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Resistance
Resistance-per-winding is another characteristic of a stepper motor. This resistance will determine current draw of the motor, as well as affect the motor's torque curve and maximum operating speed. This is often the most important factor in choosing a stepper motor for a given application. This factor specifies the number of degrees the shaft will rotate for each full step. Half step operation of the motor will double the number of steps/revolution, and cut the degrees-per-step in half. For unmarked motors, it is often possible to carefully count, by hand, the number of steps per revolution of the motor. The degrees per step can be calculated by dividing 360 by the number of steps in 1 complete revolution Common degree/step numbers include: 0.72, 1.8, 3.6, 7.5, 15, and even 90. Degrees per step is often referred to as the resolution of the motor. As in the case of an unmarked motor, if a motor has only the number of steps/revolution printed on it, dividing 360 by this number will yield the degree/step value.
The stepping sequence is generated by microcontroller device Power drivers give power necessary to drive stepper motor coils
Prepared by Khurram Tanvir
Bifilar or Unifilar
Bifilar Bifilar Check resistance of coils using voltmeter to find the coil numbers e.g 1a, 2a, 1b, 2b etc
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P1.1
+V
P1.0
Full Step
Low Torque Full Stepping Mode Only one coil active at one time
0110
High Torque Mode Two coils active at one time Unipolar Motors
Half Step
1. 2. 3. 4.
Provides more torque Requires complex driver circuitry H-bridge is used as driver Driver ICs like LM297/298 and LMD18T245
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Sequence
0001 0010 0100 1000 0011 0110 1100 1001 0001 0011 0010 0110 0100 1100 1000 1001
Polarity
---+ --+-+-+----++ -++++-+--+ ---+ --++ --+-++-+-++-+--+--+
Name
Wave Drive, One-Phase
Description
Consumes the least power. Only one phase is energized at a time.
Hi-Torque, Two-Phase
Hi Torque
Half-Step
1. One H-bridge can drive single coil 2. Two H-bridges or two driver ICs are needed to driver bipolar stepper motor.
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MOSFET H-Bridge
Microstepping
The half-step is a specific form of microstepping. There are other variations, because you are not limited to turning the electromagnets fully on or off. You could feed 1/4 power to coil A and 3/4 power to coil B, and get a position that is nearer to coil B than coil A.
Prepared by Khurram Tanvir
A word of caution
1. When making connections to either a PC parallel port, or I/O pins of a microcontroller, be sure to isolate the motor well. High voltage spikes of several hundred volts are possible as back EMF from stepper motor coils. 2. Always use clamping diodes to short these spikes back to the motor's power bus. 3. The use of optical isolation devices (optoisolators) will add yet another layer or protection between the delicate control logic and the high-voltage potentials which may be present in the power output stage. 4. Whenever possible, use separate power supplies for the motor and the translator / microcontroller. This further reduces the chance of destructive voltages reaching the controller, and reduces or eliminates power supply noise that may be introduced by the motor. 5. If you're using a computer that has a parallel port as part of its onboard I/O, you may want to consider purchasing a parallel port card to use instead. Not only does this reduce the risk of permanently damaging or destroying your motherboard but it will also allow you to experiment without the need for swapping cables or flipping a switchbox when you want to use your parallel printer, since your experiments won't be sharing its port. It is much cheaper to throw out some money on parallel port card than it is to replace your motherboard!
Prepared by Khurram Tanvir