Comparing WiMAX 802.16d and 802.16e v1.0

Comparing WiMAX 802.16d with WiMAX 802.
16e
Prepared by Doug Gray August 2009
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_______________________________________________________________________ _ The WiMAX Forum has not investigated or made an independent determination regarding title or non-infringement of any technologies that may be incorporated, described or referenced in this document. Use of this document or implementation of any technologies described or referenced herein may therefore infringe undisclosed thirdparty patent rights or other intellectual property rights. The user is solely responsible for making all assessments relating to title and non-infringement of any technology, standard, or specification referenced in this document and for obtaining appropriate authorization to use such technologies, technologies, standards, and specifications, including through the payment of any required license fees. NOTHING IN THIS DOCUMENT CREATES ANY WARRANTIES OF TITLE OR NONINFRINGEMENT WITH RESPECT TO ANY TECHNOLOGIES, STANDARDS OR SPECIFICATIONS REFERENCED OR INCORPORATED INTO THIS DOCUMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE WiMAX FORUM OR ANY MEMBER BE LIABLE TO THE USER OR TO A THIRD PARTY FOR ANY CLAIM ARISING FROM OR RELATING TO THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, A CLAIM THAT SUCH USE INFRINGES A THIRD PARTYS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS OR THAT IT FAILS TO COMPLY WITH APPLICABLE LAWS OR REGULATIONS. BY USE OF THIS DOCUMENT, THE USER WAIVES ANY SUCH CLAIM AGAINST THE WiMAX FORUM AND ITS MEMBERS RELATING TO THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENT. The WiMAX Forum reserves the right to modify or amend this document without notice and in its sole discretion. The user is solely responsible for determining whether this document has been superseded by a later version or a different document. WiMAX, Mobile WiMAX, Fixed WiMAX, WiMAX Forum, WiMAX Certified, WiMAX Forum Certified, the WiMAX Forum logo and the WiMAX Forum Certified logo are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum. Third-party trademarks contained in this document are the property of their respective owners.
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_______________________________________________________________________ _ About the Author Doug Gray is a Telecommunications Consultant and is currently under contract to the WiMAX Forum. Gray has had extensive experience in broadband wireless access systems in engineering and management positions at Hewlett-Packard, Lucent Technologies and Ensemble Communications. Acknowledgements The author would like to acknowledge the contributions of the many WiMAX Forum members who have taken the time to review and provide comments and insights regarding the contents of this paper and the conclusions drawn.
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Table of Contents
1.0Introduction.....................................................................................................................6 2.0Technical Requirements for Broadband Mobile Services..............................................7 3.0802.16d and 802.16e Technical Differences...................................................................7 4.0 Business Case Considerations......................................................................................10 5.0 Conclusion...................................................................................................................10 Acronyms...........................................................................................................................11
Tables
Table 1: 802.16d 802.16e Summary.................................................................................8 Table 2: Symbol Duration with S-OFDMA.......................................................................10
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Comparing WiMAX 802.16d with WiMAX 802.16e 1.0 Introduction

