How does the human heart function?

Name: Bianca, Keith, and Oskar Date: 5 February 2013

Introduction:
This lab is a lab about human hearts. We have investigated human hearts online, but to fully understand human hearts we have to actually cut one open, or, as we did, use a very similar heart (usually a pig or sheep heart (we used a pig heart)). We had to cut open and investigate the pig heart in order to learn the properties of a human heart.

Research Questions: The purpose of this experiment is to nd out how the human heart functions and how it is similar and different from other mammalian hearts.

Below is the Diagram of the Human Heart

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

What are the different measurements for the human heart? Length: 5 inches (12 cm) Width: 3.5 inches (8-9 cm) Front to Back: 2.5 inches (6cm) Weight of Female Heart: about 9 ounces Weight of Male Heart: 10.5 ounces http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/heart1.htm How the human heart functions, and how this function is similar to and different from other mammalian hearts Heart beats about 100,000 times and sends 2,000 gallons of blood though your body every day. It can keep blood owing through 60,000 miles of blood vessels that feed your organs and tissues. Any damage to the heart or the vessels can reduce the pumping power. You can keep your heart healthy by exercising. The blood that needs oxygen, called deoxygenated blood, shown as blue on most diagrams enter the top right hand side chamber called the right atrium, through two large veins. The vein that receives the blood from the upper body is called the superior vena cave. The blood from the lower body comes in through the inferior vena cave. When the right atrium lls, the blood passes through a one way valve call the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle. The valve stops blood from owing backwards back into the right atrium. The right ventricle relaxes which lets in the blood in need of oxygen in.The deoxygenated blood is pumped out of the right ventricle, through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery divides into right and left pulmonary arteries, which bring blood to the right and left lungs equally. In the lungs, the carbon-dioxide is taken away from the blood and oxygen is pumped in to the blood. From the lungs, the oxygenated blood enters the heart through the left atrium, the top left chamber of the heart.From the left atrium, it enters through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle lls up with blood by relaxing, then it squeezes and pumps the oxygen right blood through the aortic valve into the aorta, the main artery that carries blood to your body. The muscle wall of the left ventricle is thick because it has to pump blood though the whole body. How human hearts are different from and similar to other mammalian hearts, especially pig hearts Key words: Systemic circulation varies oxygenated blood away and pulmonary circulation brings deoxygenated blood into the body. The way the Pig's heart works is like the Human heart works. There is no difference.

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Fetal pigs, on the other hand works differently. We don't need to mention that because we are using an adult pig for the dissection The procedures for dissecting a mammalian heart, especially a pig heart 1. Remove any Fat 2. Find different veins 3. Cut open the veins and cut along some of them 4. Observe ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! The names of the different parts of the mammalian heart, both inside and out 1. Pulmonary vein 2. Semilunar valves 3. Bicuspid valves-prevents blood owing back into atrium when ventricle con! tracts. 4. Tendon-prevent valve turning inside out. 5. Left ventricle-thicker walled than right ventricle to pump blood to body. 6. Cardiac muscle-makes up walls of heart. 7. Right ventricle-thick walled pumping chamber. 8. Tricuspid valve- same function as bicuspid valve. 9. Posterior vena cava- from body 10. Right atrium-thin walled collecting chamber.

Variables:
The independent variable is: (The one variable that you will change)

Type of heart

The dependent variable is: (The variable that you are investigating)

Function and Measurements of the human heart

Control Variables
The factors that you keep the same, so that the experiment is a fair test. Try to list at least 5.

Factors to be controlled:

Reason it needs to be controlled:

How it will be controlled:

If you were to differentiate the Parts of the heart that will arteries with the atriums, it be measured would be quite different

Knowing the parts of the heart and what they look like so that when you measure, it will not be confused

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

If you look at a ruler, the inches are bigger than the cenUnits that will be used for timeters. Saying that one part Using the same measurement sysmeasurement of the Heart is 1 inch and antem other is 5 cm, it would be difcult to transfer it.
Method for dissection of the pig heart

If dissecting parts of the pig is different, it will be hard to Use the same operation of dissectcompare certain parts of the ing pig If you were to use different hearts, with different sizes

Same Pig Heart

Only using the same heart

Hypothesis:
What will happen to the dependent variable as the independent variable is changed?
! The human heart that we are investigating and the pig heart that we are dissecting are very similar to each other. For example, the functions of the pig heart and the human heart are the same. What happens is that the upper chamber contracts and pushes the blood down to the lower chamber. Then blood is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle and from the left atrium to the left ventricle. In detail the step by step process of the pig and human heart are the same and the parts in the heart are the same. ! First the Vena Cava's take in the blood and pump it to the right atrium and the blood goes to through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Then from there the right ventricle relaxes and lets the deoxygenated blood in and goes through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery to bring blood to the lungs. Then from the lungs, oxygenated blood enters he heart again and enters the left atrium and through the mitral valve the blood goes to the left ventricle. From there the blood goes through the aortic valve to the aorta, the main artery that carries blood to your body, and out to the rest of your body. The only part that is different is the horizontal strip of fat around the pig heart that is not present in the human heart.

