Limit States. No Damage due Movement of Bearing Under Service Limit State can occur. No Irreparable Damage Under Strength Limit State & Extreme Limit State is Allowable. c) All Critical Load Combinations should considered for Designing of Bearings in Respect of Translational & Rotational . Movement of Bridge Structure. In these Cases Three-Dimensional Effect should be Considered. In these Respect for both Translational & Rotation should be Considered about Two Horizontal Axis and also about the Vertical Axis. d) Both Instantaneous & Long-term Effect should be Considered in Design of Bearings. Influence of Impact or Dynamic Load Allowance (IM) should not be included in Design of Bearing. e) The Minimum Thermal Movement shall be Computed from the Extreme Temperature According to Article 3.12.2 & the Design Loads shall be based upon Load Combination & Load Factotrs as Mentioned in Section-3. f) Calculated Maximum Rotation for Bearing shall be the Total Rotation due to Unfactored Service Loads. This will have an Allowance of 0.005 Red. g) In Design of Bearings Either of the Procedure/Method-A or Procedure/Method-B as Mentioned in Article-3.12.2 should Followed in Respect of Thermal Movement with Uniform Temperature Change. 2 Sketch Diagram of Elastomeric Bearing, Dimensions, Applied Load & Related Data : i) Sketch Diagram of Proposed Elastomeric Bearing Sections : a) Longitudinal Section in Elevation Showing 50% Length :
tEla-Out ts-Out tEla-Inn ts-Inn tEla-Inn ts-Inn tEla-Inn ts-Inn tEla-Inn tS-Out
tEla-Out CCov. L/2 b) Longitudinal Plan Showing 100% Length & Width: CCov.
W = Width
Traffic
L = Length ii) Superstructure Related Data : a) Span Length of Girgers (Distance between Bearing C/C) b) Number of Main Girders of Bridge Structure c) Factored Dead Load Reaction from Superstructure for One No. Interior Girder under Strength Limit State (USD) Provisions. d) Factored Live Load Reaction from Superstructure for One No. Interior Girder under Strength Limit State (USD) Provisions. e) Factored Dead Load Reaction from Superstructure for One No. Interior Girder under Service Limit State (WSD) Provisions. f) Factored Live Load Reaction from Superstructure for One No. Interior Girder under Service Limit State (WSD) Provisions. Diflection of Bridge Girder at Mid Spam g) i) Under Strength Limit State (USD) ii) Under Service Limit State (WSD) h) Total Rotation at Support for Bridge Girder i) Under Strength Limit State (USD) SL-C/C NGir. RDL-USD 24.400 5.000 512.665
RLL-USD
636.813
RDL-WSD
436.375
RLL-WSD
257.965
DUSD DWSD
40.881 39.823
qUSD
2.449E-15
ii) Under Service Limit State (WSD) iii) Under Service Limit State (WSD) due to Live Loads onlu. iii) Dimensions of Proposed Elastomeric Bearing :
qWSD qUFL
1.588E-15 1.588E-15
a) According to AASHTO-LRFD-14.57.5.1. All Internal Layers of Elastomer should be of Same Thickness. Whereas Thickness of Top & Bottom Cover Layers should not be Thicker than 70% that of Internal Layers. b) Width of Bridge Main Girder c) Transverse Width of Elastomeric Bearing d) Longitudinal Length of Elastomeric Bearing e) Thickness of Internal Elastomeric Layers f) Thickness of Outer or Cover Elastomeric Layers g) Thickness of Outer Face Steel Plate Layers h) Thickness of Inner Steel Plate Layers (2 nos. Plate each of 1.500mm thick) i) Clear Cover on All Sides of Bearing j) Total Number of Internal Elastomeric Layers k) Total Number of Internal Steel Plate Layers l) Total Thickness of Elastomeric in Bearing = NEla-Inn*tEla-Inn + 2*tEla-Out m) Total Thickness of Steel Plats in Bearing = NS-Inn*tS-Inn + 2*tS-Out n) Total Thickness of Elastomeric Bearing = HEla + HS o) Relation between Cover Elastomeric Layer & Internal Elastomeric Layer in % = 100*tEla-Out/tEla-Inn p) Max. Allowable % of Cover Elastomeric with that of Tnternal Elastomeric bGir. WBear. LBear. tEla-Inn tEla-Out ts-Out. ts-Inn. CCov. NEla-Inn. Ns-Inn. HEla. 350.000 300.000 400.000 12.000 4.500 3.000 3.000 3.000 4.000 3.000 57.000
HS
15.000
HBearing %tEla-Out
72.000 37.500
%tEla-Out-Allow.
70.000 Satisfied
q) Whether Provisons for Thicknees of Cover Layer & Internal Layer have Satisfied or Not. iv) Loads upon Elastomeric Bearing under Strength Limit State (USD):
a) Elastomeric Bearings have to face Minimum Loading when there will be only PMin.-USD-LL 636.813 Dead Loads (DL) of the Bridge Superstructure under Strength Limit State (USD). 636.813*10^3
b) Elastomeric Bearings have to face Maximum Loading when there will be both Dead Loads (DL) of the Bridge Superstructure & Live Loads (LL) upon it under Strength Limit State (USD) v) Loads upon Elastomeric Bearing under Strength Limit State (USD):
PMax.-USD 1,149.477 1213.748*10^3
a) Elastomeric Bearings have to face Minimum Loading when there will be only PMin.-WSD-LL 257.965 Dead Loads (DL) of the Bridge Superstructure under Service Limit State (WSD). 357.433*10^3 b) Elastomeric Bearings have to face Maximum Loading when there will be both Dead Loads (DL) of the Bridge Superstructure & Live Loads (LL) upon it under Service Limit State (WSD) vi) Shape Factor for Elastomeric Bearing Layer : a) According to Equation -14.7.5.1-1 (AASHTO-LRFD) the Shape Factor for Layer of Elastomeric Bearing is Si = LW/2hri(L+W); where b) L is Length of Rectangular Elastomeric Bearing along Bridge Longitudinal Axis in mm (Parallel to Traffic) = Blearing. c) W is Width of Bearing in Transverse Direction in mm = Wbear d) hri is Thickness of Internal Elastomeric Layer in mm = tEla-Inn vi) Properties of Elastomeric & Steel : a) Difference of Atmosphere Temperature of the Locality for Bridge Structure 0 (AASHTO-LRFD-3.12.2.1.1-Procudere-A ; Table 3.12.2.1.1-1) b) According to AASHTO-LRFD-14.7.5.2 the Shear Modulus of Elastomer for Hardness Shore-A having value 50 to 60 will be in between 0.60 to 1.30MPa. Let Consider the Average of .60 & 1.30 MPa at 27OC of Average Temperature. (Table 14.7.5.2-1) c) According to AASHTO-LRFD; Equ-C14.6.3.2-1 the Effective Compressive Modulus of Elastomeric Bearing Ec = 6*GSi2 in Mpa. Here, e) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel)
-6 O f) Co-efficient of Thermal Expansion of Normal Density Concrete = 10.8*10 / C (AASHTO-LRFD-5.4.2.2)
PMax.-WSD
694.340 810.356*10^3
Si.
7.143
400.000
W hri.
300.000 12.000
35
0.950
Ec.
290.816
fy a
410.00 0.000011
g) Shrinkage Strain of Concrete
DSH
0.0003
3 Checking for Compressive Stress on Elastomeric Bearing under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-14.7.5.3.2 :
i) Allowable Compressive Shear Stress for Elastomeric Bearing under Service Limit State (WSD) : a) The Allowable Shear Stress for Bearing Subject to Shear Deformation due to Total Load (DL + LL) is Expressed by sS 1.66GS 11.00MPa. (Equation-14.7.5.3.2-1) b) The Allowable Shear Stress for Bearing Subject to Shear Deformation due to Live Load (LL) only is Expressed by sL 0.66GS MPa. (Equation-14.7.5.3.2-2) c) The Allowable Shear Stress for Bearing Fixed Against Shear Deformation due to Total Load (DL + LL) is Expressed by sS 2.00GS 12.00MPa. (Equation-14.7.5.3.2-3) d) The Allowable Shear Stress for Bearing Fixed Against Shear Deformation due to Live Load (LL) Expressed by sL 1.00GS MPa. (Equation-14.7.5.3.2-4) sS-Cal. sS-Allow. 11.264 11.000
sL-Allow
4.479
sS-Fix-Cal sS-Fix-Allow
13.571 12.000
sL-Fix-Allow
6.786
ii) Allowable Plan Area for Elastomeric Bearing under Service Limit State (WSD) : a) Required Plan Area of Elastomeric Bearing against Equation-14.7.5.3.2-1 = PMax.-WSD/sS b) Required Plan Area of Elastomeric Bearing against Equation-14.7.5.3.2-2 = PMin.-WSD-LL/sL c) Required Plan Area of Elastomeric Bearing against Equation-14.7.5.3.2-3 = PMax.-WSD/sS-Fixed d) Required Plan Area of Elastomeric Bearing against Equation-14.7.5.3.2-5 = PMin.-WSD-LL/sL-Fixed AsS-req. 61,640.825
AsL-req.
57,599.811
AsS-Fix-req. 51,161.885
AsL-Fix-req. 38,015.875
iii) Checking for Provided & Requuired Plan Area of Elastomeric Bearing for Compressive Shear Stresses : a) Provided Plan Area of Elastomeric Bearing = L*W b) Relation between Provided Area & Required Area of Elastomeric Bearing for Compressive Shear Stress under Shear Deformation for Total Load: c) Relation between Provided Area & Required Area of Elastomeric Bearing for Compressive Shear Stress under Shear Deformation for Live Load only: c) Relation between Provided Area & Required Area of Elastomeric Bearing for Compressive Shear Stress under Shear Deformation for Total Load: d) Relation between Provided Area & Required Area of Elastomeric Bearing for Compressive Shear Stress under Shear Deformation for Live Load only: Apro-Plan 120000.000
Apro-Plan.>AsS-req.
Apro-Plan.>AsL-req.
Apro-Plan.>AsS-Fix-req.
Apro-Plan.>AsL-Fix-req.
iv) Developed Compressive Shear Stress for Elastomeric Bearing under Service Limit State (WSD) : a) Developed Compressive Shear Stress on Elastomeric Bearing due to Applied Total Loads (DL + LL) = PMax.-WSD/(L*W) b) Developed Compressive Shear Stress on Elastomeric Bearing due to Applied Live Load (LL) only = PMin.-WSD-LL/(L*W) c) Relation between Developed Compressive Stress on Elastomeric Bearing and Allowable Compressive Stress for Bearing Subject to Shear Deformation due to Applied Total Loads (DL + LL) under Service Limit State (WSD). d) Relation between Developed Compressive Stress on Elastomeric Bearing and Allowable Compressive Stress for Bearing Subject to Shear Deformation due to Applied Live Loads (LL) only under Service Limit State (WSD). sS-Dev. 5.786
sL-Dev.
2.150
sS-Dev.<sS-Allow
sL-Dev.<sL-Allow
e) Relation between Developed Compressive Stress on Elastomeric Bearing and sS-Dev.<sS-Fix-Allow Allowable Compressive Stressfor Bearing Fixed Against Shear Deformation due to Applied Total Loads (DL + LL) under Service Limit State (WSD). f) Relation between Developed Compressive Stress on Elastomeric Bearing and sL-Dev.<sL-Fix-Allow Allowable Compressive Stressfor Bearing Fixed Against Shear Deformation due to Applied Live Loads (LL) only under Service Limit State (WSD). n) Since the Developed Compressive Stresses on Elastomeric Bearing are Less than All the Allowable Limits & the Provided Plan Area of Bearing has Satisfied the Minimum Reqired Areas for the Respective Stresses, thus both in respect of Plan Area & Compressive Stress Proposed the Elastomeric Bearing is OK . 4 Checking for Compressive Deflection on Elastomeric Bearing under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-14.7.5.3.3 : i) Allowable Compressive Deflection on Elastomeric Bearing under Service Limit State (WSD) : a) The Deflection in Elastomeric Bearing should be Calculated both for Total Applied Loads (DL + LL) an also for the Applied Live Load (LL) Separately. b) The Instantaneous Deflection in Elastomeric Bearing is Expressed by the Equ. 14.7.5.3.3-1; d = Sihri ; where, c) i is Instantaneous Compressive Strain in Total Internal Elastomeric Layers, Against Respective Application of Load/Loads. d) hri is Thickness of Each Internal Elastomeric Layers in mm = tEla-Inn e) Using the Figure C-14.7.5.3.3-1 with 50 Durometer Reinforced Bearing Graph the % of Strain for Allowable Stress for Bearing due to Developed Max. Fixe Against Shear Deformation sS-Fix-Dev. = 5.065 Mpa due to Applied Total Loads (DL + LL) under Service Limit State (WSD) & the Shape Factor Si = 8.333 is 3.400% f) Thus the Instantaneous Compressive Strain in Elastomeric Bearing due to i
hri. %i
12.000 3.400
Si
0.034
Total Applied Loads (DL + LL) under Service Limit State (WSD) = %ei/100 g) The Allowable Instantaneous Deflection in Elastomeric Bearing for Total Applid Loads under Service Limit State (WSD); d = Sihri ;
dAllow
0.408
ii) Developed Compressive Deflection on Elastomeric Bearing under Service Limit State (WSD): a) Calculated Developed Compressive Deflection of Elastomeric Bearing due to Applied Total Loads (DL + LL) under Service Limit State (WSD) = hri*sS-Dev./Ec b) Calculated Developed Compressive Deflection of Elastomeric Bearing due to Applied Live Loads (LL) only under Service Limit State (WSD) = hri*sL-Dev./Ec c) Relation between Developed Compressive Deflection of Elastomeric Bearing and Allowable Compressive Deflection of Bearing due to Applied Total Loads (DL + LL) under Service Limit State (WSD). d) Relation between Developed Compressive Deflection of Elastomeric Bearing and Allowable Compressive Deflection of Bearing due to Applied Live Loads (DL + LL) only under Service Limit State (WSD). dDev.-S 0.239
dDev.-L
0.089
dDev-S.<dAllow
dDev-L.<dAllow
e) Since in both the for Total Loads & Live Load only the Developed Compressive Deflections of Elastomeric Bearing are within Allowable Limit, thus in Respect of Compressive Deflection Proposed Bearing is OK. 5 Checking for Shear Deformation of Elastomeric Bearing under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-14.7.5.3.4 : i) Shear Deformations due to Related Forces of Elastomeric Bearing under Service Limit State (WSD) : a) The Horizontal Movement of Bridge Superstruce, DO, shall be taken as the Extreme Displacement caused by Creep, Shirnkage, Post-tensioning combined with Thermal Effects Computed in accordance with Article 3.12.2. For Max. Shear Defotmation of the Bearing, under Service Limit State (WSD) - DS shall be taken = DO with Modifications as Required. b) Elastomeric Bearing should have to Satisfay the Provision of Equation 14.7.5.3.4-1; hrt 2DS; where, c) hrt is Total Thickness of Elastomeric Layers in Bearing in mm = HEla d) DS is the Maximum Shear Deformation of the Elastomeric Bearing due to Related Forces of under Service Limit State (WSD) hrt. DS 57.000 22.24
ii) Computation of Shear Deformation of Elastomeric Bearing due to Thermal Movment Forces : a) The Total Shear Deformation of Elastomeric Bearing due to Thermal Movment Forces is Expressed by DThermal = 1.3aL( TMax.-Design - TMin-Design); where (Equation-3.12.2.2.2a-1)
O b) a is Co-efficient of Thermal Expansion of Concrete in mm/mm/ C
DThermal
11.990
0.000011
c) L is Expansion Length in mm ( Span Length of Bridge) = SL-C/C e) (TMax.-Design - TMin-Design) is the Difference of Temperatue of the Locality = T iii) Computation of Shrinkage Strain under AASHTO-LRFD-5.4.2.3-3:
L T
24,400.000 35
a) For Moist Cured Concretes devoid of Shrinkage-prone Aggregates, the Strain due Shrinkage is Express by the Equation esk = (-) kskh *(t/(35.00 + t)*0.51*10-3,where, b) t is Drying Time in days after Casting for Curing Concrete = 28days. c) ks is Size Factor Specified in Figure-5.4.2.3.3-2. For Ratio V/S = 150, the value of ks = 0.10 d) kh is Humidity Factor Specified in Table 5.4.2.3.3-1. For 80% of Humidity & the value of kh = 0.1 e) Thus Strain due Shrinkag esk = -kskh *(t/(35.00 + t)*0.51*10-3 f) The Total Shear Deformation of Elastomeric Bearing due to Shrinkage = esk*SL-C/C t ks 28 0.100
kh
0.86
eSk DSk
-0.005 (132.20)
iv) Computation of Total Deformation due to Temperature & Shrinkage for One Bearing End : a) Total Deformation due to Temperature & Shrinkage for One Direction for Total Bridge Length = DThermal + DSk b) Deformation due to Temperature & Shrinkage For Each End =D(T+Sk)-Total/2 D(T+Sk)-Total 11.985
DT+Sk
5.992
v) Computation of Deformation due to Horizontal Force Caused by Vehicle Braking (AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.4): a) Horizontal Braking Force upon Bridge Deck shall be taken as the Greater value of i) 25% of the Axle Weight of Design Truck or Design Tandem or; ii) 5% of of the Design Truck + Lane Load or 5% of Design Tandem + Lane Load. b) Total Unfactored Axle Weight of Design Truck for an Interior Girder c) 25% of Unfactored Axle Weight of Design Truck = WTruck*25% d) Total Unfactored Weight of Design Truck + Lane Load for an Interior Girde e) 5% of of the Design Truck + Lane Load = WTruck+Lane*5% f) Prevaliled Load for Braking Force g) Braking Force Applicable for 1 (One) no. Girder = FBrak-Preva./NGir. WTruck WTruck-25% WTruck+Lane WTruck+Lane-5% FBrak-Preva. FBrak. 650.000 162.500 1,115.000 55.750 162.500 32.500
h) Shear Stiffness of Elastomric Bearing, Kq = L*W*G/HEla i) Deformation due to Shearing Force in One Direction = FBrak/Kq j) Total Shear Deformation for All Applied Forces = DT+Sk + DBrak
Kq. DBrak DS
2,000.000 16.250 22.24 hrt.>2DS
k) Relation betweek Total Thickness of Elastomeric of Bearing & Total Shear Deformation
6 Checking for Combined Compression & Rotation under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-14.7.5.3.5 : i) Provisions & Requirmens for Combined Compression & Rotation of Elastomeric Bearing : a) Checking for Combined Compression & Rotation of Elastomeric Bearing should be done under Service Limit State of Design (WSD). b) Rotations shall be taken as the Maximum Sum of the Effects of Initial Lack of Parallelism & Subsequent Girder End Rotation due to Imposed Loads & Movements. c) Bearings shall be Designed so that Uplift does not occour under any Combination of Load & Corresponding Rotation . d) In Rectangular Bearings Restriction of Uplift should be verified the Provisions of under Mentioned Equation; sS > 1.00GS(qS/n)(B/hri)2; Equation-14.7.5.3.5-1. e) In Rectangular Bearings Subject to Shear Deformation should Satisfay the Proviasins under Mentioned Equation; sS < 1.875GS[(1- 0.20(qS/n)(B/hri)2]; Equation-14.7.5.3.5-2. e) In Rectangular Bearings Fixed against Shear Deformation should Satisfay the Proviasins under Mentioned Equation; sS < 2.25GS[(1- 0.167(qS/n)(B/hri)2]; Equation-14.7.5.3.5-3. Where for all the Equations, h) n is Interior Layers of Elastomer in Bearing = NEla-Inn (If Thickness of Exterior Elastomer Layer is more than One-half Thickness of Interior Layer in that case the Parameter n should be replaced by (n + 1). For the present case Thicness of Interior Layers, tEla-Inn = 12.00mm & Thickness of Exterior Layers, tEla-Out =4.50mm. Since tEla-Out < 1/2tEla-Inn thus it requairs no change in Parameter n). i) hri is Thickness of Each Internal Elastomeric Layers in mm = tEla-Inn j) sS is the Developed Stress in Elastomer in MPa due to Total Applied Loads (DL + LL) under Service Limit State (WSD) = sS-Dev. k) B is Length of Bearing Pad if Rota ion is about Bearing's Transverse Axis, or B is Width of Bearing Pad if Rota ion is about Bearing's Longitudinal Axis, For the Present Case Rotation is Bearing's Longitudinal Axis & B = WBear. l) qS is Maximum Rotation due to Total Applied Loads (DL + LL) under Service Limit State (WSD) in Red. On Support Position of Girder = qTotal-WSD n 4.000
hri. sS
12.000 5.786
300.000
qS
1.588E-15
ii) Chicking Provisions of Up-lift Requirmens Elastomeric Bearing According to Equation-14.7.5.3.5-1. a) Computed Stress for Up-lift = 1.00GS(qS/n)(B/hri)2; (Equation-14.7.5.3.5-1). b) Relation between Develop Stress, sS & Computed Stress for Up-lift sS-Up-lift sS-Up-lift 1.683E-12
sS>sS-Up-lift
iii) Chicking Provisions of Shear Deformation of Elastomeric Bearing According to Equation-14.7.5.3.5-2. a) Shear Deformation Stress = 1.875GS[(1- 0.20(qS/n)(B/hri)2] (Equation-14.7.5.3.5-2). sS-Shear-Def 12.554
b) Relation between Develop Stress, sS & Computed Shear Deformation sS-Shear-Defor
sS<sS-Shear-Def
iv) Chicking Provisions for Elastomeric Bearing Fixed Against Shear Deformation under Equation-14.7.5.3.5-32. a) Fixed Shear Deformation Stress = 2.25GS[(1- 0.167(qS/n)(B/hri)2] (Equation-14.7.5.3.5-2). sS-Fix-Shear. 15.268
b) Relation between Develop Stress, sS & Computed Shear Deformation sS-Shear-Defor
sS<sS-Fix-Shear
7 Checking for Stablity of Elastomeric Bearing under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-14.7.5.3.6 : i) Provisions & Requirmens for Stablity of Elastomeric Bearing : a) Bearing shall be investigated for Instability under Service Limit State (WSD) Load Combination. b) Bearing should Satisfy the under Mentioned Equation-14.7.5.3.6-1. If the Provision of Equation Satisfy, than further Investigation in Respect of Stability is required. c) For a Rectangular Bearing having value of L is Greater than W, the Stability shall be Investigated by Interchanging their Position in Equation-14.7.5.3.6-2 & Equation-14.7.5.3.6-3. d) For Circular Bearing the Stability should be Investigated by using the Equation-14.7.5.6-1/2/3 of Rectangular Bearing with W = L = 0.80*D, where D is Diameter of Circular Bearing. ii) Provisions Stablity of Elastomeric Bearing According to Equation-14.7.5.3.6-1. : a) Euation of Stability is 2A B; in which b) A = (1.92hrt/L)/(1+2.0L/W)1/2 c) B = 2.67/((S +2.0)(1 + L/4.0W)), where; d) G is the Shear Modulus of the Elastomer in Mpa. e) L is Length of Rectangular Elastomeric Bearing along Bridge Longitudinal Axis in mm (Parallel to Traffic) = Blearing. A B G L 0.421 0.234 0.950 300.000
f) W is Width of Bearing in Transverse Direction in mm = WBearing. g) hrt is Total Thickness of Elastomeric Layers in Bearing in mm = HEla h) S is the Shape Factor for Elastomeric Bearing = Si
W hrt. S.
300.000 57.000 7.143
i) Relation between Calculated A & Calculated B according to Equattion Provision. A>B Requires Further Investigation j) Since Provisions of Equation-14.7.5.3.6-1 have not Satisfied, thus it requires Investigations According to Provisions of Equation-14.7.5.3.6-4 & Equation-14.7.5.3.6-5. iii) Provisions Stablity of Elastomeric Bearing According to Equation-14.7.5.3.6-4. : a) If the Bridge Deck is Free to Translate Horizontally, than Provisions of under Mentioned Equartion should Satisfy; sS GS/(2A-B) . (Equation-14.7.5.3.6-4) b) Calculated Value of GS/(2A-B) c) Relation between Develop Stress, sS & Computed value of GS/(2A-B) iv) Provisions Stablity of Elastomeric Bearing According to Equation-14.7.5.3.6-5. : a) If the Bridge Deck is Fixed to Translate Horizontally, than Provisions of under Mentioned Equartion should Satisfy; sS GS/(A-B) . (Equation-14.7.5.3.6-5) b) Calculated Value of GS/(A-B) c) Relation between Develop Stress, sS & Computed value of GS/(2A-B) GS/(A-B) 36.169 sS<GS/(A-B) GS/(2A-B) 11.145
sS<GS/(2A-B)
v) Since Provisions of Equation-14.7.5.3.6-4 & Equation-14.7.5.3.6-5. Are being Satsfied, thus the Elastomeric Bearing is Safe in Respect of Stability. 8 Checking for Reinforcement of Elastomeric Bearing under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-14.7.5.3.7 : i) Provisions & Requirmens for Reinforcement of Elastomeric Bearing : a) The Thickness of the Steel Reinforcement, hs, shall have to Satisfy the Provisions of Equation-14.7.5.3.7-1 under Service Limit State (WSD) as Mentioned here in, hs 3hMax sS/Fy b) The Thickness of the Steel Reinforcement, hs, shall have to Satisfy the Provisions of Equation-14.7.5.3.7-2 under Fatigue Limit State as Mentioned here in, hs 2.0hMax sL/DFTH, where; c) hS is Thickness of Steel Laminate in Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearing in mm = tS-Inn d) DFHT is Constant Ampletude Fatigue Threshold for Category-A as Specified in Article-6.6 im MPa. According to Article-6.6.1.2.5, In Provision of Fatigue hS 3.000
DFHT
165.000
Resistance & Respective Table--6.6.1.2.5-3 unser Catgory-A, the value of Constant Ampletude Fatigue Threshold, DFHT = 165.00 Mpa. e) hMax is the Thickness (mm) of Thickest Elastomeric Layer in Elastomeric Bearing .Here Internal Elastomeric Layers are Thickest with Equal = tEla-Inn f) sL is Develop Average Stress in Mpa on Elastomeric Bearing Under Service Limit State (WSD) only due to Live Loads (LL) = sL-Dev. g) sS is Develop Average Stress in Mpa on Elastomeric Bearing Under Service Limit State (WSD) for Total Applied Loads (DL + LL) = sS-Dev. h) Fy is Yield Strength of Steel as Reinforcement of Elastomeric Bearing with a value = fy Steel Ultimate Strength (60 Grade Steel). ii) Computed values of Equation-14.7.5.3.7-1, hs 3hMax sS/Fy a) Calculated value of 3hMax sS/Fy b) Relation between hS, the Thickness of Steel Laminate in Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearing & Calculated value of 3hMax sS/Fy iii) Computed values of Equation-14.7.5.3.7-2, hs 2.0hMax sL/DFTH a) Calculated value of 2.0hMax sL/DFTH b) Relation between hS, the Thickness of Steel Laminate in Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearing & Calculated value of 2.0hMax sL/DFTF 2.0hMax sL/DFTF 0.313 3hMax sS/Fy 0.508 hMax. 12.000
sL
2.150
sS
5.786
Fy
410.00
hs>3hmax sS/Fy
hs>2.0hMax sL/DFTF
iv) Since Provisions of Equation-14.7.5.3.7-1 & Equation-14.7.5.3.7-2. Are being Satsfied, thus the Elastomeric Bearing is Safe in Respect of Reionforcement as Steel Laminate.
teel Reinforced
and other Time
ce Limit State & . No Damage ngth Limit State
nal & Rotational . hese Respect for ertical Axis.
pact or Dynamic
Article 3.12.2 &
ds. This will have
Article-3.12.2
m nos. kN
kN
kN
kN
mm mm
Rad.
Rad. Red.
ess. Whereas
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm nos. nos. mm
mm
mm %
kN N
kN N
kN N kN N
mm
mm mm
Mpa
MPa mm/mm/OC
-14.7.5.3.2 :
Mpa Mpa
Mpa
Mpa Mpa
Mpa
mm2
mm2
mm2
mm2
Stresses : mm2 OK
OK
OK
OK
Mpa
Mpa
OK
OK
OK
OK
owable Limits tive Stresses,
RFD-14.7.5.3.3 :
an also for the
hri ; where,
mm %
mm
mm
mm
OK
OK
f Elastomeric ring is OK.
4.7.5.3.4 :
WSD) :
aused by Creep, 12.2. For Max. difications as
mm mm
mm
mm/mm/OC
mm
O
ess by the
days
mm
mm
mm
RFD-3.6.4):
kN kN kN kN kN kN
N/mm mm mm OK
ice Limit State of
uent Girder End
ponding Rotation .
quation;
ned Equation;
tioned Equation;
nos.
mm Mpa
mm
Rad.
.3.5-1. Mpa
Ok
7.5.3.5-2. Mpa
Ok
n-14.7.5.3.5-32. Mpa
Ok
sfy, than further
Interchanging
ctangular Bearing
Mpa mm
mm mm
Not Satify
ation
ng to Provisions
hould Satisfy;
Mpa Satisfied
should Satisfy;
Mpa Satisfied
e Elastomeric
.5.3.7-1 under
.5.3.7-2 under
mm
Mpa
mm
Mpa
Mpa
Mpa
mm Satisfied
mm Satisfied
e Elastomeric
R Design of RCC Bearing Pads for Abutment :

