Beruflich Dokumente
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Lamp
The bulb which houses the light source.
Luminaire
This is the apparatus that distributes the light emmitted from a lamp including all components necessary for fixing and protecting the lamp and connecting to the power supply. It usually consists of a lamp, housing, reflector, lens and control gear.
Colour rendering
Colour rendering is the ability of a light source to reproduce surface colours accurately. Very noticeable colour distortion can be caused by unsuitable lamps.
Glare
Factors which influence glare: Viewing angles. Luminaire light control. Maxiimum tilt angle of the luminaire. Intensity of the source in relation to the installlation height.
Illuminance uniformity
An adequate level of uniformity is necessary to create balanced lighting conditions so that users eyes do not continually have to adapt to different light levels. There are two measurements:
1 General Association of International Sports Federations. (2006). Guide to the artificial lighting of indoor and outdoor sports venues. France: Phillips Lighting p. 3. Downloaded from www.canoeice.com 2 Op cit. p.5
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have planning guidelines on sports lighting and early consultation is advisable to avoid unnecessary delays when seeking planning approval.
Evaluate proposals
Does the design meet your requirements for: Quantity of light (lux levels). Quality of light uniformity, colour, glare control. Capital cost within budget limits. Running costs within budget limits. Life cycle costs maintenance and replacement.
Adapted from the MSR publication Focus on Sports Lighting5
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Effective lighting finds a sustainable balance between energy efficiency, quality of light, long life and cost. There is continual concern over glare, light trespass and sky glow created by improperly applied lighting fixtures. Excess light increases construction, operating and maintenance costs of a facility. To reduce lighting pollution and reduce energy costs, consider these sustainable lighting issues when planning your lighting project: For indoor installations, have all opportunities for natural daylight been considered, including light wells, light pipes, rooflights and general design of windows? Have light coloured finishes been chosen internally to improve internal reflections? Have appropriate standards for illumination levels been chosen that provide the required quantity and quality of light consistent with minimum energy demand?
5 Ministry of Sport and Recreation. (1998). Focus on indoor lighting. Perth, WA: Author.
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Have lamps, reflectors and fittings been selected that make use of the maximum output, including areas like corridors and ablutions? Have occupancy sensing controls, daylight linked control and/or time switch controls been considered where light may otherwise be left on both indoor and outdoor? Does your system allow for appropriate light levels for different activities without sacrificing playing conditions or wasting energy Are switches used that can be secured and operated only by staff using a key to prevent vandalism? Alternatively, have electronic timing devices been considered during installation? Has consideration been given to allow light fittings to be cleaned, maintained and lamps changed?
Cost
There is a wide variety of lighting systems available and there can be a temptation to choose the cheapest. Factors to consider when costing a lighting system are: Initial cost of luminaires and lamps by determining the number of luminaires required for the approved design. Cost of installation. Quality of luminaire materials likely lifetime of product. Power consumption. Cost of lighting consultant. Cost of gear replacement and re-lamping costs. Competent support from the manufacturer is also important when considering cost. Ensure warranty and maintenance program guarantee: Constant light levels and group lamp replacements at the end of rated lamp life. Reduced energy consumption. Monitoring, maintenance and remote on/off control services. System structural integrity.
Maintenance
When planning an installation, consideration should be given to maintaining it in efficient working order with the least trouble and expense. Maintenance inspections of a lighting installation should include a check of luminaire aiming and screening to ensure that the installation continues to comply with the objectives of the design, including environmental criteria.
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An installation record for the correct operating and maintenance should be prepared at the time of designing the lighting installation, detailing floodlight type, replacement and cleaning schedule. This will ensure longevity and best performance of the installation.
Consideration also needs to be given to the daytime appearance of a lighting system. Local government authorities have local laws governing the installation of floodlighitng to protect the community. They generally cover the height and location of the poles, direction of the light spill and underground cabling.
Power Supply
It is important that power supply requirements are discussed in the planning stages of a lighting installation. When planning a facility upgrade, the supply and operational requirements must be clear from the outset. If using an existing swtichboard, ensure that it has the capacity to cope with the additional requirements. This also applies to power company transformers that may need an upgrade. Consideration must also be given to who is going to pay for the power used, particularly in outdoor installations at multi-use playing fields.
CONSULTANTS
Independent consultant engineers with a background in sports lighting and electrical design should be contacted to assist in the design of sports lighting facilities. A list of qualified persons can be found by contacting the Illuminating Engineering Society of Australia and New Zealand at www.iesanz.org and requesting the names of members experienced in the design of sports lighting. Australian Standards can be sourced from SAI Global at the following website www.saiglobal.com. Qualified electrical engineers and structural engineers with Charted Member status in the institution of Engineers Australia and relevant experience in planning of sports lighting are qualified to advise with engineering matters in their respective field, i.e, electrical and/or structural engineering. Local government authorities and state sporting organisations should be consulted prior to the installation of lighting to ensure playing dimensions are adhered to. For example, the minimum run-off areas in a netball court must be taken into account when planning court layouts and pole positions.
