CHAPTER 8

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Select odd-numbered solutions, marked with a dagger (), appear in the Student Solutions Manual, available for purchase. Answers to all solutions below are underscored.
U = kx 2 x= 2 2U = k
x1

8-1.

2(100 J) = 0.076 m (7.6 cm) . 3.5 104 N/m

8-2.

(a) Let the particle go from x1 and back to x1 again. Then

W =

x2

x1

F ( x)dx + F ( x)dx =
x2 x2

x1

x2

x1

(2 x3 + 1)dx + (2 x3 + 1) dx
x2

x1

1 1 = x 4 + x + x 4 + x = 0 for any x1 , x2 2 2 x1 x2 (b)

8-3.

x2

x1

F ( x)dx + F ( x)dx =
x2

x1

x2

x1

F ( x)dx =

x2

x1

F ( x)dx = 0

Suppose the particle moves with constant velocity v1 from r1 to r2 and then moves with a different velocity v2 from r2 back to r1. (The velocities must at least have opposite directions on the two parts of the trip, so the assumption of different velocities for each half of the round trip is not unreasonable.) Since the force is velocity dependent, assume that F( v1 ) F ( v 2 ). Then on the first part of the trip, W1 =

r2 r1

F ( v1 ) i dr. On the return, W2 =

r2 r1

r1 r2

F ( v 2 ) i dr = F( v 2 ) i dr. The
r1

r2

total work is W =

r2 r1

F ( v1 ) i dr F( v 2 ) i dr. Since F( v1 ) F ( v 02 ), the two terms generally

8-4.
8-5.

will not add to zero, as stated in the problem. x x K K K K U ( x) = F ( x ')dx ' = dx ' = 3 3 . Choose x0 = . Then U ( x) = 3 . x0 x0 ( x ') 4 3 x 3 x0 3x
4 Ax 4 Ax 4 Ax0 . Choose x0 = 0. Then U ( x) = . The law x0 x0 4 4 4 of conservation of energy states that if no nonconservative forces act, U 2 + K 2 = U1 + K1 . Let point 1 be x with K1 = 0 (the particle is at rest) and point 2 be x = 0 with a kinetic energy

U ( x) = F ( x ')dx ' = A( x ')3 dx ' =

K2 =
8-6. 8-7.

mv 2 mv 2 Ax 4 . Then 0 + = +0 v= 2 2 4
x x x0 x x0

Ax 4 = 2m

(50 N/m3 )(0.50 m) 4 = 5.6 m/s. 2(0.050 kg)

U ( x) = F ( x ')dx ' = ( F0 )dx ' = F0 ( x x0 ). Choose x0 = 0. Then U ( x) = F0 x. x4 , where it has been assumed that 0 0 4 x0 = 0. (A note about units: the coefficient 2 of the x term in U has units of N/m, while the coefficient of the x3 term is actually 1 N/m3. In the integral, dx has units of m, so the coefficient of the x2 term is actually 1 N/m, and the coefficient of the x4 term is now 0.25 N/m3. Its important to remember that apparently abstract operations like integration can involve units.) The table that follows evaluates the equation for the values of x requested in the problem. U ( x) = F ( x ')dx ' = [2 x ' ( x ')3 ]dx ' = x 2 +
x

145

CHAPTER

8
x (m) 1.0 2.0 3.0 U (J) 1.3 8.0 29.3

8-8.

U ( x) = F ( x ')dx '. Take x0 = 0. Suppose a < x < 0. In this range, F(x) = 0, so U = 0.

x0

For x < a, the integral must be evaluated in two parts:

U ( x) = 0dx ' F0 dx ' = [ F0 x F0 ( a )] = F0 ( x + a). For 0 < x < a, U(x) = 0. For
0 a a x a x

a < x < 0, U ( x) = 0dx ' + F0 dx ' = F0 x F0 a = F0 ( x a ). Summarizing all the steps gives
0 a

F0 ( x + a), x a a < x < a. U ( x) = 0, F ( x a), xa 0

8-9. 8-10. dU d = (2 x 2 + x 4 ) = 4 x 4 x 3 . dx dx x F F U ( x) = F0 sin( ax ') dx ' = 0 [cos( ax) cos(ax0 )]. Choose x0 = 0, so U ( x) = 0 [cos(ax) 1]. x0 a a 160 Spring constant of spring F / x = = 307.7 N/m 0.52 1 Potential energy stored in the spring = kx 2 2 At equilibrium all of the energy is kinetic energy in the arrow. Therefore, 1 2 1 kx = mv 2 2 2 k 307.7 v= x= (0.52) = 64.5 m/s m 0.02 (a) F = kx, or x = F/k = mg/k (b) Work done against gravity = F z = m2 g2/k F =

8-11.

8-12.

Work against spring = 8-13.

F dz =
z

kz dz

= 1/ 2 kx 2 = 1/ 2 k (mg / k ) 2 = 1/ 2 m 2 g 2 / k Since F is a conservative force, the work done by it as a particle moves from one point to another is independent of the path followed. The path suggested by the hint makes evaluation of the integral easy. Part I of the path goes from (0,0) to (x,0) (x varies while y is held constant at 0), and part II goes from (x,0) to (x,y) (y varies while x is held constant). Do the integral for part I of the path: dW = F i dr WI =

( x ,0)

(0,0)

(0i + bx ' j) i (dx ' i + dy ' j) = bx '

y '= 0 y '= 0

dy ' = 0

(since y doesnt change along part I of the path). Another interpretation is that along I F points in the y direction and the displacement points in the x direction. Since F is perpendicular to dr along I, the work must be zero. Along part II of the path, we get

146

CHAPTER
WII = 8-14.

