Air and Air Pollution Control Measuring instruments and methods The measurements serve to monitor compliance with

h air quality control provisions, and they determine concentrations of air pollutants at: a. source (emission) and b. The place of impact (immission), i.e. in ambient air. The measurement techniques in these two areas differ primarily in terms of the pollutant concentrations to be measured. a. Immission concentrations are a factor of 10-3 - 10-5 lower than emission concentrations. Therefore, immission measurement instruments must have a markedly lower detection limit than instruments for the measurement of emissions. b. Emission measurements often require complex treatment of samples and low interference from interfering components at high concentrations. They also require low susceptibility to aggressive gases.

monitoring instruments, each dedicated to measuring specific target pollutants. There are many types of instrument used to measure air pollution. Different types include: Absorption plates trap pollutants such as sulfur dioxide on a reactive plate for a measure of air contaminants An a high volume air sampler is used to measure pollution levels in the atmosphere by collecting solids on a filter paper Lasers measure contaminants by the amount of light reflected or removed by specific chemical contaminants in the air between the emitter and receiver Field gas chromatography passes air through a packed column to measure types of gaseous contaminant Air samples can be taken an stored in Teflon bags for later laboratory analysis Scrubbers can collect contaminants from an air sample in the field for later analysis Phytotoxicolgic chambers can pass air over plants to determine the impact on plant growth Opacity meters measure haze

Measuring Air Pollution Air pollution can be directly measured as it is emitted by a source in mass/volume of emission (e.g., grams/m3) or mass/process parameter (e.g., grams/Kg fuel consumed or grams/second). Air pollution can also be measured in the atmosphere as a concentration (e.g., micrograms/m3). Ambient air monitoring data is used to determine air quality, establish the extent of air pollution problems, assess whether established standards are being met, and characterize the potential human health risk in an area. Alternatively, air pollution concentrations can be simulated using computer models, and then validated using data collected from direct measurements at selected monitors or sources. Air pollution data and models are used together to examine the impacts of control strategies on the ambient air. -

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SULFUR DIOXIDE Manual measurement: a. Conversion of SO2 to sulphate b. Titration or opacity measurement

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CARBON MONOXIDE a. Continuous method based on the non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) technique b. Gas chromatographic subcontinuous method c. Semiquantitative integrated method based on detector tubes NITRIC OXIDE AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE Manual technique: a. Mechanical method (bubbler devices) b. Automated methods (in which sample collection, analysis, and measurement are performed automatically) OZONE a. Neutral buffered potassium iodide (NBKI) procedure b. Automated continuous method

Monitoring Air pollution monitoring activities are typically separated into two classifications: a. source monitoring and Source monitoring involves the measurement of emissions directly from a fixed or mobile emission source, typically in a contained duct, vent, stack or chimney. Stationary source data is used to determine control technology performance, confirm established permit limits are being met, and as input to ozone and/or health risk prediction models. Major stationary sources may have continuous emissions monitors (CEMs) installed to report real-time emissions based on preestablished reporting cycles Ambient air monitoring Ambient air monitoring involves the measurement of specific pollutants present in an immediate surrounding atmosphere. Most Major urban areas often operate several ambient air

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