1 Design Data in Respect of Unit Weight & Strength of Materials : Description
Notation Dimensions Unit.
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d) e)
2,447.23 2,345.26 1,019.68 1,045.17 1,835.42
a) b) c) d) e)
24.00 23.00 10.00 10.25 18.00
iii) Design Data for Resistance Factors for Conventional Construction (AASHTO LRFD-5.5.4.2.1). : (Respective Resistance Factors are mentioned as f or b value) a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) For Flexural & Tension in Reinforced Concrete For Flexural & Tension in Prestressed Concrete For Shear & Torsion of Normal Concrete For Axil Comression with Spirals or Ties & Seismic Zones at Extreme Limit State (Zone 3 & 4). For Bearing on Concrete For Compression in Strut-and-Tie Modeis For Compression in Anchorage Zones with Normal Concrete For Tension in Steel in Anchorage Zones For resistance during Pile Driving Value of b1 for Flexural Compression in Reinforced Concrete (AASHTO LRFD-5.7.2..2.) Value of b for Flexural Tension of Reinforcement in Concrete fFlx-Rin. fFlx-Pres. fShear. fSpir/Tie/Seim. fBearig. fStrut&Tie. fAnc-Copm-Conc. fAnc-Ten-Steel. fPile-Resistanc. b1 b 0.90 1.00 0.90 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.80 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.85
iv) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). f/c fc Ec 21.000 8.400 23,855.620 MPa MPa MPa
d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy h) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa
2.887 fr fy fs ES 2.887 MPa
410.000 MPa 164.000 MPa 200000.000 MPa
v) Strength Data related to Working Stress Design & Service Load Condition ( WSD & AASHTO-SLS ) : a) b) c) d) e) Modular Ratio, n = Es/Ec>6 8.384 Value of Ratio of Steel & Concrete Flexural Strength, r = fs/fc = 164/8.400 Value of k = n/(n + r) = 9.000/(9.000 + 20) Value of j = 1 - k/3 = 1 - 0.307/3 Value of R = 0.5*(fckj) = 0.5*(8.400*0.307*0.898) = 1.156 n r k j R 8 19.524 0.291 0.903 1.102
2 Dimentional Data of RCC Bearing Pads for Abutment : i) Provided Dimensions of RCC Bearing Pad for Central Girder : a) Length of Bearing Pad (Parallel to Traffic) b) Width of Bearing Pad (Transverse to Traffic) c) Depth of Bearing Pad (Under Central Girder) ii) Provided Dimensions of Elastomeric Bearing Pad for Central Girder : a) Length of Bearing Plate (Parallel to Traffic) b) Width of Bearing Plate (Transverse to Traffic) c) Depth of Bearing Plate d) Clear Cover on Vertical Faces e) Clear Cover on Horizontal Face on Top f) Width of Abutment Cap g) Depth of Abutment Cap 3 Philosophy in Structural Design of RCC Bearing Pad : a) The RCC Bearing Pads for Girders are absolutely Compressive Components & their Structural shall be accordingly. b) Since the Pads are of very short Depth, thus the Structural Design will based on Short Column Phenomenon. LB-Plate WB-Plate hB-Plate CCov.-V CCov.-H bAb-Cap hAb-Cap 400 mm 300 mm 72 mm 25 mm 25 mm 1000 mm 600 mm LPad WPad hPad 500 mm 930 mm 115 mm
c) Design shall be according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.5 & the Design Phenomenon for RCC Structure. d) Since Total Vertical Loads from Girder would be Placed Directly upon the Elastomeric Bearing Pad, afterward upon the RCC Pad & Finally to the Abutment Cap. Thus it is require to Design Flexural Design as Compression Member for Reinforcement & Subsequent Checking for Shear. e) Initial Structural Design will be done under Strength Limit State (USD) & Subsequent Checking will done based on Service Limit State (WSD). 4 Applied Factored Loads upon Bearing Pad for Central Girder : a) Applied Factored Loads (DL + LL) under Strength Limit State (USD) b) Applied Factored Loads (DL + LL) under Service Limit State (WSD) PUSD PWSD 1,149.477 kN 694.340 kN
5 Structural Design of RCC Bearing Pad for Central Girder under Strength Limit State (USD) : i) Structural Design of Compression Reinforcement as Short Column : a) Surface Area of RCC Pad under Elastomeric Bearing Pad = LB-Plate *WB-Plate b) Vertical Concentrated Load upon the Elastomeric Bearing Pad PUSD is the Ultimate Load for Design. Thus PUSD = PU c) Steel Area Required for Compressive Member = (PU - 0.85f/cAC)/fy AC PU
2 120000.000 mm
1,149.477 kN 1149.477*10^3 N
2 (2,420.787) mm
AS-req
d) The (-) ve value of As-req indicates that No Compression Reinforcement is require for RCC Pad. But for Safe Guard of RCC Pads the under Mentioned Reinforcements are being Proposed to Provide. e) Let Provide 12f Bars as Reinforcement for RCC Pad on all Faces f) Cross-sional Ares of 12f Bar = pDBar-Comp2/4 g) Let Provide the Vertical Bars on Width Faces (Transverse to Traffic) of RCC Pad having Spacing 100 mm C/C. h) Number of Vertical Bars reqired on Width Face of RCC Pad = (WPad -2*CCov-V)/sW-Pad-pro-V + 1 i) Let Provide 8 nos. Vertical Bars on Each Width Face of RCC Pad j) Let Provide 2 (Two) Rows of Vertical Bars on Length Faces (Parallel to Traffic) of RCC Pad having Spacing 100 mm C/C. k) Number of Compression Bars reqired on Length Face of RCC Pad on Eacg Row = (LPad -2*CCov-V)/sL-Pad-pro-V+ 1 l) Let Provide 5 nos. Bars on Length Face of RCC Pad for Each Row DBar Af-12 sW-Pad-pro-V 12 mm
2 113.097 mm
100 mm C/C
NBar-W-req
9.800 nos
NBar-W-V-pro sL-Pad-pro-V
10 nos. 100 mm C/C
NBar-L-req
4.500 nos
NBar-L-Face-1Set-pro
5 nos.
ii) Arrangement of Tie Reinforcement : a) According to ACI Code against 12f Compression Bars the Tie Reinforcement will of 10f Bars. DBar-Tie 10 mm
b) Under same Code. Spacing of Tie Reinforcement with of 10f Bars will be the Lesser value of 16 times of Main Bar Diameter or 48 times of Tie Bar Diameter or the Least Dimension of Compressive Member. c) 16 times of Main Bar Diameter = 16*DBar-Comp d) 48 times of Tie Bar Diameter = 48*DBar-Tie e) Least Dimension of RCC Pad = LPad f) Let Provide 100 mm C/C Spacing for 10f Tie Bars . iii) Arrangement of Reinforcement on Top Surface of of RCC Bearing Pad : a) Alternate Compression Bars from Inner Row of Length Faces would be bend Horizontally and will Continue up to the Outer Row on Opposite Face. b) Each Compression Bar of Outer Row on Length Faces would Continue up to Guide Wall Top & then after those will Turned Downward to Continue through Inner Row Position to Enter inside of the Horizontal Face of RCC Pad. c) Each Compression Bar on Width Face will Bend Horizontally to Continue up to opposite Face and again those will Bend Downward to become the Compression Bar for that Face. 6 Structural Design of RCC Bearing Pad for Central Girder under Service Limit State (WSD) : a) Under Service Limit State or WSD the Applied Load upon Bearing Pad is Expressed by P = fc Ac + fsAs; where, b) P is th Applied Concentrated load upon Bearing Pad = PWSD
/ c) fc is Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f c
sMain sTie sDimn sTie-pro
192 mm 480 mm 500 mm 100 mm C/C
P fc fs AC AS
694.340 kN 8.400 164.000 MPa MPa
d) fs is Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy e) Ac is Area of RCC Pad under Elastomeric Bearing Pad = LB-Plate *WB-Plate f) As is Total Cpompresive Steel Area Required for RCC Pad against Applied Load = (P - Acfc)/fs
2 120000.000 mm 2 (1,912.56) mm
g) The (-) ve value of As-req indicates that No Compression Reinforcement is require for RCC Pad. But for Safety of Pads Reinforcements are being Proposed under to Provide as mentioned on Strength Limit State (USD) Section. 5 Checking for Shear of RCC Bearing Pad according to Article AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.5 : i) Provisions of Article AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.5 :
a) Sketch Diagram of RCC Bearing Pad:150 mm Girder Elastomeric Bearing Pad 150 mm
115mm 530 mm 930 mm W=
930 mm Pr 3,855.600 kN 3855.600*10^3 N 4,284.000 kN 4284.000*10^3 N 0.900