( x, y)

( x ,0)

(by ' i + bxj) i (dx ' i + dy ' j) = bx

y '= y y '= 0

dy ' = bxy. The total work

is W = WI + WII = bxy. The potential energy is U = W = bxy. At maximum deformation, all of the energy is contained in the springs. Since there are four springs, E = 4(1/2 kx2) = 2 kx2 where x is the deformation. By conservation of energy this is equal to the potential energy of the car = mgh. Therefore, 2kx 2 = mgh x = mgh / 2k = 8-15. 8-16. Elastic energy = 1200 kg 9.8 m/s 2 0.8 m = 0.26 m 2 7.0 104 kg/s 2

1 2 1 58000 2 6 kx = (90) = 2.61 10 J 2 2 90 When the string breaks, the energy is released as kinetic energy. Each brake pad exerts a normal force of 1.0 105 N on the rail. Since k = 0.15, the magnitude of the friction force exerted by each brake is 1.5 104 N, for a total friction force of 3.0 104 N acting to slow the elevator. If the elevator is moving down, the friction force will point up. The work done by friction will be W f = f i x = f x, where x is the distance the elevator moves while it stops. The work is negative because the displacement vector and the force vector point in opposite directions. According to the law of conservation of energy, K 2 + U 2 = K1 + U1 + W f , where 1 refers to the point where the brakes first start to act and 2 refers to the point lower down mv 2 where the elevator comes to rest. K and U are both zero at point 2, so 0 = 1 + mg x f x, 2 2 2 (2000 kg)(10 m/s) mv from which we get x = = = 9.63 m. 2( f mg ) 2[(3.0 104 N) (2000 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )] The energy dissipated by friction is the magnitude of the total work done by friction, which is also the total initial kinetic plus potential energy: W f = K1 + U1 = f x = (3.0 104 N)(9.63 m) = 2.89 105 J.
To find the time required to stop, use a =
2 v2 v12 (10 m/s) 2 = = 5.19 m/s 2 . (The sign 2x 2(9.63 m)

8-17. 8-18.

means the acceleration points in the opposite direction from the initial velocity.) Then v v 10 m/s t = 2 1 = = 1.93 s. a 5.19 m/s 2 x x A B U ( x) = F ( x ')dx '. Take x0 = . Then U ( x) = [ A( x ') 13 B ( x ') 7 ]dx ' = 6. 12 x0 12 x 6x W =

( x, y, z )

(0,0,0) ( x, y, z )

F( x ', y ', z ') i dr = k

( x, y,z )

(0,0,0)

( x ' i + y ' j + z ' k ) i (dx ' i + dy ' j + dz ' k )

8-19.

k k ( x ' dx '+ y ' dy '+ z ' dz ') = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ). U = W = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ). 2 2 Call the length of the rope L. The climber starts a distance L above the fixed end of the rope and ends a distance L + x below the fixed end, where x is the stretch of the rope. The total distance fallen is 2L + x. Take the kinetic and potential energies to be zero at the beginning of the motion. At the end of the fall, the climbers kinetic energy is zero again but his potential energy is = k
(0,0,0)

147

CHAPTER

k x 2 , where k is the force constant for the rope. Since the total initial 2 energy was zero, conservation of energy says the total final energy must also be zero, which gives k x 2 2mg 4mgL mg (2 L + x) = 0, or x 2 x = 0. Use the quadratic formula to solve for 2 k k U f = mg (2 L + x) +

2 mg 2 mg 4 mgL + 4 k k k . The value of k depends on L, with k = 4.9 103 x: x = 2 N/m for the 10 m rope and 9.8 103 N/m for the 5 m rope. 2 mg 2(80 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) 4mgL (a) For L = 10 m, = = 0.320 m and = 6.40 m 2 . The solutions k 4.9 103 N/m k are x = 2.70 m, 2.38 m. The negative root has no physical meaning, so we keep only the positive root. The force exerted by the rope at this stretch is F = k x = (4900 N/m)(2.70 m) = 1.3 104 N. 2 mg 2(80 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) 4 mgL (b) For L = 5 m, = = 0.160 m and = 1.60 m 2 . The solutions k 9.8 103 N/m k are x = 1.35 m, 1.19 m. Again keeping only the positive root we find the force exerted by the rope is F = k x = (9800 N/m)(1.35 m) = 1.3 104 N . The force exerted by the rope is the

8-20.

same, whether a long rope or a short rope is used, as long as both ropes are made from the same material. In the frame of the conveyor belt, the package is moving at velocity v (to the left). The deceleration of the package in this frame is kg (to the right). So the time that the package slides is v = v0 + at 0 = v + kgt t = v/kg. In the lab frame, this acceleration is also constant. Therefore, the distance 1 1 moved = 1/2 at 2 = ( k g )(v / k g ) 2 = (v 2 / k g ) 2 2

8-21.

In conveyor belts frame, all of the kinetic energy of the package gets converted into friction in 1 the conveyor belt. Therefore, the energy dissipated = mv 2 2 U U U F= i j k where U = a ( x 2 + y 2 ) 1/ 2 x y z 2 i j = a( 1/2)(x + y 2 ) 3/ 2 2 x a (1/ 2)( x 2 + y 2 )3/ 2 2 y + 0 k
= ( x + y ) a /( x 2 + y 2 )3 / 2 i j (The force vector is along the line through the origin and [x,y].) dU 2 K K = 3. U ( x) = 2 . Fx = x dx x U = r. F = dU/dr = , so the magnitude of the force is = 1.18 1024 eV/m = (1.18 1024 eV 1.6 1019 J/eV)/m = 1.89 105 N.

8-22. 8-23.

148

CHAPTER
8-24. (a) The graph was plotted using a spreadsheet. (b) The equilibrium points are the locations where the slope of U is zero. There are three such points: x = 0 and x = 0.50. The point at 0 is unstable and the points at 0.50 are stable.

U(x) vs x
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -1 -0.5 -0.2 0 0.5 x (m) 1 U (J)

(c) The graph at right shows that the turning points for E = 0.050 J are at x 0.2 m and x 0.65 m. (d) From the first graph we see that the turning points for E = 1.0 J are at x = 1.0 m.

U(x) vs x 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1 -0.5 0 -0.2 0 0.5 1 x (m )

8-25.

