GASTRITIS

Definition Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach lining known as the mucosa is inflamed. The stomach lining contains special cells that produce acid and enzymes, which help break down food for digestion, and mucus, which protects the stomach lining from acid. When the stomach lining is inflamed, it produces less acid, enzymes, and mucus. Gastritis may be acute or chronic. Sudden, severe inflammation of the stomach lining is called acute gastritis. Inflammation that lasts for a long time is called chronic gastritis. If chronic gastritis is not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime. Erosive gastritis is a type of gastritis that often does not cause significant inflammation but can wear away the stomach lining. Erosive gastritis can cause bleeding, erosions, or ulcers. Erosive gastritis may be acute or chronic. The relationship between gastritis and symptoms is not clear. The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal inflammation in the stomach lining. People who have gastritis may experience pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, but many people with gastritis do not have any symptoms. The term gastritis is sometimes mistakenly used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Many diseases and disorders can cause these symptoms. Most people who have upper abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis

Gastritis Causes Gastritis is associated with various medications, medical and surgical conditions, physical stresses, social habits, chemicals, and infections. Some of the more common causes of gastritis are listed here.

Medications (only the most common medications are listed) Aspirin (more than 300 drug products contain some form of aspirin) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen or naproxen) Prescription steroids (for example,prednisone Potassium supplements Iron tablets Cancer chemotherapy medications

Swallowing chemicals or objects Corrosives (acid or lye) Swallowed foreign bodies (paper clips or pins) Medical and surgical conditions People who are critically ill or injured develop gastritis.

After medical procedures (such asendoscopy, in which a specialist looks into the stomach with a small lighted tube) After an operation to remove a part of the stomach After radiation treatment for cancer Autoimmune diseases Pernicious anemia Chronic vomiting Infections Tuberculosis Syphilis Bacterial infections: H pylori infection is the most common. Many other bacteria-even those that usually cause pneumonia or bladder infection can cause gastritis. Viral infections Fungal (yeast) infections Parasites and worms

Other Causes Stress Alcohol consumption Smoking

Signs and Symptoms Many people with gastritis experience no symptoms at all. However, upper central abdominal pain is the most common symptom; the pain may be dull, vague, burning, aching, gnawing, sore, or sharp.[6] Pain is usually located in the upper central portion of the abdomen,[3] but it may occur anywhere from the upper left portion of the abdomen around to the back. Other signs and symptoms may include:

Nausea Vomiting (if present, may be clear, green or yellow, blood-streaked, or completely bloody, depending on the severity of the stomach inflammation) Belching (if present, usually does not relieve the pain much) Bloating Feeling full after only a few bites of food[6] Loss of appetite Unexplained weight loss

Complications Left untreated, gastritis may lead to stomach ulcers and stomach bleeding. Some forms of chronic gastritis may increase your risk of stomach cancer, especially if you have extensive thinning of the stomach lining and changes in the lining's cells.

Tests and diagnosis Although your doctor is likely to suspect gastritis after talking to you about your medical history and performing a thorough exam, you may also have tests to pinpoint the exact cause. These tests include: Tests for H. pylori. Your doctor may recommend tests to determine whether the bacterium H. pylori is present in your body. Which type of test you undergo depends on your situation. H. pylori may be detected in a blood test, a stool test or a breath test. For the breath test, you drink a small glass of clear, tasteless liquid that contains radioactive carbon. H. pylori breaks down the test liquid in your stomach. Later, you blow into a bag, which is then sealed. If you're infected with H. pylori, your breath sample will contain the radioactive carbon. Using a scope to examine your upper digestive system (endoscopy). During endoscopy, your doctor passes a hollow tube equipped with a lens (endoscope) down your throat and into your esophagus, stomach and small intestine. Using the endoscope, your doctor looks for signs of inflammation. If a suspicious area is found, your doctor may remove small tissue samples (biopsy) for laboratory examination. A biopsy can also identify the presence of H. pylori in your stomach lining. X-ray of your upper digestive system. Sometimes called a barium swallow or upper gastrointestinal series, this series of X-rays creates images of your esophagus, stomach and small intestine to look for abnormalities. During the X-ray, you swallow a white, metallic liquid (containing barium) that coats your digestive tract and makes an ulcer more visible.

