All Branches Of BiologyMay 5th, 2011

Biology is the study of living beings i.e. life. Actually the study of life processes is called Life Science. Biology itself means the study or science of life. There are many branches of biology, as it is really it covers a big part of science. Read On to find all the branches of biology.
Science is an organized body of knowledge supported by observation and experimentation, derived from the natural phenomena of the entire material universe. Biology had flourished a great deal in ancient India. Various systems of classifying animals and plants were developed, for example Jeevaj (Viviparous) animals that give birth to young one, Andaj (Oviparous) animals that lay eggs, etc. Cultivation of rice was first introduced in India. It is estimated that more than 1000 varieties of rice had been developed. With the invention of microscope a whole new world of minute animals and plants came to human knowledge. So theres a need to divide biology into certain branches to due to its vastness of the syllabus it covers. Biology is divided into several branches. This division can be made in at least three different ways. A. Principal sub-divisions of Biology in terms of major kinds of organism. Botany the study of plants. Zoology the study of animals.

Human Biology The study of man as a living organism and his relationship with other living organisms the study of man and human society comes under Anthropology. B. C. Principal sub-divisions of Biology in terms of special groups of organisms. Bacteriology the study of bacteria. Virology the study of viruses. Mycology the study of fungi. Entomology the study of insects. Ichthyology the study of fishes. Herpetology the study of lizards, snakes etc. Ornithology the study of birds. Principal sub-division of Biology in terms of approach on studying it. Anatomy the study of gross structure of an organism as seen in dissection. Morphology the study of form and structure of plants and animals. It includes essentially the

understanding and interpretation of structure.

Histology the study of minute structure of time bits of the body as seen with the help of a compound

microscope. Cytology the study of structure and function of animal and plant cells. Physiology the study of functions and activities of organisms and their parts. Embryology the study of formation and development of embryo of plants and animals. Taxonomy the science of naming, grouping and classifying plants and animals. It is called Systematic. Ecology the study of the relationship of an organism to both its living and non living environment. Biogeography the study of geographical distribution of plants and animals. Paleontology the study of prehistoric forms of life through fossils of plants and animals. Genetics the sciences of the transmission of body characteristics from parents to offspring. Parasitology the study of parasites, the organisms that live on or inside other organisms and draw

nourishment from the hosts. Pathology the study of diseases of plants and animals. Immunology the science that deals with the phenomena and causes of immunity (resistance to or

defend against diseases) Eugenics the science which aims to improve the human race through controlled heredity. Biochemistry the study of chemicals and reaction that take place inside the living things. One of its

numerous applications is DNA fingerprinting. Applied Biology Biology has enormous applications in other branches of science. It forms an important part of the following Agriculture raising crops and livestock (cow, buffalo etc) Veterinary Science treatment and surgery of animals. Marine Biology study of life in the sea. Household Biology study of household animals, insects etc, including how to prevent damage to our own

body and to our belongings. Horticulture science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers or ornamental plants. Sericulture technique of producing silk by raising silkworms. Pisciculture the technique of growing fish. Molecular Biology interpreting biological events in terms of molecules in the cell.

Biotechnology the application of biological processes in technology. It includes areas such as biogas

production, food processing, genetic engineering, antibiotic production, extracting of extracellular enzymes used as bio-detergents in laundry washing powders, vaccine production, anti bodies, tissue culture etc. Cloning it is a rapidly advancing branch of biotechnology. Several animals have been cloned in which a

body cell is used with no involvement of the male sperms. It also includes modifying crops easier to grow and improving their quality. Bioengineering which includes techniques like the making of artificial limbs, joints and other parts of the body from metals or plastic etc? It also includes modifying crops easier to grow and improving their food quality. Biology. Space Biology the study of survival problems of living things in outer space. Exobiology it is one the newest sciences, which contemplates to study life elsewhere in the universe. Nuclear Biology the study of the effects of radioactivity on living things which is also called Radiation

Genomics the study of genomes as opposed to individual genes. Genome is the entire DNA sequence of an organism. Bioinformatics management and analysis of biological information stored in databases.

Biometrics the verification of a person by his certain body features such as the patter of iris in the eye and behavioral characteristics.

The Branches of Science:

Science is the study of the world and how it works. The types of questions that a scientist may study can range from How is the leg of a fly connected to its body to How did the universe begin or even Why do people choose the marriage partners they do. No one scientist can study every aspect of this world we live in. As with many complex things, the questions that scientists study are often grouped into related categories. These groupings allow scientists to focus on a set of similar topics and interact with others who are interested in the same questions. The groupings also make science much easier to comprehend for students. Students can learn the basic principles involved in one aspect of the world without being overwhelmed with the entire scientific body of knowledge. There are many possible ways to organize science into basic groupings. If you look in textbooks and on the internet, you will find several different organizational schemes. Each of the methods of grouping science has its benefits and weaknesses and no single method stands out as the correct method. Here we describe one method that includes a very broad view of science including some fields that are not typically discussed in the organizational schemes.

