DAY - 1

HARDWARE

What is Computer
Computer is an Electronic Machine. which Now a days, perform various tasks. Storing, processing, printing of data are the main tasks of a personal computer. Also it can be used for entertainment such as playing movies, music and for gaming purpose etc. Hence Computer can be defined as an electronic device that accepts, stores and processes the data and returns the results as output.

COMPUTER

Parts Of Computer
COMPUTER

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

INPUT

OUTPUT

SYSTEM

APPLICATION

Generation of Computer
1st Generation :- Vacuum Tubes 2nd Generation :- Transistor 3rd Generation :- ICs (Integrated Circuits) 4th Generation :- Microprocessor 5th Generation :- Advanced Microprocessor

ELECTRONIC PART

Types of computer
Microcomputers desktop, laptop, notebook and palmtop personal computers (PCs) used in businesses, schools/colleges and home. Minicomputers Often used as multi-user systems, with 100s of Minicomputers ( terminals) attached to a central Mainframe computers. No personal storage space. Mainframe computers Used by large organisations which may have 1000s of Microcomputer, Client pc connected to Mainframe computer. Supercomputers largest category of computer used mostly by scientific & industrial research departments, NASA, the Weather Centre, stock

What is Computer Hardware?

Hardware is the physical equipment that comprises a computer system. Examples of hardware include the monitor, printer, keyboard and cables.

What is an Input Device?

An input device is any hardware which allows you to send data into the computer in a format which the computer understands. Examples of input devices include a : keyboard, mouse, disk drive and scanner.

Keyboard

Mouse

Scanner

What is an Output Device?

An output device is any hardware which displays, stores or presents information processed by the computer. Examples of output devices include : monitor, printer, and disks.

Monitor

Printer

Central Processing Unit (C.P.U.)?

The CPU acts as the computers brain. It carries out program commands by performing calculations and communicating with various components of the computer. The CPU is made up of three parts : a Control unit, a Memory Unit , and an Arithmetic logic unit (ALU). Data coming into the CPU by an input device first enters the memory register to wait for processing. Once data is in the memory register, the control unit sends the data to the ALU which performs all mathematical operations. The control unit takes the results of the ALU and sends it back through the memory register to an output device.

Block Diagram of Computer

MICROPROCESSOR
The CPU acts as the computers brain. It carries out program commands by performing calculations and communicating with various components of the computer. The CPU is made up of three parts : a control unit, a memory register, and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU).

Types of Processors

SOCKET

SLOT

Types of Processors

th 5

Generation Microprocessor

Pinless CPU Socket

Pinless CPU

PINLESS PROCESSOR

PINLESS LGA 775 SOKET

DAY - 2

Motherboard
It is also called as System Board All the components inside the system cabinet gets attached on the motherboard. In 1982, IBM or International Business Machines made the original PC motherboard which used the 8088 CPU or Central Processing Unit. This simple board also had a BIOS, memory sockets and adapter slots

INTRODUTION TO MOTHERBOARD

Types of Motherboard
AT (Advanced Technology) It has 12 pins Power Connector It has all the ports built-in The processor slot or socket and memory sockets are located at the front of the motherboard with longer expansion cards to extend over them

ATX (Advanced Technology Extended) It has 20 pins Power Connector It has all the ports On board Soft power support and 3.3v power support. Intel only uses ATX form factor.

AT (Advanced Technology)

PENTIUM II MOTHERBOARD

PENTIUM - III MOTHERBOARD ( SOKET 370)

ATX (Advanced Technology Extended)

Intel Desktop Board D845GVSR (SOKET 478 )

GIGABYTE GA-8I865GVMK

LGA 775 SOKET( PINLESS MBD )

DAY - 3

Back Panel Of Motherboard

TYPES OF PORT
DIN5: ( Deutsche Industry Norm ) 5 Pin Connector Key Board ( NORMAL )

PS/2: (Personal System) Two 6 pin connectors Green Mouse Purple -- Keyboard VGA: (Video Graphic Array) 15 Pin Female Monitor

Parallel Ports
parallel port is It is also known as a printer port. still a commonly used interface for printers. Parallel ports can be used to connect a computer peripherals . Printers Scanners CD burners External hard drives Tape backup drives 25 Pin Printer port

SERIAL PORT
Serial Ports Considered to be one of the most basic external connections to a computer, the serial port has been an integral part of most computers for more than 20 years. Few computers have more than two serial ports called COM 1 & COM 2. Used in serial Mouse & serial modem etc .