(a) K is a maximum when U is a minimum. From the graph in Example 4, this occurs at x 5 m. To find the exact location, differentiate U(x) and set the derivative equal to zero: 687 dU m = 4.58 m. This is in very good agreement = 687 + 150 x = 0, which gives x = dx 150 with the 1-digit estimate from the graph. To find the speed at this point, use E = U + K K = E U . Substitute x = 4.58 m in the equation for U to get U = 1573 J. Then K = 6180 J + 1573 J = 7753 J. Then v = 2K m

2(7753 J) = 14.9 m/s. 70 kg) dU (b) The force is Fx = = 687 150 x. For x within the range of the problem, the maximum dx force occurs at the turning point, which is x = 14.7 m. The magnitude of the force at this value of x is F = 1.52 103 N, so the magnitude of the acceleration is F 1.52 103 N = 21.7 m/s 2 , which is about 2.2 gees. a= = 70 kg m =

149

U (J)

CHAPTER
8-26.

U ( x) = (2.36 eV) e 2( x 0.037) /.034 2e ( x 0.037) / .034 . A plot to get estimates of the turning points for E = 1.15 eV is shown. From the graph, the turning points are x 0.02 nm and 0.08 nm. With these starting values, more accurate estimates can be obtained by trial and error (plugging in values of x until the right hand side of the equation is close enough to 1.15 eV) or by using tools such as Solver in Excel or a Solve Block in MathCAD. To 2 significant digits the results are x = 0.019 nm and 0.080 nm.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 0 -2 -3 0.05

U(x) vs x

0.1 x ( nm )

0.15

0.2

8-27.

(a) U(x) = b/x2 2c/x dU/dx = 2b/x3 + 2c/x2 At equilibrium dU/dx = 0 2c/x2 = 2b/x3 x = b/c (b) The turning points are where U(x) = E c2 b/x 2 = 2c/x = 1 c 2 /b 1 x 2 2cx + b = 0 2 2 b 2 = x 4(b/c) x + 2(b/c) 2 = 0

x = 4(b/c) 16(b/c) 2 8(b/c) 2 = 2(b/c) (b/c) 8/2

Turning points at x = 2 + (c) U ( x) = b/x 2 2c/x = Therefore,

( ) 2 ) (b / c), ( 2 2 ) (b / c)
= 2 2 (b/c)

1 2 c /b 2

1 2 c / bx 2 + 2cx b = 0 2 x 2 + 4(b/c) 2(b 2 /c 2 ) = 0

x=

4(b/c) 16(b/c) 2 + 8(b 2 /c 2 ) 2 = (b/c) 4 24 / 2 = (b/c) 2 6 If the particle is moving along the positive x-axis, then it will always be confined there since U(x) as x 0. Thus, there is only one turning point at x = 6 2 (b / c).

8-28.

(a) Since the curve crosses E1 only once, the only turning point for E1 is at x = 0.2 m; for E2 the curve crosses at x = 0.3 m and 3.1 m; for E3 the curve crosses at x = 1.3 m and 0.5 m. (b) The maximum speed occurs at max K, so absolute maximum speed occurs at Umin x = 0.9 m. The absolute minima occur when U = Umax, at turning points, A local maximum and minimum occur at x = 2.2 m and 1.7 m, respectively.

150

CHAPTER
(c) For E2 there is only one turning point, so the orbit is unbound. For E2 and E3, there are two turning points so orbits are bound. mv 2 mv 2 U(x) E = U + K = A x + K . At x = 0, K = E= . The 2 2 energy is constant. At the turning points, K = 0, which gives mv 2 mv 2 = A x +0 x = . The final result is that the turning 2 2A x mv 2 points are at x = . 2A A graph of U(x) is shown. For the particle to be bound, the total energy must be between U0 and U0, so the lowest energy is U0. At the turning points, K = 0, so for E = 0 the turning points are given by cos(ax) = 0, n which gives ax = , where n = 1, 3, 5, The 2 n turning points then are x = , n = 1,3,5, ... 2a The particle will be unbound if E > U0. 2.0 . The graph was plotted using a spreadsheet. 1 + x2 2.0 . Set At the turning points, K = 0, and E = 1 + x2 E = 1 J. This gives a quadratic equation that can be solved for the values of x: 2.0 1 x 2 = 2 x 2 = 1, which gives x = 1 = 1 + x2 1.0 m. The particle will be unbound for E > 0. U =

8-29.

8-30.

U(x) vs x
1

U0

0 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-1

-U0

8-31.

U(x) vs x
x (m) 0 -3 -2 -1 -0.2 0 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6 -1.8 -2 U(x) (J) -0.4 1 2 3

8-32.

At the turning points, K = 0 E = 2 x 2 + x 4 , or x 4 + 2 x 2 E = 0. Use the quadratic formula to 2 8 2 4 + 4 E . For E = 1.0 J, we get x 2 = = 0.414 m 2 . (There is a 2 2 negative root for x2, but it has no physical significance.) Then x = 0.64 m. For E = 2.0 J, we get 2 12 x2 = = 0.732 m 2 , again rejecting the negative root for x2. The final result for 2.0 J is 2 x = 0.86 m. The large negative exponents and rapid variation of the potential near x = 0 will make this problem difficult to do graphically. However, it can be solved without too much difficulty by using simple algebra and calculus. (a) The equilibrium point is found by setting the derivative of the potential equal to zero. dU = 12(1.59 1024 ) x 13 + 6(1.03 1021 ) x 7 = 0. x satisfies the equation, but this does dx solve this for x2: x 2 =

8-33.

151

CHAPTER

not give the minimum energy. Multiply through by x13 and 1021 and divide both sides by 6 to get

0.00318 this equation: 1.03x 6 = 0.00318, where x is in nm. The result is x = 1.03

1/ 6

= 0.382 nm.

