History Following protests during the movement in which 105 people were killed by police, Bombay State was

reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.[89] Gujarati-speaking areas of Bombay State were partitioned into the state of Gujarat.[90] Maharashtra State with Bombay as its capital was formed with the merger of Marathi-speaking areas of Bombay State, eight districts from Central Provinces and Berar, five districts from Hyderabad State, and numerous princely states enclosed between them.[91] As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as Hutatma Chowk (Martyr's Square), and a memorial was erected.[92] The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed.[93] The Bombay Metropolitan Region Development Authority (BMRDA) was set up on 26 January 1975 by the Government of Maharashtraas an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Bombay metropolitan region.[94] In August 1979, a sister township of New Bombay was founded by City and Industrial Development

Corporation (CIDCO) across Thane and Raigad districts to help the dispersal and control of Bombay's population. Textile industry in Bombay largely disappeared after the massive 1982 Great Bombay Textile Strike, in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went on strike.[95] Mumbai's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of intense redevelopment. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port, which currently handles 5560% of India's containerised cargo, was commissioned on 26 May 1989 atNhava Sheva with a view to decongest Bombay Harbour and to serve as a hub port for the city.[96] The geographical limits of Greater Bombay were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Bombay. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Bombay district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely, Bombay City and Bombay Suburban, though they were administered by same Municipal Administration.[97] The past two decades have seen an increase in violence in the hitherto largely peaceful city. Following the demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, the city was rocked by the Hindu-Muslim riots of 199293 in which more than 1,000 people were killed. On

12 March 1993, a series of 13 co-ordinated bombings at several city landmarks by Islamic extremists and the Bombay underworldresulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries.[98] In 2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when seven bombs exploded on the city's commuter trains.[99] In 2008, a series of ten coordinated attacks by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to a couple of heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels.[100] The blasts that occurred at the Opera House, Zaveri Bazaar, and Dadar on 13 July 2011 were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai.[101] Today, Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub.[102] For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment.[103] From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry

Describe Mumbai /mmba/, formerly Bombay, is the capital city of the Indian state

ofMaharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world.[6] Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city.[7] It is also the wealthiest city in India,[8] and has the highest GDP of any city inSouth, West or Central Asia. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities offishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successiveindigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to theBritish East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby

Vellard project,[9] which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea.[10] Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movementduring the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996,[11] the name being derived from the Koli goddessMumbadevi.

Location Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district, which form two separate revenue districts of Maharashtra.[105] The city district region is also commonly referred to as the Island City or South Mumbai.[13] The total area of Mumbai is 603.4 km2 (233 sq mi).[106] Of this, the island city spans 67.79 km2 (26 sq mi), while the suburban district spans 370 km2 (143 sq mi), together accounting for 437.71 km2 (169 sq mi) under the administration ofBrihanmumbai Municipal

Corporation (BMC). The remaining area belongs to Defence, Mumbai Port Trust, Atomic Energy Commission and Borivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the BMC.[107] Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the Konkan. It sits on Salsette Island, partially shared with the Thane district.[108] Mumbai is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west.[109] Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 m (33 ft) to 15 m (49 ft);[110] the city has an average elevation of 14 m (46 ft).[111] Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly,[112] and the highest point in
[113]

the

city

is

450

(1,476 ft)

at

Salsette

in

the Powai

Kanheri ranges.

Sanjay Gandhi National Park (Borivali National Park) is located

partly in the Mumbai suburban district, and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09 km2 (39.80 sq mi).

Festival Mumbai residents celebrate both Western and Indian festivals. Diwali, Holi, Eid, Chaturthi, Durga

Christmas, Navratri,Good

Friday, Dussera, Moharram, Ganesh

Puja and Maha Shivratri are some of the popular festivals in the city. The Kala Ghoda Arts Festival is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artists in the fields of music, dance, theatre, and films.[264] A week long annual fair known as Bandra Fair, starting on the following Sunday after 8 September, is celebrated by people of all faiths, to commemorate the Nativity of Mary, mother of Jesus, on 8 September Importance Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment capital of India, it is also one of the world's top 10 centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow,[12] generating 5% of India's GDP,[13] and accounting for 25% of industrial output, 70% of maritime trade in India (Mumbai economy.
[15]

Port

Trust & JNPT),[14] and

70%

of

capital

transactions

to India's

The city houses important financial institutions such as the Reserve Bank of

India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India, theSEBI and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indian companies and multinational corporations. It is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes

like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses India's Hindi (Bollywood) and Marathi film and television industry. Mumbai's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living,[16] attract migrants from all over India and, in turn, make the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. Mumbai is India's largest city (by population) and is the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6.16% of the total GDP. [13][102][134] It serves as an economic hub of India, contributing 10% of factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% ofincome tax collections, 60% of customs duty collections, 20% of central excise taxcollections, 40% of India's foreign trade and 4,000 crore (US$728 million) in corporate taxes.[135]

As of 2008, Mumbai's GDP is 919,600 crore (US$167.37 billion),[136] and its per-capita income in 2009 was 486,000 (US$8,845.2),[8][137] which is almost three times the national average.[77] Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including Larsen and Toubro, State Bank of India, Life Insurance Corporation of India, Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance),[102] and five of the Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Mumbai.[138] Many foreign banks and financial institutions also have branches in this area,[102] with the World Trade Centre being the most prominent one Language Sixteen major languages of Indiaare also spoken in Mumbai, most common being Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati and English.[239] English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya a blend of Marathi, Hindi,Gujarati, Konkani, Urdu, Indian English and some invented words is spoken on the streets

Delhi History The area around Delhi was probably inhabited before the second millennium BC, and there is evidence of continuous inhabitation since at least the 6th century BC.[5] The city is believed to be the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata.[6] The earliest architectural relics date back to the Maurya period (c. 300 BC); in 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (273-236 BC) was discovered nearSrinivaspur. Remains of eight major cities have been discovered in Delhi. The first five cities were in the southern part of present-day Delhi. Anang Pal of the Tomara dynasty founded the city ofLal Kot in AD 736. The Chauhans conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora.

