Power Control in WCDMABackground

Bo Bernhardsson
Dept. of Automatic Control Lund Institute of Technology

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Contents
The WCDMA System
Overview CDMA modulation Power Control Handover xx

Power Control - Analysis, next lecture References: System overview: Links on home page Gunnarsson, Gustafsson, Control theory aspects of power control in UMTS ,Control Engineering Practice 11 (2003), pp. 1113-1125
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

IMT-2000

IMT-2000 global standard for third generation (3G) International Telecommunication Union. In 1999 ITU approved ve radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation. The most important are WCDMA Direct Spread CDMA Multi-Carrier, evolution of IS-95 EDGE, a 2.5G, evolution of GSM

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

UMTS
UMTS=Universal mobile telephony system

www.umts-forum.org
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

License cost per country

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

3GPP
The UMTS standard is developed in 3GPP (third generation partnership project) and 3GPP2, see www.3gpp.org Collaboration between operators, network providers, UE (=User Equipment) manufacturers. Standardisation: Open interfaces. Critical parts for operability standardized, other parts open for implementation, performance requirements. MANY test requirements. Release 99, 4,5,6, etc. Implementation often starts before standard nalized.

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Power Control and standardization

Power control critical, since it is the main form of resource allocation My personal view: Not sufcient requirements on power control behavior in standard to guarantee a well working system. Interoperability issues Egoistic behavior must be avoided.

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Network

Will focus on the air interface: between BTS=nodeB=base station and UE=mobile unit

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Code Division Multiple Access

TDMA,FDMA: Good orthogonality between tranmitters. Can turn off radio when not used. Must turn on and off transmission correctly, synchronization, reuse factor > 1 CDMA: Can share the same frequency, exibility by code allocation, good interference immunity
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

DL and UL, multiaccess

Downlink: Basestation transmits, UE receives Uplink: UE transmits, basestation receives

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

DL vs UL

DLs from a common basestation are easily synchronized, harder to synchronize ULs well. Problem hence not symmetric, One-> Many, vs Many->One
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Power Control

Both UL and DL are power controlled Power control commands for the UL are sent on the DL Power control commands for the DL are sent on the UL Interference couples all power control loops. Orthogonality would be good What is the mechanism behind the coupling?
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Spreading Sequence
Assume each symbol S (= I + jQ, in the gure only real part shown) is multiplied with a known code sequence.

Here spreading factor sf=4 is illustrated. (sf=4-512) High sf gives low data rate, but good noise protection. Chip rate 3.84 Mchips/sec (on I and Q each)
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Spreading Factors

For DL Voice high quality, sf=128, 60kbps over air, 12.2kbps user data rate Video sf=32, 240kbps over air, 64kbps user rate Packed Data Service, sf=8, 960kbps over air, 384kbps user rate

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Spread Spectrum

Techniques developed in military in 40s and 50s to hide signals below noise level, and to be robust against blocking interferers

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

CDMA Transmitter
Example: Two signals from same transmitter

Note: Change s1 and s2 to d1 and d2 Assume C1 and C2 orthogonal, i.e.

sf k=1

C1 ( k) C2 ( k) = 0,

1 sf

sf k=1

2 C1 ( k) = 1

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Receiver, ideal orthogonality case

Assume good RX-TX synchronization and no interchip interference=echos in channel

Assume di ( k)
1 sf
sf k=1

di , i = 1, 2; k = 1, . . . s f 1 sf
sf k=1

c1( k) (d1 ( k)c1( k) + d2 ( k)c2( k) + e( k)) = d1 +

e( k)

N (0, 2 / s f ) e
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Practical limitation
In UL, transmissions from different UEs can not easily be synchronized with needed accuracy. It is also not possible to nd useful codes that are orthogonal after time shifts, i.e.
sf k=1

c1( k)c2 ( k ) = 0

In both DL and UL, signals will often arrive with several echos f
sf k=1

c1( k)c1 ( k f ) = 1

Generates interference between signal streams 1 chip = 78 meter Remedy: Use codes where correlation between delayed versions is small
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Transmitter, one signal

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Transmitter

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Transmitter, three signals

At chip k send
u( k) = s( k)(c1( k)d1 ( k) + c2( k)d2 ( k) + c2( k)d3 ( k)) s( k) scrambling code, E(s( k)s( k )) = 0; s( k) 2 = 1 c( k) channelisation code d1 ( k), d2 ( k), d3 ( k) data at chip k