(b) The lowest energy occurs at the equilibrium point, so substitute the result from (a) into the 1.59 1024 1.03 1021 equation for U: U = = 1.67 1019 J. (0.382)12 (0.382)6 (c) At the turning points, K = 0, so E = U. We need to solve this equation: 2.0 1021 = (1.59 1024 ) x 12 (1.03 1021 ) x 6 . The turning points would be difficult to locate graphically because E is only about 1% of the minimum value of U, which makes it very hard to see on the graph. But the equation isnt as bad as it looks. Multiply through by x12 and 1021 and rearrange to get 2 x12 1.03x 6 + 0.00159 = 0. This is a quadratic equation for x6, and its roots can be used to find the values of x for the turning points: 1.03 (1.03) 2 (8)(0.00159) = 0.001548 nm 6 , 0.5135 nm 6 . Take the 6th root of each 4 number to get the values for x: x = 0.34 nm, 0.89 nm. (Note: Substituting 0.34 nm in the equation for U gives a result that is wrong. The rapid variation of the potential near x = 0 means that rounding x to even three significant digits gives the wrong answer. To get the exact value of U desired, x must be calculated to five significant figures: x = 0.33979 nm. However, even this result is suspect because the coefficients in the equation are only given to three significant figures.) 1 eV 1 eV = 2.0 108 eV. 2.2 1018 J = 14 eV 3.2 1011 J 19 1.60 10 J 1.60 1019 J x6 = Mass of one molecule = 5mH + 6mC + 3mN + 6mO = 5(1 u) + 6(12 u) + 3(14 u) + 6(16 u) = 1.66 1027 kg 215 u. In kg this is m = 215 u = 3.57 1025 kg. u 1 eV Emolecule = (4.6 106 J/kg)(3.57 1025 kg) = 1.64 1018 J = 10.3 eV/molecule. 1.60 1019 J Energy use per day = (8 1019/365)J/day Energy obtained from gasoline = 1.3 108 J/gal Therefore, the gallons per day consumed = (8 1019/365)/1.3 108 gal/day = 1.7 109 gal/day Vehicle Motorcycle Energy per mile (J/mi) Energy per passenger per mi (J/passenger-mi) 2.2 106 1.1 107 1.1 107/4 = 2.7 106 2.6 107/45 = 5.8 105 1.3 109/360 = 3.6 106 1.1 109/110 = 9.8 106

8-34. 8-35.

8-36.

8-37.

1/60 gal/mi 1.3 108 J/gal = 2.2 106 J/mi Snowmobile 1/12 1.3 108 = 1.1 107 Automobile 1/12 1.3 108 = 1.1 107 Bus 1/5 1.3 108 = 2.6 107 Jetliner 1/0.1 1.3 108 = 1.3 109 Concorde 1/0.12 1.3 108 = 1.1 109 Most efficient = bus, Least efficient = snowmobile.

152

CHAPTER
t=

8-38. 8-39.

9000 kcal/kg 1 kg = 12 h. 750 kcal/h 4.187 103 J E = 0.2(150 kcal) = 30 kcal = 1.26 104 J. To climb a vertical distance h, this kcal energy must be converted to potential energy (assuming the person climbs slowly so theres no E . Each person should use his or her significant conversion to kinetic energy). E = mgh h = mg own mass in kg to find their personal value for h. Assuming m = 70 kg, 1.26 104 J h= = 183 m. (70 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )

8-40. 8-41. 8-42.

3.6 106 J = 1.08 1010 J. kWh 4.187 kJ 2500 kcal = 1.05 104 kJ. kcal E = 3000 kWh ymax = v0 =
2 v0 y

2g

v0 y = 2 gymax = 2(9.81 m/s 2 )(3 m) = 7.67 m/s.

=

8-43.

2 mv0 (33 103 kg)(8.16 m/s) 2 7.67 m/s 1 kcal = 8.16 m/s. K = = = 263 kcal. sin sin 70 2 2 4.187 J Walking: t = 0.5 h. Ewalk = (3.3 kcal/kg h)(0.5 h) = 1.7 kcal/kg.

v0 y

Slow running plus standing: trun = Eslow

2.5 km = 0.313 h. tstand = 0.5 h 0.313 h = 0.187 h. 8 km/h = (8.2 kcal/kg h)(0.313 h) + (1.3 kcal/kg h)(0.187 h) = 2.8 kcal/kg.

Fast running plus standing: trun = E fast

2.5 km = 0.156 h. tstand = 0.5 h 0.156 h = 0.344 h. 16 km/h = (15.2 kcal/kg h)(0.156 h) + (1.3 kcal/kg h)(0.344 h) = 2.8 kcal/kg. The two running

8-44. 8-45.

strategies both consume about the same amount of energy, while walking consumes the least energy. E 8.4 1013 J m= 2 = = 9.3 104 kg (0.93 g). c 9 1016 m 2 / s 2 E = 2m p c 2 = 2(1.67 1027 kg)(9 1016 m 2 / s 2 ) (1.88 GeV) 1 eV = 1.88 109 eV 19 1.60 10 J 1 eV = 1.02 106 eV. (1.02 MeV) 1.60 10 19 J

8-46. 8-47. 8-48.

E = 2me c 2 = 2(9.11 1031 kg)(9 1016 m 2 / s 2 )

mthermal = Ethermal/c2 = [2 1041/(3 108)2]kg = 2.2 1024 kg Percentage of mass that is thermal is (2.2 1024 kg/2 1030 kg) 100% = 0.0001%. m = mn m p me = 1.674 929 1027 kg 1.672 623 1027 kg 9.11 1031 kg = 1.39 10
30

kg. E = ( m)c 2 = 1.26 1013 J = 7.84 105 eV. The mass energy of the electron is

Ee = me c 2 = (9.11 1031 kg)(3 108 m/s) 2 = (8.20 1014 J)(1 eV/1.6 1019 J) = 5.11 105 eV.
The energy released is comparable to the mass energy of the electron.

153

CHAPTER

8
1 eV 1 keV = 511 keV. 19 1.60 10 J 1000 eV 1 eV 1 MeV = 939 MeV. kg)(9 1016 m 2 / s 2 ) 6 19 1.60 10 J 10 eV

8-49.

E = me c 2 = (9.11 1031 kg)(9 1016 m 2 / s 2 ) E = m p c 2 = (1.67 1027

8-50. 8-51.

m= m=

E 1000 kWh 3.6 106 J/kWh = = 4.0 108 kg. 9 1016 m 2 / s 2 c2 E 1.3 108 J = = 1.4 109 kg. This is about 1/2 of one billionth, or 0.00000005% of c 2 9 1016 m 2 / s 2

8-52. 8-53.

the mass of the gasoline. E = mc 2 = (9.8 1018 kg)(9 1016 m 2 /s 2 ) = 0.88 J. By conservation of energy, the mass energy of the particles produced must be equal to the mass energy of the two original particles plus their kinetic energy. This means K = 2m p c 2 2me c 2 = 2( m p me )c 2 . The mass of the electron is negligible compared to the mass of the proton, so K = 2m p c 2 = 1.88 109 eV (see the solution to 8-45). This is the total kinetic energy of the electron and positron. The kinetic energy of the electron is half of this value, or K e = 1.88 109 eV/2 = 9.40 108 eV.