Treatments and drugs Treatment of gastritis depends on the specific cause. Acute gastritis caused by NSAIDs or alcohol may be relieved by stopping use of those substances. Chronic gastritis caused by H. pylori infection is treated by eradicating the bacteria. Most gastritis treatment plans also incorporate medications that treat stomach acid in order to reduce signs and symptoms you're experiencing and promote healing in your stomach. Medications used to treat gastritis include: Antibiotic medications to kill H. pylori. If H. pylori is found in your digestive tract, your doctor may recommend a combination of antibiotics to kill the bacterium. Antibiotic regimens are different throughout the world. In the United States, antibiotics prescribed for treatment of H. pylori include amoxicillin, clarithromycin (Biaxin), metronidazole (Flagyl) and tetracycline. You'll likely need to take antibiotics for two weeks, depending on their type and number. Medications that block acid production and promote healing. Proton pump inhibitors reduce acid by blocking the action of the parts of cells that produce acid. These drugs include the prescription and over-the-counter medications omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), rabeprazole (Aciphex), esomeprazole (Nexium), dexlansoprazole (Dexilant) and pantoprazole (Protonix). Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors, particularly at high

doses, may increase your risk of hip, wrist and spine fractures. Ask your doctor whether a calcium supplement may reduce this risk. Medications to reduce acid production. Acid blockers also called histamine (H-2) blockers reduce the amount of acid released into your digestive tract, which relieves gastritis pain and encourages healing. Available by prescription or over-the-counter, acid blockers include ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid), cimetidine (Tagamet) and nizatidine (Axid). Antacids that neutralize stomach acid. Your doctor may include an antacid in your drug regimen. Antacids neutralize existing stomach acid and can provide rapid pain relief. Side effects can include constipation or diarrhea, depending on the main ingredients.

CASE Miss Alice, 27, an employee at a garment company that requires working with a particular target so hectic daily tasks. She is a new employee who served as the Quality Control (QC) with 60 employees whose jobs are to be checked, all employees and average women work more than 4 years. Miss Alice has long complained of pain like a burn in the epigastric area that feels more pain after eating accompanied by feelings of nausea and sometimes vomiting. She was also frequently complain of abdominal bloating and diarrhea accompanied. During this time , she was also frequently use aspirin when she was not feeling well. This morning at about 9:05 while in office, she suddenly felt severe pain in the stomach and fainted. Miss Alice was taken to the hospital emergency room. Pearls for help. Examination in the emergency room and to make sure there was something in her stomach she had to undergo endoscopy. Nurses prepare patients and their families looking for approval but her family could not be reached when therapy may be given after the results of the examination is complete and important contributions in determining the diagnosis.

Nursing Care a. Assessment 1. Identity Client Name : Ms.. Alice Age : 27 years Gender : Female Occupation : new employee who served as a garment company Quality Control (QC). Address :Religion :2. Medical Diagnosis: Acute Gastritis 3. Medical History: Main complaints: pain in the epigastric area Current Medical History: P :More pain is felt after eating Q :Like a burning pain, accompanied by nausea and sometimes vomiting, abdominal bloating and diarrhea. R :In the epigastric area S :T :Have long Formerly Medical History: clients often use aspirin when he was not feeling well. Family Health History: The pattern of activity and the environment: client work at garment company as Quality Control which requires workers with specific targets so hectic daily tasks. Lifestyle patterns: frequent use of aspirin.

Nutrition and Metabolism Patterns: client experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Elimination Pattern: diarrhea Sleep and Rest Patterns: -Pattern Relations Role: -

4. Physical Examination: 5. Examination Support: 6. Therapy was given: -