In this organizational scheme, all of science is divided into three major branches. Each major branch can be separated into sub-branches and each sub-branch contains many specific fields of study. The figure below shows the overall layout of the major and sub-branches.

Formal Science is the branch of science dealing with abstract concepts. It includes the sub-branches of logic and mathematics. For most scientists, these branches serve as tools to better understand their own fields of study. For example, a physicist may use algebra and geometry to help them understand the path of an arrow through the air. Much of the mathematics and logic that we commonly use have been understood for centuries. We must remember, however, that at some point in history someone had to discover that the sum of the angles in a triangle equals 180 degrees. Mathematicians are still working to understand the complex relationships involved in large numbers, the geometry of curved surfaces, and prime numbers. The new discoveries are being used as tools for things like encryption for computer security. Natural Science is the major branch most commonly recognized as science. It is the branch of science dealing with the natural world. The sub-branches in natural science include the physical sciences and the biological sciences. The physical sciences subbranch deals with the physical universe of matter, space, time, and energy. Within the physical sciences are fields of study such as physics, chemistry, geology, astronomy, as well as many others. The biological science sub-branch (sometimes called life science) deals with living organisms. Within the biological sciences are fields of study such as biology, zoology, genetics, botany, as well as many others. Humanistic Science is the major branch dealing with the interaction between people and the world. It is sometimes also referred to as Cultural Science. The sub-branches

in the humanistic sciences include behavioral science and social science. Behavioral science includes the field of psychology. Social science includes sociology, political science, and economics. Many of the fields of study within the humanistic sciences involve interactions between the behavioral and social sciences. Like all sciences, the fields of study that qualify for behavioral and social science must apply the general scientific method. Although the official definition deals with people, the humanistic sciences are also being applied to other animals such as chimpanzees and dolphins.

The Branches of Science

The Physical Sciences

Physics: The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. Physicists study such subjects as gravity, light, and time. Albert Einstein, a famous physicist, developed the Theory of Relativity. Chemistry: The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions, and the structure of matter. The chemist Louis Pasteur, for example, discovered pasteurization, which is the process of heating liquids such as milk and orange juice to kill harmful germs. Astronomy: The study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere. See also: Chemistry Science Projects for Beginners, Chemistry Science Projects: Intermediate-Level, and Chemistry Science Projects: Advanced-Level See also: Physical Science Projects for Beginners, Physical Science Projects: Intermediate-Level, and Physical Science Projects: AdvancedLevel

The Earth Sciences

Geology: The science of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth, and the physical, chemical, and biological changes that it has experienced or is experiencing. Oceanography: The exploration and study of the ocean. Paleontology: The science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric or geologic periods. Meteorology: The science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena, such as weather and climate.

See also: Earth Science Projects for Beginners, Earth Science Projects: Intermediate-Level, and Earth Science Projects: Advanced-Level

The Life Sciences (Biology)

Botany: The study of plants. Zoology: The science that covers animals and animal life. Genetics: The study of heredity. Medicine: The science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness, disease, and injury.

Branches of Science
There are three major branches of science to consider when choosing a course of study. These major branches can be broken up even further into different smaller branches. Providing a wide variety of activities within these major areas of study is important for a well rounded science education.

1. Physical Science studies the nature and properties of energy and non living matter. Branches of Physical Science: Physics - The science of matter and energy and of interactions between the two, grouped in traditional fields such as acoustics, optics, mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism, as well as in modern extensions including atomic and nuclear physics, cryogenics, solid-state physics, particle physics, and plasma physics. Chemistry - The science of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter, especially of atomic and molecular systems. Astronomy - The scientific study of matter in outer space, especially the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy, and evolution of celestial bodies and phenomena. 2. Earth Science studies the origin, composition, and physical features of the Earth. Branches of Earth Science:Including: Geology - The scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth or the solid matter of a celestial body.

