Chapter 9:

Manucfatured substances in industry

Name: Nor Syafini Binti Ahmad Halmi Class : 4 Ibn Sina (2012) Teacher: Cik Nur Hafeza Binti Abu Hassan

Sulphuric acid

>is manufactured in industry through Contact process and raw material for manufactured sulphuric acid in Contact process are sulphur, oxygen and water. Stage 1.Combustion of sulphur (production of sulphur dioxide gas)

Explanation/Equation Molten sulphur is burnt in dry air to produce sulphur dioxide.

Balanced equation : S(l) + O2(g)SO2(g)

2.Oxidation of sulphur dioxide (production of sulphur trioxide gas)

In a converter, sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen are passed through Vanadium(V) oxide,V2O5.

Balanced equation: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) Optimum conditions for maximum product:
Temperature:450oC-550oC

Pressure:1atmosphere Catalyst:Vanadium(V) oxide 3.Absorption of sulphuric acid (production of liquid concentrated sulphuric acid)

Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form oleum, H2S2O7.

Balanced equation: SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) H2S2O7(l) The oleum is diluted in water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid.

Balanced equation: H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) 2H2SO4(aq) Sulphur trioxide is not directly dissolved in water to form sulphuric acid.

This is because the heat evolved in the reaction will vaporise the liquid

sulphuric acid to a large cloud of sulphuric acid mist. The mist is corrosive, pollutes the air and difficult to condense.

Environmental pollution by sulphur dioxide A. Sulphur dioxide is produce from: Combustion of fuel in power station and factories.

B. Sulphur dioxide dissolves in rain water, it form sulphurous acid and cause acid rain. Balanced equation: SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3 Oxidation of sulphurous acid in the air will produce sulphuric acid which will also cause acid rain.

C. Effect of acid rain: Acid rain corrodes building and statues made of limestone. Limestone reacts with sulphuric acid to form calcium sulphate.

Balanced equation: CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Acid rain corrodes the metallic structures. Iron reacts with sulphuric acid to form iron(11) sulphate.

Balanced equation: Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + H2(g) The iron rust faster in the present of sulphuric acid.

Acid rain increases the acidity of lakes that causes aquatic organisms to die. Acid rain reduces the pH value of soil. Acidic soil is not suitable for the growth of plants.

D. Emission of sulphur dioxide gas during the Contact process can be remove by reacting

the gas with Ammonia or ammonium hydroxide to produce ammonium sulphate (use as fertilizer). Calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonate to produce calcium sulphate (use in the manufacture of plaster and cement)

Ammonia
>properties of ammonia: o Alkaline o Pungent smell o Colourless gas o Very soluble in water o Less dense than air >chemical properties of ammonia a) It is reacts with hydrogen chloride gas to form dense white fumes of ammonium chloride. HCL(g) + NH3(g) NH4CL(S)

b) It neutralize various acid for ammonium salts.

-HNO3(aq) + NH3(aq)

NH4NO3(aq)

-H2SO4(aq) + 2NH3(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)

c) The hydroxide ion from the aqueous solution of ammonia react with metal ions to form precipitates of metal hydroxide. -NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

-Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Mg(OH)2(s)

d) It burns in oxygen but not in the air.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)

4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

>Ammonia is manufactured through Haber process Balanced equation of the reaction: N2(g) + 3H(g) 2NH3(g)

Catalyst: Iron Temperature: 450oC-550oC Pressure: 200 atmosphere

Uses of ammonia Manufactured of nitric acid Making ammonium chloride in dry cell Manufactured in synthetic fibres Manufactured of refrigerant Prevent coagulation of latex Synthetic fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate and urea.

Alloys
A. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition in which the major component is a metal.

B. Arrangement of atom in pure metal:

Force

Pure metal Pure metal is made up of one type of metal. Atoms in pure metals are all same size. The same size atoms are orderly arranged in layers. When force is applied to the pure metal, layers of atoms slide easily over one another. C. Arrangement of atoms in alloys Iron atom

Carbon atom

Steel: Iron + carbon (metal + non-metal)

1. Alloys may contain mixtures of metals or mixtures of metals and nonmetals. 2. Foreign atoms added may be larger or smaller than the atoms of the pure metal. 3. The presence of foreign atoms that are of different sizes disturb the orderly arrangement of metal atoms. 4. This reduces the layers of atoms from sliding over one another. Thus, an alloy is stronger and harder than its pure metal.

Experiment
o Aim: To compare the hardness of a pure metals and its alloy

Problem statement: Are alloys are harder than pure metals?

Hypothesis: Bronze is harder than pure copper.

Variables:

Manipulated variable: Types of materials Responding variable: Diameter of dent produced Controlled variables: Height of weight, mass of weight, diameter of steel ball bearing

Apparatus: Retort stand and clamp, metre ruler, thread, 1kg weight and steel ball bearing

Materials: Bronze block, copper block and cellophane tape

Procedure: I. II. III. IV. V. A steel ball bearing is taped on a copper black using cellophane tape. A 1 kg weight is hung at a height of 50 cm above the ball bearing. The weight is dropped so that it hits the ball bearing. The diameter of the dent made on the copper block is measured and recorded. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated twice on the other parts of the copper block in order to obtain an average value of the diameter of dents formed. Experiment is repeated using a bronze block to replace the copper block.

Results:

T Type of block C Copper block B Bronze block

D Diameter of dent/cm 3. 3.0 1. 1.9 3.1 2.0

A Average diameter/cm 2.9 2.1 3.0 2.0

Conclusion: The hypothesis is accepted. Alloy is harder than its pure metal.