Different transmitters have different scrambling codes

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

(One nger) Receiver

Assume we want to receive data stream 1 and d1 ( k) = d1 for k = 1, . . . , s f . Ideally
1 d1 ( k) = sf
sf 1

s( k)c1( k)u( k) = . . . = d1

With one echo of size we instead get

1 d1 ( k) = sf
sf 1

s( k)c1 ( k)(u( k) + u( k ))

d1 + N (0,

1 ) sf

Suppression of echos. Suppression of other codes sf = spreading gain More advanced receivers exist with better suppression
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Walsh codes

Used to create a tree of channelisation codes

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Channelisation Codes

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Code tree

Can allocate codes with different sf in a exible way Orthogonality between codes guaranteed if channelisation codes belong to separate subtrees. 256 different codes with sf=256, etc.
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Spreading Codes and Channelisation codes

Transmitter j sends
u j ( k) = s j ( k)(c1 ( k)d1 ( k) + c2( k)d2 ( k) + c2( k)d3 ( k))

Spreading codes s j ( k) with small correlation after time shifts, Gold codes, used to separate transmitters, (correlation 1/sf) Channelisation codes=Walsh codes ck used to separate parallell data streams from the same transmitter (correlation between 0(ideally) and 1/sf (if many echos)) Receiver knows transmitter codes s j ( k) and ci( k) (by clever mechanism not discussed here).
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Summary

UL: Other UEs power become noise suppressed by 1/sf Codes from same UE are ideally orthogonal DL: Codes from same base station ideally orthogonal Codes from different base stations suppressed 1/sf

In practice perfect orthogonality is not obtained, suppression will be between 0 and 1/sf

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Some more facts about the WCDMA System

Frequency band:1920 MHz -1980 MHz and 2110 MHz - 2170 MHz (Frequency Division Duplex) UL and DL Minimum frequency band required: 2x5MHz Frequency re-use: 1 Carrier Spacing: 4.4MHz - 5.2 MHz Voice coding: AMR codecs (4.75 kHz - 12.2 kHz, GSM EFR=12.2 kHz) and SID (1.8 kHz) Channel coding: Convolutional coding, Turbo code for high rate data Receiver sensitivity: Node B: -121dBm, Mobile -117dBm at BER of 10-3 Mobile peak power: class 3 +24 dBm, class 4 +21 dBm Modulation: QPSK
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Modulation scheme
QPSK = Quadrature phase shift keying

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Power Control Commands

BPSK = Binary phase shift keying

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

More about the WCDMA System

Pulse shaping: Root raised cosine, roll-off = 0.22 Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps Channel raster: 200 kHz Maximum user data rate (Physical channel): 2.3Mbps (spreading factor 4, parallel codes (3 DL / 6 UL), 1/2 rate coding), but interference limited. Maximum user data rate (Offered): 384 kbps (year 2002), higher rates ( 2 Mbps) in the near future. HSPDA will offer data speeds up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO systems) Physical layer spreading factors: 4 ... 256 UL, 4 ... 512 DL

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

More about the WCDMA System

Number of chips / slot: 2560 chips Number of slots / frame: 15 Frame length: 10ms (38400 chips) Power control period: Time slot = 1500 Hz rate Power control step size: 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 dB (Variable) Power control range: UL 80dB, DL 30dB Handovers: Soft, Softer, (interfrequency: Hard)

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Base stations

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Soft Handover

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Power Control

DL PC: UE master, nodeB slave UL PC: nodeB master, UE slave TPC commands 1500 times per second, up/down

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Inner and Outer loop power control

Not standardized, but most use the inner/outer loop control structure

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Assignment 4

Investigate (matlab) outer loop power control of the DL for a single UE, with one service with block error rate target BLERre f = p percent. The outer loop has block errors as input (a sequence of 1 and 0) and innerloop SNR-target as output. We will not study the inner loop functionality at this point, so we assume the block error rate is given by B LER = normcdf( k(t) SN Rtar et ) Here SN Rtar et is the SNRtarget and k(t) depends on coding rate, baseband performance, radio conditions, UE speed etc.

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground

Assignment 4

Assume one block arrives each 10ms with the block error rate BLER given by the formula above. Try to nd an outerloop controller that converges sufciently fast to follow these changes: k(t) = 2 for t<30 sec, k(t) = 2.5 for 30<t<60, and k(t) = 1.5 for 60<t<90. How large variations will your controller have for a stationary k(t) (E.g. k(t) = 2 for 0<t<100), Plot true BLER, BLER-estimate, and SNR-targets. Also handin the matlab code.

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground