Zhou 1 Tony Zhou 11/27/12 Rogers 5th period Baking Soda Limiting Reactant Lab Background: In a balanced equation,

if one has the correct mole ratio of two reactants, they both should be used up completely to form the product. If the amount of reactants available differs from the ratio in the balanced reaction, the reaction will stop en one of the reactants runs out that is, when it is fully converted to product. Altering one reactant may allow one to find the mole ratio of reactants by comparing the two and through stoichiometry. Limiting reactants are the reactants in an equation that limits the quantity of product. The deciding factor for the theoretical yield is the limiting reactant. Excess reactants are the reactants in the equation that is left over after the limiting reactant truncates the potential amount of product promised by the excess reactant. Purpose: To experimentally determine the ratio of two reactants that will give the maximum amount of product. This should represent the best ratio between the amounts of two reactants. This amount should ideally be equal to the amount represented by the balanced equation. Hypothesis: If the amount of baking soda added to the flask were to increase, then there would be more of the reaction which also translates into more gas produced until the vinegar becomes the limiting reagent in which the gas production would plateau because that would be the max output unless more vinegar was added, and the start of the plateau marks the maximum amount of product because theoretically all the baking soda and vinegar will cancel each other out aiming for max output. . Safety: Goggles must be worn Materials : Large graduated cylinder Erlenmeyer flask Rubber stopper Rubber tube that can be attached to a port on the flask Vinegar (40mL each trial) Baking Soda (Varying amounts) Balance Scale Weigh boat Small graduated cylinder (to measure 40 mL of vinegar) Plastic tub

Procedures:

Zhou 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Measure out 40 mL of Acetic acid using the small graduated cylinder and set it aside. Measure out near .500 grams of baking soda on a weigh boat on a scale, set it aside. Fill the tub halfway with water. Fill the Large graduated cylinder to the brim with water. Submerge the large cylinder into the tub of water the rim of the cylinder first. Measure the amount of air on the bottom (now top) of the cylinder in mL. Connect the tube with the Erlenmeyer flask and add the vinegar into it. Place the tube ending underneath the submerged large graduated cylinder. Add in prescribed amount of baking soda and immediately plug the flask with the rubber stopper. When no more gas bubbles erupt from underneath the large graduated cylinder, measure the amount of air + CO2 gas floating above the water in the graduated cylinder. Subtract the previous measured air amount from this measurement to isolate the amount of CO2 produced. Pour all contents of tub, large graduated cylinder into the sink and rinse out the Erlenmeyer flask, then dry it. Repeat step 1-11 4 more times except increase the amount of baking soda by increments of 1.000 grams. For example, the next trial would require 1.500 grams of baking soda compared to the previous .500 grams. If any baking soda remains in the Erlenmeyer flask and after a few minutes of shaking, still remains, note that baking soda has become the limiting reactant. After the 5 trials are conducted, share data with a group that trialed with whole numbers. 1.000 grams, 2.000 grams, 3.000 grams, 4.000 grams , 5.000 grams of baking soda. Clean up your area.

11. 12.

13. 14. 15.

Data table: Volume of Vinegar (mL) Mass of baking Soda (g) Volume of air space in cylinder (mL) Total volume of gas + air in cylinder (mL) Volume of just gas in cylinder (mL) Which reactant is used up and how do you know? (BS = baking soda) Baking soda because No BS left Baking soda because No BS left Baking soda because No Bs left Vinegar because there is still some Bs

40 mL

0.507g

140mL

245mL

105mL

40 mL

1.494g

120mL

490mL

370mL

40 mL

2.509g

190mL

750mL

560mL

40 mL

3.507g

110mL

785mL

675mL

Zhou 3 left 40 mL 4.508g 150mL 860mL 710mL Vinegar because there is still some Bs left Baking soda because No Bs left Baking soda because No Bs left Baking soda because No Bs left Vinegar because there is still some Bs left Vinegar because there is still some Bs left

40 mL

1.00g

20mL

250mL

230mL

40 mL

2.01g

50mL

525mL

475mL

40 mL

3.025g

15mL

670mL

655mL

40 mL

4.01g

10mL

620mL

610mL

40 mL

5.06g

10mL

515mL

505mL

Analysis Questions:

1. NaHC03 (s) + HC2H3O2 (aq)

NaC2H3O2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

2.