8-54. 8-55. 8-56.

P = Fv. v = 65 km/h = 18.1 m/s. P = (500 N)(18.1 m/s) = 9.03 103 W (9.03 kW, or 12.1 hp). E = Pt. t = 2 h 49 min = 169 min = 10140 s. E = (0.30 hp)(10140 s)(746 W/hp)(1 kcal / 4187 J) = 542 kcal.
150 hp = (150 745.7)W = 1.12 105 W = power of automobile Slaves needed to match car = 1.12 105 W/200 W per slave = 560 slaves Slaves needed per capita = 14000 W/200 W per slave = 70 slaves 1 yr = 8766 h. E = Pt = (0.002 kW)(8766 h) = 18 kWh. If its a mechanical clock, some of the energy is converted to kinetic energy of the moving parts of the clock. If its a digital clock, some of the energy is converted to the light given off by the display. For both kinds of clock the rest of the energy is dissipated as heat generated by work done against friction or because of heat produced by the electrical components. 746 W 20 hp = 1.49 104 W. In one hour, the energy used is E = Pt hp = (1.49 104 W)(3600 s) = 5.4 107 J.

8-57.

8-58.

8-59. 8-60.

E = Pt = (104 W)(8 hr)(3600 s/hr) = 2.88 108 J.

3 Btu 3 J 1 hr 1 hp 170 10 1.055 10 = 66.8 hp. This is less than the output of hr Btu 3600 s 746 W the 150 hp engine. 1 hp P = 1.1 W = 1.5 103 hp. W = Pt = (1.1 W)(24 hr)(3600 s/hr)(1 kcal / 4187 J) 746 W = 23 kcal.

8-61.

154

CHAPTER
8-62.

E = Pt = (2.0 1015 W)(1.0 109 s) = 2.0 106 J. The output from the laser is 1000 times the
output of all the power stations, so we infer that Ppower stations = 2.0 1012 W. 1 yr = 3.16 107 s, which gives E = Ppower stations t = (2.0 1012 W)(3.16 107 s) = 6.3 1019 J.

8-63.

(a) N =

1.0 108 Btu = 769 gal. 1.3 105 Btu/gal 1.0 108 Btu . 5.04 103 hr

(b) 7 months 210 days = 5.04 103 hr. P = = 1.98 104

8-64. 8-65. 8-66.

Btu 1.055 103 J/Btu = 5.8 103 W (5.8 kW). hr 3600 s/hr P = 100 W/kg 180 kg 1 hp/746 W = 24 hp. This is about twice as large as the actual power output that is observed. E = Pt = (0.06 kW)(24 hr/day)(365 days/yr) = 526 kWh/yr. The cost is ($0.15 / kWh)(526 kWh/yr) = $79/yr.

P = 4 5000 ft-lb/min = 2 104 ft-lb/min. To find the rate at which something is lifted, use P = mg
h h P 2 104 ft-lb/min . mg = 9 tons = 18 103 lb, so = = = 1.11 ft/min. Lifting t t mg 18 103 lb

8-67.

the load 15 ft will take (15 ft)/(1.11 ft/min) = 14 min. Power = F v. Hence, (i) in the frame of ground power = 50 N 80 km/hr 5 m/s = 1100 W 18 km/hr

8-68. 8-69. 8-70.

(ii) in frame of automobile, v = 0; therefore, Power = 0 P (100 hp)(746 W/hp) = 1.68 103 N. P = Fv F = . v = 160 km/hr = 44.4 m/s. F = v 44.4 m/s Power = F v = 400 N (5 5/18) m/s cos 35 = 455 W 1 hp/745.7 W = 0.61 hp m(v 2 vi2 ) f K = K f K i = . vi = 0, vf = 80 km/hr = 22.2 m/s. The work done is equal to the 2 (900 kg)(22.2 m/s) 2 change in kinetic energy: K = = 2.22 105 J. The power is 2 K 2.22 105 J 1 hp = = 39 hp. P= t 7.6 s 746 W The time for one revolution is (3000 rev/min 1 min/60 s)1 = 0.02 s. There are six cylinders, and each cylinder fires once every two revolutions, so the time between firings for one of the cylinders is t = 0.02 s/rev 2 rev/6 cylinders = 6.67 103 s/cylinder. If E is the energy E E = Pt delivered by each cylinder, then the average power is P = t 746 W = 150 hp 6.67 103 s/cylinder = 746 J/cylinder. hp

8-71.

155

CHAPTER

8
VAv3

8-72.

(1.3 kg/m3 )(0.30)(2.8 m 2 ) 3 v = 0.546v3 . For v = 30 km/h = 8.33 m/s, P = 316 2 2 W (0.424 hp). For v = 90 km/h = 25.0 m/s, P = 8.53 kW (11.4 hp). At 30 km/h, a 300 km trip takes 10 h = 3.6 104 s so the total energy used is E = Pt

P = fv =

= (316 W)(3.6 104 s) = 1.14 104 J. At 90 km/h, the 300 km trip takes 1/3 as long, or 1.2 104 s, and the total energy used is E = (8.54 103 W)(1.2 104 s) = 1.02 108 J. 8-73. 8-74.

P = F i v = Fv cos . cos =
E=

P P 90 W = cos 1 = cos 1 = 50. Fv Fv (40 N)(3.5 m/s)

1s 2 1s

1s

Pdt =

1s

( P P )(t 1)3 [ P + ( P0 P )(t 1) ]dt = Pt 0 + 0 1 1 1 1 3

3

= 0.75 0 + 8-75. 8-76.

(0.75)(0) (0.75)(1) = 1.0 kJ . 3 3 P = F i v = [(6.0 N)i + (8.0 N)j] i [(3.0 m/s)i (2.5 m/s)j] = (6.0 N)(3.0 m/s) + (8.0 N)( 2.5 m/s)

= 2.0 W Twenty five percent efficiency gives 110 hp, so 100% efficiency gives 440 hp = 328000 W (from chemical energy). One gallon of gas gives 1.3 108 J of energy. Then the rate of gas consumption = 3.28 105 J/sec 3600 sec = 9.1 gal/hr 1.3 108 J/gal 1 hr E = 1 mv 2 i v = 100 km/hr = 100 5/18 m/s = 27.8 m/s 2 1 (11000) kg (27.8) 2 (m/s) 2 = 4.24 106 J 2 Average power = E/t = 4.24 106 J/10 s = 4.2 105 W W m 2 = P = 3.9 1026 W = c t t m 3.9 1026 3.9 1026 = = = 4.3 109 kg/s c2 t 9 1016 E = In one year, m = 4.3 109 365 24 60 60 = 1.36 1017 kg 8 1019 J/yr Power need for U.S. = (365.25 24 60 60)sec/yr = 2.5 1012 W = 2.5 109 kW At 1kW/m2, the area needed is 2.5 109m2 = 2500 km2

8-77.

8-78.

8-79.

8-80.

F = ma = 1770(4.752 0.252 t) = 8410 446 t v = 4.752 t 0.126 t2 Power = (8410 446 t)(4.752 t 0.126 t2) = 56.2t3 3180 t2 + 40000 t

156

CHAPTER
t Power (W) t Power (W) 0 0 6 138000 1 36900 7 143000 2 67700 8 145000 3 92900 9 143000 4 113000 10 138000 5 123000 dp/dt = 168.6 t2 6360 t + 40000 = 0 at max. This occurs at t=
8-81. 6360 63002 4(168.6)(40000) = 8.0 (taking root between 0 and 10 s) 2(168.6)

(a) v = 26 km/h = 7.22 m/s. K =

mv 2 (6.50 108 kg)(7.22 m/s) 2 = = 1.70 1010 J. 2 2 (b) Half of the power output goes toward increasing K, so that power is P = 22 103 hp
746 W/hp = 1.64 107 W. Then t =

K 1.70 1010 J = = 1.03 103 s (17 min). 7 P 1.64 10 W

(c) The time to stop will be the same as the time to go from rest to the final speed, since the magnitude of the change in kinetic energy is the same in both cases. When the ship is slowing v f vi 0 7.22 m/s down, its acceleration is a = = = 7.00 103 m/s 2 . (Vector note: the sign 1.03 103 s t means the acceleration points in the opposite direction from the initial velocity.) The distance to v 2 vi2 0 (7.22 m/s) 2 f = = 3.73 103 m (3.73 km, stop is given by v 2 vi2 = 2ax x = f 2 3 2a 2( 7.00 10 m/s ) 8-82. or 2.3 mi). (a) Potential energy lost per second is mgh = 6200 m3/s 1000 kg/m3 9.8 m/s2 49 m = 3.0 109J/s = 3.0 109 W (b) Energy lost per year = 3.0 106 k W (365 24) hr = 2.6 1010 k W hr (c) This is worth 2.6 1010k W hr $0.05/kW hr = $1.3 109 ($1.3 billion) Rate of energy loss per week = mgh = (5 kg 9.8 m/s2 1.5 m) per week = 73.5 J/week = 73.5 J/week 1/(60 60 24 7) = 1.2 104 W x mg sin 10 = 550 746 W t 550 745 x = 8.93 m/s =v= 27000 9.8 sin10 t Imagine a cylinder of air with cross sectional area A moving with speed v across the windmill. During a time interval t, the length of the cylinder crossing the windmill is vt, and the mass of air crossing the area of the windmill is m = Avt. The kinetic energy carried by the cylinder of (m)v 2 Av 3 t air is K = = , so the power delivered to the windmill by the moving air is 2 2 K Av 3 . The windmill absorbs 70% of this power, so the power output from the Pair = = 2 t

8-83.

8-84.

8-85.

157

CHAPTER

0.70 Av 3 = (0.35)(1.29 kg/m3 ) Av 3 = 0.452 Av 3 . The output of the 2 generator is 90% of the power absorbed by the windmill, and the motor converts 90% of the generator power to actual useful work. So the power output of the motor is Pm = (0.90)(0.90)(0.452 Av 3 ) = 0.366 Av 3 , so if the power output of the motor is specified the Pm 746 W . Pm = 2 104 hp = 1.49 107 W. required cross-sectional area is given by A = 3 0.366v hp windmill is Pw = 0.70 Pair = The speed is v = 40 km/h = 11.1 m/s, so A = 1.49 107 W = 2.98 104 m 2 . This (0.366)(11.1 m/s)3 4A

corresponds to a circle with a diameter of D = 8-86. W = mgh. P =

4(1.49 104 m 2 )

= 195 m.

dW dm dm P (15 hp)(746 W/hp) = = = 38 kg/s. The density of water is = gh dt dt dt gh (9.81 m/s 2 )(30 m)

8-87.

1000 kg/m3, and 1 m3 = 1000 l, so 1 kg occupies a volume of 1 l. The pump can lift 38 l/s. (a) If the helicopter is climbing at a constant speed, then the upward force exerted by the engines is equal to the downward weight mg so the net vertical force is zero. Then P = Fv = mgv = (7400 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )(5 m/s) = 3.63 105 W = 487 hp. (b) If the engines are generating maximum power, then the remainder is being used to move the air and by friction. The power lost is Plost = 3080 hp 487 hp = 2593 hp. Rate of increase of potential energy in travelling uphill h 64 1 = mg = 1500 9.8 t 3.6 10 = 26133 W = 35 hp.

8-88.

8-89.

Therefore, the power needed to travel uphill at 64 km/h is 20 + 35 = 55 hp. The power needed to travel downhill is 20 35 = 15 hp. The rate of energy increase from descent x 1 95 1 = mg = 1500 9.8 = 38792 W = 52 hp t 10 3.6 10 This is the power spent to overcome friction. Therefore, on a level road to maintain a constant speed of 95km/h the engine should deliver 52 hp. P = P0 e t / . The energy used between 0 and 5 s is given by E =
= P0 e t /
5 0

8-90.

