EXPERIMENT NO.

06

BASIC PENUMATIC OPERATIONS

OBJECTIVES:
1. To get an idea about pneumatic equipments. 2. To understand about pneumatic logic circuits.

PROCEDURE :
1. Followed the given circuit diagrams and completed the all circuits by using supplied equipments. 2. The complete behavior of the system was observed.

1. SHUTTLE VALVE CIRCUIT

FIG. 6.1 The operation of shuttle valve

By constructing the above circuit, we can understand the operation of this valve. By observation we can see it is actually worked as a logic OR gate. In here two push buttons worked as two input switches in a logic circuit and the single acting cylinder is worked as the indicator. Compressor is the power source and connected lines are power paths.

PB-1 press press -

PB-2 press press -

CYLINDER extended extended extended -

That means the valve is actuated as a logic OR gate.

2. TWO PRESSURE VALVE CIRCUIT

FIG. 6.2 The operation of two pressure valve

By simulating above, we can understand the behavior of this valve. Considering the two push button operated 3/2 way valves as inputs, we can say it is worked as a logic AND gate. PB-1 press press PB-2 press press CYLINDER extended -

3. SEQUENCE CIRCUIT

FIG. 6.3 Pneumatic diagram for the given sequential operation

Our problem is to actuate two double acting cylinders in following manner. 1. Actuate 1 cylinder first 2. When it is fully extend the other one should start its actuation. 3. After the full extension of the second one, at the same moment the first one should starts its retraction. 4. After the full retraction of first one, at the same moment the second one should starts its retraction. We want to repeat this procedure as a loop. Before we continue, we were named the two cylinders as A and B and extension moment was denoted by + sign and retraction moment was denoted by - sign. For example, Extension of cylinder A is denoted as A+ and retraction of it is denoted as ASo according to the above notation our requirement can be explained as, A+ B+ A- B-

DISCUSSION :
Within this practical session we were studied about the construction of simple pneumatic and hydraulic circuits. Both of these systems have various applications in industry. When considering the pneumatic systems, an every pneumatic system is consisted with a compressor, air service unit, control valves and actuator. The design of a pneumatic system has some kind of methodology as we were seen in our practical. Within our first practical, we were design a simple pneumatic system with a theoretical manner and evaluated it by using real components. And we were studied about two special type of logic valves called Shuttle valve (for logic OR function) and Two pressure valve (for logic AND function). Within this practical, we also study to manipulate those valves in real world applications. In here we only used pneumatic valves for both control circuit and power circuit. So the pilot operated valves were used. The pressure was controlled to 6 bars by using a pressure regulating valve. In this practical we were got an idea about how to connect directional valves with an actuator. That means if we want to control double acting cylinder, then we have to use 5/2 way valve to control it, and also a single acting cylinder can control by using an 3/2 way valve. In our first practical we were used roller operated 3/2 way valves and pilot operated 5/2 way valves for pneumatic control purpose. When considering the practical Lift and transfer station , it is came as the first practical, but the difference is the control is taken by the limit switches and solenoids. In here pilot operated 5/2 way vale was replaced by the solenoid operated 5/2 way valve and roller operated 3/2 way valves are replaced by limit switches. When compeering those two circuits, the fluid lines are reduced when we use electric control. So cost become less and complexness of the circuit becomes less. Considering the errors of our pneumatic radicals, there are only be two kind of errors. They are, component errors and instrument errors. Because there is a systematic way to approach to the solution. Human errors can completely remove and some component nonlinearities may affect in high precession applications. If we can neglect the load limitation, then we can say pneumatic system is much more effective than the hydraulic system. When cindering our simple hydraulic system, it was basically depend on the counter balance valve which is used to control the retraction of the hydraulic ram. In here we were got some idea about connecting a hydraulic circuit. A hydraulic circuit is basically constructed with a hydraulic pump, pressure relief valve, control valve and an actuator (ram, motor, etc..). The electrically powered motor drives the pump (Vane type, Axial piston, Gear) and pressurized the liquid (hydraulic oil) and extra pressure is released by the relief valve. Then the actuator is actuated by the proper handling of directional control valves.