2 120000.000 mm
b) The Factored Bearing Resistance of Bearing Device Pr = fPn; in which, (Equ.-5.7.5-1). c) Pn = 0.85f/cA1m is Nominal Bearing Resistance in N, (Equ.-5.7.5-2). d) f is Multipluing Factor for Shear e) A1 is Area under Bearing Device in mm2 = AC f) m is a Modification Factor related to Area A2 i) If the Supporting Surface is Wider than the Loaded or Bearing Device Area m = (A2/A1) 2.00 (The Present Case Wider Loaded Area with Uniformly Distributed Load).(Equ.-5.7.5-3). ii) If the loaded Area is subject to Non-uniformly Distributed Load in that Case m = 0.75 (A2/A1) 1.50 (Equ.-5.7.5-4).
2 g) A2 is Notational Area in mm within RCC Pad & Abutment = W*bAb-Cap
Pn f A1 m m-1 m-2
2.000 2.784 NA >2.00
A2
2 930000.000 mm
h) Relation between Applied Factored (USD) Load upon Bearing Pad PU & Computed Factored Bearing Resistance Pr.& whether the Provisions of Equation.-5.7.5-3 have Satisfied or Not. i) Since all required Provisions are being Satisfied, thus the Design of RCC Pad is OK.
Pu<Pr Satisfied
S. Calculation of Deformations (Deflections & Rotations) of Different Structural Elements due to Applied Load, Shrinkage and Temperature :
Description 1 Structural Data : i) Dimentions of Superstructure : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p) q) r) s) t) u) v) w) w-i) w-ii) x) y) Span Length (Clear C/C distance between Bearings) Addl.Length of Girder beyond Bearing Center Line. Total Girder Length (a+2b) Carriageway Width Width of Side Walk on Each Side Width of Curb/Wheel Guard Width of Railing Curb/Post Guard Total Width of Bridge Deck Width & Depth of Railings Width & Breath of Railing Post Height of Railing Post Height of Wheel Guard/Curb Number of Railings on each Side C/C distance between Railing Posts Thickness of Deck Slab Thickness of Wearing Course Number of Main Girders Number of Cross Girders Depth of Main Girders (Including Slab as T-Girder) Depth of Cross Girders (Including Slab as T-Girder) Width of Main Girders Width of Cross Girders C/C Distance between Main Girders & Flange Width C/C Distance between Cross Girders in Longitudinal Direction . Distance of Slab Outer Edge to Exterior Girder Center Clear Distance Between Main Interior Girders Filets : i) Main Girder in Vertical Direction ii) Main Girder in Horizontal Direction iii) X-Girder in Vertical Direction vi) X-Girder in Horizontal Direction z) Vertical Surface Area of Superstructure's Exposed Elements SL SAddl. LGir. WCarr-Way. WS-Walk. WCurb. WR-Post. WB-Deck. RW&D. PW&B. hR-Post. hCurb. Rnos. C/CD-R-Post. tSlab. tWC NGirder. NX-Girder. hGir. hX-Girder. b-Gir-Web. bX-Gir-Web. C/CD-Girder. C/CD-X-Girder. CD-Ext.-Girder-Edg. ClD-Int.-Girder. FM-Girder-V. FM-Girder-H. FX-Girder-V. FX-Girder-H. ASup-Vert. 24.400 m 0.300 m 25.000 m 7.300 m 1.250 m 0.350 m 0.225 m 10.250 m 0.175 m 0.225 m 1.070 m 0.300 m 3.000 nos 2.000 m 0.200 m 0.075 m 5.000 nos 5.000 nos 2.000 m 1.900 m 0.350 m 0.250 m 2.000 m 6.188 m 1.125 m 1.650 m 0.150 m 0.150 m 0.075 m 0.075 m 2 87.108 m Notation DImentions Unit.
ii) Number of Traffic Lane on Bridge Deck & Flange Width : a) Number of Design Traffic Lane = WCarr.-way/3600 = 7300/3600 Where WCarr.-way is Clear Carriageway Width in between Curbs in mm NLane. 2.028 2 nos nos
(ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Calculated Flange Wideth of Interior T-Girder = bFln 2 Design Data : i) Design Criterion : a) AASHTO Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). b) Type of Loads : Combined Application of AASHTO HS20 Truck Loading & Lane Loading. ii) Design AASHTO HS20 Truck Loading : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Axle to Axle distance Wheel to Wheel distance Rear Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Rear Single Wheel Load Middle Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Middle Single Wheel Load Front Wheel axle Load (Two Wheels) Front Single Wheel Load DAxel. DWheel. LLRW-Load LLRS-Load LLMW-Load LLMS-Load LLFW-Load LLFS-Load 1.800 4.300 145.000 72.500 145.000 72.500 35.000 17.500 m m kN kN kN kN kN kN bFln. 2.000 m
iii) Design AASHTO Lane Loading : a) Design Lane Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of 9.300N/mm through the Length of Bridge for 1 (One) Lane of Bridge & acting over a 3.000m Wide Dcak Strip in Transverse Direction. Thus Lane Load per meter Length of Bridge for 1 (One) Lane = (9.300*1000/1000)kN/m b) Design Lane Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of 9.300N/mm through the Length of Gridge for Single and acting over a 3.000m Wide Strip in Transverse Direction. Thus Intensity of Lane Load per meter Length & for per meter Width = 9.300/3.000kN/m/m-Wd. iv) Design AASHTO Pedestrian Loading : a) Design Pedestrian Loading is an Uniformly Distributed Load having Magnitude of 3.600*10-3MPa through the Length of Sidewalk on both side and acting over the total Wide of Sidewalk. 3 General Data for Construction Materials of Different Structural Components :
LLLane
9.300 9.300
N/mm kN/m
LLLane-Int.
3.100 kN/m/m-Wd. 0.0031 N/mm/mm-Wd.
LL-Pedest
2 0.00360 N/mm 2 3.600 kN/m
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) Unit weight of Normal Concrete b) Unit weight of Wearing Course
gc gWC
3 2,447.232 kg/m 3 2,345.264 kg/m
c) Unit weight of Normal Water d) Unit weight of Saline Water e) Unit weight of Earth (Compected Clay/Sand/Silt)
gW-Nor. gW-Sali. gs
3 1,019.680 kg/m 3 1,045.172 kg/m 3 1,835.424 kg/m
a) b) c) d) e)
24.000 23.000 10.000 10.250 18.000
iii) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit Staete of Design (WSD) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2)Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit Staete of Design (WSD) = 0.40fy h) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa f/c fc Ec 21.000 8.400 23,855.620 2.887 fr fy fs ES 2.887 MPa MPa MPa MPa
410.000 MPa 164.000 MPa 200000.000 MPa
iv) Strength Data related to Working Stress Design & Service Load Condition ( WSD & AASHTO-SLS ) : a) b) c) d) e) Modular Ratio, n = Es/Ec 6 Value of Ratio of Steel & Concrete Flexural Strength, r = fs/fc Value of k = n/(n + r) Value of j = 1 - k/3 Value of R = 0.5*(fckj) n r k j R 8 19.524 0.291 0.903 1.102
v) Design Data for Resistance Factors for Conventional Construction (AASHTO LRFD-5.5.4.2.1). : (Respective Resistance Factors are mentioned as f ) a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) For Flexural & Tension in Reinforced Concrete fFlx-Rin. 0.900 For Flexural & Tension in Prestressed Concrete fFlx-Pres. 1.000 For Shear & Torsion of Normal Concrete fShear. 0.900 For Axil Comression with Spirals or Ties & Seismic Zones at Extreme fSpir/Tie/Seim. 0.750 Limit State (Zone 3 & 4). Flexural value of f of Compression Member will Increase Linearly as the Factored Axil Load Resitance, fPn, Decreases from 0.10f/cAg to 0. For Bearing on Concrete fBearig. 0.700 For Compression in Strut-and-Tie Modeis fStrut&Tie. 0.700
i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p) q) r)
For Compression in Anchorage Zones with Normal Concrete For Tension in Steel in Anchorage Zones For resistance during Pile Driving For Partially Prestressed Components in Flexural with or without Tension Resistance Factor f = 0.90 + 0.10*(PPR) in which, PPR = Apsfpy/(Apsfpy + Asfy), where; PPR is Partial Prestress Retio. As = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Tinsion Reinforcement in mm 2 Aps = Steel Area of Prestressing Steel mm 2 fy = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Bar in MPa. fpy = Yeiled Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa.
fAnc-Copm-Conc. fAnc-Ten-Steel. fPile-Resistanc. fFlx-PPR. PPR As Aps fy fpy
0.800 1.000 1.000 1.000
mm2 mm2 2 410.000 N/mm N/mm2
vi) b Factors for Conventional RCC & Prestressed Concrete Design (AASHTO LRFD-5.7.2.2). : a) Flexural value of b1, the Factor of Compression Block in Reinforced Concrete up to 28 MPa. i) For Further increases of Strength of Concrete after 28 MPa agaunst each 7MPa the value of b 1 will decrese by 0.05 & the Minimum Value of b1 will be 0.65. ii) For Composite Concrete Structure, b1avg = (f/cAccb1)/(f/cAcc); where, Acc =Area of Concrete Element in Compression of Crresponding Strength. b) Value of b for Flexural Tension of Reinforcement in Concrete b 0.85 b1 0.85
4 Different Load Multiplying Fatcors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) & Load Combination : i) Formula for Load Factors & Selection of Load Combination : a) Formula for Load Factors Q = igiQi f Rn = Rr; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-1 & 3.4.1-1) Where, i is Load Modifier having values b) i = D R I 0.95 in which for Loads a Maximum value of gi Applicable; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-2), & c) i = 1/(D R I ) 1.00 in which for Loads a Minimum value of gi Allpicable; (ASSHTO LRFD-1.3.2.1-3) Here: d) gi = Load Factor; a statistically based multiplier Applied to Force Effect, e) f = Resistance Factor; a statistically based multiplier Applied to Nominal Resitance, f) i = Load Modifier; a Factor related to Ductility, Redundancy and Operational Functions, g) For Strength Limit State; D h) i = D = 1.00 for Conventional Design related to Ductility, 1.000 i) i = R = 1.00 for Conventional Levels of Redundancy , j) i = I = 1.00 for Typical Bridges related to Operational Functions, k) Qi = Force Effect, l) Rn = Nominal Resitance, m) Ri = Factored Resitance = fRn. ii) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : R l 1.000 1.000
a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2)
gDC
1.250
gDW
1.500
gEH
1.500
gEV
1.350
gES
1.500
iii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU STRENGTH - III STRENGTH - V m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.750 1.330
1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.000 1.400 1.000 1.000 1.000
(With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV gLL-CR. 1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
5 Different Load Multiplying Fatcors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) gDC 1.000
gDW
1.000
gEH
1.000
gEV
1.000
gES
1.000
ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) m 1.000
b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; SERVICE - I (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV SERVICE - IV SERVICE - II SERVICE - II SERVICE - II
gLL-Truck IM
1.000 1.000
1.000 1.000 1.300 1.300 1.000 1.000 0.700 1.300 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
6 Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.6.2 in Flexural Deformation of Components for Deflection & Camber, : i) Criterion for Deflection :
a) According to AASHTO-LRFD-2.5.2.6.2 Consideration of Deflection is Optional Item for RCC Bridge Structure Except for the followings; i) Consideration of Deflection is Mandatory for Provision of Orthotropic Decks; ii) Consideration of Deflection is Mandatory for Provision of Precast Reinforced Concrete Three-side Structure According to Article 12.14.5.9; iii) Consideration of Deflection is Mandatory for Provision of Metal Grid Decks and other Light Weight Metal and Concrete Bridge Deck subject to the Serviceablity Provisions of Article 9.5.2. b) In Computation of Deflection the Service Limit State should be Considered in Calculation of Moments against Respective Applied Loads. The Dynamic Load Allowance IM should be Considered for Respective Live Loads in Combination with the Service-I. c) Provisions of Article -2.5.2.6.2 should be Considered for Analysis of Respective Deflections. d) According to AASHTO-LRFD-2.5.2.6.2 the Deflection Limit for Steel, Aluminum and/or Concrete Constructions with different Combination of Loads are the Followings : i) For general Vehicle Load, D = L (Span Length)/800 ii) For Vehicle and/or Padestrain Loads, D = L (Span Length)/1000 iii) For Vehicle Load on Cantilever, D= L (Span Length)/300 iv) For Vehicle and/or Padestrain Loads on Cantilever, D = L (Span Length)/375 ii) Axil Deformation of Components, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.6.3) : a) Instantaneous Deformation by Shortening or Expansion due to Loads shall be determined by using the Modulus of of Elasticity of Materials (Concrete-Ec & Steel-Es) at the Time of Loading. b) Instantaneous Deformation by Shortening or Expansion due to Temperature shall be determined in accordance with Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-3.12.2; 3.12.3 & 5.4.2.2. c) Long-term Deformation by Shortening due to Shrinkage & Creep shall be determined in accordance with Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD- 5.4.2.3. iii) Provisions for Instantinous Deflection at Mid Span : a) Deformation/ Deflection of Structural Components in respect of Dead & Live Load, Creep, Shrinkage, Thermal Changes, Settlement & Prestressing should be considered according to provision of AASHTO-LRFD-2.5.2.6. b) In Calculation of Deflection & Chamber Dead Load, Live Load, Prestressing, Erection Load, Concrete Creep & Shrinkage and Steel Relaxation should be Considered. For Determining Deflection & Camber the Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-4.5.2.1; 4.5.2.2 & 5.9.5.5. are applicable. c) Computation of Instantaneous Deflection should be based on Modulus of Elasticity of Conncrete-Ec as mentioned L/800 L/1000 L/300 L/1000 30.500 mm 24.400 mm 81.333 mm 65.067 mm
in AASHTO-LRFD-5.4.2.4. & Flexural Regidity of the Component EcI. For the purpose either the Gross Moment of Inertia-Ig or the Effective Moment of Inertia-Ie of the Component should ce considered. Here; d) EcI is Flexural Regidity of the Component as mentioned e) The Effective Moment of Inertia, Ie = (Mcr/Ma)3Ig + (1 - (Mcr/Ma)3)Icr Ig in which; f) Ig is the Gross Moment of Inertia for the Section under consideration in mm4 g) Icr is the Moment of Inertia of the Crack Section under consideration in mm4 h) Mcr is Crack Moment for the Section having value = fr(Ig/yt) i) fr is Modulus of Rupture of Concrte as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.4.2.6 in Mpa j) yt is the distance from the Neutral Axie to the Extrim Tension Fiber in mm k) Ma is the Max. Moment of Component for which the Deformation Computed EcI Ie mm4
Ig Icr Mcr fr yt Ma
mm4 mm4 N-mm N/mm2 mm N-mm
l) In Prismatic Member the Effective Moment of Inertia- Ie will be at Middle of Simple or Continuous Spans, whereas it will be at Support Position for the case of Cantilever Spans. m) In Nonprismatic Member the Effective Moment of Inertia- Ie will be the Average of values at Critical Sections due to (+) ve. & (-) ve. Moments respectively. iv) Provision Long-time Deflection at Mid Span (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.6.2) : a) The Long-time Deflection is Expressed by DLong = l*DInst. In which; b) l is a Multiplying Factor for the Respective Cause of Deflection c) If Instantaneous Deflection is Based on Ig, then Facto l = 4.00 d) If Instantaneous Deflection is Based on Ie, then Facto l = 3.00 - 1.2(A/s/As) 1.60. Where, e) A/s = Area of Compression Reinforcement in mm2. For Simple Supported Singly Reinforcer T-Girder; A/ = 0 f) As = Area of Nonprestressed Tension Reinforcement in mm2 v) Axil Deformation of Components, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.6.3) : a) Instantaneous Deformation by Shortening or Expansion due to Loads shall be determined by using the Modulus of of Elasticity of Materials (Concrete-Ec & Steel-Es) at the Time of Loading. b) Instantaneous Deformation by Shortening or Expansion due to Temperature shall be determined in accordance with DLong. l l-Ig. l-Ie. 4.000 3.000
A/s.
0.000
As.
2 14,476.459 mm
Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-3.12.2; 3.12.3 & 5.4.2.2. c) Long-term Deformation by Shortening due to Shrinkage & Creep shall be determined in accordance with Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD- 5.4.2.3. vi) Provisions for Instantaneous Deflection at Mid Span due to Application of Different Loads (DL & LL) : (Provisions of "Deformation of Concrete Structure" by Dan Earle Branson; Chapter-3-1, Deflection of Concrete Beams And One-Way Slab, And Both Steel And Reinforced Concrete Composite Beams. Also Provisions of Strength of Materials" by ARTHUR MORLEY, O.B.E. Chapter-3-1, Deflection of Beams) a) Instantaneous Deflection is Expressed by DInst. = Summation of Deflections caused under Service Load Condition due to Individual Application of Dead Loads (DL) & Live Loads (LL). The Maximum Deflection due to simultaneous application of all Loads (DL & LL) occurs at Mid of Simple Supported Span. DInst.-Total mm
b) The Instantaneous Defection on Simple Supported T-Girder Bridge on its Interior Beam at Mid Span Caused by Applied Uniformly Distributed Loads (UDL) or Concentrated Loads (CL) due to Dead Loads (DL) & Live Loads (LL) is Expressed by the Equation, DInst-UDL&CL= KMaL2/EcIe. Here, (Provisions of "Deformation of Concrete Structure" by Dan Earle Branson: Chapter-3-1 Deflection of Concrete Beams And One-Way Slab, And Both Steel And Reinforced Concrete Composite Beams. Equation-3-1) c) K is Deflection Coefficient which depends upon the Nature of Applied Load (DL & LL) whether Uniformly Distributed Load, (UDL) or Concentrated Load (CL). In case of Concentrated Load (CL) Deflection Coefficient also depends upon Position of Load (DL & LL) in respect of Point of Deflection from One Particular Reference Support End. (Provisions of Strength of Materials" by ARTHUR MORLEY, O.B.E. Chapter-3-1, Deflection of Beams) c-i) For Uniformly Distributed Loads (DL & LL) value of K = 5/48 c-ii) For Concentrated Loads (DL & LL) Applied at Mid Span value of K = 5/48 c-iii) If Concentrated Load (DL & LL) is Applied at a Distance in between Reference Support End & Position of Deflection Point (Mid Span), the value of K is Expressed by K = ((L-X)*(3L2 - 4(L - X)2) + (L - 2X)3)/(24XL2); Here, X is Distance of Applied Concentrated Load (DL & LL), L is Span Length. The Provision is Applicable for the Case when X < L/2. KUDL-DL&LL KCL-DL&LL KCL-DL&LL(X<L/2) 0.104 0.104
c-iv) If Concentrated Load (DL & LL) is Applied at a Distance beyond the KCL-DL&LL(X>L/2) Position of Deflection Point (Mid Span) from the Reference Support End, the value of K is Expressed by K = (L/8 - (L - X)2/6L2; Here, the value of K is Expressed by K = ((L-X)*(3L2 - 4(L - X)2) + (L - 2X)3)/(24(L-X)L2); Here, X is Distance of Applied Concentrated Load (DL & LL), L is Span Length. The Provision is Applicable for the Case when X > L/2. d) L is the Span Length (C/C Distance between Bearings/Supports) = SL e) Ma is Moment for the respective Load under Service Limit Staete of Design (WSD) f) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, L Ma Ec 23,855.620 24.400 m N-mm MPa
g) Ie is the Effective Moment of Inertia of Girder Crack Section under Service Limit State of Design (WSD).
Ie
4 0.269 mm
7 Calculation of Factored Dead Loads (DL) & Live Loads (LL) on Intermediate Girder under Service Limit State : i) Sketch Diagram Showing Different Loads (DL & LL) on Intermediate Girder Under Service Limit State: X-Girder-1 17.053 kN 6.100 X-Girder-2 17.053 kN m 6.100
X-Gir-3 =
X-Girder-3 17.053 kN m 6.100 m
X-Girder-4 17.053 kN m 6.100
X-Girder-5 17.053 kN m
12.200
0.300 m
X-Gir-2 =
6.100
m 108.750 kN 0.728 108.750 kN 12.200 m 8.628 m

12.928 m 17.228 m
c.g. of Wheels. CL of Bearing Rear Wheel under c.g Provisions. Midd. Wheel under c.g Provisions. Front Wheel under c.g Provisions. 26.250 kN
0.300 m
CL of Bearing
L /2 =
X-Rear = X-Mid. = X-Front =
m
FDLInt = 28.7100kN/m FLLInt. = 6.200kN/m
B FDLint-All = FLLint-Lane-Ped = 24.400 m 25.000 m