Oceanography- The scientific study of oceans, the life that inhabits them, and their physical characteristics, including the depth and extent of ocean waters, their movement and chemical makeup, and the topography and composition of the ocean floors. Oceanography also includes ocean exploration. Paleontology - The scientific study of the forms of life existing in prehistoric or geologic times, as represented by the fossils of plants, animals, and other organisms. Meteorology - The scientific study of the atmosphere and of atmospheric conditions, especially as they relate to weather and weather forecasting. 3. Life Science (Biology) studies the structural and functional organization of living organisms and their relationships to each other and the environment. Branches of Life Science: Botany - The scientific study of plants, including their growth, structure, physiology, reproduction, and pathology, as well as their economic use and cultivation by humans. Zoology The scientific study of animals and animal life, including the study of the structure, physiology, development, and classification of animals. Genetics - The scientific study of the principles of heredity and the variation of inherited traits among related organisms. Medicine - The scientific study or practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases or disorders of the body or mind of a person or animal. Looking at the variety of topics here, you soon realize that no science curriculum can cover it all. Try to choose a variety of activities that will touch on each of the branches of science, then dive into more detail with your child's favorites.

Branches of Science
Science is widely applied in every aspect of life. It is the organized body of knowledge that is achieved by a thorough research. There are a number of branches in Science. Read on to know about them.

Science is referred to as a system of objective knowledge obtained through deep researches done by the human being. Science is applied in every field and every aspect of life. With the help of scientific inventions and techniques, we have got all the latest facilities and high living standards. It's the science, with the help of which human being has reached beyond the space and stepped on the Moon and sent a spacecraft to Mars. There are a number of branches of science, out of which earth science, physical science and life science are the major branches. These three are considered as pure sciences. Other branches of science such as engineering, technology are associated with the practical application of result of scientific activity. The physical science is associated with the nature and behavior of energy and matter. Physics includes the study of time, light and gravity. Chemistry deals with the properties, composition, structure and reactions of the matter. Astronomy involves the study of the universe beyond the earth. The earth science that involves the study of structure and composition of the earth includes different branches such as geology, oceanography, meteorology, paleontology, etc. Life science is also known as biology, which deals with the study of evolution, development, distribution, structure, origin and function of the living things. It is categorized into different branches such as botany, genetics, zoology, medicine, etc. The mathematical science involves different branches such as arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and calculus. The social science is related to the study of human society past and present. It covers various branches such as sociology, anthropology, political science, law and economics. Following is the detailed information about the many branches that the field of science has. All Branches of Science: A List A

Acoustics: It is a branch of science related to the study of transmission of sound waves. It usually refers to the characteristics of theaters, auditoriums and studios and includes the behavior of sound in buildings and noise and noise control. Aerodynamics: It is associated with the study of forces of air acting on objects in motion relative to air. Aeronautical Engineering: It is a branch of science that is related to the study of design and manufacture of flight-capable machines as well as the techniques of operating aircraft.

Agriculture: It is the science of cultivating the ground, harvesting the crops and rearing and management of farming, husbandry and livestock. It is associated with the production of food, fiber, feed and other goods by systematic harvesting or growing the plants and rearing the

animals. Agronomy: It is a branch of agriculture that deals with field crop production and soil management. It involves the scientific study of crop production and its usage for food, feed, fiber and fuel.

Algebra: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of structure, quantity and relation. It includes the use of symbols, letters and/or characters to represent numbers and express mathematical relationships. Algology: see Phycology Anatomy: It is a branch of biology, related to the study of structure and organization of living things. It involves human anatomy, plant anatomy (phytotomy) and animal anatomy (zootomy). Angiology: It is the science that includes the study of blood and lymph vessels and their disorders. Anthropology: It involves the study of both past and present human cultures. It is associated with physical and social characteristics of humanity through the study of historical and present geographical distribution, acculturation, cultural history and cultural relationships.

Apiculture: It is the science and art of raising and management of honeybees, Apis mellifera. It involves the cultivation of bees on commercial scale for the production of honey. Applied Mathematics: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the mathematical techniques, which are used in the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains. Archaeology: It is a subdiscipline of anthropology that involves the study of physical evidence of past human societies, recovered through excavation Astronomy: It is the scientific study of celestial bodies such as stars, comets, planets and galaxies and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere such as the cosmic background radiation. Astrophysics: It is a branch of astronomy that is associated with the physics of celestial bodies (galaxies, stars and interstellar medium). Atomic Physics: It is a field of physics that is associated with the study of internal structure of atomic nuclei as an isolated system of electrons. It mainly involves the study of arrangement of electrons around the nucleus.

Bacteriology: It is a branch of microbiology, which involves the scientific study of bacteria in relation to disease as well as agriculture. Biochemistry: It deals with the study of chemical substances and vital processes that take place in living organisms. It primarily focuses on the structure, function and role of biomolecules. It includes the study of organic chemistry of compounds and processes

occurring in organisms. Bioengineering: It is an application of systematic, integrative and quantitative engineering principles to living structures, such as creating chemicals, drugs, tissues and artificial organs. Biology: It is also known as biological science, which includes the scientific study of life. It involves the study of structure, origin, growth, evolution, function and distribution of living things.