With a focus on frequencies below 11 GHz in licensed and license-exempt bands, the 802.16d-2004 amendment to the IEEE 802.16 Air Interface Standard introduced OFDM for improved performance in non-line-of-sight, high multipath environments. Commercial WiMAX systems based on the 802.16d-2004 amendment were first deployed in 2006. Networks based on this technology have been deployed worldwide in licensed bands in the 2 and 3.5 GHz range and unlicensed bands in the 5.8 GHz range. These systems quickly established themselves as an alternative to fixed access technologies in competition with DSL and cable. Soon after completion of the 802.16d-2004 amendment, the IEEE launched an effort to address the requirements for mobility. This project, done in conjunction with ETSI, resulted in the 802.16e amendment which was ratified in December 2005. The 802.16e2005 amendment not only provided the features and attributes necessary to support mobile services but also added other performance-enhancing features to the 802.16 Air Interface Standard. Termed as Mobile WiMAX Release-1, the first commercially available WiMAX-compliant systems based on this amendment occurred in 2008. The rapid market acceptance of Mobile WiMAX Release-1 has prompted chip and equipment vendors to focus development efforts on 802.16e-based technology while de-emphasizing further work on 802.16d-based chips and products. Taking note of these trends the WiMAX Forum has dissolved the working group that was responsible for the development of 802.16d-based profiles. Although it was not feasible to support a backwards compatible migration path from WiMAX 802.16d systems to 802.16e systems without compromising the technical requirements for the support of mobile applications, backwards compatibility is assured going forward from Mobile WiMAX Release-1 based on 802.16e to Mobile WiMAX Release-2 based on 802.16m. Since 2006, 114 products1 have received WiMAX Forum certification. Over 75% of these are certified for Mobile WiMAX Release-1. This paper will provide a brief a comparison of WiMAX systems based on 802.16d-2004 with WiMAX systems based on 802.16e-2005.
1
Data as of the end of June 2009. This data is updated regularly by the WiMAX Forum and is available on the WiMAX Forum website Research-Dashboard.
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2.0 Technical Requirements for Broadband Mobile Services

Whereas fixed and nomadic networks experience propagation channels that are relatively stable over time, mobile networks experience channel conditions that can change very rapidly. Mobile systems must be able to deal with rapid changes in RF signal level and Doppler shifts and must be able to support seamless handoffs from one base station to another as actively-connected subscribers move throughout the network coverage area. Fast scheduling is required to efficiently allocate resources and maintain QoS (Quality of Service) under these conditions. The demand for mobile hand-held subscriber devices to be small and lightweight to facilitate portability creates other challenges unique to mobile networks. These requirements dictate the following: Antennas must be omni-directional for ease of use: This results in very low antenna gain and increases the potential for interference Limited space for multiple antennas: Limits the use of higher order MIMO techniques in the subscriber station Battery must be small and light weight: This limits the available transmit power Long battery life: Must support sleep and idle modes Indoor and outdoor performance: Can add 10-20 dB of path loss for indoor locations As a result of the above, the uplink system gain generally determines the potential range and coverage for mobile base station. Global roaming must also be supported since mobile subscribers have the expectation for access; anytime, anywhere.
3.0 802.16d and 802.16e Technical Differences

A comparison of key attributes and features for WiMAX systems based IEEE 802.16d and WiMAX systems based on IEEE 802.16e is summarized in Table 1.
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_______________________________________________________________________ _ Table 1: 802.16d 802.16e Summary Attribute or Feature Spectrum WiMAX Based on 802.16d-2004 Licensed: 3.5 GHz & License-Exempt: 5.8 GHz TDD/FDD/HDFDD OFDM WiMAX Based on 802.16e-2005 Licensed Bands: 2.3, 2.5, 3.5, 3.8 GHz, (700 MHz)* TDD, (FDD/HD-FDD)* S-OFDMA Scalable channel BW, immunity to interference and fading 802.16e Benefit Profiles for WW spectrum allocations
Duplex Access
Channel BW FFT Size
3.5, 7, 10 MHz 256
5, 7, 8.75, 10, 20* MHz 512, 1024, 2048* Longer symbol time tolerates larger delay spread Improved peak and average channel throughput in both DL and UL Mobility support up to 120 km/hr
Advanced Antenna Technology
STC
STC, SM, Adaptive MIMO switching, UL Collaborative SM, & Beamforming Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Fast CQI H-ARQ Hand-off Support Sleep and Idle Mode MultiCast/Broadcast Support
No No No No No
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_______________________________________________________________________ _ Attribute or Feature WiMAX Based on WiMAX Based on 802.16e Benefit 802.16d-2004 802.16e-2005 Fractional Frequency Reuse No Yes More aggressive frequency reuse improves spectral efficiency Latency and Jitter control for VoIP UMTS spectrum availability Path to meet or exceed IMTAdvanced requirements
Extended Real Time Polling Service IMT-2000 Technology Backwards Compatible Migration Path
No No No
Yes Yes Yes
* Denotes features or attributes not currently available but approved for certification by the WiMAX Forum A very important benefit of 802.16e-2005 based WiMAX systems over 802.16d is the forward looking migration path for operators. Work on the 802.16m amendment to the IEEE standard is scheduled to be completed by the end of this year. This amendment, which is backwards compatible with 802.16e, is designed to meet or exceed the performance requirements established by IMT-Advanced. In close cooperation with the IEEE, the WiMAX Forum is well on its way to defining Mobile WiMAX Release-2 profiles based on the IEEE 802.16m-2009 amendment. There is no migration path for WiMAX based on 802.16d. Table 2 provides a summary of the symbol duration for Scalable-OFDMA as a function of the channel BW with 802.16e. The longer symbol duration with 802.16e provides an increased tolerance to delay spread resulting in better multipath immunity. With ScalableOFDMA operators gain greater flexibility in establishing a channel BW to best fit deployment requirements which, in many cases, may vary over time. 802.16d with a fixed FFT size of 256 has a symbol duration which is shorter and therefore less tolerant to delay spread and multipath.
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_______________________________________________________________________ _ Table 2: Symbol Duration with S-OFDMA Mobile WiMAX Release-1 based on 802.16e-2005 Channel BW FFT Size Sub-Carrier Spacing Symbol Duration 5 MHz 512 10 MHz 1024 10.94 kHz 102.9 microsec 20 MHz 2048 7.81 kHz 144.0 microsec 7 MHz 1024 9.77 kHz 115.2 microsec 8.75 MHz
4.0 Business Case Considerations

The performance features and attributes available with Mobile WiMAX Release-1 based on the 802.16e-2005 amendment leads to a more cost-effective deployment with fewer base stations to meet desired capacity and coverage requirements. This will assure rapid growth in production volumes and continued cost reductions. The WiMAX Forum has no plans to develop any new profiles for 802.16d nor is there a migration path for performance enhancements for existing profiles. Efforts throughout the WiMAX Forum ecosystem are now focused on profiles based on 802.16e and 802.16m. Mobile WiMAX Release-1 provides operators an access solution with the best performance with a clear backwards compatible migration path for future performance enhancements. With the ability to address varied usage models, Mobile WiMAX Release-1 gives operators multiple business plan options.
5.0 Conclusion
Fixed WiMAX deployments based on 802.16d-2004, with performance comparable to DSL and broadband cable services, quickly established WiMAX as a viable technology for broadband wireless access. The 802.16e-2005 amendment, with the adoption of Scalable-OFDMA, added mobility and other major performance enhancements to the standard. Adopting these and other features supported by the IEEE 802.16 air interface standard enabled the WiMAX Forum to develop Mobile WiMAX Release-1. With improved throughput, multipath tolerance, and lower costs, even operators only intending
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_______________________________________________________________________ _ to offer fixed services will experience a stronger business case by adopting Mobile WiMAX Release-1 based on the 802.16e amendment.
Acronyms
BW CQI FDD FFT H-ARQ HD-FDD SM S-OFDMA STC TDD WiMAX Bandwidth Channel Quality Indicator Frequency Division Duplex Fast Fourier Transform Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Half Duplex Frequency Division Duplex Spatial Multiplexing Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Space Time Coding Time Division Duplex Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
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Comparing WiMAX 802.16d and 802.16e v1.0

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Comparing WiMAX 802.16d with WiMAX 802.

Comparing WiMAX 802.16d with WiMAX 802.16e 1.0 Introduction

2.0 Technical Requirements for Broadband Mobile Services

3.0 802.16d and 802.16e Technical Differences

Channel BW FFT Size

3.5, 7, 10 MHz 256

Advanced Antenna Technology

Yes Yes Yes

4.0 Business Case Considerations

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