28.710 kN/m
CL of Girder LSpan = LTotal =
6.200 kN/m
ii) Dead Loads on 1 no. Interior Girder from Different Components & Attachments : a) Uniformly Distributed Dead Load (DL) on.Interior Girder due to Self Wt. & Attachments (Without WC & Utilies) for per meter Length of Girder. b) Uniformly Distributed Dead Load (DL)on Interior Girder from WC. for per meter Length of Girder c) Concentrated Dead Load on Interior Girder from to 1 no. Cross Girder d) Sumation of Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads on Interior Girder (a + b) for DLIntt-Gir-Self 25.260 kN/m
DLInt-Gir-WC.
3.450
kN/m
DLInt-X-Gir. DL-Int.UD
17.053 28.710
kN kN/m
iii) Live Loads (LL) on 1 no. Interior Girder due to Wheel Load & Lane Load according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-3.6.1.2.2, 3.6.1.2.4 & 3.6.1.6 : a) Concentrated Live Load (LL) on 1 no.Interior Girder from Front Wheel b) Concentrated Live Load (LL) on 1 no.Interior Girder from Mid. Wheel LLInt-Wheel-Front. LLInt-Wheel-Mid. 26.250 108.750 kN kN
c) Concentrated Live Load (LL) on 1 no.Interior Girder from Rear Wheel d) Uniformly Distributed Live Lane Load (LL) on 1 no. Interior Girder
LLInt-Wheel-Rear. LLInt-Lane.
108.750 6.200
kN kN/m
iv) Factored Dead Loads on 1 no. Interior Girder from Different Components & Attachments : a) Factored Dead Load (DL)on Interior Girder due to Self Wt.& Attachments (Without WC) for per Meter Length = gDC*DLInt-Gir-Self b) Factored Dead Load (DL) on Interior Girder due to WC. & Utilities for per Merter Length = gDW*DLInt.-Gir-WC c) Factored Concentrated Dead Load (DL) on Interior Girder from to 1 no. Cross Girder = gDC*DLInt-X-Gir. d) Sumation of Factored Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads (DL) on Interior Girder (a + b) for per Meter Length of Girder. v) Factored Live Loads of Different Components for 1 no. Interior Girder : a) Factored Concentrated Live Load (LL) on 1 no.Interior Girder from Front Wheel = mgLL-Truck*LLInt-Wheel-Front b) Factored Concentrated Live Load (LL) on 1 no.Interior Girder from Middle Wheel = mgLL-Truck*IM*LLInt-Wheel-Mid c) Factored Concentrated Live Load (LL) on 1 no.Interior Girder from Rear Wheel = mgLL-Truck*IM*LLInt-Wheel-Rear d) Factored Uniformly Distributed Live Lane Load (LL) on 1 no. Interior Girder = mgLL-Lane*LLInt-Lane FLLInt-Wheel-Front. 26.250 kN FDLIntt-Gir-Self 25.260 kN/m
FDLInt-Gir-WC+ Utility.
3.450
kN/m
FDLInt-X-Gir.
17.053
kN
FDL-Int.UD-DL
28.710
kN/m
FLLInt-Wheel-Mid.
108.750
kN
FLLInt-Wheel-Rear
108.750
kN
FLLInt-Lane.
6.200
kN/m
8 Calculation of Moments due to Factored Loads (DL & LL) at Mid Span of Intermediate Girder : i) Moment due to Uniformly Distributed Loads (DL & LL) on Interior Girder : a) Moments due to Uniformely Distributed Factored Dead Loads (DL) = FDL-Int.UD-DL*L2/8 b) Moments due to Uniformely Distributed Factored Live Lane Loads (LL) = FLLInt.Lane*L2/8 ii) Moment due to Concentrated Loads (DL & LL) on Interior Girder : a) Moments due to Factored Concentrated Dead Loads (DL) for 1st & 5th Cross Girder = FDLInt.X-Gir.*L/2 - FDLInt.X-Gir.*L/2 MCDL-X-1&5. 0.000 kN-m MUD-DL. 2,136.598 kN-m
MUD-LL.
461.404
kN-m
b) Moments due to Factored Concentrated Dead Loads (DL) for 2nd & 4th Cross Girder (Case for X < L/2) = FDLInt.X-Gir.*X-Gir-2 /2 c) Moments due to Factored Concentrated Dead Loads (DL) for 3rd Cross Girder (Case for X = L/2) = FDLInt.X-Gir.*X-Gir-3 /4 d) Moments due to Factored Concentrated Wheel Live Load (LL) for Front Wheel (Case for X > L/2) = FLLInt-Wheel-Front.*(L - X-Front)/2 e) Moments due to Factored Concentrated Wheel Live Load (LL) for Mid Wheel (Case for X > L/2) = FLLInt-Wheel-Mid.*(X-Mid)/2 f) Moments due to Factored Concentrated Wheel Live Load (LL) for Rear Wheel (Case for X < L/2) = FLLInt-Wheel-Rear.*(X-Rear)/2
MCDL-X-2&4.
52.011
kN-m
MCDL-X-3.
52.011
kN-m
MCLL-W-Front.
94.137
kN-m
MCLL-W-Mid.
702.943
kN-m
MCLL-W-Rear.
469.131
kN-m
9 Values of Deflection Coefficient 'K' for Different Applied Loads to Compute the respective Deflections at Mid Span of Intermediate Girder : a) Deflection Coefficient for Uniformly Distributed Load (DL & LL), the value = 5/48 (Applicable for Dead Loads of Main Girder, Slab, W-Course & Lane Live Load). b) Deflection Coefficient for Concentrated Load (DL) for 1st & 5th Cross Girders having Position at Support Position the value = 0. KUD-DL&LL 0.104
KCL-DL-1&5-X-Gir-Supp
0.000
c) Deflection Coefficient for Concentrated Dead Load (DL) for 2nd & 4th KCL-DL2&4-X-Gir(X<L/2) Cross Girders having Position in between Referance Support & Mid of Span for X < L/2, the value of K = ((L-X)*(3L2 - 4(L - X)2) + (L - 2X)3)/(24XL2). d) Deflection Coefficient for Concentrated Dead Load (DL) for 3rd Cross Girder having Position at Mid Span, the value = 5/48 e) Deflection Coefficient for Concentrated Live Load (LL) for Front Wheel having Position beyond Mid of Span for X > L/2, the value of K = ((L-X)*(3L2 - 4(L - X)2) + (L - 2X)3)/(24(L-X)L2); KCL-DL-3-X-Gir-Mid
0.475
0.104
KCL-LL-Wheel-Front(X>L/2)
0.101
f) Deflection Coefficient for Concentrated Live Load (LL) for Middle KCL-LL-Wheel-Mid-(X<L/2) Wheel having Position in between Referance Support & Mid of Span for X > L/2, the value of K = ((L-X)*(3L2 - 4(L - X)2) + (L - 2X)3)/(24(L-X)L2). g) Deflection Coefficient for Concentrated Live Load (LL) for Rear KCL-LL-Wheel-Rear-(X<L/2) Wheel having Position in between Referance Support & Mid of Span for X < L/2, the value of K = ((L-X)*(3L2 - 4(L - X)2) + (L - 2X)3)/(24XL2).
0.088
0.148
10 Moment of Inertia of Different Component Sections Related to Flexural Design under AASHTO-LRFD : i) Events related to Flexural Design of Interior Girder against Max. Moment under Service Limit State : a) Provided Steel Area at Mid Span against Max. (+) ve. Moment As-pro.
2 14,476.459 mm
b) Effective Depth of Provided Tensial Reinforcement c) Depth of Neutral Axis from Top of Extreme Compression Face = kdpro d) Depth of Tensial Bar Centriod from Neutral Axis = dpro - kd e) Diameter of Provided Main Tensial Reinforcement Bars f) Number of Provided Main Tensial Reinforcement Bars g) Number of Layers for Provided Main Tensial Reinforcement Bars h) Total Height of 5 Layers 32f Steel Bars if placed without Spacing = NLayer*DBar
dpro. dComp. dTen DBar NBar NLayer hSteel
1,808.222 mm 525.573 mm 1,282.649 mm 32.000 mm 18.000 nos. 5.000 nos. 160.000 mm 0.160 m
2 115,811.672 mm 2 0.115811672 m
h) Transformed Steel Area as Equivalent Concrete Area Provided for Tensile Reinforcement = nAs-pro i) Width of Transformed Steel Area as Equivalent Concrete Area = As-Trans./hSteel
As-Trans.
bSteel
723.823 mm 0.724 m
ii) Calculations for Moment of Inertia of Main T-Girder Section about its Natural Axis for Un-crack Section : a) Sketch Diagram of T-Girder Section : bFln = hFln = hWeb/2 = 0.200 0.900 m dFln = 0.612 m dWeb = 0.388 m m hGir = 2.000 m 2.000 m dNeut-Axis 0.712 m
bWeb = b) Flange Width of T-Girder c) Flange Height of T-Girder. d) Depth of T-Girder. e) Width of T-Girder Web
0.350
m bFln. hFln. hGir. bWeb. 2.000 m 0.200 m 2.000 m 0.350 m
f) Distance of T-Girder Neutral Axis from Flange Top, dNeut-Gir. = (bFal*hFln.*hFln./2+bWeb.*(hGir.-hFln.)*((hGir-hFln.)/2+hFln))/ (bFln.*hFln.+bWeb*(hGir-hFln.)) g) Distance between Neutral Axis of T-Girder & Neutral Axis of Flange Portion = dNeut-Axis - hFln./2 h) Distance between Neutral Axis of Web Portion & Neutral Axis of T-Girder = ((hGir.- hFln.)/2+ hFln.)-dNeut-Axis i) Moment of Inertia of Flange Portion about its Neutral Axis, IFln. = bFln.*hFln.3/12 j) Moment of Inertia of Web Portion about its Neutral Axis, IWeb. = bWeb.*(hWeb - hFln.)3/12 k) Moment of Inertia of Flange Portion about T-Girder Neutral Axis, IFln.-Neut = IFln. + bFln.*hFln.*dFln.2 l) Moment of Inertia of Web Portion about T-Girder Neutral Axis, IWeb.-Neut = IWeb. + bWeb.*(hWeb-hFln.)*dWeb.2 m) Moment of Inertia of T-Girder about its Neutral Axis, = IFln.-Neut. + IWeb.-Neut. n) Gross Moment of Inertia for (Un-cracke) under Service Limit State = IT-Gir.
dNeut-Gir
0.712 m
dFln.
0.612 m
dWeb.
0.388 m
IFln.
4 0.001 m
IWeb.
4 0.170 m
IFln.-Neut.
4 0.151 m
IWeb.-Neut.
4 0.265 m
IT-Gir. Ig.
4 0.416 m 4 0.416 m 4 4.161E+11 mm
iii) Calculations for Moment of Inertia of T-Girder Crack Section about Natural Axis of Section : a) Sketch Diagram of T-Girder Crack Section : bFln = hFln = 0.200 m dWeb = 0.326 dpro = 1.808 2.000 m
m m
dFln. =
0.426
kd =
0.526 yt = m
m 1.474 m
dTen = 1.283 m hGir = 2.000
As-Trans. =
2 0.116 m
bWeb = b) Flange Width of T-Girder
0.350 m bFln. 2.000 m
c) Flange Height of T-Girder. d) Depth of T-Girder Crack Section (Distance from Extreme Compression Fiber up to Flexural Neutral Axis of the Section). e) Width of T-Girder Web f) Distance between Neutral Axis of Crack Section & Neutral Axis of Flange Portion = kd - hFln./2 g) Depth of Un-crack Web Portion of T-Girder = (kd.- hFln.) h) Distance between Neutral Axis of Crack Section & Centroid of Tensile Reinforcement = dpro - kd i) Moment of Inertia of Flange Portion about its Neutral Axis, IFln.-Self = bFln.*hFln.3/12 j) Moment of Inertia of Uncrack Web Portion about Neutral Axis of Crack Section IWeb.-Self =bWeb.*(kd - hFln.)3/3 k) Moment of Inertia of Flange Portion about T-Girder Neutral Axis, IFln.-Neut = IFln.-Self+ bFln.*hFln.*dFln.2 m) Moment of Inertia of Un-crack Portion of T-Girder about Neutral Axis of Crack Section IUn-Crack = IFln.-Neut. + IWeb. n) Moment of Inertia of Transformed Tensial Steel Area as Equivalent Concrete Area about Neutral Axis of Crack Section, = As-Trans.*dTen2 o) Moment of Inertia for Crack Section under Service Limit State = IUn-Crack + ISteel-Trans.
hFln. kd
0.200 m 0.526 m
bWeb. dFln.
0.350 m 0.426 m
dWeb.
0.326 m
dTen.
1.283 m
IFln.-Self
4 0.001 m
IWeb.
4 0.004 m
IFln.-Neut.
4 0.074 m
IUn-Crack
4 0.078 m
ISteel-Trans
4 0.191 m
Icr
4 0.268 m 4 2.683E+11 mm
iv) Instantinous Deflection at Mid Span due to Applied Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads upon Interior Girder: a) EcIe is Flexural Regidity of the Component as mentioned b) The Effective Moment of Inertia, Ie = (Mcr/Ma)3Ig + (1 - (Mcr/Ma)3)Icr Ig in which; c) Ig is the Gross Moment of Inertia for Uncracked Section under Service Limit State in mm4 d) Icr is the Moment of Inertia of the Crack Section in mm4 EcIe Ie
6 8.853E-08 N/mm 4 2.695E+11 mm Ie<Ig 4 4.161E+11 mm
Ig
Icr
4 2.683E+11 mm
d) Mcr is Crack Moment for the Section having value = fr(Ig/yt) e) fr is Modulus of Rupture of Concrte as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.4.2.6 in Mpa f) yt is the distance from the Neutral Axie to the Extrim Tension Fiber in mm = hGir -kd g) Ma is the Max. Moment of Component for which the Deformation Computed
Mcr fr yt
8.1474E+08 N-mm
2 2.887 N/mm
1474.427 mm
Ma
4,127.905 kN-m 4.128E+09 N-mm
h) Since the the Calculated value of Effective Moment of Inertia, Ie < Ig the Gross Moment of Inertia, thus value of Ie Prevailes for Calculation Deflections of T-Girder. 11 Calculation of Instantaneous Deflections at Mid Span against Individual Applied Forces : i) Deflections due to Uniformly Distributed Loads (DL & LL) on Interior Girder : a) Deflection due to Uniformely Distributed Factored Dead Loads (DL) = KUD-DL&LLMUD-DL.L2/EcIe. b) Deflection due to Uniformely Distributed Factored Live Lane Loads (LL) = KUD-DL&LLMUD-LL.L2/EcIe. ii) Deflections due to Concentrated Loads (DL & LL) on Interior Girder : a) Deflection due to Factored Concentrated Dead Loads (DL) for 1st & 5th Cross Girder = KCL-DL-1&5-X-Gir-SuppMCDL-X-1&5.L2/EcIe. b) Deflection due to Factored Concentrated Dead Loads (DL) for 2nd & 4th Cross Girder = KCL-DL2&4-X-Gir(X<L/2)MCDL-X-2&4.L2/EcIe. c) Deflection due to Factored Concentrated Dead Loads (DL) for 3rd Cross Girder = KCL-DL-3-X-Gir-MidMCDL-X-3.L2/EcIe. d) Deflection due to Factored Concentrated Wheel Live Load (LL) for Front Wheel = KCL-LL-Wheel-Front(X>L/2)MCLL-W-Front.L2/EcIe. e) Deflection due to Factored Concentrated Wheel Live Load (LL) for Middle Wheel = KCL-LL-Wheel-Mid(X>L/2)MCLL-W-Mid.L2/EcIe. f) Deflection due to Factored Concentrated Wheel Live Load (LL) for Rear Wheel = KCL-LL-Wheel-Rear(X<L/2)MCLL-W-Rear.L2/EcIe. g) Total Instantaneous Deflection at Mid Span due to all Applied Forces DInst-CDL-X-1&5. 0.000 mm DInst-UDL-DL 20.612 mm
DInst-UDL-LL
4.451
mm
DInst-CDL-X-2&4.
2.288
mm
DInst-CDL-X-3.
0.502
mm
DInst-CLL-W-Front.
0.878
mm
DInst-CLL-W-Mid.
5.725
mm
DInst-CLL-W-Rear.
6.424
mm
DInst.-Total
40.881 mm
12 Calculation of Instantaneous Deflections at Mid Span against Applied Forces under AASHTO-LRFD Provision :
i) Components for Calculation of Instantaneous Deflections at Mid Span against Applied Forces under Service Limit State (WSD) & Strength Limit State (USD) : a) For Calculation of Instantaneous Deflection at Mid Span, Let Consider the action of Applied Forces both Dead Loads (DL) & Live Loads (LL) are Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) b) The Instantaneous Deflection on Simple Supported T-Girder Bridge on its Interior Beam at Mid Span Caused by Applied Uniformly Distributed Loads (UDL) is Expressed by the Equation, DInst= KMaL2/EcIe. Here, (Deformation of Concrete Structure by Dan Earle Branson; Chapter-3-1, Deflection of Concrete Beams And One-Way Slab, And Both Steel And Reinforced Concrete Composite Beams. Equation 3-1) c) K is Deflection Coefficient for Uniformly Distributed Loads (DL & LL) having value = 5/48 d) Ma is Moments at Mid Span Caused by Either only Dead Load (DL) or Dead Load (DL) + Live Load (LL) e) L is the Span Length (C/C Distance between Bearings/Supports) = SL f) Ec is Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, g) Ie is the Effective Moment of Inertia of Girder Crack Section under Service Limit State Condition as Computed according to AASHTO-LRFD-5.4.2.4.. ii) Calculated Moments at Mid Span of T-Girder under Service Limit State (WSD) : a) Momenet at Mid Span for Dead Loads under Service Limit State (WSD) b) Total Momenet at Mid Span (c.g.) for Dead Load (DL) + Live Load (LL) under Service Limit State (WSD). Ma-DL-WSD Ma-Total-WSD 2,449.720 kN-m 4,127.905 kN-m KUDL-DL&LL 0.104
Ma-DL/DL+LL
kN-m
L Ec Ie
24.400 m 23,855.620 MPa