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Why?
These similarities occur because they are both mammalian hearts and there aren't many differences between the hearts. As you can see in the research it states that there are no differences.

The Relationship Between the Pig Heart and the Human Heart

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Purple: Pig Heart Blue: Human Heart

12 9.6 7.2 4.8 2.4 0

Width

Length

Depth

277 276.6 276.2 275.8 275.4 275

Weight

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Materials:
1. Pig Heart 2. Tray 3. 3 Lab Coats 4. 3 pairs of Surgical Gloves 5. Scalpel 6. Scissors 7. Needle 8. Tweezers 9. Ruler 10. Scale 11. Science Goggles

Diagram of Materials

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Method:
*BEFORE GOING THROUGH ANY PROCEDURES WASH OUT THE PIG HEART*
Examine Top of Heart First: Veins are slightly white Arteries are darker

*Before you start dissecting, you must measure and weigh the heart* Procedure for Weighing the Pig Heart
1)Locate your Pig Heart 2)Then locate your scale 3)Place your Pig Heart on the scale 4)Find out the weight of the heart and record the data in you Date Table

Examining the Pig Heart:

1)Arrange so Arteries are faced up 2)Test the thickness of the ventricles. 3)Ventricles can be found by going through the entrance of the arteries 4)Put your index nger inside and feel with your thumbs 5)Left ventricle is thicker 6)Right ventricle is softer 7)Left side hole is the aorta 8)Right side hole is the pulmonary artery 9)If you put your right nger in the pulmonary artery, and hook it around, your nger will come out in a corresponding vein 10)You can do the same on the other side 11)The vein the your nger comes out on the right side will be the vena cave 12)The vein your nger comes out of the left side is the pulmonary vein

Dissecting the Pig Heart:

1)Turn it around so the apex if facing away from you and the arteries are facing you 2)Take the scissors and cut down through the arterial openings 3)Cut as close to the Septum as possible. 4)The septum is the wall separating the left and the right side. 5)Cut all the way to the base 6)Turn it around and open it up

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

If you use your ngers and bring up one of the tendons, being careful not to rip it, you can see a thin layer of tissue which is the valve *For more advance dissection, you can cut out a piece of the right ventricle wall and the left ventricle wall and measure and compare the two to see the thickness. You can also do the same with the valves, the arteries, the pulmonary vein and the vena cave. The pulmonary vein and the vena cave may be difcult to take off and may not be an option to take off* BE CAREFUL: Remember to wash ANYTHING that the heart has come in contact with. If anybody feels faint, automatically sit on the oor and not ask permission to sit on the oor, because if they do, they might fall over there may be injuries.

Procedure for Measuring the Parts of the Pig Heart:

1)Take your ruler and measure the length of the pig heart 2)Locate the Right Atrium 3)Take your ruler and measure the length of the right 4)Record the data in your data table 5)Locate the Left Atrium 6)Take your ruler and measure the length of the left atrium 7)Record the data in your data table 8)Locate the Aorta 9)Take your ruler and measure the diameter of the Aorta 10)Record the data in your data table

*For measuring different parts of the pig heart, use the same procedure but locate the parts of your desire*

Comparing The Human and Pig Heart *After completing the data table below, we will compare the human and pig hearts*

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Results:
Human Heart Weight (g) depth (cm) Size width (cm) length (cm)
Width of the Left Atrium (cm) Width of the Right Atrium (cm) Diameter of the Aorta (cm)

Pig Heart 339.20 grams 6 cm 9 cm 16 cm

Female: about 255.14571 grams Male: about 297.66999 grams

6 cm 8-9 cm 12 cm

Measurements: What other parts of the heart will you measure?

