MODULE 2: Motion Motion It is a change in position with respect to a particular reference frame within a interval time.

. Distance - refers to the length of the entire path that the object travelled. Displacement - refers to the shortest distance between the objects two positions, Speed- is the rate of motion Formula : speed = distance travelled (d) time of travel (t) The units of speed can be miles per hour (mi/h), kilometers per hour (km/h), or meters per second (m/s). Velocity- is the rate of motion at a given direction Instantaneous speed - speed at an instant Instantaneous velocity - the velocity of a moving body at an instant Speedometer -is a device used to measure the instantaneous speed of a vehicle. Acceleration - or its change in speed or velocity for a time interval of 1 second Wave - is a periodic disturbance that moves away from a source and carries energy with it. Periodic wave- series of pulses.

Crest- highest point and lowest point of a wave . Trough- lowest point of a wave Amplitude - is the maximum displacement of a vibrating particle on either side of its normal position when the wave passes. Wavelength - refers to the distance between any successive identical parts of the wave. Frequency - a series of periodic waves is the number of waves that pass a particular point every one second. The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz); 1 Hz = 1 cycle/second Period of a wave, which is the time required for one complete wave to pass a given point. Mechanical wave - Wave that need a medium in order to propagate. Three kinds of waves Longitudinal Wave- wave whose motion is parallel to the motion of the particles of the medium. Transverse wave- particles of a medium vibrate from side to side perpendicular to the direction. Surface wave combination of Transverse wave and Longitudinal Wave, both perpendicular and parallel to the direction. MODULE 3 SOUND Sound wave- is mechanical wave that need a medium in order to propagate sound. sound travels fastest in solids and slowest in gases. Sound cannot travel in a vacuum 2 kinds of waves Longitudinal Wave- wave whose motion is parallel to the motion of the particles of the medium.

Transverse wave- particles of a medium vibrate from side to side perpendicular to the direction. Sound speed - dependent on several factors such as (1) atmospheric pressure, (2) relative humidity, and (3)atmospheric temperature. Pitch- refers to the highness or lowness of sound. Loudness- is how soft or how intense the sound is as perceived by the ear and interpreted by the brain

The major Parts of Ear The Outer Ear: Catch the Wave the outer ear is called the pinna or auricle The Middle Ear: Good Vibrations after sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and make their way to the middle ear. The middle ear's main job is to take those sound waves and turn them into vibrations that are delivered to the inner ear. The Inner Ear: Nerve Signals Start Here sound comes into the inner ear as vibrations and enters the cochlea (say: ko-klee-uh), a small, curled tube in the inner ear. The cochlea is filled with liquid, which is set into motion, like a wave, when the ossicles vibrate. How sound waves transfer to the Ear The Outer ear or pinna collects the sound wave sand focuses them into the ear canal. This canal transmits the sound waves to the eardrum. The ear canal is the eardrum membrane or the tympanum. It separates the outer and the middle ears physically. Air vibrations set the eardrum membrane in motion that causes the three smallest bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) to move. These three bones convert the small amplitude vibration of the eardrum into large-amplitude oscillations. These oscillations are transferred to the inner ear through the oval window. Behind the oval window is a snail-shell shaped liquid filled organ called the cochlea. The largeamplitude oscillations create waves that travel in liquid. These sounds are converted into electrical impulses, which are sent to the brain by the auditory nerve. The brain, interprets these signals as words, music or noise. Cochlea - oval window is a snail-shell shaped liquid filled organ. Ultrasonic frequencies - Vibrational frequencies beyond 20 000 Hz Infrasonic frequencies - while extremely low frequencies But some animals like dogs can hear sounds as high as 50 000 Hz while bats can detect sounds as high as 100 000 Hz. Ultrasonic waves - are used to help physicians see our internal organs. Three kinds ultrasonic technology 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional, and 4- dimensional 3- and 4-dimensional ultrasonic technologies -the features of the fetus are very clearly captured. Sound intensity - is measured by various instruments like the oscilloscope. Loudness- is a psychological sensation that differs for different people. Varying sounds- (Pleasant, loud , noise). High amplitude -sounds usually carry large energy and have higher intensity Low amplitude - sound carry lesser amount of energy and have lower intensity. Decibel (dB) -The unit of intensity level for sound.