4 0.269 m 4 2.695E+11 mm
iii) Calculated Moments at Mid Span of T-Girder under Strength Limit State (USD) : a) Momenet at Mid Span for Dead Loads (DL) under Strength Limit State (USD) b) Total Momenet at Mid Span (c.g.) for Dead Load (DL) + Live Load (LL) under Strength Limit State (USD). Ma-DL-USD Ma-Total-USD 3,129.494 kN-m 6,863.350 kN-m
iv) Calculation of Instantaneous Deflections at Mid Span against Applied Forces under Service Limit State (WSD) : a) Instantaneous Deflection Interior Beam at Mid Span due to Dead Load (DL) = KMa-DL-WSDL2/EcIe. b) Instantaneous Deflection Interior Beam at Mid Span due to Total Load (DL + LL) = KMa-Total-WSDL2/EcIe. DInst-DL-WSD 23.633 mm
DInst-Total-WSD
39.823 mm
v) Calculation of Instantaneous Deflections at Mid Span against Applied Forces under Strength Limit State (USD) :
a) Instantaneous Deflection Interior Beam at Mid Span due to Dead Load (DL) = KMa-DL-USDL2/EcIe. b) Instantaneous Deflection Interior Beam at Mid Span due to Total Load (DL + LL) = KMa-Total-USDL2/EcIe.
DInst-DL-USD
30.191 mm
DInst-Total-USD
66.212 mm
13 Calculation of Long Term Deflections at Mid Span against Applied Forces under AASHTO-LRFD Provisions : i) Calculated Instantaneous or Short Term Deflections : a) Total Instantaneous Deflection at Mid Span Calculated against Individual Applied DInst.-Total Forces both Dead Load (DL) & Live Load (LL) under Provision of Service Limit State of Design (WSD). b) Instantaneous Deflection at Mid Span Calculated against Total Dead Load (DL) under Provision of Service Limit State of Design (WSD). c) Instantaneous Deflection at Mid Span Calculated against Total Dead & Live Loads (DL + LL) under Provision of Service Limit State of Design (WSD). d) Instantaneous Deflection at Mid Span Calculated against Total Dead Load (DL) under Provision of Strength Limit State of Design (USD). e) Instantaneous Deflection at Mid Span Calculated against Total Dead & Live Loads (DL + LL) under Provision of Strength Limit State of Design (USD). DInst-DL-WSD 40.881 mm
23.633 mm
DInst-Total-WSD
39.823 mm
DInst-DL-USD
30.191 mm
DInst-Total-USD
66.212 mm
f) Since Instantaneous Deflection at Mid Span Calculated against Total Dead DInst-Acceptable. & Live Loads (DL + LL) under Provision of Service Limit State of Design (WSD). is Lowest, thus it is Acceptable one for Calculation of Long Time Deflection. ii) Calculation of Long Term Deflections : a) The Instantaneous Deflections are being Calculated Based on Ie, the Effective Moment of Inertia Computed according to Equation 5.7.3.6.2-1; Article 5.7.3.6.2. b) Since Instantaneous Deflection is Based on Ie, Multiplying Factor l = 3.000 c) Calculated value of Long Term Deflectiom at Mid Span = lIe*DInst-Acceptable. Ie
39.823 mm
4 0.269 m 4 2.695E+11 mm
l-Ie. DLong.
3.000 119.469 mm
14 Calculation of Rotation at Supports of Interior Girder due to Torsional Force Effect on Girders : (In Computation of Rotations of Interior Girders the Provisions of Book " Strength of Materials" by Arthur Morley; O.B.E. D.Sc & M.i.Mech.E, Chapter-X; "Torsion or Twisting; Article-112.Torsion of Shaft not Circular in Section & Equation-6 (For Rectangular Section) in Combination with Book" Concrete Bridge Practice, Analysis, Design And Economics"; by Dr. V. K. Raina, Chapter-24.5, Design Against Combined Shear & Torsion, Table-24.2; Relation between Torsional Shear Stress and Torsional Moment, & it Equation of Note (ii)T,I or L Section Fot Torsional Costant-J)
i) Phenomenon in Calculation of Rotation at Supports of Interior Girder : a) The Bridge Girders are being considered as T-Beam having Dead Loads due to Self Weight & Superimposed Loads from Deck Slab, W/C, Sidewalk, Curb/Wheel Guard, Railing, Rail Posts etc. whereas Live Loads from Wheel Loads of Truck, Lane Loads, Pedestrian etc. Thus the Torsional Forces at Support is the Total Shearing Forces acting on that Section. c) Bridge Interior T-Girders has a Flange Width, b = 2.000m, & Web bWeb = 0.450m. Girders are being effect by the Tensional Forces due to Eccentric Loading of both Dead Loads & Live Loads. Dead Loads of Structure & Live Lane Loads have almost equilibrium actions. Whereas Truck Live Loads have a significant effect in these respect. Wheel Position of a moving Truck may change over Bridge Deck & will have effect up to a distance of b/2 from the Center Line of Girder of each side of Interior Girders. Thus Location or Eccentricity of Torsional Force action will be consider at a distance b/4 from Girder Center Line. ii) Formula Related to Rotation at Support Position & Calculation of Rotation only for Main T-Girder : a) Roational Angle at Support, q = (40J/A4)*((MTL/2)/N); where, (Book " Strength of Materials" by Arthur Morley; O.B.E. D.Sc & M.i.Mech.E, Chapter-X; "Torsion or Twisting; Article-112. Torsion of Shaft not Circular in Section & Equation-6 Related to Rectangular Section) b) J is Torsional Constant Relate to Moment of Inertia & RCC T-Girder Section. c) A is Total Area of RCC T-Girder Section = bFln*hFln +(hGir - hFln)*bWeb q radian
J A
0.021
2 1.030 m 2 1030000.000 mm
d) MT is Tortional Moment at Support Position of Girder
MT
kN-m N-mm m mm Mpa
e) L is Span Length of Girder ( C/C Distance between Support Points) = SL
24.400 24,400.000 -
f) N is Modulus of Regidity or Shear Modulus of Elesticity of Support Section = Shear Stress/Shear Strain. g) Under any Combination of Load, Total Torsional Forces at Support, VT = VSupp. the Calculated Total Shearing Forces at Support. h) Based on the assumption of Torsional Forces (DL & LL) action Positions, the Eccentricity or Torsional Moment Arm, eTor. = b/4 from Center of Girder. i) Tortional Moment MT = VT*eTor j) Calculated Shear Stress for Support Section = vSupp k) Calculated Shear Strain for Support Section = eSupp. l) N is Modulus of Regidity or Shear Modulus of Elesticity of Support Section = Shear Stress/Shear Strain = vSupp/eSupp
VT
kN
eTor.
0.500 m 500.000 mm kN-m N/mm2 mm/mm N/mm2
MT vSupp eSupp. N
m) For T-Girder Section the value of J is Expressed by the Equation J = g1*bWeb3*hGir + g2*hFln3(bFln - bWeb)/2 + g3*hFln3(bFln - bWeb)/2; Here, J 0.021 ("Concrete Bridge Practice, Analysis, Design And Economics"; by Dr. V. K. Raina, Chapter-24.5, Design Against Combined Shear & Torsion, Table-24.2; Relation between Torsional Shear Stress and Torsional Moment, & it Equation of Note (ii)T,I or L Section Fot Torsional Costant-J) n) g is a Factor dependent upon the Ratio of Longer Arsm (y) to Shorter Arm (x) as mentioned in the Table Below : o) Table Showing the values of Factor g in respect of y/x. Value of Value of y/x g 1 0.14 1.5 0.2 2 0.23 3 0.26 5 0.29 >5 0.33
p) Calculated value of g for Different Rectangular Sections of T-Girder in respect of y/x Ratio is Shown in Table below :
Notation of Notation of g Factor Long Arm Value of Long Arm m Notation of Short Arm Value of Short Arm m Value of Ratio y/x Value of g
g1 g2 g3
hGir
(bFln-bWeb)/2 (bFln-bWeb)/2
2.000 0.825 0.825
bWeb hFln hFln
0.350 0.200 0.200
5.714 4.125 4.125
0.290 0.290 0.290
iii) Calculation of Rotation at Support Position Under Strength Limit State (USD) for Main Girder : a) Roational Angle at Support, q = (40J/A4)*((MTL/2)/N); where, b) J is Torsional Constant Relate to Moment of Inertia & RCC T-Girder Section. c) A is Total Area of RCC T-Girder Section = bFln*hFln +(hGir - hFln)*bWeb q J A 2.449E-15 radian 0.021
2 1.030 m 2 1030000.000 mm
d) MT is Tortional Moment at Support Position under Strength Limit State (USD )
MT-USD
430.383 kN-m 397.168*10^6 N-mm 24.400 24,400.000 1,596.325 m mmy Mpa
f) N is Modulus of Regidity or Shear Modulus of Elesticity of Support Section = Shear Stress/Shear Strain. g) under Strength Limit State (USD) Total Torsional Forces at Support, VT = VSupp. the Calculated Total Shearing Forces at Support. h) Based on the assumption of Torsional Forces (DL & LL) action Positions, the Eccentricity or Torsional Moment Arm, eTor. = b/4 from Center of Girder. i) Tortional Moment MT = VT*eTor
VT-USD
860.766 kN
eTor.
0.500 m 500.000 mm 430.383 kN-m
MT-USD
j) Calculated Shear Stress for Support Section = vSupp k) Calculated Shear Strain for Support Section = eSupp. l) N is Modulus of Regidity or Shear Modulus of Elesticity of Support Section = Shear Stress/Shear Strain = vSupp/eSupp m) For T-Girder Section the value of J is Expressed by the Equation J = g1*bWeb3*hGir + g2*hFln3(bFln - bWeb)/2 + g3*hFln3(bFln - bWeb)/2; Here,
vSupp eSupp. N
2 1.596 N/mm
0.001 mm/mm
2 1,596.325 N/mm
0.021
iv) Calculation of Rotation at Support Position Under Service Limit State (WSD) for Main Girder : a) Roational Angle at Support, q = (40J/A4)*((MTL/2)/N); where, b) J is Torsional Constant Relate to Moment of Inertia & RCC T-Girder Section. c) A is Total Area of RCC T-Girder Section = bFln*hFln +(hGir - hFln)*bWeb q J A 1.588E-15 radian 0.021
2 1.030 m 2 1030000.000 mm
MT
279.032 kN-m 320.596*10^6 N-mm 24.400 24,400.000 1,596.325 m mmy Mpa
f) N is Modulus of Regidity or Shear Modulus of Elesticity of Support Section = Shear Stress/Shear Strain. g) Under Service Limit State the Total Torsional Forces at Support, VT = VSupp. the Calculated Total Shearing Forces at Support. h) Based on the assumption of Torsional Forces (DL & LL) action Positions, the Eccentricity or Torsional Moment Arm, eTor. = b/4 from Center of Girder. i) Tortional Moment MT = VT*eTor j) Calculated Shear Stress for Support Section = vSupp k) Calculated Shear Strain for Support Section = eSupp. l) N is Modulus of Regidity or Shear Modulus of Elesticity of Support Section = Shear Stress/Shear Strain = vSupp/eSupp m) For T-Girder Section the value of J is Expressed by the Equation J = g1*bWeb3*hGir + g2*hFln3(bFln - bWeb)/2 + g3*hFln3(bFln - bWeb)/2; Here,
VT
558.064 kN
eTor.
0.500 m 500.000 mm 279.032 kN-m

2 1.596 N/mm
MT vSupp eSupp. N
0.001 mm/mm
2 1,596.325 N/mm
0.021
v) Calculation of Rotation at Support Position due to Live Loads only Under Service Limit State (WSD) :
a) Roational Angle at Support, q = (40J/A4)*((MTL/2)/N); where, b) J is Torsional Constant Relate to Moment of Inertia & RCC T-Girder Section. c) A is Total Area of RCC T-Girder Section = bFln*hFln +(hGir - hFln)*bWeb
q J A
1.588E-15 radian 0.021

2 1.030 m 2 1030000.000 mm
MT
279.032 kN-m 397.168*10^6 N-mm 24.400 24,400.000 1,596.325 m mmy Mpa
f) N is Modulus of Regidity or Shear Modulus of Elesticity of Support Section = Shear Stress/Shear Strain. g) Under Service Limit State the Total Torsional Forces at Support, VT = VSupp. the Calculated Total Shearing Forces at Support. h) Based on the assumption of Torsional Forces (DL & LL) action Positions, the Eccentricity or Torsional Moment Arm, eTor. = b/4 from Center of Girder. i) Tortional Moment MT = VT*eTor j) Calculated Shear Stress for Support Section = vSupp k) Calculated Shear Strain for Support Section = eSupp. l) N is Modulus of Regidity or Shear Modulus of Elesticity of Support Section = Shear Stress/Shear Strain = vSupp/eSupp m) For T-Girder Section the value of J is Expressed by the Equation J = g1*bWeb3*hGir + g2*hFln3(bFln - bWeb)/2 + g3*hFln3(bFln - bWeb)/2; Here,
VT
558.064 kN
eTor.
0.500 m 500.000 mm 279.032 kN-m

2 1.596 N/mm
MT vSupp eSupp. N
0.001 mm/mm
2 1,596.325 N/mm
1,596.325
15 Calculation of Instantaneous Deflections at Mid Span of Cross Girders against Applied Forces : (In Computation of Rotations of Interior Girders the Provisions of Book " Concrete Bridge Practice, Analysis, Design And Economics; by Dr. V. K. Raina, Chapter-20, Practical Structural Analysis, Table-20.5; for Moment; Shear; Deflection; Special Cases are being Followed. Necessary Modifications are being made to introduce Moment in Place of Load for Particular Cases. AASHTO-LRFD Service Limit State of Design (WSD) are being followed in Calculation Loads both for Dead & Live Loads.) i) Dimensional Data of Cross-Girder : a) Span Length of Cross-Girder (Clear distance between Main Girder Faces) b) Thickness of Deck Slab c) Thickness of Wearing Course SL-X-Gir. tSlab. tWC 1.650 0.200 0.075 m m m
d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k)
Number of Cross Girders Depth of Cross Girders (Including Slab as T-Girder) Width of Cross-Girder Web Width of Main-Girder Web C/C Distance Between Main Girders Flenge Width of Cross-Girder C/C Distance in between Cross-Girders in Longitudinal Direction Filets : i) X-Girder in Vertical Direction ii) X-Girder in Horizontal Direction
NX-Gir. hX-Gir. bX-Web. bMain-Web. C/CD-Gir. bFln-X-Gir. CD-X-Gir. FX-Gir-V. FX-Gir-H.
5.000 nos 1.900 m 0.250 m 0.350 m 2.000 m 0.413 m 6.250 m 0.075 m 0.075 m
ii) Computation of Daed Loads on Cross-Girders : a) Dead Load due Self Weight (Excluding Slab & W/C but including Fillets) in kN for per Meter Span Length = wc*((hX-Gir - tSlab)*bX-Web + 2*0.5*FX-Gir-V*FX-Gir-H) b) Dead Load from Slab (Within Flange Width) in kN for per Meter Span Length = gc*bFln-X-Gir.*tSlab c) Dead Load from Wearing Course (Within Flange Width) in kN for per Meter Span Length = gWC*bFln-X-Gir.*tWC d) Summation of Dead Loads of Cross-Girder for per meter Length iii) Computation of Live Loads on Cross-Girders : a) Concentrated Live Load Reaction due to Rear/Middle Single Wheel from Truck in kN = LLRSW-Load or LLMSW-Load b) Uniformly Distributed Live Load due to Loan Load Reaction in kN per Meter Span Length = LLLane/3*bFln-X-Gir. LLX-Gir.-Wheel. 72.500 kN DLX-Gir-Self 10.335 kN/m
DLX-Gir-Slab.
1.980 kN/m
DLX-Gir-WC.
0.557 kN/m
DLX-Gir.
12.872
kN/m
LLX-Gir-Lane.
1.279 kN/m
iv) Factored Dead Load for per meter Length of Cross-Girder under Service Limit State (WSD): a) Factored Dead Load of Cross-Girder due to Self & Slab in kN/m = gDC*(DLX-Gir-Self + DLX-GirSlab) b) Factored Dead Load of Cross-Girder due to Wearing Course in kN/m = gDW*DLX-Gir-WC c) Summation of Factored DL of Cross-Girder for per meter Length vii) Factored Live Loads of Cross-Girder under Service Limit State (WSD): a) Factored LL of Cross-Girder due to Wheel Load in kN; = mgLL-Truck*IM*LLX-Gir-Wheel b) Factored LL of Cross-Girder due to Lane Load in kN/m FDLX-Gir+Slab. 12.315 kN/m
FDLX-Gir-WC
0.557
kN/m
FDLX-Gir.
12.872
kN/m
FLLX-Gir.-Wheel. FLLX-Gir-Lane.
72.500 1.279
kN kN/m
= mgLL-Lane*LLX-Gir-Lane. viii) Calculation of Factored Moments at Mid Span of Cross-Girder due to Applied Loads (DL & LL) : a) Span Length of Cross-Girder (Distance between Main Girder Faces) = SL-X-Gir. a) Moment due to Dead Loads (DL) under Service Limit State (WSD) = FDLX-Gir.*(LX-Gir.)2/16 b) Moment due to Factored Live Lane Load (LL) at Middle of Cross-Girder in kN; under Service Limit State (WSD) = FLLX-Gir.-Wheel.*(LX-Gir.)2/16 c) Moment due to Factored Wheel Load (LL) at Middle of Cross-Girder in kN; under Service Limit State (WSD) = FLLX-Gir.-Wheel.*(L-X-Gir.)2/16 d) Total Factored Moment at Middle of Cross-Girder in kN; due all Applied Loads (DL + LL )under Service Limit State (WSD) = MX-Gir.-DL+MX-Lane-LL.+ MX-Wheel-LL LX-Gir. MX-Gir.-DL 1.650 m
2.190 kM-m
MX-Lane-LL.
0.218 kM-m
MX-Wheel-LL.
12.34 kM-m
MTotal-X-Mid.
14.744 kM-m
viii) Events related to Flexural Design of Cross Girder against Max. Moment under Service Limit State : a) Provided Steel Area at Mid Span against Max. (+) ve. Moment b) Effective Depth of Provided Tensial Reinforcement c) Depth of Neutral Axis from Top of Extreme Compression Face = kdpro d) Depth of Tensial Bar Centriod from Neutral Axis = dpro - kd e) Diameter of Provided Main Tensial Reinforcement Bars f) Number of Provided Main Tensial Reinforcement Bars g) Number of Layers for Provided Main Tensial Reinforcement Bars h) Total Height of 1 Layers 20f Steel Bars if placed without Spacing = NLayer*DBar As-pro. dpro. dComp. dTen DBar NBar NLayer hSteel
2 474,737.910 mm
10.000 mm 2.907 mm 7.093 mm 20.000 mm 4.000 nos. 1.000 nos. 20.000 mm 0.020 m
2 ########## mm 2 3.798 m
h) Transformed Steel Area as Equivalent Concrete Area Provided for Tensile Reinforcement = nAs-pro
As-Trans.
ix) Deflection Coefficient 'K' for Different Applied Loads to Compute the Deflections at Mid Span of cross Girder : a) Since Cross-Girders have both Fixed Ends, thus value of Deflection Coefficient K accordingly. b) Deflection Coefficient for Uniformly Distributed Load (DL & LL), the value KUD-DL&LL = 16/384 (Applicable for Dead Loads of X-Girder, Slab, W-Course & Lane Live Load). 0.042
c) Deflection Coefficient for Concentrated Live Load (LL) at Mid Span of Cross Girder having value = 8/192
KCL-LL-Mid
0.042
x) Calculations for Moment of Inertia of Cross T-Girder Section about its Natural Axis for Un-crack Section : a) Sketch Diagram of Cross-Girder Section : bX-Fln = hFln = hX-Web/2 = 0.200 0.850 m dFln = 0.796 m dWeb = 0.154 m m hX-Gir = 1.900 m 0.413 m dNeut-Axis 0.896 m
bX-Web = b) Flange Width of Cross-Girder c) Flange Height of Cross-Girder. d) Depth of Cross-Girder. e) Width of Cross-Girder Web
0.250
m bX-Fln. hFln. hX-Gir. bWeb. dNeut-Axis 0.413 m 0.200 m 1.900 m 0.250 m 0.896 m
f) Distance of Cross-Girder Neutral Axis from Flange Top, dNeut-Gir. = (bX-Fal*hFln.*hFln./2+bX-Web.*(hX-Gir.-hFln.)*((hX-Gir-hFln.)/2+hFln))/ (bX-Fln.*hFln.+bX-Web*(hX-Gir-hFln.)) g) Distance between Neutral Axis of Cross-Girder & Neutral Axis of Flange Portion = dNeut-Axis - hFln./2 h) Distance between Neutral Axis of Web Portion & Neutral Axis of Cross-Girder = ((hX-Gir.- hFln.)/2+ hFln.)-dNeut-Axis i) Moment of Inertia of Flange Portion about its Neutral Axis, IFln. = bFln.*hFln.3/12 j) Moment of Inertia of Web Portion about its Neutral Axis, IWeb. = bX-Web.*(hX-Gir - hFln.)3/12 k) Moment of Inertia of Flange Portion about Cross-Girder Neutral Axis, IFln.-Neut = IFln. + bX-Fln.*hFln.*dFln.2
dFln.
0.796 m
dWeb.
0.154 m
IFln.
4 0.000 m
IWeb.
4 0.102 m
IFln.-Neut.
4 0.052 m
l) Moment of Inertia of Web Portion about Cross-Girder Neutral Axis, IWeb.-Neut = IWeb. + bX-Web.*(hWeb-hFln.)*dWeb.2 m) Moment of Inertia of Cross-Girder about its Neutral Axis = IX-Fln.-Neut.+ IX-Web.-Neut. n) Gross Moment of Inertia for (Un-cracke) under Service Limit State = IX-Gir.
IWeb.-Neut.
4 0.112 m
IX-Gir. Ig-X.
4 0.165 m 4 0.165 m 4 1.650E+11 mm
xi) Calculations for Moment of Inertia of Cross-Girder Crack Section about Natural Axis of Section : a) Sketch Diagram of Cross-Girder Crack Section : bFln = hFln = 0.200 m dWeb = -0.197 dpro = 0.010 0.413 m
m m
dFln. =
(0.097)
kd =
0.003 yt = m
m 1.897 m
dTen = 0.001 m hGir = 1.900
As-Trans. =
2 3.798 m
bWeb = b) Flange Width of Cross-Girder c) Flange Height of Cross-Girder.
0.250 m bFln. hFln. kd 0.413 m 0.200 m 0.003 m
d) Depth of T-Girder Crack Section (Distance from Extreme Compression Fiber up to Flexural Neutral Axis of the Section). e) Width of Cross-Girder Web f) Distance between Neutral Axis of Crack Section & Neutral Axis of Flange Portion = kd - hFln./2 g) Depth of Un-crack Web Portion of Cross-Girder = (kd.- hFln.) h) Distance between Neutral Axis of Crack Section & Centroid of Tensile Reinforcement = dpro - kd i) Moment of Inertia of Flange Portion about its Neutral Axis, IFln.-Self = bFln.*hFln.3/12
bWeb. dFln.
0.250 m (0.097) m
dWeb.
(0.197) m
dTen.
0.007 m
IFln.-Self
4 0.000 m
j) Moment of Inertia of Uncrack Web Portion about Neutral Axis of Crack Section IWeb.-Self =bWeb.*(kd - hFln.)3/3 k) Moment of Inertia of Flange Portion about T-Girder Neutral Axis, IFln.-Neut = IFln.-Self+ bFln.*hFln.*dFln.2
IWeb.
4 (0.001) m
IFln.-Neut.
4 0.001 m
m) Moment of Inertia of Un-crack Portion of Cross-Girder about Neutral Axis of Crack IUn-Crack Section IUn-Crack = IFln.-Neut. + IWeb. n) Moment of Inertia of Transformed Tensial Steel Area as Equivalent Concrete Area about Neutral Axis of Crack Section, = As-Trans.*dTen2 o) Moment of Inertia for Crack Section under Service Limit State = IUn-Crack + ISteel-Trans. ISteel-Trans
4 0.000 m
4 3.798E-06 m
Icr-X
4 0.000 m 4 4.185E+08 mm
xii) Instantinous Deflection at Mid Span due to Applied Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads upon Cross Girder: a) EcIe is Flexural Regidity of the Component as mentioned b) The Effective Moment of Inertia, Ie = (Mcr/Ma)3Ig + (1 - (Mcr/Ma)3)Icr Ig in which; c) Ig-X is the Gross Moment of Inertia for Uncracked Section under Service Limit State in mm4 d) Icr is the Moment of Inertia of the Crack Section in mm4 d) Mcr is Crack Moment for the Section having value = fr(Ig/yt) e) fr is Modulus of Rupture of Concrte as per AASHTO-LRFD-5.4.2.6 in Mpa f) yt is the distance from the Neutral Axie to the Extrim Tension Fiber in mm = hGir -kd g) Ma is the Max. Moment on Component for the Section = MTotal-X-Mid. EcIe Ie
6 1.282E-16 N/mm 4 8.126E+14 mm Ie>Ig 4 1.650E+11 mm
Ig-X
Icr-X Mcr-X fr yt
4 4.185E+08 mm
2.5107E+08 N-mm
2 2.887 N/mm
1897.093 mm
Ma
14.744 kN-m 1.474E+07 N-mm
h) Since the the Calculated value of Effective Moment of Inertia, Ie > Ig-X the Gross Moment of Inertia, thus value of Ig-X Prevailes for Calculation Deflections of T-Girder. xiii) Instantinous Deflections due to Uniformly Distributed Loads (DL & LL) on Cross-Girder Mid Span : a) Deflection due to Uniformely Distributed Factored Dead Loads (DL) = KUD-DL&LLMX-Gir.-DL.(LX-Gir.)2/EcIg-X. b) Deflection due to Uniformely Distributed Factored Live Lane Loads (LL) DInst-X-UDL-DL 6.271E-06 mm
DInst-X-UDL-LL
3.556E-04 mm
= KUD-DL&LLMX-Lane-LL.(LX-Gir.)2/EcIg-X. c) Deflection due to Concentraded Factored Live Wheel Loads (LL) = KCL-LL-MidMX-Wheel-LL.(LX-Gir.)2/EcIg-X. d) Total Deflection at Mid Span of Cross Girder Due to all Applied Forces. DInst-X-CL-LL 3.556E-04 mm
DInst-X-Total
0.001 mm
xix) Computation of Rotations at Support Position of Girder due to Different Applied Loads : a) Since the Cross-Girders have Rigid Fixed Ends, thus Rotation on their Support Position = 0. a-X-Gir-DL+LL 0.000 Radian.
13 Calculation of Deformation due to Creep & Shrinkage under Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.4.2.3 : i) Provisions of Deflections due of Creep & & Shrinkage for RCC Bridge Structures : a) In RCC Bridge Structure Calculation of Deformation under Creep & Shrinkage is not Essential Component, rather than that are Applicable for Prestressed Concrete Bridge Structures. In Calculation of Deformation/Deflections in Prestressed Concrete Bridge Structures Articles 5.9.5.3 & 5.9.5.4 in Conjunction with Article 5.7.3.6.2 are to be Considered. ii) Calculation of Creep Coefficient under AASHTO-LRFD-5.4.2.3-2: a) The Creep Coefficient is Expressed by Y(t*ti) = 3.5kckf(1.58 - H/120)*ti-0.118*(t - ti)0.6/(10.0 +(t - ti)0.6). Equation-5.4.2.3.2-1 in which, b) kf is Effect of Concrete Strength having value = 62/(42+f/c) c) H is Relative Humidity in percentage. Since Bridge is Located on Sea Shore, Let Consider Value of H = 90% d) kc is a Factor for the Effect of the Volume to Surface Area Ratio of the Component as Mentioned in Figure-5.4.2.3.2-1. For (t -ts) = 1825 days, kc = 0.65 According to C-5.4.2.3.2 the Max. value of Ratio V/S is 150 mm. i) Calculated values of VGir/SArea. ii) Allowable Max. value of Ratio VGir/SArea. According to C-5.4.2.3.2 e) VGir is Volume of an Interior T-Girder = LGir*((hGir- tSlab)*bWeb + (tSlab + tWC)*bFln) f) SArea is the Surface Area of an Interior T-Girder and Calculations are being done Considering only Exposed Faces in Longitudinal Direction having value = LGir*(2*(hGir- tSlab) + bGir-Web + (bFln - bGir-Web) +bFln) g) t is the Maturity Period of Concrete in days. Since Bridge is Located very close to Sea Shore with Higher Intensity of Humidity, thus the Concrete will gain Maturity Earlier than other Areas. Considering the situation it is considered 5 years or 1825 days as Maturity Period of Concrete. h) ti is Age of Concrete when Initial Load is allowed for the Structure in days. kf H 0.984 90 %
kc V/S
0.65 150.000 mm 155.263 mm 150.000 mm