Light pollution
Light is not a pollutant in the normal sense, being non-poisonous, noxious or harmful in most instances. Light pollution encompasses many forms of undesirable light and lighting. These are: Light intrusion (light trespass, overspill, light into windows). Glare. Sky glowgeneral term for the halo effect caused by upwardly direct light, forming a flow in the night sky. Beam brightness. Light flicker generally associated with advertising signage. Some degree of obtrusive light may be obtained from even the best designed sports installations. The aim must be to prevent or alleviate any visual disturbance to an acceptance level for the location and application.
Community Consultation
Community consultation is an important step in planning a lighting installation. Sports facilities are normally in or near residential areas and are operated most nights of the week year round. The brightest single source of light visible in an evening landscape is often a sport facility. Such lighting is usually the single greatest source of complaints. Most local government authorities will not issue a planning or building permit without consultation with surrounding residents and other stakeholders.
Building stronger, healthier, happier and safer communities
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Type of sport a brief description of the nature of the sport and critical areas, such as goals, sidelines, infield in outdoor facilities and sighting the ball, aerial shots and movement patterns in indoor facilities. In multidirectional aerial sports players and spectators view the playing object from many positions and angles. These sports require vertical illuminance over the height of the entire playing area and horizontal illuminance at ground level. Direct glare at the most frequent viewing directions must of avoid. These sports include badminton, baseball, basketball, football, soccer, squash, tennis and volleyball. Unidirectional aerial sports such as golf at a driving range and skeeting and trap shooting, require horizontal illuminance where the playing object starts and vertical illuminance where the playing object finishes. Future plans information on plans for future expansion of the playing areas or the lighting system. This is necessary for calculating cable sizes, switchboard capacity and control systems. It will assist in saving money when the next stage is built. Maintenance limitations information on maintenance facilities and problems, such as access to the luminaires by a cherry picker or ladder. Note any special conditions such as dust, temperature extremes, humidity, corrosive atmoshphere. Finishes information on surface colours and markings. The main point is the lightness or darkness of materials and finishes used on playing surfaces and surrounds.
Average illuminance expected in service this should specify both the general illuminance across the playing area and the illuminance on specific areas (such as goals) if supplementary or localised lighting is to be used. A light spillage contour drawing should be inlcuded. This plan should demonstrate the light spillage when used at the maximum and minimum lux levels. Initial cost and running cost the estimate of the initial cost should include installation charges. Data on the running costs should include the electrical consumption (including control gear losses), maintenance costs, replacement cost of individual lamps and their rated life in hours. Letter of guarantee once a lighting system and supplier has been selected and the system installed, it is recommended that a letter of guarantee be obtained from the supplier. This letter should guarantee the outputs and inputs of the system including average light levels, uniformity ratios and power consumption.
FLOODLIGHTING
As well as generally upgrading outdoor facilities, operators have turned to floodlighting not only to extend the options for participants but to seek better returns on their investments. The advantages of floodlights are:
Programming flexibility
Longer operating hours give facility managers and users more freedom in programming and initiating sports development programs.
Additional income
Increased use means greater potential to generate additional income essential with the high capital cost of providing a multi-use facilitiy, although there will be increased wear and tear of the surfaces.
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Usage options
A floodlit multi-use facility adjoining a sports hall can accommodate activities such as netball and basketball, releasing more expensive indoor space for other activities.
School sites
If located on a school site, the school can extend its cirriculumn and after-school activities. Schools are often at the centre of a community. Floodlighting will provide opportunity for community participation in sport and improve health, community cohesion and provide for youth diversionary activity.
EQUIPMENT
In the past fixtures and lighting designs offered little choice for communities and designers seeking to minimise spill and glare in sports lighting. Many facilities, particularly the older ones, continue to produce enormous amounts of light spill into adjacent areas and reflected light into the sky. Recently manufacturers have produced well-shielded luminaires suitable for sports lighting. These designs provide major reductions in the off-site spill and can reduce or even eliminate direct uplight. Proper mounting heights and pole locations have assisted designers in delivering improved lighting quality for players on the field.
Lamp selection
The principal factors for lamp selection are luminous output, lamp life, energy consumption, colour rendering and colour temperature (appearance). The table below shows the properties of different lamps for sports lighting6.
Lamp type Lamp designation
Tungsten
Range of wattage
Up to 1000 Up to 2000
Comments
Not recommended for sports lighting due to low efficacy Halogens in gas filling prevent blackening, increase life and/or luminour efficacy. Immediate full light output. Simple installation Easily switched and dimmed Not tolerant of overvoltage Restricted to horizontal operation Suitable for indoor more than outdoor. Luminous efficacy affected by embient termperature. Immediate full light output. Easily switched and can be dimmed with special circuits Colour rendering of high efficacy lamps used for sports lighting is generally acceptable Run-up period of 5 min to full light. Re-iginition is about 10 mins unless special circuits are used. Colour rendering acceptable for general use in sports lighting. As above but with better colour rendering. Most commonly used lamp for sports lighting. Run-up period 2 min to full light output. If supply interrupted, re-ignition 1 min if external ignitor is used. Colour rendering not adequate for most sports. June 2009 Page 6
Running
High
Incandescent
Tungsten halogen
Low
High
Discharge lamp in which most of light is emitted by layer of flourescent powder on inside of tube
Up to 100
Medium
Low
Mercury flourescent
Up to 1000
Medium
Medium
Metal halide
High pressure mercuty, clear or coated, single or double ended with halide additives to improve colour rendering High pressure sodium discharge
Up to 2000
High
Low
Up to 1000
High
Low
Luminaire selection
It is important that the luminaire selection is based on the lighting requirements rather than compromising the lighting design to use an inappropriate luminaire selection. There are two possible approaches when considering a lighting design direct lighting and indirect lighting. Direct lighting is the most common approach and the most efficient. If there is to be TV coverage, this is the only option because there is adequate vertical illuminance. Indirect lighting in some indoor installations, such as swimming pools, is a useful solution because the light source is not visible to the participants. This approach relies heavily on reflective properties of the ceiling, position and light output ratio and the cleaning cycle. TV coverage is not possible with this solution.
Arrangement of luminaires
Luminaires should be arranged relative to the sports being played and prevent glare for the players, spectators and judges For example, for a football field installation, the luminaires should not be positioned behind the goal area because of glare. Another example is players serving in tennis. They do not want luminaires at the far end of the court to be in their line of vision when they hit the ball. In large, multi-use facilities with flourescent lighting, it is usual to arrange the lighting in rows between the courts, reducing the risk of glare in the players field of vision.
Avoid luminaires
Playing area
Avoid luminaires
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Design summary
Level of play Average lux Number of lamps Number of poles Pole height Type of floodlight Club competition 113 24 4 29 metres 2 kilowatt fan-shaped beam
netbAll
The diagram at the right represents the site design layout for a twin netball court.9
Design summary
Level of play Average lux Number of lamps Number of poles Pole height Type of floodlight club competition 208 8 4 12 metres 1 kilowatt symmetrical beam
8 Australian Standards. Sports lighting specific applications lighting for football (all codes) AS 2560.2.3-2007). Sydney, NSW: Author. 9 Australian Standards. Guide to sports lighting specific recommendations lighting for outdoor netball and basketball (AS 2560.2.4-1986). Sydney, NSW: Author.
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bAsebAll/soFtbAll
The diagram at the right represents the site design layout for baseball and softball fields. Lighting should be designed to minimise shadows. This requires lighting from three or four directions. Fixtures are placed on two A poles in the infield, two B poles down the first and third baselines and C poles in the outfield.10
6 pole layout 8 pole layout C1 C1 C2
Deisgn summary
Level of play Average lux Number of lamps Number of poles Pole height training, club competition 250 infield, 150 outfield minimum of 3 6 - 8 poles baseball 25m, softball 20m
B1 C3 C2 C4 A1
Glare control
The beam spread of each floodlight should be selected to put the maximum amount of light on the field without producing a hot spot. The beam should be wide enough to overlap the distribution from adjacent aiming points.
A2 B2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abacus Lighting. (nd). Sports lighting solutions. Retrieved from www.abacuslighting.com on 10/10/2008. Australian Standards. (2002). Sports lightinggeneral principles part 1 (AS 2560.1-2002). Sydney, NSW: Author. Australian Standards. (1986). Guide to sports lightingspecific recommendationslighting or multipurpose indoor sports centres. Sydney, NSW: Author. Department of the Environment and Heritage Australian Greenhouse Office. (2004). Best practices in lighting program 2004: publication series. Canberra, ACT: Author. International Dark-Sky Association. (nd.) Sports and recreational area lighting. Retrieved from http://data.nextrionet. com on the 20/11/2008. (use only as a guide). Kosiorek, A. (nd.) Exterior lighting: glare and light trespass. Retrieved from http://data.nextrionet.com on the 20/11/2008. (use only as a guide). Sport England. (2007). Environmental sustainability: promoting sustainable design for sport. London: Author. (use only as a guide).
10 Australian Standards. (1994). Guide to sports lighting specific recommendations baseball and softball (AS 2560.2.6). Sydney, NSW: Author.
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