TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE IDENTITY OF THE MAR THOMA CHURCH 18 1.1. Introduction 1.2. The Socio-Cultural Milieu of Malabar 1.2.1. Geographical Setting of Malabar 1.2.2. Egalitarian Community in Early Sangam Age 1.2.3. Aryanization Establishment of a Hierarchical Society 1.2.4. Socio-Religious Plurality in Malabar 1.3. Indigenous Traditions of Malabar Christians 1.3.1. Apostolate of St. Thomas 1.3.2. Judeo-Christian (Nazrani) Tradition 1.4. Foreign Church Traditions 1.4.1. East Syrian (Persian) Tradition 1.4.1.1. Features 1.4.1.2. Syrianization 1.4.1.3. Influences 1.4.2. Roman (Latin) Tradition 1.4.2.1. Features 1.4.2.2. Latinization 1.4.3. West Syrian (Antiochene) Tradition 1.4.3.1. Features 1.4.3.2. Antiochenization 3vii viii 1-2

1.4.4. Anglican Protestant Tradition 1.4.4.1. Features 1.4.4.2 Evangelical Revival 1.4.4.3 Mission of Help 1.4.5. Conclusion CHAPTER 2 THE PHASES OF REFORMATION AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MAR THOMA CHURCH (1800-1944) 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Process of Reformation 2.2.1. First Phase (1800-1816): Indigenous Beginning 2.2.1.1. Gospel translation 2.2.1.2. Arthat Padiyola 2.2.1.3. Seminary 2.2.2. Second Phase (1816-1836): Seminary Movement 2.2.2.1. CMS Missionaries 2.2.2.2. Reformation Committee (1818) 2.2.2.3 Abraham Malpan 2.2.3. Third Phase (1836-1877): Maramon Movement 2.2.3.1. Maramon Parish 2.2.3.2. Mathews Mar Athanasius 2.2.3.2.1 Malankara Sabha Canon 2.2.3.2.2 Reforming Church practices 2.2.3.2.3 Social Movements 2.2.4. Fourth Phase (1877-1893): Formation of the Mar Thoma Church 2.2.4.1 Bible and Heritage 2.2.4.2. Lay Movements 2.2.4.3 Indigenous Missionary Movement 2.2.4.4 Morality and charity iv 19-34

2.2.5. Fifth Phase (1893-1944): Establishment of the Mar Thoma Church. 2.2.5.1. Democracy and Episcopacy 2.2.5.2. Role of the Laity 2.2.5.3. Reformation Principles Settled 2.2.5.4. Revised Liturgy 2.2.5.5. Missionary Church 2.2.5.6. Pervading Protestantism 2.2.5.7 Ecumenical Nature 2.3. Conclusion CHAPTER 3 K.N. DANIEL CASE: DEFINING REFORMATION 3.1. Introduction 3.2. History of the debate 3.2.1. Pathyopadesa Samithy 3.2.2. Sathya Viswasa Samithy 3.2.3. Official Responses 3.2.3.1. Synod Thaksa 1954 3.2.3.2. Joint Circular 1953 3.2.3.3. Statement of the Sabha Council 1955 3.2.3.4. Nava Vatsara Sandesam 1958 3.3. K. N. Daniel Case 3.3.1. Plaint of K. N. Daniel 3.3.1.1. Interpreting the Reformed Identity 3.3.1.2. Response to the Synod Thaksa 3.3.2. Defense of Yuhanon Mar Thoma 3.3.2.1. Apostolic Origin and Autonomy 3.3.2.2. Reformation Means 3.3.2.3. Democratic and Episcopal Administration 3.3.2.4. Eastern Missionary Church v 35-51

3.3.2.5. Bible and Tradition in the Church 3.3.2.6. Diversity in Biblical Interpretations 3.3.2.7. Salvation 3.3.2.8. Eucharist 3.3.2.9. Liturgy of the Church 3.3.2.10. Rituals 3.3.2.11. Ecumenical Nature 3.3.3. Judgments 3.4. Attitude of the Mar Thoma Church to the Case and Schism 3.5. Conclusion CHAPTER 4 IDENTITY OF THE MAR THOMA CHURCH A SOCIO-HISTORIC CRITIQUE 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Ecclesiastical Identity 4.2.1. Liturgy 4.2.2. Faith and Practices 4.2.3. Corporate Priesthood and Ministerial Orders 4.2.4. Mission Concepts 4.2.5. Attitude to the Ecumenical Movement 4.3. Socio-Cultural Identity 4.3.1. MTC in Hindu Culture 4.3.2. MTC among the Weaker Sections 4.3.3. MTC against the Socio-Political Oppressions 4.3.4. MTC in the Period of Modernization 4.3.5. MTC as a Post Colonial Community 4.3.6. Democratic Credentials 4.4. Conclusion CONCLUSION vi 61-62 52-60

APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY

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