3 29.500 m 2 190.000 m
VGir. SArea.
1825 days
tf
28 days
Conventionally it is Considered Concrete gains full Strength within 28 days, thus it may also taken as Initial Load Time. i) f/c is Ultimate Compressive Strength of Concrete j) Creep Coefficient Y(t*ti) = 3.5kckf(1.58 - H/120)*ti-0.118*(t - ti)0.6/(10.0 +(t - ti)0.6). iii) Calculation of Shrinkage Strain under AASHTO-LRFD-5.4.2.3-3: a) For Moist Cured Concretes devoid of Shrinkage-prone Aggregates, the Strain due Shrinkage is Express by the Equation esk = -kskh *(t/(35.00 + t)*0.51*10-3,where, b) t is Drying Time in days for Curing Concrete after Casting having value = 28days. c) ks is Size Factor Specified in Figure-5.4.2.3.3-2. For Ratio V/S = 150, ks = 0.10 d) kh is Humidity Factor Specified in Table 5.4.2.3.3-1. For 80% of Humidity the value kh = 0.86 e) Thus Strain due to Shrinkag esk = -kskh *(t/(35.00 + t)*0.51*10-3 t ks kh 28 days 0.10 0.86 f/c Y(t*ti) 21.000 Mpa 1.128
esk
-1.385
m-Wd.
mm-Wd.
ept for
oncrete
with the
d Load,
s (DL)
2.3.2-1
uation
T. Design of Beam Ledges for Abutment :

1 Design Data in Respect of Unit Weight & Strength of Materials : Description i) Unit Weight of Different Materials :
Notation Dimensions
Unit.
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d) e)
2,447.23 2,345.26 1,019.68 1,045.17 1,835.42
a) b) c) d) e)
24.00 23.00 10.00 10.25 18.00
iii) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c f/c fc 21.000 8.400 MPa MPa
c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy h) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa
Ec
23,855.620 2.887
MPa
fr fy fs ES
2.887
MPa
410.000 MPa 164.000 MPa 200000.000 MPa
iv) Strength Data related to Working Stress Design & Service Load Condition ( WSD & AASHTO-SLS ) : a) b) c) d) e) Modular Ratio, n = Es/Ec>6 8.384 Value of Ratio of Steel & Concrete Flexural Strength, r = fs/fc = 164/8.400 Value of k = n/(n + r) = 9.000/(9.000 + 20) Value of j = 1 - k/3 = 1 - 0.307/3 Value of R = 0.5*(fckj) = 0.5*(8.400*0.307*0.898) = 1.156 n r k j R 8 19.524 0.291 0.903 1.102
2 Dimentional Data of Beam Ledges for Abutment : i) Dimentions of Beam Ledge, Bearing Plate & other Events : a) Length of Beam Ledge (Parallel to Traffic) b) Width of Beam Ledge (Transverse to Traffic) c) Depth of Beam Ledge (Under Central Girder) d) Length of Bearing Plate (Parallel to Traffic) e) Width of Bearing Plate (Transverse to Traffic) f) Depth of Bearing Plate g) Length of Abutment Cap (Parallel to Traffic) for Beam Ledge Placing h) C/C Distance (Transverse to Traffic) between Bridge Girders i) Distance between Center of Bearing & the Face of Back Wall j) Distance between Center of Bearing & the Face of Vertical Reinforcement on Open Face of Back Wall = av + CCov-Open k) Distance between End Bearing Center & the Edge of Wing Wall l) Effective Depth for Tension Reinforcement of Abutment Cap C de-Cap 0.675 m 0.538 m LB-Ladge WB-Ladge hB-Ladge LB-Plate WB-Plate hB-Plate LAb-Cap SC/C-Gir. av af 0.500 m 0.930 m 0.115 mm 4.000 m 0.300 m 0.072 m 0.700 m 2.000 m 0.325 m 0.363 m
m) Provided Spacing of 2-Ledge Shear Reinforcement of Abutment Cap n) Cross-sectional Area of 2-Ledge Shear Reinforcement of Abutment Cap o) Steel Area of Shear Reinforcement for per Meter Length of Abutment Cap = Avf-Cap(1.00/spro-Cap) p) Effective Depth for Tension Reinforcement of Back Wall (From Open Face) q) Provided Total Steel Area of Vertical Reinforcements on both Faces of Back Wall for per Meter Horizontal Length = As-Earth-V + As-Open-V r) Applied Shear Force on Exteriod Pads due to Reactions from Exterior Girder under Strength Limit State (USD) = Vu-Supp-Ext.-USD s) Applied Shear Force on Interiod Pads due to Reactions from Interior Girder under Strength Limit State (USD) = Vu-Supp-int.USD t) Applied Shear Force on Exteriod Pads due to Reactions from Exterior Girder under Service Limit State (WSD) = Vu-Supp-Ext.-WSD u) Applied Shear Force on Interiod Pads due to Reactions from Interior Girder under Service Limit State (WSD) = Vu-Supp-int.WSD v) Steel Area of One no.Vertical Reinforcement of Back Wall on Open Face which is the Steel Area of One Ledge Hanger Reinforcement = Af-12. w) Spacing of Vertical Reinforcement of Back Wall on Open Face which is the Spacing for Ledge Hanger Reinforcement = spro.-V-Open 3 Design of Beam Ledges under Provisions of Article 5.13.2.5 :
spro-Cap Av-f-Cap Avf-Cap/m
0.150 m
2 226.195 mm 2 1,507.96 mm /m
de-Wall Avf-Wall
0.244 m
2 1,809.557 mm /m
VU-Ext.-USD
832.468 kN
VU-Int.-USD
359.356 kN
VU-Ext.-WSD
49.505 kN
VU-Int.-WSD
215.333 kN
Ahr
2 113.097 mm
sHanger
125 mm C/C
i) Sketch Diagram of Abutment Cap & Beam Ledge showing Effects/Cracks Caused by Applied Loads : Ahr @s de aV 2 VU NUC Centerline of Bearing. VU S C af
4 de h W
1 W + 4aV For Shear Force W + 5af de/2 W For Flexural & Horizontal Force W + 3av For Hanger Reinforcement de/2 L de/2 ii) Requirement for Design the Beam Ledges under Provisions of Article 5.13.2.5.1 : a) According to Article 5.13.2.5.1 the Design basie of Beam Ledge will be to Resist the under Mentioned Features; b) Flexural, Shear & Horizontal Forces at the Location of Crack-1. c) Tension Force in the Supporting Element at the Location of Crack-2. d) Punching Shear at Points of Loading at the Location of Crack-3; and e) Bearing Force at Location of Crack-4. iii) Design for Shear Force (Article-5.13.2.5.2) : a) Design of Beam Ledges for Shear Force will be in accordance with the Requirements for Shear Friction Specified in Article 5.8.4. b) According to Article 5.8.2.1; the Nominal Shear Resistance of the Interface Plane is Vn = cAcv + m(Avf-Capfy + Pc), (Equation 5.8.4.1-1), where; Vn-Comp. 1378877.086 Mpa 2C
c) Vn is Nominal Shear Resistance & its value will be the Lesser of Equations Vn 0.2f/cAcv (Equation 5.8.4.1.2) or Vn 5.5Acv (Equation 5.8.4.1.3). c-i) Against Equation 5.8.4.1.2 the Clculated Allowable value of Vn-1 = 0.2f/cAcv c-ii) Against Equation 5.8.4.1.3 the Clculated Allowable value of Vn-2 = 5.5Acv c-iii) Allowable value of Vn is the Minimum of Vn-1 & Vn-2 d) Acv is Area of Concrete engaged in Shear Transfer in mm. The value of Acv should be Calculated by Multiplying the Effective Depth de-Cap, for the Tension Vn-1 Vn-2 Vn-Allow. Acv 3047625.000 Mpa 3,990,937.50 Mpa 3047625.000 Mpa
2 725,625.000 mm
Reinforcement from Compression Face and the Width of the Concrete Face Considering the Leasser One of S, (W + 4av) & 2C as shown in the Sketch Diagram. = de-Cap*2*C (Minimum of S, (W + 4*av) & 2*C.) d-i) From the Sketch Diagram value of S = SC/C-Gir. d-ii) From the Sketch Diagram value of (W + 4av ) = (WB-Ladge + 4av) d-iii) From the Sketch Diagram value of 2*C d-iv) Applicable value for the purpose is Minimum of S, (W + 4av) & 2*C e) Avf is Area of Shear Reinforcement Crossing the Shear Plan in mm2. =(Av-Cap/m*2*C)/1000 f) c is Choesion Factor according to Article 5.8.4.2. in Mpa. For Concrete placed against clean, hardened Concrete with intentionally roughened surface to an amplitude of 6.00mm. C = 0.75 Mpa g) m is Friction Factor according to Article 5.8.4.2. For Concrete placed against clean, hardened Concrete with intentionally roughened surface to an amplitude of 6.00mm. m = 1.00*l . g-i) For Normal Density Concrete l = 1.00 h) Pc is Permanent Net Compressive Force Normal to Shear Plan. If Force is Tensile Pc = 0. S (W + 4av) 2*C 2*C Avf-Cap 2,000.000 mm 2,230.000 mm 1,350.000 mm 1,350.000 mm
2 2035.75204 mm
0.75 Mpa
1.000
l Pc
1.000 0.000 Mpa
i) Relation between Computed Shear Force Vn-Comp.& Vn-Allow. the Allowable Vn-comp.<Vn-allow. Satisfied Nominal Shear Resistance Force, whether the Provision of Article have Satified or Not. j) Since the Computed Shear Force Vn-Comp.< Vn-Allow. the Allowable Nominal Shear Resistance Force, thus Design in respect of Shear Force is OK. iv) Design for Flexural and Horizontal Force (Article-5.13.2.5.3): a) Design of Beam Ledges for Flexural and Horizontal Force will be in accordance with the Requirements for Shear Friction Specified in Article 5.8.4. b) According to Article 5.8.2.1; the Nominal Shear Resistance of the Interface Plane is Vn = cAcv + m(Avf-Wallfy + Pc), (Equation 5.8.4.1-1), where; Vn-Comp. 988968.521 Mpa
c) Vn is Nominal Shear Resistance & its value will be the Lesser of Equations Vn 0.2f/cAcv (Equation 5.8.4.1.2) or Vn 5.5Acv (Equation 5.8.4.1.3). c-i) Against Equation 5.8.4.1.2 the Clculated Allowable value of Vn-1 = 0.2f/cAcv c-ii) Against Equation 5.8.4.1.3 the Clculated Allowable value of Vn-2 = 5.5Acv Vn-1 Vn-2 1383480.000 Mpa 1,811,700.00 Mpa
c-iii) Allowable value of Vn is the Minimum of Vn-1 & Vn-2 d) Acv is Area of Concrete engaged in Shear Transfer in mm2. The value of Acv should be Calculated by Multiplying the Effective Depth de-Wall, for the Tension Reinforcement from Compression Face and the Width of the Concrete Face Considering the Leasser One of S, (W + 5af) & 2C as shown in the Sketch Diagram. = de-Wall*2*C (Minimum of S, (W + 5*af) & 2*C.) d-i) From the Sketch Diagram value of S = SC/C-Gir. d-ii) From the Sketch Diagram value of (W + 5af ) = (WB-Ladge + 5af) d-iii) From the Sketch Diagram value of 2*C d-iv) Applicable value for the purpose is Minimum of S, (W + 5af) & 2*C e) Avf is Area of Shear Reinforcement Crossing the Shear Plan in mm2. f) c is Choesion Factor according to Article 5.8.4.2. in Mpa. For Concrete placed against clean, hardened Concrete with intentionally roughened surface to an amplitude of 6.00mm. C = 0.75 Mpa g) m is Friction Factor according to Article 5.8.4.2. For Concrete placed against clean, hardened Concrete with intentionally roughened surface to an amplitude of 6.00mm. m = 1.00*l . g-i) For Normal Density Concrete l = 1.00 h) Pc is Permanent Net Compressive Force Normal to Shear Plan. If Force is Tensile Pc = 0. i) Relation between Computed Flexural and Horizontal Force Vn-Comp.& Vn-Allow. the Allowable Nominal Flexural and Horizontal Resistance Force, whether the Provision of Article have Satified or Not.
Vn-Allow. Acv
1383480.000 Mpa
2 329400.00 mm
S (W + 5*af) 2*C 2*C Avf c
2,000.000 mm 2,745.000 mm 1,350.000 mm 1,350.000 mm

2 1,809.56 mm /m
0.75 Mpa
1.000
l Pc
1.000 0.000 Mpa
Vn-comp.<Vn-allow. Satisfied
j) Since the Computed Flexural and Horizontal Force Vn-Comp.< Vn-Allow. the Allowable Nominal Flexural & Horizontal Resistance Force, thus the Design in respect of Flexural and Horizontal Force is OK. v) Design for Punching Shear (Article-5.13.2.5.4): a) The Truncated Pyramids assumed as failure Surfaces as shown in Sketch Diagram should not overlapped. b) Provisions of Article-5.13.2.5.4 in respect of Nominal Punching Shear Resistance Vn in N are; c) At Interior or Exterior Pads where the End Distance C is Greater than S/2, Vn = 0.328f/c(W + 2L + 2de)de ; (Equation-5.13.2.5.4-1). Vn-Int&Ext. 19,075.316 kN 19075.316*10^3 N
d) At Exterior Pads where the End Distance C is Less than S/2 & (C-0.5W) is Less than de ;Vn = 0.328f/c(W + L + de)de ; (Equation-5.13.2.5.4-2). e) At Exterior Pads where the End Distance C is Less than S/2 but (C-0.5W) is Greater than de ;Vn = 0.328f/c(0.5W + L + de+C)de ; (Equation-5.13.2.5.4-3). f) Relation between C & S/2 according to Equ.-5.13.2.5.4-1 and whether the Provision is Applicable or Not. g) Relation between C & S/2 according to Equ.-5.13.2.5.4-2 and whether the Provision is Applicable or Not. h) Relation between C & (C-0.5W) according to Equ.-5.13.2.5.4-2 and whether the Provision is Applicable or Not. i) Relation between C & S/2 under Equ.-5.13.2.5.4-3 and whether the Provision is Applicable or Not. j) Relation between C & (C-0.5W) according to Equ.-5.13.2.5.4-3 and whether the Provision is Applicable or Not.
Vn-Ext.
1,155.743 kN 1155.743*10^3 N 1,499.104 1499.104*10^3 N Not Applicable
Vn-Ext.
C < S/2
C < S/2
Applicable
(C-0.5W)<de Applicable
C < S/2
Applicable
C < (C-0.5*W) Not Applicable
k)) Relation between Applied Shear Force on Exterior Pad VU-Supp-Ext-USD & the Vu-ext.<Vn-int-ext Computed Nominal Punching Shear Resistance Vn-Comp-Int&Ext. according to Equ.-5.13.2.5.4-1. l) Relation between Applied Shear Force on Interior Pad VU-Supp-Int-USD & the Computed Nominal Punching Shear Resistance Vn-Comp-Int&Ext. Vu-int.<Vn-int-ext
Satified
Satified
m) Relation between Applied Shear Force on Exterior Pad VU-Supp-Ext-USD & the Vu-ext.<Vn-int-ext Computed Nominal Punching Shear Resistance Vn-Comp-Ext. according to Equ.-5.13.2.5.4-2. n) Relation between Applied Shear Force on Exterior Pad VU-Supp-Ext-USD & the Vu-ext.<Vn-int-ext Computed Nominal Punching Shear Resistance Vn-Comp-Ext. according to Equ.-5.13.2.5.4-3.
Satified
Satified
o) From the Calculations it is being found the Provisions of Equ.-5.13.2.5.4-2 are Fully Applicable, whereas Provision of Equ.-5.13.2.5.4-1 is not Applicable at all & Provisions of Equ.-5.13.2.5.4-3 are Partially Applicable. p) In all the Cases the values of Applied Shear Forces VU < Vn, the Computed Nominal Punching Shear Resistance, thus the in respect of Punching Shear the Design is OK. vi) Design of Hangur Reinforcement (Article-5.13.2.5.5): a) The hanger Reinforcement Shall be Provided in addition to the Lesser Shear Reinforcement on either Side of the Beam Reaction being supported. b) The Vertical Reinforcement of Open Face of Back Wall with its Spacing is the Hanger Reinforcement for a SingleBeam Ledge as shown in the Sketch Diagram.
c) For the Service Limit State (WSD) the Nominal Shear Resistance of Hanger Reinforcement, Vn = Ahr(0.5fy)*(W + 3av)/s; (Equ.-5.13.2.5.5-1). d) For the Strength Limit State (USD) the Nominal Shear Resistance of Hanger Reinforcement, Vn = (Ahrfy*S)/s; (Equ.-5.13.2.5.5-2). Where, e) Ahr is Steel Area of One Ledge Hanger Reinforcement (Steel Area of One no. Vertical Reinforcement of Back Wall on Open Face) in mm2. f) S is Spacing of Bearings Placing in mm. = SC/C-Gir. g) s is Spacing of Hanger Reinforcement or Spacing of Vertical Reinforcement of Back Wall on Open Face in mm. = sHanger h) Applied Shear Force on Interiod Pads due to Reactions from Interior Girder under Strength Limit State (USD) = Vu-Supp-int.USD (Max. of Exe.& Int.). i) Applied Shear Force on Interiod Pads due to Reactions from Interior Girder under Service Limit State (WSD) = Vu-Supp-int.WSD (Max. of Exe.& Int.). k) Relation between Applied Shear Force on Interior Pad VU-Supp-Int-WSD & the Computed the Nominal Shear Resistance of Hanger Reinforcement Vn-WSD. (Equ.-5.13.2.5.5-1). l) Relation between Applied Shear Force on Interior Pad VU-Supp-Int-USD & the Computed the Nominal Shear Resistance of Hanger Reinforcement Vn-USD. (Equ.-5.13.2.5.5-2).
Vn-WSD.
353.339 kN
Vn-USD.
741.919 kN
Ahr
2 113.097 mm
S s
2,000.000 mm 125 mm
VU-Int.-USD
359.356 kN
VU-Int.-WSD
215.333 kN
Vu-int.-wsd<Vn-int-wsd Satified
Vu-int.-usd<Vn-int-usd Satified
m) Though the Provisions for Hangur Reinforcement under Article-5.13.2.5.5 have not Satisfied, yet the Structure is Safe since Bridge Girder Loads upon Abutment Cap is Directly related with Back Wall.
U. Design of Footing for Approach Guard Railing Post :