The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by the Afghan invader Muhammad Ghoriwho made a concerted effort to conquer northern India.[6] By 1200, Hindu resistance had begun to crumble. Muslim dominance in India was to last for the next six centuries. On the death of Muhammad in 1206, the Turkic slave-general, Qutb-ud-din Aibak, broke away from the Ghurid Dynasty and became the first Sultan of Delhi. He began construction of the Qutb Minar andQuwwat-al-Islam (might of Islam) mosque, the earliest extant mosque in India. Qutb-ud-din faced widespread Hindu rebellions and it was his successor, Iltutmish (121136), who consolidated the Muslim conquest of northern India The name "New Delhi" was given in 1927, and the new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931. New Delhi, also known as Lutyens' Delhi,[42] was officially declared as the capital of the Union of India after the country gainedindependence on 15 August 1947.[43] During the partition of India, thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly from West Punjab fled to Delhi, while many Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan. Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues (as of 2013), contributing more to the rise of Delhi's population than the birth rate, which is declining.[44] The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.[45] The Act gave Delhi its own legislative assembly along Civil lines, though with limited powers.[45] In December 2001, the Parliament of India building in New Delhi was attacked by armed militants, killing six security personnel.[46] India suspected Pakistan-based militant groups were behind the attack, which caused a major diplomatic crisis between the two countries.[47] There were further terrorist attacks in Delhi in October 2005 and September 2008, resulting in the deaths of 62 and 30 civilians respectively.

Describe Delhi (/dli/, (officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) that includes the Indian capital New Delhi, stands on the Yamuna River in northern India. It is the second most populous metropolis in India after Mumbai and the largest city in terms of area. With a population of 16.3 million in 2011, the city is also the eighth most populous metropolis in

the world.[2][3] The NCT and its urban region have been given the special status ofNational Capital Region (NCR) under the Constitution of India's 69th amendment act of 1991. The NCR includes the neighbouring Noida and cities other

of Baghpat, Gurgaon, Sonepat,Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Noida, Greater nearby towns, and has nearly 22.2 million residents.[4]

Although technically a federally administered union territory, the political administration of the NCT of Delhi today more closely resembles that of a state of India with its own legislature, high court and an executive council of ministers headed by a Chief Minister. New Delhi is jointly administered by the federal Government of India and the local Government of Delhi, and is the capital of the NCT of Delhi. Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BC. [5]Through most of its history, Delhi has served as a capital of various kingdoms and empires. It has been captured, sacked and rebuilt several times, particularly during the medieval period, and therefore the modern conurbation of Delhi is a cluster of a number of cities spread across the metropolitan region. Delhi is believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of theMahabharata.[6] Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain during the period of the Delhi sultanates. Festivals Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of lights), Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak's Birthday,Durga Puja, Holi, Lohri, Chauth, Krishna Janmastami, Maha Shivratri, Eid ulFitr, Moharram and Buddha Jayanti.[134] The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as a backdrop.[136] Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi. Importance Delhi is the largest commercial centre in northern India; it has an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2010) of 157,817 crore (US$28.72 billion) in nominal terms and ~

630,000 crore (US$114.66 billion) in PPP terms.[74] As of 2010, the per capita income of Delhi was 135,820 (US$2,471.92), the third highest in India after Chandigarh and Goa. Delhi's Gross domestic product GDP (at 2004-05 prices), on average, grew by 10.7% between 2007 and 2012, making it one of the fastest growing cities in the region.[citation needed] As per the Economic survey of Delhi (20052006), the tertiary sector contributes 70.95% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondaryand primary sectors, with 25.20% and 3.85% contributions respectively.[75] Delhi's workforce constitutes 32.82% of the population, and increased by 52.52% between 1991 and 2001.[76] Delhi's unemployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 19992000 to 4.63% in 2003.[76] In December 2004, 636,000 people were registered with various employment exchange programs in Delhi.[76] In 2001 the total workforce in national and state governments and the quasi-government sector was 620,000, and the private sector employed 219,000.[76] Key service industries are information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism.[77]Construction, power, health and community services, and real estate are also important to the city's economy. Delhi has one of India's largest and fastest growing retail industries.[78] Manufacturing also grew considerably as consumer goods companies established manufacturing units and headquarters in the city. Delhi's large consumer market and the availability of skilled labour has attracted foreign investment. In 2001, the manufacturing sector employed 1,440,000 workers and the city had 129,000 industrial units Geographical Location of Delhi

Delhi lies just in the central part of the Indian sub-continent, in between the Aravallis Range and the Himalayas. Delhi stretches over an area of about 1483 square kilometers and its breadth ranges in between 30 to 33 miles. Delhi lies almost 300 meters above the sea level. The entire topography of this city is divided into three separate regions, which are the Yamuna Flood Plain, the Plain and the ridge. Languages of Delhi The following languages are commonly spoken in the Delhi, the capital of India:

Urdu in Delhi is not only common but has a rich history of its own. Currently it is very popular in the area of Purani Dilli or Old Delhi, where a large number of Muslims reside.

Punjabi is one of the important languages of Delhi, which is widely spoken. The people who are conversant with it are the Punjabis and Sikhs in Delhi.

English in Delhi, is a language with which nearly all the inhabitants of the city are familiar.