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Sta'cs
Review
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Sta'cs
Review
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Torch Ellio0 ellio0@eng.utah.edu (801) 587-9016 MCE room 2016 (through 2000B door)
F y O x z
Trigonometry
hypotenuse
opposite
adjacent
Sin
=
opposite/hypotenuse
Cos
=
adjacent/hypotenuse
Tan
=
opposite/adjacent
right triangle
Trigonometry
Con'nued
A
c
B
b
C
a
angles
=
a
+
b
+
c
=
180o
any
triangle
Law of sines: (sin a)/A = (sin b)/B = (sin c)/C Law of cosines: C2 = A2 + B2 2AB(cos c)
Mul'ply and use opposite same sign. 3k 2i 2j -3i j 4k Then add all six values together, but note that i can add to i, j to j, and k to k, but i cannot add to j, etc. U x V = - i + 3j + 7k units
UVsin()e W U
Pulley Problem
(frictionless pins)
T T m T m Fy = 0 = 2T T1 mg T1 = 2T mg T1 T1 Fy = 0 = 2T1 mg mg mAg = 2(2T mg) T1 mg mAg mg mAg T = (3m + mA)g/4
mA
Moment
of
a
Force
2-dimensional,
in
the
plane
of
the
screen
y
.
z
The moment of F D 90o about point O is the perpendicular distance from point O to the line of ac'on of F 'mes the magnitude |F| of F, where posi've is counter clockwise (CCW).
Moment
of
a
Force
z
3-dimensional
e O. x
r F
The
magnitude
of
the
force
F
is
100N.
Determine
the
moment
of
F
about
point
O
and
about
the
x-axis.
y
MO
=
rOB
x
F
B
C
rOB
360mm
O
x
F
500mm
D
A
600mm
z
You
should
determine:
MO
=
(-20.9i
+
25.1k)
N.m
??
j
term??
Then
nd
Mo
x
axis
Mo
x
axis
=
-20.9
N.m
??
vector
form??
Couples
B r0B 0 arbitrary point r0A
-F rBA
F causes translation and, in F general, rotation. Let F be: Equal in magnitude to F A Opposite direction of F A Not collinear with F. Then F and F form a plane, and cause rotation, but no translation.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pick an arbitrary point in 3-D space and draw position vectors from that point to a point on the line of action of F (point A), and a point on the line of action of -F (point B). Draw position vector rBA. Then: Or: r0B + rBA = r0A rBA = r0A - r0B
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
M0 = rBA x F
The forces F and -F form a couple. The moment of a couple is the same about every point in space. Therefore, the moment of a couple is a free vector. Also, two couples that have the same moment are equivalent.
Review
For
sta'c
equilibrium:
F
=
0
and
M
=
0
In
3-D
you
have
6
independent
equa'ons:
3
force
and
3
moment
in
2-D
you
have
3
independent
equa'ons:
2
force
and
1
moment
or
1
force
and
2
moment
(omen)
or
0
force
and
3
moment
(omen)
Reactions (2-D)
Rough surface or pinned support A Smooth surface or roller support F Fixed, built-in, or cantilever support Rope or cable (tension) Spring (tension or compression) MA Ax Ay F B Ax Ay F F B
B x A T z y May B Ay x Az A T Ax MAx
Yes and yes Options: Sum forces in a direction Sum moments about a point Sum moments about an axis
Which option is best here? MA = 0 = MAxi + MAyj + MAzk + (rAB X T) Then group the i, j, and k components and solve.
Maz
T A Axis
W
Ball and socket supports
Options: Sum forces in a direction Sum moments about a point Sum moments about an axis Which option is best here? Sum moments about the axis.
If a body in equilibrium has forces at two and only two loca'ons and no moments, then the forces are equal in magnitude, opposite in direc'on, and along the line of ac'on between the two points.
FA
If a body in equilibrium has forces at three and only three loca'ons and no moments, then the forces are either concurrent or parallel. Usually, you can use the trigonometric or graphical techniques of Chapter 2.
Trusses
The truss model requires that all members be two-force members. This further requires the assumptions that: the connections between the members are frictionless pins. all forces and reactions are applied at connection points. As a result, the forces in prismatic members are along the members.
Handle
2 ft 3 ft
Pin
5 ft
100 lb 4 ft
MA = 0 = (4.5)(700) + (7)(Ey) Ey = 450 N Fy = 0 = Ay 700 + 450 Ay = 250 N Fx = 0 = Ax + Ex Cant solve yet.
Frames
1m 1m B 2m 700 N A 1m 1m B 2m 700 N Ax A Ay Ex E Ey C D m 3m 3m E C D m 3m 3m
Cx
Cy
MC yields Ex = 150 N
MA = 0 = (4.5)(700) + (7)(Ey) Ey = 450 N Fy = 0 = Ay 700 + 450 Ay = 250 N Fx = 0 = Ax + Ex Cant solve yet. Ax = 150 N
Centroids
Radius
of
Gyra'on
The
radius
of
gyra'on
(k)
is
the
distance
at
which
the
en're
area
would
need
to
be
located
to
give
the
same
moment
of
iner'a
as
the
actual
area. Ix = A y2 dA = A kx2 dA = = kx2 A dA = kx2 A Therefore, kx = Ix/A Units are length.
Used
in
buckling
computa'ons,
and
found
in
tables
of
standard
material
shapes.
y2[(a+b)-a]dy
Find
the
moment
of
iner'a
and
radius
of
gyra'on
of
the
gure
about
its
base.
Select
the
parts
to
use.
Composite
Structures
1 1 6 4 10 6 x
Find the moment of iner'a of each part about the base. I labeled the base as the x axis. Add the moments of iner'a to get the total, which is the moment of iner'a about the base. Find the radius of gyra'on by dividing the moment of iner'a by the area, and taking the square root.