9 Pin male connector

Universal Serial Bus (USB) Ports

USB is a serial bus standard to interface devices USB was designed to improve the plug-and-play capabilities . USB Provides features include providing to lowconsumption devices without the need for an external power supply . USB can connect computer peripherals such as mouse devices, keyboards, joysticks, scanners, cameras, printers, personal media players, and flash drives .

USB : (Universal Serial Bus)

Different versions of USB ports are:USB 1.0: Released in 1996. data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low) and 1Mbit/s(High). USB 1.1: Released in 1998. Fixed problems identified in 1.0, mostly relating to hubs. USB 2.0: Released in 2000. Added higher maximum speed of 480 Mbit/s.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) Ports

IEEE 1394 port (Fire Wire Port )

A very fast external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of up to 400Mbps (in 1394a) and 800Mbps single 1394 port can be used to connect up 63 external devices supports both Plug-and-Play and hot plugging, and also provides power to peripheral devices.

Fire Wire Port

Expansion Slots
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect): This is used for all kinds of expansion cards and is the most common expansion interface. All sorts of PCI expansion cards are available, network cards, sound cards, some older video cards,
PCI Slots

PCI-X 64 BIT SLOT

PCI X : This Slot is used in Server Motherboard for expansion Card

AGP : (Accelerated Graphic Port)

This is used for Graphic purpose means 2D & 3D animation cards

Width (bits) Speed (MHz)

32 BIT 533 MHZ

AGP : (Accelerated Graphic Port)

PCI-Express Slots

PCI-Express Slots
Width (bits) Speed (MHz) 32 BIT 2500 MHZ

PCI-Express VGA Card

Game and Sound Card

15 Pin female connector Joystick

Line IN External Audio Sources

Line Out

MIC Micro phones

Speakers

LAN CARD ( N.I.C. CARD )

DAY - 4

Memory Types
RAM (Random access memory):
SRAM (Static RAM) DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

ROM (Read only memory)

PROM (programmable) EPROM (erasable programmable) EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable)

RAM
A collection of cells Each cell has an address and a value Random Access Memory (RAM) Cells can be accessed randomly Ram is volatile All data stored in binary format Bit, byte and word are the unit of data

SRAM & DRAM

SRAM is called static because the memory retains its contents as long as power is supplied-It does not have to be periodically refreshed as in DRAM. It is faster than DRAM (The contents of the memory can be read much faster), however is more expensive and is larger in size DRAM is called Dynamic RAM because the memory content needs to be refreshed periodically (every few milliseconds) due to leakage of electrical charge. It is slower than SRAM, but cheaper and smaller in size

TYPES OF DRAM 1> EDO RAM (Extended Data Out Random Access Memory)

Width Module Speed DTR Available capacity per module

8 bit 30 pin SIMM 33 MHz 33 MB/s

32 bit 72 pin SIMM 33 MHz 132 MB/s

4MB 16MB

2> SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory)

Width Module Speed DTR Available capacity per module 66 MHz 533 MB/s 64 - bit 168 pin DIMM 100 MHz 800 MB/s 133 MHz 1066 MB/s

32MB - 1GB

3> DDR (Double Date Rate)

Width Module Speed DTR Speed DTR Available capacity per module 200 MHz 1600 MB/s 400 MHz 3200 MB/s 64 - bit 184 - pin DDR DIMM 266 MHz 2100 MB/s 444 MHz 3600 MB/s 300 MHz 2400 MB/s 500 MHz 4000 MB/s 333 MHz 2600 MB/s 533 MHz 4200 MB/s

128MB - 4GB

4> DDR2 (Double Date Rate)

Width Module Speed DTR Speed DTR Available capacity per module 64 - bit 240 - pin DDR2 DIMM 400 MHz 3200 MB/s 750 MHz 6000 MB/s 533 MHz 4200 MB/s 800 MHz 6400 MB/s 128MB - 4GB 666 MHz 5300 MB/s 900 MHz 7200 MB/s

5> RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory)

Width Module Speed DTR Available capacity per module

64 - bit 326 - pin RIMM 800 MHz 6400 MB/s 1066 MHz 8400 MB/s 128MB - 8GB 1200 MHz 9600 MB/s