Pdt = P0 e t / dt
0

= P0 (1 e 5 / ) . For P0 = 2.0 W and = 5.0 s, we get E = (2.0 W)(1 e 1 ) = 6.3 J.

0

The total energy used from t = 0 to is E = P0 e t / 8-91.

= P0 = (2.0 W)(5.0 s) = 10 J.

850 hp 745.7 W/hp = 633800 W, so that the total power of both engines = 2 633800 = 1.27 106W. The potential energy gained per second during climb = mgh per second 260 = 10900 kg 9.8 m/s 2 m/s = 4.63 105 W . 60 Therefore, the percentage engine power for climbing = (4.63 105)/(1.27 106) 100% = 37%

158

CHAPTER
8-92. Volume of water shot out per unit time /t = Av where A = area, v = velocity. Mass of water shot out is Av (per unit time). All of this water reaches height h, so the energy given to the water per unit time is (m/t)gh = Avgh. But v = 2 gh , so that

Power = A

2gh gh = 2 A( gh)3/ 2

A = (0.05 m) 2 = 7.85 103 m 2 Therefore, the power = 2(1000 kg/m3 )(7.85 103 m 2 )(9.8 10 m 2 /s 2 )3 / 2 8-93. = 1.1 104 W (a) 203.1 km/h = 56.4m/s Rate gravity does work = Fv = (mg sin )v = 75 kg (9.8 m/s2)(sin 51)(56.4 m/s) = 3.2 104 J/s (b) Fice = N = mg cos 0.03 (75 kg) 9.8 m/s2 cos 51 = 13.9 N The power dissipated by ice friction = Ficev = (13.9N)(56.5 m/s) = 780 J/s Power dissipated by air = Powergravity Powerice = 3.1 104 J/s The area of the cylinder of air flowing over the propeller is A = = 2.54 m 2 . 4 4 The speed of the air is 40 km/h = 11.1 m/s. So the volume that passes over the propeller every dV second is = Av = (2.54 m 2 )(11.1 m/s) = 28.2 m3 /s. The mass passing the propeller every dt dm dV second is = = (1.29 kg/m3 )(28.2 m3 /s) = 36.4 kg/s. The rate at which kinetic energy is dt dt dK 1 dm 2 (36.4 kg/s)(11.1 m/s) 2 delivered is = = 2.25 103 W. The actual power output v = dt 2 dt 2 200 is 200 W, so 100% = 8.9% of the power is absorbed from the wind. 2.25 103 =

8-94.

D2

(1.8 m) 2

8-95.

Mass of air ejected per second = m 1 min = 8.5 m 2 /min 1.3 kg/m3 = 0.184 kg/s 60 sec Therefore, the kinetic energy given per second = power required = 1 mv 2 = 1 (0.184) (5.0)2 J/s = 2.3W 2 2

159

CHAPTER
8-96.

8-97.

Since the kinetic energy remains constant, the loss in potential energy must go in overcoming friction. h 280 0.074 Rate of energy loss = mg = A 103 103 9.8 3 t A 10 (Where A is the cross-section of the river and we have used m = A length density and length = 1 km.) h mg = 2 105 W t Mass flowing per day is 2.2 103 km3 10003 m3/km3 1000 kg/m3 = 2.2 1015 kg. 1 Thus, the kinetic energy per day = mv 2 2 15 2 2 2 1 = 2 2.2 10 kg (4.6 5/18) m s = 1.80 1015 J/day Power = 1.80 1015 J/day 1 day = 2.1 1010 W = 2.1 107 kW 24 3600 sec

8-98.

The power will be equal to the magnitude of the rate at which the falling water loses potential energy. The height h the water falls is equal to the diameter of the wheel, so d dm P = ( mgh) = gh = (9.81 m/s 2 )(10 m)(20 kg/s) = 2.0 103 W (2.0 kW). . dt dt The power will be equal to the magnitude of the rate at which the falling water loses kinetic (1 kg)(15 m/s) 2 = 112.5 J of kinetic energy when it first hits the energy. Each kg of water has 2 wheel, and it loses essentially all of that kinetic energy by the time it drips off the other side. Since there are 30 kg of water hitting the wheel every second, the magnitude of the total rate of energy loss is (112.5 J/kg)(30 kg/s) = 3.4 103 W (3.4 kW). This is the power delivered to the wheel by the flowing water. (a) Weight = 10780 N Flift = 10780 cos 13 = 10503 N F = 10780 sin 13 = 2425 N (b)Weight = 10780 N Flift = 10503 N F = 2425 N Fpush = F + 2425 = 4.85 103 N (c) 1 knot = 0.5144 m/s 1hp = 746 W 4.85 103 90 0.5144 Power, P = 300 hp 746 The propeller changes the path of the incoming wind stream. This requires additional work.

8-99.

8-100.

160

CHAPTER
8-101. (a) Mass of 4H atoms = (1.00813)4 u = 4.03252 u Mass of He atom = 4.00388 u m in reaction = 0.02864 u E = mc2 = 0.02864 u 1.67 1027 kg/u (3.00 108)2 (m/s)2 = 4.30 1012 J = 2.69 107 eV (b) Mass 4 H atoms = 4.03252 u 1.67 1027 kg/u = 6.73 1027 kg gives 4.30 1012 J 1 = 6.39 1014 J Therefore, 1 kg H atoms gives 4.30 1012 J 27 6.73 10

8-102.

(c) 3.9 1026 W = 3.9 1026 J/s. From part (b), the energy content of H is 6.39 1014 J/kg. So the mass consumed = (3.9 1026 J/s)/(6.39 1014 J/kg) = 6.1 1011 kg/s (d) The hydrogen will last (1.5 1030 kg)/(6.1 1011 kg/s) = 2.5 1018 s = 7.8 1010 yr x x x 5 x3 3x 2 (a) U ( x) = F i dr ' = Fx dx ' = [5( x ') 2 + 3 x ']dx ' = . (Note: The coefficients 0 0 0 3 2 5 and 3 have units of N/m2 and N/m, respectively.) 5 x3 3x 2 5(2.0 m)3 3(2.0 m) 2 (b) W = U = + 0 = + = 19 J. 3 2 3 2 WI = WI =

8-103.

