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Presentation Summary
Brief overview of past EPRI Stray Voltage research A few examples induced voltages and harmonic NEV 2005-2009 EPRI Stray Voltage Strategic Roadmap 2005 Completed Work 2006 Effort Future Stray Voltage Work
Questions and Concerns Fielded by the EPRI Solutions Power Quality Hotline
Personnel safety concerns related to touch potentials Animal contact area concerns related to health and productivity impacts Residential water and gas pipe shocking concerns Harmonic frequency voltages imposed on industrial gas lines Power circuit resonance conditions creating elevated NEV levels Shocking concerns with boat docks Insulated metallic pipe corrosion concerns Impacts of power line carrier communications technologies and other transient generating devices on stray voltage magnitudes Impacts of new gas and water line installations in power line right of ways Induced voltages onto fences and light poles Swimming pools and outdoor water faucets Different opinions on measurement equipment specifications, measurement protocols and measurement durations
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60Hz Currents Cancel while Triplen Harmonic Currents Add in the Return Path(s)
Balanced Three Phase Circuit I A = I a sin(t ) I B = I b sin(t 120 ) I C = I c sin(t + 120 ) I N = I A + I B + IC = 0
Balanced Circuit with Single Phase Loads I 3rdA = I 3rda sin(3t ) I 3rdB = I 3rdb sin 3(t 120 )
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From: L. Conrad et. al., Electric Shock and Elevated EMF Levels Due to Triplen Harmonics IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 11, No. 2, April 1996
2006 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The results of this modeling effort enable a better understanding of the methods that can be used to reduce NEV levels at customer connection points The results will allow for accurate estimates of the NEV levels that can be expected during both winter and summer conditions and provide a way to compare solutions form both a cost and a relative improvement perspective
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Modeling and Simulation What parameters were varied or evaluated in the models?
Neutral conductors Sizing and parallel configuration Neutral conductor impedance is a parameter that impacts the percentage of return currents that flow into the earth at N/G bonding points Grounding Resistance of the substation grid The resistance of the ground grid is in parallel with every other pole ground on the power system and in series with the current path through the earth back to the transformer XO bushing Resistance of the circuit pole grounds Every N/G bond on the power system has a measurable NEV with respect to remote earth as well as an equivalent resistance in parallel with the cable, telco and customer grounds
2006 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Modeling and Simulation What parameters were varied or evaluated in the models?
Capacitor Banks Grounded versus ungrounded grounded cap banks may increase the amount of NEV a parallel resonance condition is present Circuit Loading Winter loading vs summer loading During peak loading conditions, more current will typically yield higher NEV levels even if the earth resistance does not change (V = R x I) Harmonic filter configurations Single circuit versus multi-circuit filters Harmonic filters are a new method of dealing with NEV when triplen harmonic currents are present
2006 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Modeling and Simulation What parameters were not varied or evaluated in the models?
Distribution circuit voltage levels Lower voltage circuits have higher currents and NEV levels Load Balance Opportunities Balanced 60Hz currents cancel on the neutral Corroded (high impedance neutral connections) Future connection issues may impact NEV levels Individual residence impacts NEV was evaluated at the pole down ground Voltages induced onto metallic pipelines Gas and water lines can contribute to stray voltage Infinite combinations of harmonic filters (36 factorial)
2006 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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9.8 9.1 Winter Base Condition Summer Base Condition Winter Sub Grid Variation Summer Sub Grid Variation
6.4 6.0
0.8 0.5
1.1 0.7
Location
2006 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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9.8 8.8
Winter Base Condition Summer Base Condition Winter Ground Rods Var Summer Ground Rods Var
6.4 6 5.8
0.8 0.5
1.1 0.7
Location
2006 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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15 NEV
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1.02 1.07 1.06 1.06 5500 ft (20th and South Lake BT5910)
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160 ft (Substation Riser) 1135 ft (Spiral and Driscoll)
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Section 1
Details the EPRI Stray Voltage Multi-Year Plan Describes the need for a comprehensive measurement protocol document to cover all areas of interest (Residential, Animal Contact, Urban Stray Voltage) Provides definitions that will be useful to the IEEE working group on stray voltage in their efforts (NEV, MOEV, Stray Voltage etc
2006 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Section 2
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Measurement Section Details the Equipment and Other Considerations used in the Assessment
Use of trending versus snapshot for time of days and source correlations Harmonics and the importance of understanding the spectral content of the NEV Pen Lights Hand Held Meters Data Loggers Multi Channel Recorders
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Section 3
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Section 3
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Section 4
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Section 4
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Section 5
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Section 5
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Section 6
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Section 6
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Section 7
Chapter Concept: Develop a simple means of checking your equipment and documenting its accuracy before doing any for the record testing
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Can simplified circuit models be used to accurately assess NEV levels across many miles of distribution circuits How do you accurately represent pole grounds rod in parallel with the telephone, cable, and customer service ground rods When the ground rods are paralleled, how do you determine the actual NEV value for a given pole ground? What potential impacts do distributed capacitor banks and grounding of those banks have on NEV levels How do you represent harmonic loads from customers What field measurements are required to confirm model results What equipment and protocols are required to insure field data is taken accurately What level of accuracy in terms of matching model results to field results is considered acceptable? How do you represent substation ground grid resistance in the model
2006 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Conclusions
The EPRI Research Plan is aligned with the stray voltage roadmap described on the website at: http://strayvoltage.epri-peac.com The initiatives surrounding the Elevated Neutral to Earth and Metallic Object to Earth Impacts and Controls project are intended to supplement not repeat any previous or ongoing efforts The information repository on the website and the informational hotline are intended to bring support and technical expertise to personnel investigating elevated voltage concerns
2006 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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