EDO, SD & DDR RAM

EDO RAM

SD RAM

DDR RAM

DDR2 & RD RAM

DDR2 RAM

RDRAM

ROM
ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM can typically be written once, but read many times. It is used to store BIOS (Basic Input/Output System-helps to load and locate an operating system), external to microprocessor, and computer instruction sets, internal to microprocessor The contents of the ROM are hard wired by the manufacturer in a typical ROM chip. When you turn the computer on, ROM automatically prepares the computer system and loads the initial display screen prompt

Types of ROM
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), in which the user can load programs and data that are read only. This can be done with device called a PROM programmer. Writing to a PROM destroys the internal links, so a basic PROM can only be programmed once EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) is a variation of PROM, and is rewritable. It can be erased by exposing the chip to ultraviolet light. It can then be programmed with an EPROM programmer EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory) is a type of PROM that can be easily altered by the user. They are also called Flash Memory because they can be electrically erased then written on to (flashed) without having to take them out of the computer, and without using ultraviolet light.

DAY - 5

SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)

The power supply provides electrical current to all of the computer's components. In the United States and Canada, power supplies deliver 110V current at 60 Hz, while in Europe the standard is 230V at a frequency of 50 Hz, which is why most computer power supplies have a switch so that you can choose the voltage. It is essential to make sure that the switch is in the correct position for the right voltage, so that there is no risk that the CPU components will deteriorate A power supply takes power from a local source (wall outlet) and converts it to +/- 3.3 to 5 volts DC for on-board electronics and +/12 volts DC for motors and hard drives. Used for Converting AC Voltage to Different DC Voltages.

Power Good Signal (P.G.)

The power supply ensures that the system does not run unless the power supplied is sufficient to operate the system properly. The power supply completes internal checks and tests before allowing the system to start. The Power Good signal (sometimes called Power OK oPWR_OK) is a +5V (nominal) active high signal (with variation from +2.4V through +6.0V generally being considered acceptable) that is supplied to the motherboard when the power supply passed its internal self test and output voltage have stabilized.

Types Of SMPS
AT (Advance Technology) ATX (Advance Technology Extended) BTX (Balance Technology Extended) Micro BTX Two 6-pin connectors

20 pin connector

20 pin + 4 pin connector

24 pin + 4 pin connector

S.M.P.S

AT (Advance Technology)

ATX (Advance Technology Extended)

S.M.P.S

BTX (Balance Technology Extended)

Micro BTX

DAY - 6

Storage Devices
Magnetic disk
Hard disk (File, Directory, Folder) Floppy disks Zip disks

Optical media
CD (680 MB) DVD (4.7 GB) Magneto-optical disks (Pinnacle drives)

Magnetic tape (used primarily for long term archive)

HARD DISK
It is a secondary Storage device It has a large - capacity of storage Used to Store information such as programs and documents It gets Connected on the IDE Connector It has a capacity Of 20GB, 40GB, 80GB, 120GB, 160GB, 200GB, 220GB, 260GB, 500GB, 1TB etc.

Hard Disk

Internal Structure of Hard Disk

IDE Controllers

Primary IDE or IDE 1

40 Pins
Secondary IDE or IDE 2

Power Cable
IDE Cable

Interface 1

Interface 2

HARD DISK

IDE CONTROLER PCI CARD

SATA HARD DISK DRIVE

SCSI HARD DISK DRIVE

The SCSI standard (Small Computer System Interface) is an interface used to connect several different types of peripherals to a computer via a card, known as the SCSI adaptor or SCSI controller (generally connected using a PCI connector. Ex. SCSI HARD DISK , SCSI CD/ DVD ROM, SCSI BACKUP DEVICE.

SCSI HARD DISK & INTERFACE

Floppy Drive
It is a Secondary Storage Device A Normal Floppy Drive has a Capacity of 1.44MB & the Size of 3.5 Inch It is portable i.e. we can rotate from one place to another It gets Damage with the Dust Particles & finger Prints It gets connected on the FDD Connector. It has the Concentric Circles Called as Tracks & tracks are divided into Wedge shaped called as Sectors

Floppy Drive

Tracks & Sectors

FDD Controllers

FDD Controller 34 Pins

Floppy Cable

Floppy Drive Power Cable

Troubleshooting Floppy Disk Drive

To resolve a problem when a floppy disk drive stops working, steps are Check the floppy disk. Check for data errors on the disk. Check the CMOS setting. Check the floppy controller. Check the cable. Replace the floppy drive.