1 Sketch Diagram of Approach Guard Railing Arrangement : 300mm 225mm 75mm 175mm 150mm 175mm 150mm 175mm 150mm 300mm 450mm 300mm Footing 225mm 300mm 300mm Railing Post Railing Bars Ground Level 2000mm 2000mm 300mm
Wheel Guard
225mm
825mm
225mm 825mm 2 Design Data in Respect of Unit Weight & Strength of Materials : Description i) Unit Weight of Different Materials :
Notation Dimensions
2 9.807 m/sec )
a) b) c) d)
Unit weight of Normal Concrete Unit weight of Wearing Course Unit weight of Normal Water Unit weight of Saline Water
gc gWC gW-Nor. gW-Sali.
2,447.23 2,345.26 1,019.68 1,045.17
kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3
e) Unit weight of Earth (Compected Clay/Sand/Silt)

gs
3 1,835.42 kg/m
a) b) c) d) e)
24.00 23.00 10.00 10.25 18.00
iii) Strength Data related to Ultimate Strength Design( USD & AASHTO-LRFD-2004) : a) Concrete Ultimate Compressive Strength, f/c (Normal Concrete) b) Concrete Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40f/c c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0.043gc1.50f/c (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.4). d) Poisson's Ration = 0.63f/c = 0.63*21^(1/2), subject to cracking and considered to be neglected (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.5). e) Modulus of Rupture of Concrete, fr = 0.63f/c Mpa (AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). f) Steel Ultimate strength, fy (60 Grade Steel) g) Steel Allowable Strength under Service Limit State (WSD) = 0.40fy h) Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement, Es for fy = 410 MPa f/c fc Ec 21.000 8.400 23,855.620 2.887 fr fy fs ES 2.887 410.000 164.000 200000.000
iv) Strength Data related to Working Stress Design & Service Load Condition ( WSD & AASHTO-SLS ) : a) Modular Ratio, n = Es/Ec>6 8.384 b) Value of Ratio of Steel & Concrete Flexural Strength, r = fs/fc = 164/8.400 c) Value of k = n/(n + r) = 9.000/(9.000 + 20) n r k 8 19.524 0.291
d) Value of j = 1 - k/3 = 1 - 0.307/3 e) Value of R = 0.5*(fckj) = 0.5*(8.400*0.307*0.898) = 1.156
j R
0.903 1.102
3 Different Load Multiplying Factors for Strength Limit State Design (USD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA m 1.000 gDC 1.250
gDW
1.500
gEH
1.500
gEV
1.350
gES
1.500
gLL-Truck IM
1.750 1.330
gLL-Lane gLL-PL. gLL-CE. gLL-BR. gLL-LS. gLL-WA.
1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.000
j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR
STRENGTH - III STRENGTH - V
gLL-WS. gLL-WL gLL-FR. gLL-TU.
1.400 1.000 1.000 1.000
l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
1.000
4 Different Load Multiplying Factors for Service Limit State Design (USD) & Load Combination : i) Permanent & Dead Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTOLRFD-3.4.1 ; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Structural Components & Attachments-DC Applicable to All Components Except Wearing Course & Utilities (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) b) Dead Load Multiplier Factor for Wearing Course & Utilities- DW , (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) c) Multiplier Factor for Horizontal Active Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EH ; Applicable to Abutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) d) Multiplier Factor for Vertical Earth Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-EV ; Applicable toAbutment & Wing Walls, (Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) e) Multiplier Factor for Surchage Pressure on Substructure Components of Bridge-ES ; Horizontal & Vertical Loads on Abutment & Wing Walls, gDC 1.000
gDW
1.000
gEH
1.000
gEV
1.000
gES
1.000
(Max. value of Table 3.4.1-2) ii) Live Load Multiplier Factors for Service Limit State Design (WSD) According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1; Table 3.4.1-1&2 : a) Multiplier Factor for Multiple Presence of Live Load ( No of Lane = 2)-m (ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.1.1.1) b) Multiplier Factor for Truck Loading (HS20 only)-LL-Truck . c) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Dynamic Load Allowence-IM as per Provision of ASSHTO LRFD-3.6.2.1, Table 3.6.2.1-1; SERVICE - I (Applicable only for Truck Loading & Tandem Loading) d) Multiplier Factor for Lane Loading-LL-Lane e) Multiplier Factor for Pedestrian Loading-PL. f) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Centrifugal Force-CE g) Multiplier Factor for Vhecular Breaking Force-BR . h) Multiplier Factor for Live Load Surcharge-LS i) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-WA j) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Structure-WS l) Multiplier Factor for Wind Load on Live Load-WL k) Multiplier Factor for Water Load & Stream Pressure-FR l) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Uniform Temperature Change -TU (With Elastomeric Bearing). m) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Creep on Concrete-CR (With Elastomeric Bearing). n) Multiplier Factor for deformation due to Shrinkage of Concrete-SH (With Elastomeric Bearing). o) Multiplier Factor for Temperature Gradient-TG (With Elastomeric Bearing). p) Multiplier Factor for Settlement of Concrete-SE (With Elastomeric Bearing). q) Multiplier Factor for Earthquake -EQ SERVICE - IV SERVICE - II SERVICE - II SERVICE - II m 1.000
gLL-Truck IM
1.000 1.000
gLL-Lane gLL-PL. gLL-CE. gLL-BR. gLL-LS. gLL-WA. gLL-WS gLL-WL gLL-FR gLL-TU.
1.000 1.000 1.300 1.300 1.000 1.000 0.700 1.300 1.000 1.000
gLL-CR.
1.000
gLL-SH.
1.000
gLL-TG.
1.000
gLL-SE.
1.000
gLL-EQ
r) Multiplier Factor for Vehicular Collision Force-CT t) Multiplier Factor for Vessel Collision Force-CV
gLL-CT. gLL-CV.
1.000
5 Dimensional Data & Loads (DL & LL) of Approach Guard Railing Post, Railing & Footing : i) Dimensions of Railing Post, Railing & Footing : a) Length of Railing Post Section Parallel to Traffic b) Width of Railing Post Section Perpendicular to Traffic c) Depth of Railing Section d) Width of Railing Section f) Depth of Wheel Guard Section g) Width of Wheel Guard Section h) Number of Rails i) C/C Distance between Railing Posts j) Total Height of Railing Post at Bridge Face upto Top of Footing k) Width of Footing Section Perpendicular to Traffic l) Length of Footing Section Parallel to Traffic m) Depth of Footing for Guard Railing Post n) Depth of Soil over Footing for Guard Railing Post LPost WPost hRail WRail hW-Guard WW-Guard WRail C/CPost HPost WFooting LFooting hFooting hSoil 225 mm 225 mm 175 mm 175 mm 300 mm 300 mm 3 nos. 2000 mm 1800 mm 825 mm 825 mm 300 mm 450 mm
ii) Dead Loads from Different Components upon Footing through Railing Post: (Considering Loads upon Highest Railing Post as & Caring Equivalent Loads from Both Side) a) Dead Load From 3 nos Rails = 3*wc*hRail*WRail*C/CPost b) Dead Load due to Railing Post Self Weight = wc*LPost*WPoat*HPost c) Dead Load due to Wheel Guard Weight = wc*hW-Guard*WW-Guard*C/CPost e) Dead Load due to Self Weight of Footing = wc*LFooting*WFooting*hFooting f) Dead Load due to Soil upon Footing = wE*LFooting*WFooting*hSoil PRail-DL PPost-DL PW-Guard-DL PFooting-DL PSoil-DL 4.410 kN 2.187 kN 4.320 kN 4.901 kN 5.513 kN
g) Total Vertical Dead Load (DL) upon Footing
PFooting-Total-DL
21.331 kN
iii) Application of Live Loads upon Different Components of Approach Guard Railing Post & Railings : a) Each Rail will have to Face Uniformly Distributed Live Load acting Vertically and also in wRail-UDL Horizontal Direction with a Magnitude @ 0.73 N/mm b) Each Rail will have to Face a Concentrated Live Load acting Vertically and also in Horizontal Direction having Magnitude of 890 N at any Point. c) Each Railing Post will have to Face a Concentrated Live Load acting at cg cg. Point of Top Rail or at a Point 1500 mm above the the Sidewalk, if the Total Height of Railing is 1500mm or Greater. The value of this Concrented Live Load is Expressed by PLL = 890+0.73L in N, Here L is the Spacing of Post in mm = C/CPost. wRail-Con 0.730 N/mm
890.000 N
PLL-H
2,350.000 N
iii) Live Loads from Different Components upon Footing through Railing Post In Vertical Direction: (Considering Loads upon Highest Railing Post as & Caring Equivalent Loads from Both Side) a) Total Live Loads due to Uniformaly Distributed Live Loads upon Railings = 3*wRail-UDL*C/CPost b) Total Live Loads due to Concentrated Live Loads upon Railings = 3*wRail-Con c) Total Vertical Live Load (LL) upon Footing iv) Total Unfactored Vertical Loads (DL + LL) upon Footing PRail-UDL-LL 4.380 kN
PRail-Con-LL
2.670 kN
PFooting-Total-LL PFooting-Total-UF
7.050 kN 28.381 kN
6 Factored Loads (DL & LL) upon Footing under Strength Limit State (USD): i) Factored Dead Loads (DL) upon Footing under Strength Limit State (USD): a) Factored Dead Loads (DL) from Rails = gDC*PRail-DL b) Factored Dead Loads (DL) from Railing Post = gDC*PPost-DL c) Factored Dead Loads (DL) from Wheel Guard = gDC*PW-Guard-DL e) Factored Dead Loads (DL) from Weight of Footing = gDC*PFooting-DL f) Factored Dead Loads (DL) from Soil upon Footing = gEV*PFooting-DL g) Total Factored Dead Load (DL) upon Footing FPRail-DL-USD FPPost-DL-USD FPW-Guard-DL-USD FPFooting-DL-USD FPSoil-DL-USD FPFooting-DL-USD 5.513 kN 2.734 kN 5.400 kN 6.126 kN 7.443 kN 27.215 kN
ii) Factored Live Loads (LL) upon Footing under Strength Limit State (USD): a) Factored Live Loads (LL) due to Uniformaly Distributed Live Loads FPRail-UDL-LL-USD 7.665 kN
upon Railings = mgLL-PL*PRail-UDL-LL b) Factored Live Loads (LL) due to Concentrated Live Loads upon Railings = mgLL-PL*PRail-Con-LL c) Total Factored Live Load (LL) upon Footing iii) Total Factored (DL + LL) upon Footing = FPFooting-DL-USD + FPFooting-DL-USD FPRail-Con-LL-USD 4.673 kN
FPFooting-DL-USD PFooting-Total-USD
12.338 kN 39.552 kN
7 Factored Loads (DL & LL) upon Footing under Service Limit State (WSD): i) Factored Dead Loads (DL) upon Footing under Service Limit State (WSD): a) Factored Dead Loads (DL) from Rails = gDC*PRail-DL b) Factored Dead Loads (DL) from Railing Post = gDC*PPost-DL c) Factored Dead Loads (DL) from Wheel Guard = gDC*PW-Guard-DL e) Factored Dead Loads (DL) from Weight of Footing = gDC*PFooting-DL f) Factored Dead Loads (DL) from Soil upon Footing = gEV*PFooting-DL g) Total Factored Dead Load (DL) upon Footing FPRail-DL-WSD FPPost-DL-WSD FPW-Guard-DL-WSD FPFooting-DL-WSD FPSoil-DL-WSD FPFooting-DL-WSD 4.410 kN 2.187 kN 4.320 kN 4.901 kN 4.901 kN 20.718 kN
ii) Factored Live Loads (LL) upon Footing under Service Limit State (WSD): a) Factored Live Loads (LL) due to Uniformaly Distributed Live Loads upon Railings = mgLL-PL*PRail-UDL-LL b) Factored Live Loads (LL) due to Concentrated Live Loads upon Railings = mgLL-PL*PRail-Con-LL c) Total Factored Live Load (LL) upon Footing iii) Total Factored (DL + LL) upon Footing = FPFooting-DL-WSD + FPFooting-DL-WSD FPRail-UDL-LL-WSD 4.380 kN
FPRail-Con-LL-WSD
2.670 kN
FPFooting-DL-WSD PFooting-Total-WSD
7.050 kN 27.768 kN
8 Phenomenon for Flexural Design of Reinforcements , Upward Reaction & Moment due to Applied Load : i) Phenomenon for Flexural Design of Reinforcements for Guard Post Footing : a) The Footing of Guard Post will be Designed as an Inverted Cantilever One having Support at Post & its Span will be the Length between Support Face & Outer Edge of Footing. b) Design Span Length of Footing = (LFooting - LPost)/2 S-L 0.300 m
ii) Calculation of Upward Reaction for per Square Meter Arae of Footing : a) Upward Reaction due to Unfactored Total Vertical Loads (DL + LL) = PFooting-Total-UF/(LFooting*WFooting) a) Upward Reaction due to Factored Total Vertical Loads (DL + LL) Strength Limit State (USD) = PFooting-Total-USD/(LFooting*WFooting) c) Upward Reaction due to Unfactored Total Vertical Loads (DL + LL) Service Limit State (WSD) = PFooting-Total-WSD/(LFooting*WFooting) pFooting-UF
2 41.698 kN/m
pFooting-USD
2 58.111 kN/m
pFooting-WSD
2 40.798 kN/m
iii) Caculation of Moments at Face of Guard under Different Combination of Loadings : a) Moment at Face of Guard Post due to Unfactored Loads (DL + LL) = WFooting*pFooting-UF*SL2/2 a) Moment at Face of Guard Post due to Factored Loads (DL + LL) under Strengtm Limit State (USD) = WFooting*pFooting-USD*SL2/2 a) Moment at Face of Guard Post due to Factored Loads (DL + LL) under Service Limit State (WSD) = WFooting*pFooting-WSD*SL2/2 MUF 1.548 kN-m
MUSD
2.157 kN-m
MWSD
1.515 kN-m
9 Features related to Flexural Design of Reinforcements for Guard Post Footing : i) Clear cover for Reinforcements at Different Faces of Guard Post Footing : a) Let the Clear Cover at Bottom Surface of Footing, C-Cov.Bot. = 75mm, b) Let the Clear Cover at Top Surface of Footing, C-Cov.Top = 50mm, c) Let the Clear Cover at Vertical Surface of Footing, C-Cov.Vert.. = 75mm, C-Cov-Bot. C-Cov-Top. C-Cov-Side. 75.000 50.000 75.000 mm mm mm
ii) Calculations of Limits For Maximum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1) : . a) With Maximum Amount of Prestressed & Nonprestressed Reinforcement for a c/de-Max. Section c/de 0.42 in which; b) c is the distance from extreme Compression Fiber to the Neutral Axis in mm c) de is the corresponding Effective Depth from extreme Compression Fiber to the Centroid of Tensial Forces in Tensial Reinforcements in mm. Here; i) de = (Apsfpsdp + Asfyds)/(Apsfps + Asfy), where ; ii) As = Steel Area of Nonprestressing Tinsion Reinforcement in mm2 iii) Aps = Area of Prestressing Steel in mm2 iv) fy = Yeiled Strength of Nonprestressing Tension Bar in MPa. vi) fps = Average Strength of Prestressing Steel in MPa. xi) dp = Distance of Extreme Compression Fiber from Prestressing Tendon Centroid in mm. c de
0.420
Variable Variable
As Aps fy fps dp
Variable Variable 410.000 Variable Variable
mm2 mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 mm
xii) ds = Distance of Centroid of Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement from the Extreme Compression Fiber in mm. d) For a Structure having only Nonprestressed Tensial Reinforcement the values of Aps, fps & dp are = 0. Thus Equation for value of de stands to de = Asfyds/Asfy & thus de = ds . iii) Limits For Manimum Reinforcement, (AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.2) :
ds
Variable
mm
a) For Section of a Flexural Component having both Prestressed & Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements should have Minimum Resisting Moment Mr 1.2*Mcr or 1.33 Times the Calculated Factored Moment for the Section Based on AASHTO-LRFD-3.4.1-Table-3.4.1-1, which one is less.For Compnents having Nonprestressed Tensile Reinforcements only Mr = 1.2Mcr. b) The Cracking Moment of a Section Mcr = Sc(fr + fcpe) - Mdnc(Sc/Snc - 1) Scfr where; i) fcpe = Compressive Stress in Concrete due to Effective Prestress Forces at Extreme Fiber only where Tensile Stress is caused by Externally Applied Forces after allowance of all Prestressing Losses in MPa. In Nonprestressing RCC Components value of fcpe = 0. ii) Mdnc = Total Unfactored Dead Load Moment acting on the Monolithic or Noncomposite Section in N-mm. iii) Sc = Section Modulus for the Extreme Fiber of the Composite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. iv) Snc = Section Modulus of Extreme Fiber of the Monolithic/Noncomposite Section where Tensile Stress Caused by Externally Applied Loads in mm3. For the Rectangular RCC Section value of Snc = (b*hFooting.3/12)/(hFooting/2) v) fr = Modulus of Rupture of Concrete in Mpa,(AASHTO LRFD-5.4.2.6). c) For Nonprestressing & Monolithic or Noncomposite Beam or Elements, Sc = Snc & fcpe = 0, thus Equation for Cracking Moment Stands to Mcr = Sncfr d) Thus Calculated value of Mcr according to respective values of Equation e) The value of Mcr = Scfr f) Cpoputed value of Mcr = 1.33*MExt Factored Moment due to External Forces Mcr fcpe Variable N-mm N/mm2
Mdnc
Variable
N-mm
Sc
Variable
mm3
Snc
3 0.004500 m 3 4.500/10^3 m 3 4.500*10^6 mm
fr Mcr
2 2.887 N/mm
Mcr-1 Mcr-2 Mcr-3
g) Table-1 Showing Allowable Resistance Moment M r for requirment of Minimum Reinforcement at Different Sections Section for Value of Value of Unfactored Mcr-1 Actuat Acceptable 1.2 Times M Cracking Mcr of Mcr Factored
1.33 Times
of M,
Mr Allowable
Maximum Flexural
Calculation Dead Load As per of Moment Equation Moment MDL-UF 5.7.3.3.2-1 kN-m kN-m
At Face of Guard Post 1.548 12.992
Moment Cracking Cracking Moment Factored Value Moment Moment of Section Moment Sncfr (Mcr-1Sncfr) (1.2*Mcr) M (1.33*M) kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
12.992 12.992 15.590 2.157 2.869
Min. Moment for RCC