Find
the
moment
of
iner'a
and
radius
of
gyra'on
of
the
gure
about
its
base.
A
way:
Subtract
the
red
rectangle
from
the
blue.
1
1
Composite Structures
Ix =1/3 (bh3) = 1/3 [(6)(10)3] = 2000 in4 Ix =1/12 (bh3) + Ad2 = 1/12 [(4)(6)3] + (4)(6)(7)2 = 1248 in4 Ixtotal = 2000 in4 1248 in4 = 752 in4 A = (6)(10) (4)(6) = 36 in2 kx = [(752 in4 )/(36 in2)]1/2 = 4.57 in
6 7 4 10 6 x
The homogeneous slender bar has mass m, cross-section area A, and length l. Use integration to find the mass moment of inertia of the bar about the axis L through its centroid. m = Al dm = Adx r2 = x2 sin2
Integration from -l/2 to l/2 yields: I = (1/12) A sin2 l3 Then substitute m for Al yielding: I = (1/12) sin2 ml2 -l/2 <= x <= l/2
x x sin()
P Px
Py f W N
Static (3 Eq.)
Impending Motion (3 Eq. + fmax = sN) Dynamic (only f = kN unless constant velocity (3 Eq. + f = kN)
f 45o Px
Type Problems
1. You dont know where you are on the curve. Assume static equilibrium. Solve equilibrium equations to find f. Solve fmax = sN. If f <= fmax, then the assumption is good. 2. Impending motion, and you know where. You have 4 equations, so just solve it. 3. Impending motion, but you dont know where. Ask what can happen? s1 s2 P W1 N 1 N1 f1 f1 f2 P
f N W
Not W1
W2 N 2
wall Given WA , WB, , and the coefficients of static friction between all surfaces, what is the largest force F for which the boxes will not slip? If you are given a mass, then dont forget to convert it to a weight. F
A B
WA
y x
f2
f2 = s N 2
WB B
f1 = s N 1
Belt friction The box weighs 40 lb. The rope is wrapped 2 turns around the fixed wooden post. The coefficients of friction between the rope and post are s = 0.1 and k = 0.08. (a) What minimum force is needed to support the stationary box? (b) What force must be exerted to F raise the box at a constant rate? T2 = T1 es
where: T2 > T1 You must decide this. could be either s or k is in radians, and often > 2 Note also that, s = ln(T2/T1) For (a) what are T1 = F For (b) T2 = 40 lb = 0.1 = 4.5 40 lb F 0.08 4.5
Water Pressure
Ignoring atmospheric pressure and the weight of the dam, what are the reactions at A and B A 1.5 ft 1 ft 1.5 ft B Width of dam (into figure) 10 ft Weight density of water 62.4 lb/ft3 Water A 1.5 ft 1 ft 1.5 ft Bx By 1 ft (3)(62.4)
Water Pressure
Ignoring atmospheric pressure and the weight of the dam, what are the reactions at A and B A Fw = (1)(10)(1.5)(62.4) = 936 lb 1.5 ft FP = (1/2)[(3)(62.4)](10)(3) Fw = 2808 lb MB = 0 = - 3A + (0.5)(936) + (1)(2808) 1 ft FP A = 1092 lb 1.5 ft Fx = 0 = 1092 2808 + Bx Bx Bx = 1716 lb By fy = 0 = - 936 + By By = 936 lb
y Sign convention?
x
1 ft (3)(62.4)
Beams
We will discuss an example of a beam with point forces, a point couple, and a constant distributed load. We will look at segments of the problem, but you need to think of it as a continuous solution with the figures aligned and the text and figures progressing down the page in an organized manner. The total solution is shown to the right.
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams. To find the reactions, you may model the distributed load as a point load. MA+ = 0 = 10 (10)(5) + Ey (8) Ey = 5 N fy+ = Ay 10 + 5 Ay = 5 N However, you must go back to the distributed load while completing the problem. To do otherwise would cause errors that might be unsafe.
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams. To find the reactions, you may model the distributed load as a point load. MA+ = 0 = 10 (10)(5) + Ey (8) Ey = 5 N fy+ = Ay 10 + 5 Ay = 5 N
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams. For 0 < x < 2m: Vx = 5 N Mx = 5x (N.m) For 2m < x < 4m: Vx = 5 N Mx+ = 0 = - 5x + 10 + Mx Mx = 5x 10 (N.m) For 4m < x < 6m: Find Vx & Mx
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams. For 0 < x < 2m: Vx = 5 N Mx = 5x (N.m) For 2m < x < 4m: Vx = 5 N Mx+ = 0 = - 5x + 10 + Mx Mx = 5x 10 (N.m) For 4m < x < 6m: Find Vx & Mx fy+ = 0 = 5 (x 4)(5) Vx Vx = 25 5x (N) Mx+ = 0 = - 5x + 10 + Mx + (x - 4)(5)(x 4)/2 force = area x distance Mx = - (5/2) x2 + 25x 50 (N.m)
Note that the loading is not the same as it would be, if the point load through the centroid, that was used to find the reactions, were used here.
When you are past the distributed load, then you can model it as a point load through the centroid.
For 0 < x < 2m: Vx = 5 N Mx = 5x (N.m) For 2m < x < 4m: Vx = 5 N Mx = 5x 10 (N.m) For 4m < x < 6m: Vx = 25 5x (N) Mx = - (5/2) x2 + 25x 50 (N.m) For 6 < x < 8: Vx = -5 N Mx = - 5x + 40 (N.m)
Note that all sections of the plots are Constant or linear f(x) except 4 < x < 6. For it you can pick values. For x = 4m Mx = 10 N.m For x = 5m Mx = 12.5 N.m For x = 6m Mx = 10 N.m