D. Composition properties and uses of alloys

Iron alloy
1. Steel

99% iron, 1% carbon Properties: Hard and strong Uses: To make buildings, bridges, railway tracks, body of vehicles, nail and screw

2. Stainless steel

Copper alloy

73% iron, 1% carbon, 18% chromium, 8% nickel Properties: Strong, shiny and does not rust Uses: To make cutlery, utensils, automobile parts and surgical instruments

1. Cupro-nickel


2. Brass

75% copper, 25% nickel Properties: Strong, shiny Uses: To make coins

3. Bronze

70% copper, 30% zinc Properties: Strong, shiny Uses: To make musical instruments, decorative items, keys, nuts, and bolts, electrical parts

90% copper, 10% tin Properties: Strong, hard, corrosion, resistant Uses: To make coins, medals, statues, monuments, decorative items

Aluminium alloy
1. Magnalium

95% aluminium, 5% magnesium Properties: Strong, light, corrosion resistant Uses: To make aircraft, electric cable, pressure cookers, racing bicycles, body of bullet train

2. Duralumin

Pewter alloy
1. Pewter

93% aluminium, 3% magnesium, 1% manganese Properties: Strong, light, corrosion resistance Uses: To make aircraft, electric cable, pressure cookers, racing bicycles, body of bullet trains

96% tin, 3% copper, 1% antimony Uses: To make ornaments, souvenirs, trophies, keychains

Polymers
A. Polymers are long-chain molecules made up of many identical repeating

units called monomers. Polymers are divided into: a) Natural polymers

b) Synthesis polymers

B. Natural polymers Natural polymers are natural occurring polymers. Natural polymers are usually found in living things. The example of natural polymers and their monomers:

Monomers Isoprene Glucose molecule Glucose molecule Amino acid

Natural polymer Natural rubber (polyisoprene) Starch Cellulose Protein

C. Synthetic polymers a) Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers. b) Synthetic polymers are used to make plastics, fibres, resins, and synthetic rubbers.
c) The monomers are usually obtained from petroleum, coal and natural

gas.
Monomers Synthetic polymer Uses

Ethene

Polythene (polyethene)

Plastic bags, shopping bags, containers, moulded objects, toys Pipes, ropes, carpets, car battery casing Water pipes, electrical insulators, raincoat, footwear Protective packaging, boat buoyancy, cups, plates, bowls, plastics cutlery Optical fibres, illuminated signs, safety glasses, reflectors

Propene

Polypropene

Chloroethene

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polystyrene (Polyphenylethene)

Styrene (Phenylethene)

Methyl methacrylate (Methyl-2methylpropeno ate) Tetrafluoroethe ne

(Polymethylmethacr ylate/ Polmethyl-2methylpropenoate)

Teflon (Polytetrafluoroethe ne)

Wiper blades coating, carpet protectors, automotive lubricant

D. Effect of disposal synthetic polymers Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. Disposal of synthetic polymers will use up a large fraction of available landfill space.

The raw materials for these polymers are obtained from petroleum, thus depleting the supply of non-renewable source.

Burning of synthetic polymers releases pollutants and toxic gases that are harmful to our health.

Improper disposal of synthetic polymers also destroys the beauty of the nature, causes flash floods and endangers the wildlife.

E. How to reduce pollution cause by synthetic polymers Reduce, reuse and recycle the non-biodegradable synthetic polymers.

Use the biodegradable plastics.

Educate users to the right disposal methods.

Glass and ceramics

A. Properties and uses of various types of glass

Type of glass Fused glass

Properties Very high melting point High transparency Highest resistant to chemical attack Maximum resistance to thermal shock

Uses Laboratory glass rods Telescope mirrors Optical fibres lenses Light bulbs Window glass Drinking glass Mirrors

Soda-lime glass

Low melting point Easily shaped High chemical durability Does not withstand heat High thermal expansion coefficient

Borosilicate glass

High melting point Resistant to thermal shock Resistant to chemical attack Low thermal expansion coefficient

Oven glass Boiler gage boiler Laboratory glassware Automobile headlights Prism High reflective lenses Fine crystal tableware Decorative glassware

Lead crystal glass

High density High refractive index Soft and easy to melt

B. Properties and uses of ceramic

Properties Hard and strong Withstand high pressure and heat Resistant to chemicals, do not corrode and longlasting Good electrical and heat insulators Have semiconducting properties and can store charges

Uses Construction materials

Examples Tiles, cement, bricks Furnaces, nuclear reactors

Ornamental articles

Plates, bowls, vases, porcelain, toilet, wall tiles, floor Ovens, toasters, fuses, spark, plugs Microchips

Electrical appliances Semiconductors

Composite materials
A. A composite material is a mixture of two or more different substances such

as metals, non-metal , alloys, glasses, ceramics and polymers.

B. Component, special properties, and uses of various types of composite

materials:

Types of composite materials Superconduct ors

Components

Special properties > conduct electricity without any electrical resistance when it is cooled at low temperature

Example of uses ~bullet train ~magnetic resonance(MR I) ~computer chips generators

Copper(11) oxide, barium carbonate and Yitrium oxide heated to form a type of ceramics knowns as perovoskyte

~transformers Reinforced concreate Concreate is reinforced with steel bars, steel wires or rods >cheap and can be moulded into any shape ~high-rise buildings ~bridges ~oil platforms ~highway Fibre glass Glass fibres are reinforced in plastic >it has high tensile strength, low density, can be easily coloured, moulded and shaped >dark when exposed to bright light and becomes transparent when exposed to dim light ~water storage tanks ~badminton rackets ~small boats ~helmets ~optical lenses ~car windshields ~lenses in cameras ~optical switches ~light intensity meters

Photochromic glass

Silver chloride and copper(1) chloride crystal are embedded in glass