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WAJ3105 Numerical Literacy

Tessellations

Defination of Tessellations

Patterns covering the plane by fitting together replicas of the same basic shape have been created by Nature and Man either by accident or design. Examples range from the simple hexagonal pattern of the bees' honeycomb or a tiled floor to the intricate decorations used by the Moors in thirteenth century Spain or the elaborate mathematical, but artistic, mosaics created by Maurits Escher this century. These patterns are called tessellations.

What is a tessellation?

In geometrical terminology a tessellation is the pattern resulting from the arrangement of regular polygons to cover a plane without any interstices (gaps) or overlapping. The patterns are usually repeating. There are three types of tessellation.

Regular Tessellations

Regular tessellations are made up entirely of congruent regular polygons all meeting vertex to vertex. There are only three regular tessellations which use a network of equilateral triangles, squares and hexagons. Those using triangles and hexagons-

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Semi-regular Tessellations

Semi-regular tessellations are made up with two or more types of regular polygon which are fitted together in such a way that the same polygons in the same cyclic order surround every vertex. There are eight semi-regular tessellations which comprise different combinations of equilateral triangles, squares, hexagons, octagons and dodecagons.

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WAJ3105 Numerical Literacy Those using triangles and hexagons-

Tessellations

Non-regular Tessellations

Non-regular tessellations are those in which there is no restriction on the order of the polygons around vertices. There is an infinite number of such tessellations. Taking account of the above mathematical definitions it will be readily appreciated that most patterns made up with one or more polyiamonds are not strictly tessellations because the component polyiamonds are not regular polygons. The patterns might more accurately be called mosaics or tiling patterns. Regular tessellations in the mathematical sense are possible, however, with the moniamond, the triangular tetriamond and the hexagonal hexiamond. Semi-regular tesselations are possible with

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Tessellations

combinations of the moniamond and the hexagonal hexiamond. Nevertheless I will apply the term tessellation (as other authors have) to describe the patterns resulting from the arrangement of one or more polyiamonds to cover the plane without any interstices or overlapping.

The following definitions and descriptions refer to tessellations of polyiamonds. Examples are restricted , with some noteable exceptions, to tessellations of individual polyiamonds.

Tessellations can be created by performing one or more of three basic operations, translation, rotation and reflection, on a polyiamond (see Figure).

Translation - sliding the polyiamond along the plane. The translation operation can be applied to all polyiamonds. Rotation - rotating the polyiamond in the plane. The rotation operation can be applied to all polyiamonds which do not possess circular symmetry, for example the hexagonal hexiamond, which remains unchanged following rotation through 60o or multiples thereof.

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Tessellations

Reflection - reflecting the polyiamond in the plane, as if being viewed in a mirror. The reflection operation is limited to polyiamonds which are enantiomorphic. An enantiomorphic polyiamond is one which cannot be superimposed on its reflection, its mirror image.

I propose the following classification of polyiamond tessellations which is based on the operations performed on the polyiamond being tessellated.. Simple tessellations are those in which only the translation operation is used. Complex tessellations are those in which one or both of the rotation and reflection operations is used with the translation operation.

A single or multiple of a polyiamond may be combined to form a figure which is capable of tessellating the plane using only the translation operation. This figure will be called the unit cell.

A particular unit cell may be filled by multiples of different polyiamonds. Gardner described how five pairs of heptiamonds could be used to fill the same unit cell tessellation pattern.

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Tessellations

Tessellations may be further classified according to how the unit cells containing one or more polyiamonds are arranged. If the unit cells are arranged such that a regular repeating pattern is produced the tessellation is termed periodic. If the arrangement produces an irregular or random pattern the tessellation is termed aperiodic. Another arrangement which produces a tessellation with a centre of circular symmetry is termed radial - such tessellations, with the exception of special cases, are complex and will comprise two three or six unit cells each containing an infinite number of poyiamonds. Page 6 Amir & As-Sakari

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Tessellations

All tesselations which are regular belong to a set of seventeen different symmetry groups which exhaust all the ways in which patterns can be repeated endlessly in two dimensions.

The reader should realise that polyiamonds of odd order cannot provide simple tessellations. Every polyiamond of odd order is by definition unbalanced. The rotation and reflection operations must be used in order to provide balanced unit cells for tessellation.

All of the polyiamonds of order eight or less, with the exception of one of the heptiamonds will tessellate the plane. The exception is the V-shaped heptiamond. Gardner (6th book p.248) posed the problem of identifying this heptiamond and reproduced an impossibilty proof of Gregory. However, in combination with other heptiamonds or other polyiamonds, tesselations using this V-shaped heptiamond can be achieved.

Kerja Kursus Project.

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Tessellations

1. Kami memilih untuk menggunakan bentuk segiempat sama seperti Rajah 1.

Rajah 1 2. Setelah memilih bentuk yang diingini kami lakarkan pada segiempat sama tersebut. (Rajah 2)

Rajah 2 3. Garisan segiempat sama tersebut kemudian dipadamkan supaya bentuk yang dikehendaki nampak jelas kelihatan. (Rajah 3)

Rajah 3 4. Bentuk yang telah perhalusi ini ditukar kedalam bentuk digital dengan cara menukar ke dalam bentuk imej dengan mesin pengimbas (scanner). Imej digital ini kemudiannya ditindan untuk mendapatkan

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WAJ3105 Numerical Literacy skala yang lebih besar. (Rajah 4)

Tessellations

Rajah 4 5. Imej digital yang telah ditindan sekali lagi dibersihkan garisan-garisan yang tidak berkenaan untuk menyerlahkan bentuk yang dikehendaki seperti Rajah 5 dibawah.

Rajah 5 6. Sekali lagi imej ini ditindan untuk menjadikan imej teselasi ini menjadi lebih besar seperti pada Rajah 6 di bawah.

Rajah 6

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Tessellations

7. Proses ini diteruskan sehingga bentuk teselasi tersebut memenuhi sehelai kertas bersaiz A4 seperti Rajah 7 di bawah.

Rajah 7 8. Selepas itu proses mewarna teselasi berkenaah dijalankan dengan berhatihati untuk mendapatkan hasil yang menarik dan bersih. (Rajah 8)

Rajah 8

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Tessellations

9. Selepas proses mewarna selesai maka hasil teselasi bercorak seperti pada Rajah 9 di bawah.

Rajah 9

10. Corak lain yang boleh dibuat berdasarkan bentuk teselasi yang sama adalah seperti pada Rajah 10, Rajah 11 dan Rajah 12.

Rajah 10

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Tessellations

Rajah 11

Rajah 12

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WAJ3105 Numerical Literacy Rujukan:

Tessellations

Charles Ashbacher, (July 4, 2008) Excellent Introduction To The Principles Of Plane Tessellation And A Good Resource For Activities, Iowa United States, Dale Seymour, Jill Britton, (January 1990), Introduction to Tessallations, New York, Dale Seymour Publications, John Willson, (December 1, 1983), Mosaic and Tessellated Patterns: How to Create Them, with 32 Plates to Color (Dover Pictorial Archives), Dover Publications Pam Stephens, Jim McNeill, (April 1, 2001), Tessellations : The History and Making of Symmetrical Designs, Crystal Productions.

Internet (Laman Sesawang)

http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/tess/index.htm http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Tessellation.html http://www.coolmath4kids.com/tesspag1.html http://www.tessellations.org/ http://www.mathcats.com/explore/tessellationtown.html

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