(Graphs data from another group have intervals of whole numbers 1.000, 2.000, 3.000).

Zhou 4

(The half numbers (1.500, 2.500, 3.500 graphs data is from our group.)

Volume of Gas in Each Trial

800 700 Amount of gas in Millimeters. (mL) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 (0.507g) (1.00g) (1.494g) (2.01g) (2.509g) (3.025g) (3.507g) (4.01g) (4.508g) (5.06g) Volume of Gas in Each Trial

The X coordinates are the baking soda/trials. The Y coordinates are the CO2 gas produced. The independent variable is the baking soda. The dependent variable is the carbon dioxide gas. The constant is the vinegar.

3. The reason why vinegar was held constant is because the labs purpose was to notice when baking soda will be the limiting reactant. That is impossible to determine if the vinegar is constantly fluctuating. It would be hard to determine if the lack of vinegar is causing residues of baking soda or if a surplus of vinegar is preventing the shifting limiting reactant from vinegar to baking soda.

Zhou 5 4. The volume of air space in the graduated cylinder did not consist of C02 released from the reaction. Rather, it is just plain air that got in the way when attempting to invert the cylinder.

5. Table
0.507g baking soda 1.00g baking soda 1.494g baking soda 2.01g baking soda 2.509g baking soda 3.025g baking soda 3.509g baking soda 4.01g baking soda 4.508g baking soda 5.06g baking soda Baking soda limiting reactant Baking soda limiting reactant Baking soda limiting reactant Baking soda limiting reactant Baking soda limiting reactant Baking soda limiting reactant Vinegar limiting reactant Vinegar limiting reactant Vinegar limiting reactant Vinegar limiting reactant

6. The mass of baking soda required should be somewhere near 3.2g. 7. There is 0.0335 moles in 40.0 mL of vinegar with 5% acetic acid. 8. The shape of the graph would be taller than the current one because more vinegar means more acetic acid. More acetic acid means a higher constant. This higher constant would demand more baking soda before it will switch off as the limiting reactant. 9. The graph shows a transition in limiting reactant by the beginning of a more flatter slope or a peaking of the line. 10. The actual amount of grams for baking soda needed was 2.81 grams. The actual amount of moles of NaHCO3 was 0.0335 moles. The experimental baking soda value was somewhere between 3.025 to 3.509 grams. The actual yield is somewhere between 92.9% and 80% 11. A more precise measurement when placing baking soda in the weigh boat may reduce the margin of error.

Summary: The hypothesis was partially supported. Its concepts that the max output is on the beginning of the plateau was supported; however, experimentally, the graphs starting plateau was not the max output. This is due to the inevitable mistakes of measurement. There were no problems during the lab save for the measurement part. Thus, it is only expected that all actual errors in this lab stem from measurement. While measuring accurate amounts of baking soda, the scale would fluctuate, never deciding on an exact number. Since the measurements were taken in the accuracy of the thousands place, the scale would fluctuate with a deviation of 0.020. This makes measurement considerably harder. As for theoretical errors, it is very likely that when measuring the mL of air in the large graduated cylinder, a few mL could be missed and data will vary. It is also possible that the data gathered from other groups may have errors. As seen on the graph, the impact of these errors makes irrational figures. The line fluctuates after the beginning of a plateau. This is due to the difference of my group and the other groups data. The data itself seems fine until the very end. Gradually, the graph

Zhou 6 decelerates and plateaus. After the initial plateau, the graph begins to go up and down in an irrational fashion.