I here the S1, S2, S3 and S4 are the 4 limit switches which are used to track the moments of full retractions and extensions. Then we were constructed the following table which was used to draw above pneumatic diagram. A+ B+ ABS1 S2 S2 S1 S3 S3 S4 S4 S3 S2 S4 S1

The column of the above table can named as uncommon variable table according to our solution method. According to those variables we can suggest four roller operated 3/2 way valves which are actuated with our 4 limit switches in some programmed manner. For safety and quality of our design, we can add another push button operated 3/2 way valve as start switch. In here we have to control 2 double acting cylinders with pneumatically signaling manner. So we have to use 2 pilot operated 5/2 way valves for our design. According to our solution strategy, for A+ operation the S3 valve should signaled to actuation of the cylinder A. In here, the A+ is the first operation and we are using a start switch. Because of that we were used normally open 3/2 way valve for S3 and normally closed 3/2 way valve as our start switch which can be bush and actuate. In our diagram, the normally open S3 is denoted as initially pressed normally closed 3/2 way valve. The valve S1 also initially pressed, because the S1 limit control the S1 valve. According to our diagram, when we pressed the start switch the cylinder A gets extend and S1 connection lost and S2 connection build up with time. When it reached to S2 the valve S2 gets actuate and energized the cylinder B through its 5/2 way valve. After the piston of B reached to the S4 position it sends the signal to cylinder A to get retraction. When the piston of A reached to the S1 position, then S1 sends the signal to B for retraction through S1 valve and actuator becomes the 5/2 way valve which was connected to the cylinder B.

COMPRESSOR This is the instrument, which convert the electrical energy into the pressure energy. The electric motor rotates two intermeshing screws (screw compressor), a vane (vane type compressor), a wheel which is used make reciprocating motion of a piston (piston type compressor) and etc.. and compressed some trapped amount air at a time and store pressure energy. This energized fluid is use to actuate several pneumatic elements such as valves, pneumatic rams, air motors and etc PENUMATIC CYLINDER Once actuated, compressed air enters into the tube at one end of the piston and, hence, imparts force on the piston. Consequently, the piston becomes displaced by the compressed air expanding in an attempt to reach atmospheric pressure. Pneumatic cylinders are mechanical devices which use the power of compressed gas to produce a force in a reciprocating linear motion. Single-acting cylinder Single-acting cylinders use the pressure imparted by compressed air to create a driving force in one direction, and a spring to return to the "home" position. More often than not, this type of cylinder has limited extension due to the space the compressed spring takes up. Single acting cylinders are recommended for applications that require no more than 100mm of stroke length. In a double acting cylinder, air pressure is applied alternately to the relative surface of the piston, producing a propelling force and a retracting force. As the effective area of the piston is small, the thrust produced during retraction is relatively weak. The impeccable tubes of double acting cylinders are usually made of steel. The working surfaces are also polished and coated with chromium to reduce friction. SHUTTLE VALVE Shuttle valves are also known as double control or single control non-return valves. A shuttle valve has two air inlets P1 and P2 and one air outlet A. When compressed air enters through P1, the sphere will seal and block the other inlet P2. Air can then flow from P1 to A. When the contrary happens, the sphere will block inlet P1, allowing air to flow from P2 to A only.

Pneumatic symbol

TWO PRESSURE VALVE A two pressure valve requires two pressurised inputs to allow an output from itself. This is achieved by a similar system to the one shown below, one active input slides the shuttle valve shut blocking any air flow, add two active inputs and the shuttle remains centralised allowing flow through the valve.These valve types are commonly associated but not limited to safety circuits, for example a two push button operation system whereby an operator is required to use both hands to activate two push buttons, this would ensure the operators hands are out of reach of any hazardous operations.

Pneumatic symbol 3/2 WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE A 3/2 way directional control valve can be used to control a single acting cylinder. The open valves in the middle will close until P and A are connected together. Then another valve will open the sealed base between A and R (exhaust). The valves can be driven manually, mechanically, electrically or pneumatically. 3/2 directional control valves can further be divided into two classes: Normally open type (N.O.) and normally closed type (N.C.)

(a) Normally closed type

(b) Normally open type

5/2 WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE When a pressure pulse is input into the pressure control port P, the spool will move to the left, connecting inlet P and work passage B. Work passage A will then make a release of air through R1 and R2. The directional valves will remain in this operational position until signals of the contrary are received.

Cross section of 5/2 way valve