Male: 3-4cm Female: 2.7 - 3.8 cm

2.5 cm

4.5 cm

about 5 cm (not exact because the atrium was already cut when we got the heart)

2.5 cm

1.5 cm

Exterior Diagram

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Interior Diagram

Vein running through the middle of the heart to the left and right ventricles and atriums Above the right atrium there is a bundle of veins coming together into one the bigger veins leading to the heart. Thick walls (according to Oskar). Strong muscles Aorta: Strong Aorta tissue is stronger than the tissue on the left side of the heart but the tissue on the right side of the heart is stronger than the aorta tissue. In the right atrium there are a bunch of small holes in the tissue Heart smells REALLY bad. Tissue between right and left ventricles of heart is not as strong as I thought. The tissue that connects the right atrium and the right ventricle is stronger than the tissue separating the right and left sides of the heart.

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

RA: Right Atrium LA: Left Atrium

Measurements of the Pig and Human Heart

Pig Heart 20 Human Heart

16

12

Width

Length

Depth

RA Width

LA Width

Female LA

Aorta Diatmeter

Title

400 320 240 160 80 0

Weight

Female Human Heart

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Conclusion:
The pig heart that we dissected was, when the pig was alive, performing the same functions as a human heart but the pig heart was larger in some places, for example the length of the pig heart was 16cm and the human heart is 12cm. The pig heart also had wider ventricles by only a few centimeters. My theory is that this is because the pig is on all fours and the human is standing up, this happens because the pig is is on all fours so the heart is atter, therefore the ventricles are wider, the opposite applies to the human heart.

The pig heart weighed about 339.20 grams and I was surprised by how heavy it was because I thought that the pigs heart wouldnt weigh very much. The human heart weighs about 270 grams. The pig heart is 60.8 grams heavier than the human heart.

These similarities occur because they are both mammalian hearts and there aren't many differences between the hearts. As you can see in the research, it states that there are no differences.

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Evaluation:
Table 2: Validity of the method (Was the investigation a Fair Test?)

Control variable What affect did this Degree of impact Improvement (how to x that was not have when compar- (small, medium or the problem): controlled: ing the independlarge): ent and dependent variables? 1. method of dis- it made it kinda hard small, maybe just a Look at more accurate video few milliliters of section to see the atriums
difference i the measurements 2 3

Table 3: Reliability of the method:

Reliability of data. The measuring instruments. Explanation (why / why not?)

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Reliability of data. a) Did the measuring instruments collect data that can be trusted? Yes/ No

Explanation (why / why not?) Yes, because we found them in the lab room.

b) Was the experiment repeated enough times? Yes/ No

No, because we only had 1 heart.

c) Did the measuring instrument collect precise data? (i.e. Did the multiple trials give similar data?) Yes/ No

Yes, because we used grams and centimeters.

Size of sample. d) was the range large enough? No, because we didnt have any Trails.

Yes/ No

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Reference List:
Works Cited Diagram of the Heart and Lungs, Http://www.google.com.hk/imgres?q=lung+diagram+with+heart&hl=zh-TW&tbo=d&tb m=isch&tbnid=rL6vS4kX3_FUEM:&imgrefurl=http://www.patient.co.uk/diagram/Heart/ lung-circulation.htm&docid=0KMkHm51MdOqGM&imgurl=http://medical.cdn.patient. co.uk/images/i104_l.jpg&w=524&h=567&ei=XM7zUO_7OMnlkgXvuoDIBw&zoom=1 &iact=hc&vpx=4&vpy=110&dur=1601&hovh=234&hovw=216&tx=112&ty=154&sig= 110615209810235328500&page=1&tbnh=145&tbnw=134&start=0&ndsp=27&ved=1t:4 29,r:0,s:0,i:78&biw=1175&bih=666. Personal photograph by author. N.d. Diagram of the Heart, Http://www.goremedical.com. Personal photograph by author. N.d.

Do Pushups or Sprinting Make Your Heart Beat Faster?" LIVESTRONG.COM. Livestrong,2013. Web. 14 Jan. 2013. <http://www.livestrong.com/article/460914-do-pushups-or-sprinting-make-your-heart-be at-faster/>. "How Does Running Affect Your Heart Rate?" LIVESTRONG.COM. Livestrong, 2013. Web. 14 Jan. 2013. <http://www.livestrong.com/article/402984-how-does-running-affect-your-heart-rate/>.

"Types of Exercise." (EUFIC). EUFIC, 11 Jan. 2013. Web. 14 Jan. 2013. <http://www.eufic.org/article/en/expid/Types-of-exercise/>.

Oskar Tullberg

Friday, 22 February 2013 12:03:14 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time