Reading Guide Key: Chapter 45 1.

A molecule secreted into extracellular fluids, circulates in hemolymph (blood) & communicate regulatory messages throughout the body. (Greek: to excite) 2. Target cells have a matching receptor for a specific hormone. 3. The endocrine system hormones secreted by endocrine cells regulate reproduction, development, metabolism growth, & behavior. 4. Nervous system transmits signals along dedicated pathways. The signals regulate neurons, muscle cells, & endocrine cells. 5. Endocrine: secrete hormones DIRECTLY into the surrounding fluid. (ex: thyroid) -- Exocrine: carries secreted substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities. (ex: salivary) -- endo= within --exo= out of --crine= separates 6. Hormones: circulate entire body, only received by target cells to regulate body. (Insulin regulates blood sugar) Local Regulators: molecules that act over short distances & reach target cells by diffusion. (cytokines enable communication between cells) Neurotransmitters: molecules secreted by neurons at synapses. Diffuse very short distances to bind to receptors on target cells. Pheromones: Chemicals released into the external environment. (ant trails to mark their path to the nest) 7. See figure 45.2 in textbook 8. Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble & can pass through cell membranes. The receptors for these molecules reside in the cytoplasm or nucleus. 9. Water soluble Cell surface signal receptors result in cellular response (ligand), leads to change in cytoplasmic function or change in gene transcription in nucleus through second messengers. Lipid soluble Results in a change in gene expression, acts as a transcription factor in the nucleus. Able to cross membranes because its a lipid! 10.
Hormone Type
Water-soluble Lipid-soluble

Method of Secretion
Exocytosis Diffuse out across the membranes of endocrine cells.

Mode of Travel to Bloodstream

Travel freely Bind to transport proteins that keep them soluble

Location of Receptors
Cell-surface Intracellular signal receptors

Examples
Insulin, epinephrine Cortisol, thyroxine (steroids)

11. Adrenal glands

12. Inhibition of glycogen synthesis & promotion of glycogen breakdown, this allows the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream providing fuel for your body to physically respond to a stressful situation. 13. see textbook figure 14. see textbook figure 15. The cells have different types of receptors. The epinephrine molecule can bind to alpha-epinephrine or to beta-epinephrine receptors and the RESPONSE varies between each type. 16. Viagra prolongs the normally short activity of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, providing increased blood flow to the penis. 17. Prostaglandins stimulate the smooth muscles of the uterine wall to contract. They also intensify the sensations of pain. 18. Oxytocin= milk secretion= suckling =more stimulation of oxytocin= more milk= more suckling etc. 19. In a negative feedback loop the stimulus triggers a response to bring the body back to its set point. Often a response molecule or enzyme is the trigger itself. (body needed to make something, then has enough, so the product goes and tells the pathway to stop) 20. Hormone
Insulin

Secreted By
Beta-cells of the pancreas

Action
Body cells take up more glucose & liver stores glucose as glycogen. (lowers blood glucose levels) Liver breaks down glycogen & releases glucose into the blood.

Glucagon

Alpha-cells of the pancreas

** Antagonistic hormones work in opposition to maintain dynamic homeostasis 21. see textbook figure 22. Deficiency in insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues. Cells cannot uptake excess blood glucose so fat becomes the main substrate for cellular respiration. High blood glucose= kidneys cannot re-absorb the excess. 23. Type 1: (insulin-dependent) autoimmune disorder, immune system destroys the beta-cells of the pancreas. Type 2: (non-insulin dependent) failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin (they dont take up glucose from the blood) 24. Type 2 25. see textbook figure 45.15

26. FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin, MSH, and GH Hormone

Growth Hormone (GH) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (leutinizing hormone) TRH TSH Prolactin T3, T4 & Calcitonin PTH Glucagon Insulin Testosterone Estradiol Cortisone Epinephrine Aldosterone Cortisol

Secreted By
Anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary

Action &/or effect of hypo- or hypersecretion

Stimulates growth (esp bones) & metabolic functions FSH- stimulates production of ova & sperm LH- Stimulates ovaries & testes Thyrotropin releasing hormone; stimulates release of TSH and prolactin from anterior pituitary Stimulates thyroid gland. Hypofat, slow metabolism/energy hypergraves disease Stimulates milk production T3, T4: stimulates and maintains metabolic processes Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium level Raises blood calcium level Raises blood glucose level Lowers blood glucose level Distinguish male secondary sex characteristics Maintain female reproductive system & female secondary sex characteristics Inactive form of cortisol Raise blood glucose level; increase metabolic activities; constrict certain blood vessels Mineralocorticoid; functions in ion and water homeostasis in the blood Glucocorticoid; acts on skeletal muscle, causing the breakdown of muscle proteins

Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Alpha cells of pancreas Beta cells of pancreas gonads Gonads Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex Adrenal cortex

28. See figure 45.4 29. Tropic hormones are hormones that have an endocrine gland or cell as a target. Basically, they regulate or signal other hormone glands or cells to produce (or stop producing) different types of hormones. For example, thyroids stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates the thyroid gland, which produces T3, T4, and calcitonin. TSH is produced in the anterior pituitary gland, it travels to the thyroid gland, and gives signals to tell the thyroid to make something or stop making something. 30. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. 31. Bone= PTH causes Calcium to be released

Intestines= Converts Vitamin D into its active hormone form, which travels to intestines, stimulating calcium uptake by food. Kidneys= PTH directly stimulates reabsorption of calcium through the renal tubules.

32. Glucocorticoids at high levels suppress the bodys immune system (block the inflammation pathway)this is why they are effective at treating arthritis but should not be used for prolonged periods. 33. Soybeans = SUPPOSEDLY lower your risk of breast cancer BUT remember new data suggests they make estrogen levels TOO high, and can cause other problems such as infertility & early menopause. Bisphenol A (BPA) in plastics, interferes with reproduction and development.