Honors Biology Trimester A Final Exam Review Guide

UsethisreviewguidetohelpyoupreparefortheTrimesterAexam.Goodluck! Introduction to Biology_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Knowthelocationofthesafetyequipmentinourclassroom. 2. BeabletoidentifylaboratoryequipmentANDknowtheirfunction. 3. Differentiatebetweenquantitativeandqualitativedata. 4. Whatisaninference? 5. Whatisahypothesis? 6. Differentiatebetweenmanipulatedandrespondingvariables. 7. Describethestepsofthescientificmethod,inorder. 8. Whatarethebasicunitsforthefollowing: a. Length b. Volume(solids) c. Volume(liquids) d. Temperature e. Mass/Weight 9. Ifyouwereinstructedtoincubateabacterialcultureat25degreesCelsius,whattemperatureisthatinFahrenheit?You WILLbegiventheformulas: a. C=0.56x(F32) b. F=1.8C+32 10. Whatdothemetricsystemprefixesmean 11. Knowthepartsofthemicroscopeandtheirfunction(s). 12. Ifyouobserveaspecimenunderthelowpowerobjectiveofacompoundlightmicroscope(40X),whatisthetotal magnificationofthatspecimen?________X 13. Ifyoumovetheslidetowardthebottomandthentotheright,whatistheactualmovementoftheobjectinthefieldof view? 14. Explainwhyaspecimentobeviewedunderthecompoundlightmicroscopemustbethin. 15. Nameatleastoneadvantageandonedisadvantageofusingcompoundlightmicroscopes. 16. WhatistheLimitofResolution? 17. Brieflydescribethe8characteristicsoflife. 18. Describethreeexamplesofhowcellsarespecializedforaparticularfunction. 19. Distinguishbetweensexualandasexualreproduction. 20. Distinguishbetweenanabolismandcatabolismandgiveanexampleofeach. 21. Describethreeexamplesofhowanimalsmaintainhomeostasis. 22. Givetwoexamplesofhowaplantrespondstoitsenvironment.Bespecific. Ecology______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 23. Defineecology. 24. Puttheselevelsoforganizationinorderfromthesimplesttothemostcomplex:ecosystem,biome,community, population,biosphere.DEFINEEACHWORD. 25. Brieflydescribephotosynthesisandchemosynthesis. 26. Whatareheterotrophs?Autotrophs?Give2examplesforeach. 27. Defineproducerandconsumer. 28. Define:herbivore,carnivore,omnivore,detrivore,anddecomposer. 29. Definefoodchain.Beabletointerpretafoodchain. 30. Definefoodweb.Beabletointerpretafoodweb. 31. Define:primaryconsumer,secondaryconsumer,tertiaryconsumerandquaternaryconsumer. 32. Whatisatrophiclevel?Howmuchenergyislostbetweenlevels?Whathappenstothislostenergy? 33. Whatisanecologicalpyramid? a. Whatarethe3typesofecologicalpyramids? 34. Definebiogeochemicalcycle.
1

a. Beabletoanswerverygeneralquestionsaboutthecarbon,phosphorusandnitrogencycles. 35. Namethreeexamplesofbioticfactors.Namethreeexamplesofabioticfactors. 36. Definecompetition. 37. Definepredation. 38. Namethe3typesofsymbioticrelationships.Explaineach. a. Give3examplesofeachtypeofsymbioticrelationship.Bespecific! 39. Reviewthellandbiomes. 40. Whatisecologicalsuccession?Nameandbrieflydescribethe2typesofecologicalsuccession 41. Whatisapioneerspecies? 42. Whatare3factorsthataffectpopulationsize? 43. Knowthedifferencebetweenemigrationandimmigration. 44. Drawagraphtorepresentexponentialgrowth.Whatishappeningduringexponentialgrowth? 45. Drawandexplainthelogisticgrowth.Includecarryingcapacity. 46. Whathappenstothedeathrateandthebirthrateifapopulationbecomestoolarge?Toosmall? 47. Whatarethetwotypesoflimitingfactors(limitingfactorsaffectapopulationsize)? a. Give3examplesofdensitydependentfactors. b. Give3examplesofdensityindependentfactors. 48. Give3reasonsastowhyhumanpopulationgrewveryslowlyformostofhumanhistory. 49. Give3reasonsastowhy,about500yearsago,humanpopulationstartedtogrowexponentially. 50. Whatisdemography? Bacteria and Viruses_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 51. Whatdoesthewordvirusmean? a. Whenandhowwerevirusesfirstknown? b. Whoofficiallyunderstoodwhatviruseswereaftertheelectronmicroscopewasinvented? 52. Arevirusesconsideredlivingthings?Ifnot,why? 53. Nameandbrieflydescribethetwotypesofviruses.Giveanexampleofadisease. 54. Whatisacapsid? 55. VirusescontainbothDNAandRNA.Trueorfalse? 56. Whataremanysidedvirusescalled?Rodshapedviruses? 57. Name3diseasescausedbyviruses. a. Howmayvirusesbetreated? b. Howmayvirusesbeprevented? 58. Whattypeofvirusundergoesthelyticcycle? 59. Brieflydescribeeachofthefivestagesofthelyticcycle. 60. Whattypeofvirusundergoesthelysogeniccycle? 61. Howisthelifecycleofalysogenicvirusdifferentfromthatofthelyticvirus? 62. Whatisaprophage? 63. Whatisaretrovirus?Give2examples. 64. Whatareprions?Viroids? 65. Whatisapathogen? 66. What2kingdomsdobacteriabelong? 67. Defineprokaryoteandeukaryote. 68. List2generalcharacteristicsofbacteria. 69. DistinguishbetweenEubacteriaandArchaebacteria. 70. Define:halophiles,thermophiles,andmethanogens. 71. Rodshapedbacteriaarecalled____,spiralshapedbacteriaarecalled___andsphericalshapedbacteriaarecalled___. 72. Define: a. Phototrophicautotrophs b. Chemotrophicautotrophs c. Chemoheterotrophs d. Photoheterotrophs
2

73. Whatarecyanobacteria? 74. Whatarethedifferencesamong:obligateanaerobes,obligateaerobesandfacultativeanaerobes. 75. Brieflydescribe3waysthatbacteriareproduce. 76. Name3waysbacteriaarehelpful. 77. Name3bacterialdiseases.Howarebacterialdiseasestreated? Biochemistry________________________________________________________________________________________________ 78. Define: a. atom b. element c. compound d. proton e. neutron f. electron g. orbital h. ion 79. Howdoyoufindthe#ofp+,eandno? 80. Whatisanisotope? 81. Beabletodeterminethenumberofprotons,electronsandneutronsofanATOMandanION. 82. Whatisacovalentbond? 83. Whatisanionicbond? 84. Whatarevalenceelectrons? 85. Statetheoctetrule.Whatistheoneexceptiontotheoctetrule? 86. Beabletotellmethe#ofatomsincompoundswithcoefficientsand/orsubscriptssuchas: a. 2CaCO3 b. 3H2O 87. Knowthechemicalsymbolsofthe20elementsfromclass. 88. Howmanyelectronsmaximumcanbeheldinthefirstenergylevel?2nd?3rd? 89. Drawawatermolecule(includecharges)andname2propertiesofwater. 90. Whatiscohesion? 91. Whatisadhesion? 92. Whatispolarity? 93. Definesolventandsolute. 94. Whatisamixture? 95. Definesolutionandgive2examples. 96. Definesuspensionandgive2examples. 97. Describethedifferencebetweenacidsandbases. 98. DrawapHscaleandlabelthefollowing: H+=OH,H+<OH,H+>OH,weakacid,strongacid,weakbase,strongbase,neutral 99. Distinguishbetweenorganiccompoundsandinorganiccompounds. 100. Whyiscarbonauniqueelement? 101. Whatelementsconstitutecarbohydrates?Inwhatratiodotheyexist? a. Distinguishamongmonosaccharides,disaccharidesandpolysaccharides. b. Give3examplesofmonosaccharides.(knowwhereeachcomesfrom) c. Give2examplesofdisaccharides.(knowwhat2monosaccharideseachismadefrom) d. Give3examplesofpolysaccharides.(knowthefunctionofeach) 102. Whatisacondensationreaction? 103. Whatisahydrolysisreaction? 104. Drawthebreakdownofsucroseintoglucoseandfructose. 105. Name2propertiesoflipids. a. Lipidsareformedfromcombinationsof1_____moleculeand3_____ b. Recognizeaglycerolmolecule.
3

c. Recognizeafattyacidmolecule. d. Whathastoberemovedtohavethesynthesisofalipid? 106. What4elementsdoproteinscontain? a. Proteinsaremadeupof_____,inwhichthereare_____differenttypes. b. Recognizethegeneralstructureofanaminoacid.Label:aminogroup,carboxylgroupandRgroup. c. WhatisthesignificanceoftheRgroupofanaminoacid? d. Drawthesynthesisofaprotein(2aminoacidmoleculesjoinedtogether),circlingtheformationofthepeptide bond. 107. Whatisachemicalreaction? a. Definereactantsandproducts. 108. Whatisacatalyst? a. Whatisactivationenergy? b. Whatisanenzyme? c. Name3characteristicsofenzymes. 109. Describehowenzymesworkusingthesewords:enzyme,substrate(s),activesite,enzymesubstratecomplex, andproducts. 110. Name2waysanenzymeand/orsubstratemaychangeshape,thusmakingthereactionnotproceed. Cells_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 111. Whatarethe3componentsofthecelltheory? 112. How did each of the following contribute to our knowledge of cells? Virchow, Van Leeuwenhoek, Schwann, Marguilis,SchleidenandHooke?YOUDONOTHAVETOKNOWDATES. 113. What2thingsdoALLcellshaveincommon? 114. Giveanexampleofaprokaryote. 115. Give3examplesofeukaryotes. 116. What is the function of the following organelles? Nucleus, cytoplasm, nuclear envelope,nucleolus, cellmembrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, vacuoles, chromatin andcentrioles. 117. Foreachoftheaboveorganelles,determinewhethertheyarefoundinanimalcells,plantcells,orboth. 118. BeabletolabeltheorganellesoftheplantANDanimalcellsonadiagram(refertopage175ofyourtextbook) 119. Describehowacellislikeafactory. 120. Comparethetwotypesoftransportmechanisms a. Explaininthetermsofconcentrationgradients b. Explaininthetermsofenergy c. Giveexamplesofeach