1.2Mcr
kN-m
15.590
Moment Mu (M Mr) kN-m

15.590
iv) Calculations for Balanced Steel Ratio- pb & Max. Steel Ratio- pmax according to AASHTO-1996-8.16.2.2 : a) Balanced Steel Ratio or the Section, pb = b*b1*((f/c/fy)*(599.843/(599.843 + fy))), b) Max. Steel Ratio, pmax. = f *pb , (Here f = 0.75) 10 Flexural Design of Reinforcement for Guard Post Footing : i) Design Moment for the Section : a) The Calculated Flexural Moment at Fave of Guard Post is of (-) ve value. The of Calculated Moment is Less than the Allowable Minimum Moment Mr. Thus Mr is the Governing Moment for Provision of Reinforcement. For (-) ve value the required Reinforcement will be on Bottom Surface of Footing. b) Since MUSD < Mr, the Allowable Minimum Moment for the Section, thus Mr is the Design Moment MU. ii) Provision of Reinforcement for the Section : a) Let provide 12f Bars as Reinforcement on Bottom Surface of Footing. b) X-Sectional of 12f Bars = p*DBot2/4 c) The provided Effective Depth for the Section with Reinforcement on Bottom Surface, dpro = (hFooting.-CCov-Bot. -DBot/2) d) With Design Moment MU , Design Strip Width b & Effective Depth dpro; the required value of a = dpro*(1 - (1 - (2MU)/(b1f/cbdpro2))(1/2)) e) Steel Area required for the Section, As-req. = MU/(ffy(dpro - a/2)) f) Spacing of Reinforcement with 12f bars = Af-16b/As-req-Ab-Earth-V. g) Let the provided Spacing of Reinforcement with 16f bars for the Section spro = 125mm,C/C h) The provided Steel Area with 16f bars having Spacing 250mm,C/C = Af-16.b/spro DBot. Af-12. de-pro. 12 mm
2 113.097 mm
pb
0.022
pmax.
0.016
MUSD Mr
2.157 2.157*10^6 15.590 15.590*10^6
MU
15.590 kN-m/m 15.590*10^6 N-mm/m
219.000 mm
areq.
4.889 mm
195.096 478.254
mm2/m mm,C/C
150 mm,C/C
As-pro-Ab-Earth-V.
622.035
mm2/m
iii) Chacking in respect of Design Moment & Max. Steel Ratio : a) Steel Ratio for the Section, ppro = As-pro/bdpro
ppro apro Mpro
0.001 17.318 mm 53.644 kN-m/m
d) Relation between Provided Resisting Moment Mpro amd Calculated Design Moment MU. e) Relation between Provided Steel Ration rpro and Allowable Max. Steel Ratio rMax. iv) Checking according to Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.3.1 : a) Accodring to AASHTO-LRFD-.7.3.3.1; In Flexural Design c/de 0.42; where, b) c is the Distance between Neutral Axis& the Extrime Compressive Face, having c = b 1apro, in mm. c) b1 is Factor for Rectangular Stress Block for Flexural Design d) Thus for the Section the Ratio c/de = 0.067 n) Relation between c/de-Max. & c/de-pro (Whether c/de-pro< c/de-Max. or Not) v) Provision of Flexural Reinforcement in Other Direction of Footing : c/de-Max. c
Mpro>Mu ppro<pmax
OK OK
0.450 14.72 mm
b1 c/de-pro
0.85 0.067 OK
c/de-pro<c/de-max.
a) Since the Footing is Semitrical in Dimension & Shape thus it is Recommended to Provide Same Reinforcements in All Directions according to Sl No.-10-ii. vi) Checking Against Critical Section for Shear Force on Footing under Article 5.13.3.6: a) Under Vertical Loads the Footing will behave as Two-way Slab. According Article 5..8.3.2 the Critical Section is Located at Distance dv from Face of Guard Post, b) According to Article 5.13.3.6.1 for Two-way Action the Critical Section Located so that its Parimeter, bo, should be Minimum but not closser than 0.5dv from the Face of conentrated Load. Here; c) dv is Effective Shear Depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between Resultants of the Tensile & Compressive Forces due to Flexural having value = 0.9de or 0.72h in mm, which one is greater. Where; de = dpro the provided Effective Depth of Tensile Reinforcement & h = hFooting, the Depth Footing.Thus value 0.9*de for the Section; is Whereas, value of 0.72h for the Section; dv. 216.000
0.9*de. 0.72h
197.1 mm 216.0 mm
d) According to Article 5.13.3.6.3 For Two-way Action for Sections without Transverse Reinforcement, the Nominal Shear Resistance Vn, is Expressed as Vn = (0.17 + 0.33/bc)*f/cbodv 0.33f/cbodv ; (Equ.-15.13.3.6.3-1) where, e) bc is Ratio of Long Side to Short Side of the Rectangule through which the the Concentrated Load or ReactionForce Transmitted.= LFooting/WFooting f) bo is Parimiter of of the Critical Section = 2*((WPost + 2*dv) + (LPost +2*dv)) g) dv is Effective Shesr Depyh as Mentioned in SL10.vi-c
Vn
858.426
kN
bc bo dv
1.000 2,628.000 mm 216.000 mm
h) Computed value of Vn = (0.17 + 0.33/bc)*f/cbodv ; (Equ.-15.13.3.6.3-1-RH) i) Computed value of Vn = 0.33f/cbodv ; (Equ.-15.13.3.6.3-1-LR) k) Applied Shearing Force for the Footing through Rectangule Guard Section under Strengtm Limit State (USD) = PFooting-Total-USD
Vn-1 Vn-2 VU
1,300.645 kN 858.426 kN 39.552 kN
j) Relation between Computed Nominal Shear Resitance Vn & Factored Shearing Forces Vn>Vu Satisfied VU For the Section (Whether Vn > VU or Vn < VU & Provisions of AASHTO-LRFD-5.8.3 have Satisfied or Not). e) Since Nominal Shear Resitance for the Section Vn > VU the Calculated Ultimate Shearing Force for the Section, thus the Footing does not require any Shear Reinforcement. f) Since Resisting Moment > Designed Moment, Provided Steel Ratio < Max. Steel Ratio, the Footing of Guard Post does not Require any Shear Reinforcement, thus Flexural Design of Reinforcement for Footings for Railing Guard Post is OK. vii) Checking for Factored Flexural Resistance under Provision of AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2: a) Factored Flexural Resistance for any Section of Component, Mr = fMn, where; i) Mn is Nominal Resistance Moment for the Section in N-mm ii) f is Resistance Factor of Flexural in Tension of Reinforcement/Prestressing. Mr 48.280 N-mm 48.280*10^6 kN-m 53.644 N-mm 53.644*10^6 kN-m 0.90
Mn f
b) The Nominal Resistance of Rectangular Section with One Axis Stress having both Prestressing & Nonprestessing AASHTO-LRFD-5.7.3.2.3 is Mn = Apsfps(dp-a/2) + Asfy(ds-a/2) - A/sf/y(d/s-a/2) c) In a Nonprestressing Structural Component having Rectangular Elements, at any Section the Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) d) Since Abutment Wall in Vertical Direction is being considered as a Cantilever Mn-V-Bot Beam having 1.000 m Wide Strips. The Steel Area against Factored Max. Moments 53.644 kN-m 53.644*10^6 N-mm
at its Bottom will have value of Nominal Resistance, Mn = Asfy(ds-a/2) e) Calculated Factored Moment M at Bottom of assumed Cantilever Beam in Vertcal on Earth Face = (-)MS-V-Ab-USD (-)MS-V-Ab-USD 2.157 kN-m 2.157*10^6 N-mm
Mr>Ms-v-ab-usd Satisfied
2 11.118 N/mm
MS-V-Ab-WSD
1.515 kN-m 1.515*10^6 N-mm

2 622.035 mm
As-pro de
219.00 mm
fsa
2 173.49 N/mm
i) dc= Depth of Concrete Extreme Tension Face from the Center of the Closest dc Tension Bar. The Depth is Summation Bottom Clear Cover & Radius of the Closest Bar to Tension Face. The Max. Clear Cover = 50mm. In a Component of Rectangular Section, dc = DBar/2 + CCov-Bot. Since Clear Cover on Bottom Face of Footing, CCov-Bot = 75mm & Bar Dia, DBar = 12f ; thus dc = (12/2 + 50)mm ii) A = Area of Concrete Surrounding a Single Tension Bar, which is Calculated by Dividing the Total Concrete Area bounded in between Extreme Tension Face & a Straight Line parallel to Neutral Axis of Component having equal distance from the Centrioed of Main Tension Reinforcement Bars on both side & Diving the Area by the total Number of Main Bars as Tensile Reinforcement having Max. Clear Cover = 50mm.In Footing the Tension Bars is in One Layer & as per Condition Distance of Neutral Axis from Tension Face = dc, thus Area of Concrete that Surrounding a Single Tension Bar can Compute by A = 2dc*spro. Here spro is Spacing between Provided Tension Bars. iii) Z = Crack Width Parameter for Cast In Place Components in N/mm. For a) Structure with Moderate Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 30000 A
56.00 mm
2 16,800.00 mm
ZMax.
17,000.00 N/mm
b) Structure with Severe Exposure Components the Max. value of Z = 23000 c) Structure with Buried Components the Max. value of Z = 17000 Since the Structure is very close to Sea, but the Footings are of Buried Components Category having Allowable Max. value of ZMax. = 17000N/mm iv) The Computed value of 0.6*fy for the Concrete Element. 0.6*fy
2 246.000 N/mm
i) Since Developed Tensile Stress of Tension Reinforcement of Footing fs-Dev.< fsa Computed Tensile Stress; the Computed Tensile Stress fsa < 0.6fy ;the Developed Crack Width Parameter ZDev. < ZMax. Allowable Max. Crack Width Parameter, thus Provisions of Tensile Reinforcements on Bottom Surface of Railing Guard Post in respect of Control of Cracking & Distribution of Reinforcement are OK.
ximum
V. Analysis of Earthquake Effects upon Structural Elements :

1 Relevant Earthquake Data, Coefficients & Factors: i) Seismic Performance Zones & Zone Acceleration Coefficients : a) In Bangladesh the total Area of Country are being Divided in to 3(three) Seismic Zones consiseding various levels of Seismicity and named as Zone-1, Zone-2 & Zone-3 respectively. These Seismic Zones are being Demarcate Stripes having Positioned Digonaliy from South-East to North-West. More over the Seismic Zones have separate Zone Acceleration Coefficients ( A ). b) Seismic Zone-1; This Zone is Located on South & South-West areas of the Country. The Soil constituents are mainly Silt, Sand, Clay & Deposits of Organic Particles. According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.4-Table 3.10.4.1. The Zone Acceleration Coefficient; A 0.09. In Bangladesh the value of A is being considered = 0.075. c) Seismic Zone-2; This Zone has covered the Hill-tract Districts & Central part Part of the Country. The Soil constituents are mostly Stiff Cohesive & Sandy Soils with Bed-rock, Clay Shells & Compacted Sandy layers.According to AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.4-Table 3.10.4.1. The Zone Acceleration Coefficient; 0.09 < A 0.19. In Bangladesh the value of A is being considered = 0.15. d) Seismic Zone-3; This Zone is Located on North-East part of the Country having Hard Rock, Stiff Clay & Clay Rocks with Competed Sand Layers. In some Areas within this Zone there exists Organic Deposite allso. According AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.4-Table 3.10.4.1. The Zone Acceleration Coefficient; 0.19 < A 0.29. In Bangladesh the value of A is being considered = 0.25. ii) Site Effects, Soil Profile & Site Coefficient-S; (AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.5): a) Considering Soil Characteristics different Areas have been Classified in to 4 (Four) Soil Profile Types, those are i) Soil Profile Type-I, ii) Soil Profile Type-II, iii) Soil Profile Type-III & iv) Soil Profile Type-IV. Each of these Soil Profiles have been provided with Site Coefficient (S) based on Soil Characteristics. (AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.5.1-Table 3.10.5.1-1). b) In Soil Profile Type-I; the Soil are mainly Rock of any nature individually or S1 having Stiff Soiles over Rocks with constitutents of stable deposite of Sands, Gravels or Stiff Clays having less than 60000 mm depth. The Site Coefficient value of Soil Profile Type-I, S = 1.00. (AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.5.1-Table 3.10.5.1-1). c) In Soil Profile Type-II; Soil are Stiff Cohesive or deep Cohesionless having more than 60000mm depth over Rock with constitutents of stable deposite of Sands, Gravels or Stiff Clay. Site Coefficient value of Soil Profile Type-II, S = 1.20. (AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.5.1-Table 3.10.5.1-1). d) In Soil Profile Type-III; Soil are Soft to Medium Stiff Clays and Sands with depth 9000mm or more with or without intervening layers of Sands or other Cohesionless Soils. Site Coefficient value of Soil Profile Type-III, S =1.50. S2 1.00 A1 0.075
A2
0.15
A3
0.25
1.20
S3
1.50
(AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.5.1-Table 3.10.5.1-1). d) In Soil Profile Type-III; Soil are Soft Clays or Silts having depth greater than 12000mm. Site Coefficient value of Soil Profile Type-IV, S =2.00. (AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.5.1-Table 3.10.5.1-1). iii) Elastic Seismic Response Coefficient; (AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.6.1). a) The Elastic Seismic Response Coefficient for a Seismic Zone having respective Soil ProfileType is expressed as, Csm = 1.2AS/Tm2/3 2.5A; where, Csm th i) Tm = Period of Vibration of the m Mode in Second. Value of Tm is based Tm sec. on Nominal Unfactored mass of the Component or Structure. A = Acceleration Coefficient for the respective Zone A S = Site Coefficient for the respective Zone. S b) For Soil Profile III with Period of Vibration for Modes other than fundamental Mode that have Periodes, Tm < 0.3 sec. the Value of Csm shall be taken as Csm = A(0.8+ 4.0Tm ) c) For any Mode with Period of Vibration Tm > 0.4 sec.Cms for that Mode will as Csm = 3AS/Tm4/3 Csm S4 2.00
Csm
iv) Response Modification Factor R, for Substructure ;(AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.5.1-Table 3.10.5.1-1). a) R for Abutment as Substructure of Bridge; b) R for Wall Type Pier Large Dimension Substructure; i) For Critical Category; ii) For Essential Category; iii) For Other Category; c) R for Wall Type Pier Large Dimension Substructure; i) For Critical Category; ii) For Essential Category; iii) For Other Category; d) R for Reinforced Concrete Vertical Pile bents of Foundation; i) For Critical Category; ii) For Essential Category; iii) For Other Category; e) R for Reinforced Concrete Batter/Rick Pile bents of Foundation; i) For Critical Category; ii) For Essential Category; iii) For Other Category; RAb-Sub. -
RPier-Wall-Crit. RPier-Wall-Essen. RPier-Wall-Other.
1.50 1.50 2.00
RPier-Wall-Crit. RPier-Wall-Essen. RPier-Wall-Other.
1.50 1.50 2.00
RRC-Vert.-Pile. RPier-Vert.-Essen. RPier-Vert.-Other.
1.50 2.00 3.00
RRC-Batter.-Pile. RPier-Batter-Essen. RPier-Batter-Other.
1.50 1.50 2.00
f) R for Steel or Composite Steel & Concrete Vertical Pile bents of Foundation; i) For Critical Category; RSteel-Vert.-Pile.
1.50
ii) For Essential Category; iii) For Other Category;
RSteel-Vert.-Essen. RSteel-Vert.-Other.
3.50 5.00
g) R for Steel or Composite Steel & Concrete Batter/Rick Pile bent of Foundation; i) For Critical Category; RSteel-Batter.-Pile. ii) For Essential Category; RSteel-Batter-Essen. iii) For Other Category; RSteel-Batter-Other. h) R for Multiple Column bents; i) For Critical Category; ii) For Essential Category; iii) For Other Category; v) Response Modification Factor-R for Connection(Joints/Beaing/Hinge); (AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.5.1-Table 3.10.5.1-2). a) R for Connection in between Superstructure to Abutment for All Category b) R for Connection in expansion Joints within a Span of Superstructure c) R for Column, Piers or Pile bents to Cap Beam or Superstructure f) R for Column or Piers to Foundations vi) Application of Seismic Loads on Structure; (AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.7.2): a) Seismic Loads are Applicable on Structure in any Lateral Direction. b) Factor R is Applicable to both Orthogonal Axis of Substructure. c) Wall Type Piers should be considered as Column in Weak Direction. vii) Combination of Seismic Force Effects on Structure; (AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.8.): RSupr.-Ab. RSupr.Expn-1Span. RCol/Pier/Pile-to-Supr. RCol/Pier-to-Foun.
1.50 2.00 3.00
RMultiple-Column RMultiple-Column. RMultiple-Column.
1.50 3.50 5.00
0.80 0.80 1.00 1.00
a) The Elastic Seismic Force has Effect upon Component of Structure in Two Principal Axis, which are Perpendicular to each other having Two Load Cases. b) Load Case-1, when the Principle Force is in Y-Y Direction (Along the Alignment of Bridge); i) The Force Effect in Y-Y Direction is 100 %, PF-Y-Y-FE-Y-Y. ii) The Force Effect in X-X Direction is 30%. PF-Y-Y-FE-X-X.
100 % 30 %
c) Load Case-2, when the Principle Force is in X-X Direction (Perpendicular to the Alignment of Bridge); i) The Force Effect in X-X Direction is 100 %, PF-X-X-FE-X-X. 100 % ii) The Force Effect in X-X Direction is 30%. PF-X-X-FE-Y-Y. 30 % 2 Calculation of Earthquake Design Forces :
ii) Bridge Location: a) Bridge is Located on Seismic Performance Zone-2 of Bangladesh on Cox's Bazar & Teknuf Marin Drive Road. The Soil posses Bead-rock from a Depth 1.500m, thus the Soil Profile is Type-I. (AASHTO-LRFD-3.10.5.2).

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130237643.xls.

A. Structural Picture of Bridge (Superstructure & Substructure).

130237643.xls.ms_office 375 300 700

130237643.xls.ms_office 5500 A1 and A2

25.000 24.400 25.000 PC Girder Plan

2000 200 3 2 4 4 150 0 1 3 2 200 800 2000

0 1650 1800 0 0 2000

PC Girder Section X-X Mid Section

PC Girder Section Y-Y End Section

PC Cross Girder Section

24,400 Effect area = 87.11 m2

Wind Action Area

16.86 P1 6.3 42.68

10000 1750 150 600 5000 4 1

300 1750 6500 1750

1800 1200 300

1800 1200 300

End Span / 2 1070 3400 300 200 1830

1070 3776 300 200 2206

1200 300 12769 A1P1 Span 11,015

Mid Span / 2 1070 3170 300 200 1600

300 2100 6000

B. Load Analusis of Bridge Structure :

2.205 10.620 (4.995) 10.200 18.680 1.121 2.081 3.203 43.765

ii. Interior Girder 1. Slab

Height m 0.200 0.075 Sub - total =

Width m 2.000 2.000

Volume m2 0.400 0.150

Load kN/m 9.600

1.000 2.000 1.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 =

kN 5.00 6.60 Height m 1.700 0.075 kN

= nos m Volume m3 2.805 0.037 =

Weight KN 67.320 0.891 68.211 68.211

25.000 25.000 1.650 25.000

9.600 15.660 10.335 28.671 3.450

240.000 391.500 85.264 716.764 86.250 803.014

720.000 1,174.500 255.791 2,150.291 258.750 2,409.041

360.000 587.250 127.896 1,075.146 129.375 1,204.521

Total Dead Load Reaction for Abutment

i. Wheel load 145.000 kN 145.000 kN 35.000 kN

15.800 Rb = Ra = Rb = RWheel = IM = 37.889 kN 287.111 kN 37.889 kN 574.221 kN 1.330

2.975 3.000 3.000

4.013 7.000 7.500

3.450 2.750 2.750 2.750

5.275 4.125 1.375 2.063

2.525 Total (KN)=

4.238 Total (KN-m) = m 2.750 2.750 MR =

109.271 6,510.878 KN-m

Total Overturning Moment, MO =(KN-m)

4.473 OK, FS more than 2 1.464 Not OK 2.506 m

c) Type of Abutment d) Type of Wing-walls

gc gWC gW-Nor. gW-Sali. gs

2,447.23 2,345.26 1,019.68 1,045.17 1,835.42

kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3

3 ii) Unit Weight of Different Materials in kN/m :

wc wWC wW-Nor. wW-Sali. wE

24.00 23.00 10.00 10.25 18.00

kN/m3 kN/m3 kN/m3 kN/m3 kN/m3

410.00 MPa 164.00 MPa 200000 MPa

0.34 to 0.45 0.395

gLL-Lane gLL-PL. gLL-CE. gLL-BR. gLL-LS. gLL-WA. gLL-WS.

1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.000 1.400