1,1

0,0 1,1

F i dr =

1,1

0,0

[(4.0i + 2.0 xj) i (dxi + dyj)]. Along path I, x = y, so this becomes

0,0 1

(4.0i + 2.0 yj) i (dxi + dyj) =

2 1 0

1,1

0,0

(4.0dx + 2.0 ydy ) =

4.0dx + 2.0 ydy

0 0 0,0

= 4.0 x 0 + y (b) WII =

= 5.0 J
0,0 0,1 0,1 1,1 0,1

0,1

1,1

F i dr + F i dr = [(4.0i + 2.0 xj) i (dxi + dyj)] + [(4.0i + 2.0 xj) i (dxi + dyj)]

From (1,1) to (0,1) y is constant at 1 (dy = 0) as x varies from 1 to 0. From (0,1) to (0,0) x is constant at 0 (dx = 0) as y varies from 1 to 0. WII =

4dx + 0dy = 4.0 J. If the force were

1

8-104.

conservative, we would have WII = WI. This is not what we find, so we conclude that this force is not conservative. (a) Using the conservation of energy 1 2 mv0 + W = 0 2 1 2 mv0 = k mgd = K max 2 K max = 47 J

(b) Once again we use the conservation of energy 2 1 kx0 = 47 J 2

2 x0 =

2 47 J = 0.78 m 2 120 N/m

x0 = 0.89 m

161

CHAPTER
8-105.

8-106.

8-107.

(a) Let W be the maximum weight that can be pulled, then kW = 0.3 W = 360 6000 W = 7.2 106 N (b) Power = Force speed = Fv Power 6000 0.2 746 = = = 0.12 m/s F 7.2 106 1 1 60 km/hr = 16.7 m/s. E = mv 2 = (990) (16.7) 2 J = 140000 J. 2 2 Then the energy dissipated = E = 140000 J Average power = E/t = 137500/2.1 J/s = 6.5 104 W 6.5 104 W/745.7 hp/W = 88 hp E (m) gh Power wasted = = t t 3 = 13 10 103 9.8 33 = 4.2 109 W

8-108.

8-109.

12 km/h = 3.33 m/s. The rate of potential energy gain = (mg sin )( v ) = (70 9.8 33.3 1/10) J/s = 228 J/s = (228 J/s 3600 s/h)/4.186 103 kcal/J = 196 kcal/h Total energy needed = 750 kcal + 196 kcal = 946 kcal/h (a) Since the projectile is traveling horizontally, its potential energy is constant and its total energy is just equal to its kinetic energy. The instantaneous power is then equal to the dK d mv 2 dv instantaneous rate of change of K: P = = mv . (Dont forget the chain rule!) dt dt 2 dt P = (45.36 kg)(655.9 61.1 t + 3.26 t 2 )(61.1 + 6.52 t ) = 1.82 106 + 3.63 105 t 2.71 104 t 2 + 964 t 4 (The magnitude of this is the power removed from the projectile.) mv(0) 2 (45.36 kg)(655.9 m/s) 2 = = 9.757 106 J. At t = 3.00 s, (b) At t = 0, K (0) = 2 2 mv(3.00) 2 (45.36 kg)[655.9 (61.1)(3.00) + (3.26)(3.00) 2 ] m/s) 2 K (3.00) = = = 5.71 106 J. 2 2 K 5.71 106 J 9.757 106 J = = 1.35 106 W. (c) The average power is P = t 3.00 s (a) W = 2 F x = 2(100 N)(0.50 m) = 100 J. W 100 J = = 1.0 102 W. t 1.0 s The athlete has two legs, each of which can deliver energy at a rate of 200 W. The total energy change required is equal to the change in potential energy to climb the stairs: E E 3.36 105 J E = mgh = (75 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )(457 m) = 3.36 105 J. P = t = = t P 400 W (b) P = = 8.4 102 s (14 min).

8-110.

8-111.

162

CHAPTER

8-112.

The change in kinetic energy for each kg of water is

K v 2 (50 m/s) 2 J = = = 1250 . The pump kg 2 2 kg

takes in 0.80 kg/s, so the power is P = (1250 J/kg)(0.80 kg/s) = 1.0 103 W (1.0 kW). 8-113. (a) The total gravitational potential energy stored in the reservoir is U = mgh = Vgh. Assuming all the energy can be extracted from the falling water with no kinetic energy left over and no energy lost due to friction, the total energy output will be 1 kWh E = U = (1000 kg/m 3 )(2.2 107 m3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(270 m) = 1.6 107 kWh. 3.6 106 J (b) Again assuming all the energy is converted to electrical energy, the power will be dU d dV P= = ( Vgh) = gh , so the volume flow rate will be dt dt dt dV P 109 W = = = 3.8 102 m 3 /s. dt gh (1000 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(270 m) 8-114. (a) U 2 + K 2 = U1 + K1 . U1 =
2

kx 2 , U 2 = mgh. K1 = K 2 = 0. 2
2

2 h x 1

kx 2mgh 2(50 kg)(9.81 m/s )(4 m) x= = = 1.06 m. 2 k 3500 N/m (b) The maximum acceleration occurs when the net force is the largest, and that will be at point 1 where the spring is fully compressed. The spring exerts an upward force with magnitude kx, and gravity exerts a downward force with magnitude mg. The magnitude of the net upward force is Fnet = kx mg. The magnitude of the acceleration is F (3500 N/m)(1.06 m) (50 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) a = net = = 64 m/s 2 . This is m 50 kg mgh =

about 6.6 gee. (c) The maximum speed occurs at point 3, where the spring returns to its equilibrium length and mv 2 its potential energy is zero. U 2 U 3 + K 2 K 3 = mgx mgx + 0 max = 0 2 vmax = 2 g (h x) = 2(9.81 m/s 2 )(4.0 m 1.06 m) = 7.6 m/s.

163