DAY - 7

CDROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)

It is a Secondary Storage device It has a capacity of 680MB It is Used to Store Songs, Movies, Data Backups. It is used to read the contents from the CD To Write the Data to a CD CD-RW is Required It gets connected on the IDE connector

CDROM & CD

DVD ROM & DVD RW

CD-ROM speeds
Speed Data Rate Approximation

-----------1x 2x 4x 6x 8x 12x 16x 24x 32x 40x

-----------------------153,600 bytes per second 307,200 bytes per second 614,400 bytes per second 921,600 bytes per second 1,228,800 bytes per second 1,843,200 bytes per second 2,457,600 bytes per second 3,688,400 bytes per second 4,915,200 bytes per second 6,144,000 bytes per second

-----------150 KB/s 300 KB/s 600 KB/s 900 KB/s 1.2 MB/s 1.8 MB/s 2.4 MB/s 3.6 MB/s 4.8 MB/s 6 MB/s

DVD Capacities
Feature Capacity

--------------------------------single-sided, single-layer single-sided, dual-layer double-sided, single-layer double-sided, dual-layer

-----------4.7 GB 8.5 GB 9.4 GB 17 GB

HOW TO WRITE CD / DVD

Basic Troubleshooting
1.CD Drive Not Detected -To correct this Problem check the CD drive is properly configured in the BIOS settings first. And check if the connector and cable properly inserted to both the ends. 2. CD Read Error - wash the CD with clear water and wipe it gently with soft cloth. Clean the head of the drive with a head cleaning CD. 3. CD Write Error - Check if the disc has empty space for storing data. Check if the source disc having scratches. Clean the source disc. 4. Changing Boot Sequence When you want to boot from CD- ROM instead of Hard Disk.

DAY - 8

I/O (Input/Output) Devices

Keyboard Mouse Monitor Printer Scanner

Keyboard
It is an Input Device It consist of a vertical small line which is always Blinking called as Cursor The contents are typed at the Cursor position A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys in most cases, each press of a key corresponds to a single written symbol. To produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously.

Types of Keyboard
101 Key Enhanced Keyboard 102-Key Enhanced Keyboard 104 Key Windows keyboard Ergonomic keyboard Programmable keyboard Cordless Keyboards Pin PS/2 Connector

Keyboards

104 Windows Keyboard

Multimedia Keyboard

Ergonomic Keyboard

Mouse
It is a input devices It acts as a pointing device It has a pointer, the pointer changes as per the application. It has Two buttons Left & Right, Left button is used to access any Program and Right button is used for shortcuts According to the type of mouse it can have a Centre button or Wheel Used to Scroll the page Up & Down

Types of Mouse
Mechanical Mouse Optical Mouse Cordless Mouse

Mouse

Optical Mouse

Mechanical or Serial Mouse

USB Mouse

Printers
It is an Output Device. The printer is a peripheral that allows you to make a print-out (on paper) of computer data. Printers are one of the most used peripherals on computers and are commonly used to print text, images and photos.

Characteristics of Printer
Print speed: expressed in pages per minute (ppm), print speed represents the printer's ability to print a large number of pages per minute. For colour printers, a distinction is generally made between monochrome and colour print speed. Resolution: expressed in dots per inch (abbreviated as dpi), resolution means the sharpness of printed text. Sometimes the resolution is different for a monochrome, colour or photo print-out. Paper format: depending on their size, printers are able to accept different sized documents, generally in A4 format (21 x 29.7 cm) or less frequently A3 (29.7 x 42 cm).

Types of Printers
Dot Matrix printer Inkjet printer Laser printer Thermal printer

Dot Matrix printer

The dot-matrix printer (sometimes called a matrix printer or an impact printer) allows you to print documents on paper thanks to the "back and forth" motion of a carriage housing a print head. The head is made up of tiny metal pins, driven by electromagnets, which strike a carbon ribbon called an "inked ribbon", located between the head and the paper.

Inkjet Printer
The inkjet printer technology was originally invented by Canon. It is based on the principle that a heated fluid produces bubbles. Inkjet printers use nozzles that have their own built-in heating element. Thermal technology is used here

Laser Printer
The laser printer produce quality print-outs inexpensively at a high print speed. These Printers are mostly used in professional and semi-professional settings because of their high cost. A laser printer is mainly made up of an elecrostatically charge photosensitive drum that attracts the ink in order to make a shape that will be deposited on the sheet of paper. Because laser printers do not have mechanical heads, they are quick and quiet

Thermal Printer
A Thermal Printer is a printer that prints by heating spots on the paper with an array of tiny, fast-acting heating elements. Their advantage is they are very inexpensive. Their disadvantage is they require special paper that may discolor with age. These types of printer also can be used to print labels and barcodes.

Printers

Dot Matrix

Inkjet

Printers

Thermal Laser

Scanner
A scanner is an acquisition peripheral for scanning documents, i.e. converting a paper document to a digital image There are generally three types of scanner:
Flat scanners Hand scanners Sheet-fed scanners

Characteristics of a scanner
Resolution: expressed in dots per inch (referred to as dpi), the resolution defines the fineness of the scan. The order of magnitude of the resolution is around 1200 per 2400 dpi. The format of the document: depending on their size, scanners are able to accommodate documents of different sizes, generally A4 (21 x 29.7 cm), or more rarely A3 (29.7 x 42 cm). Acquisition speed: expressed in pages per minute (ppm), the acquisition speed represents the scanner's ability to pick up a large number of pages per minute. The acquisition speed depends on the document format and the resolution chosen for the scan.

Scanner

Flatbed

Hand Scanners

DAY - 9

Monitor ( OUTPUT DEVICE)

It is an Output device It is a V.D.U (Visual Display Unit) that displays the visual output from your computer The Image is made up of a small Dots called as Pixels The Image Clarity depends on Resolution. The Resolution is the number of pixels per surface unit (given in linear inches). This is abbreviated DPI, for Dots Per Inch

Resolution Of Monitors
Diagonal Measured 15 Monitor 17 19 21 Screen Resolution 800x600 1024x768 1280x1024 1600x1200

Monitor Monitor Monitor

Graphics Modes
The term Graphics Mode refers to how information is displayed on the screen, in terms of definition and number of colours. It represents the ability of the graphics card to handle details, or the ability to display them The are many types of Graphic Modes : EGA, VGA, XGA, SVGA, VESA, SXGA, UXGA etc

Types of Monitors
Cathode Ray Tube monitor (CRT) Flat monitors :- Two types
1. 2.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Plasma screens

Monitors

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

DAY - 10

BIOS
BIOS ("Basic Input/Output System" is an essential component in computers, which is used for controlling hardware. It is a small software program, part of which is loaded in ROM (read-only memory, which cannot be modified), and part of which is in EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory).

BIOS ERRORS
Meaning of beeps in recent Award BIOS systems
# of beeps
1 short beep 2 short beeps

Meaning
PC is booting normally CMOS problem

How to resolve the problem

Reinitialize the CMOS by removing the BIOS stack and replacing it, or by moving jumper JP4 Place RAM modules correctly in slot, test RAM or change it Check that the graphics card is correctly placed in its slot. If need be, test with another video card.

1 long beep / 1 short beep 1 long beep / 2 short beeps

Problem with motherboard or RAM Problem with graphics card

BIOS

POST (Power on self test)

When a computer system is turned on or reset, the BIOS does an inventory of the hardware found on the computer and carries out a test (called POST for "Power-On Self Test") in order to verify that all of it is functioning properly. Testing the processor (CPU) Checking the BIOS Checking CMOS configuration Checking RAM and cache memory Checking all configurations (such as the keyboard, disk drives, and hard drives) If the POST discovers an error, it will attempt to continue booting the computer. However, if the error is serious, the BIOS will stop loading the system and display a message on the screen,

CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)

The BIOS needs various parameter (hardware configuration) information to perform its task, these are permanently saved in CMOS RAM. The CMOS power is supplied by a little battery, so its contents will not be lost after the PC is turned off. The information contained in a CMOS chip will depend on the manufacturer. Typically, CMOS contains at least the following information: CPU and memory size Date and time Floppy and hard drive disk types Optional password for security for startup and system setup Serial and parallel port information Video information

BIOS

THE END