Biophysics: It is a branch of science that involves an application of methods and principles of physics to understand the biological systems. Biotechnology: It is associated with the industrial application of living organisms and/or biological techniques developed through basic research. Biotechnology is applied for producing the pharmaceutical compounds and research materials. It is mainly applied in genetic

engineering and recombinant DNA technology. Botany: It is also referred to as plant biology, plant science or phytology. It involves the scientific study of plant life.

Cardiology: It deals with study, diagnosis and treatment of various disorders of heart and major blood vessels. Chemical Engineering: It is a branch of engineering that deals with design, construction and operation of machinery and plants for different products such as dyes, acids, plastics, drugs and rubber, applying the chemical reactions. Chemistry: It is a branch of natural science that is associated with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions. It is the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself.

Civil Engineering: This branch of engineering deals with the planning, designing, construction and maintenance of structures (roads, bridges, etc) and altering the geography to suit the human needs. Climatology: It involves the study of climatic data, analysis of climatic changes and investigations of its phenomena and causes. Computer Science: It includes a systematic study of computation and computing system. It involves different theories for understanding the computing systems and methods, algorithms, design methodology and tools, methods of analysis and verification and methods for testing

the concepts. Cosmetology: It is the practice of beautifying the face, skin and hair, using different cosmetics. Cosmology: It is a branch of physical science that is associated with the nature of universe, its origin and overall structure. Craniology: This branch of science is related to the study of physical characteristics of the skulls of different human races. Cryogenics: A scientific study that deals with the production, control, application and uses of very low temperature. Cryptography: It is the science of protecting the information by transforming it into an unreadable, unintelligible, enciphered format with the use of a key and an algorithm. Cytology: It is a branch of biological science that is associated with the study of structure, origin, function and pathology of cells.

Dactylography: It is the science of using the fingerprints for the purpose of identification. Dermatology: It is a branch of medicine that deals with the skin disorders such as moles, skin cancers, contact dermatitis, psoriasis and other skin conditions, related to other diseases. It also includes the disorders of hair, nails, mouth and external genitalia.

Dentistry: This branch of medicine deals with diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the diseases associated with teeth, oral cavity and related structures. Dynamics: It is a branch of mechanics that includes the study of various forces, their action on bodies and changes in motion they produce.

Ecology: It includes the study of interrelationships between living organisms and their environment. Electronics: It is a branch of technology, which is associated with the development and application of circuits or systems, using electronic devices such as magnetic amplifiers, transistors, etc. Endocrinology: It is a branch of medical science that is associated with the study of function and pathology of endocrine glands. Engineering: It is an application of scientific, mechanical, physical and mathematical principles to design process, structures and products that are meant for improving the quality of life.

Entomology: It is a branch of science that includes the study of insects in their relations to forests and forest products. Environmental Science: It is the study of interactions among biological, physical and chemical components of environmental system. Epidemiology: It includes the study of cause and distribution of diseases in human population. Ethnology: It involves the study of mental and physical differences of mankind. Etiology: It is the study of causes or origins of disease/abnormal condition. Etymology: It includes the study of history of words and their meanings. Eugenics: It deals with the study of hereditary improvement of human race by controlled selective breeding. Evolution: It is the sequence of changes involved in evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms. Exbiology: It is a branch of science that deals with life or possibilities of life present beyond the earth.

Forestry: It is the art and science of managing and using forests and their associated resources to produce various products such as timber for human benefits. Floriculture: It is a discipline of horticulture, related with the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for the gardens and floristry, including the floral industry. Forensic Science: It is a branch of medical science that deals with establishing the evidence for legal proceeding.

Genetics: It is a branch of biology that focuses on the heredity and variation of organisms as well as the patterns of inheritance of specific traits.

Gemology: It is the science and art of identifying, grading, evaluating and marketing the gemstones. Geography: It includes the study of the earth as well as its features phenomena and inhabitants. It also deals with climate, topography, vegetation and soil. Geology: This branch of science involves the study of origin, history, evolution and structure of the earth's crust. It also involves the examination of soil and rocks. Geometry: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the questions of shape, size and relative positions of figures as well as with the properties of space. It is associated with polygons, vertices, triangles, meshes and associated operations to be done with them in 3D

applications. Geophysics: It involves the study of physical and geological properties and characteristics of the earth, minerals and rocks. Gerontology: It deals with the scientific study of psychological, biological and sociological phenomena related to aging and old age. Gynecology: It is a discipline of medicine that is concerned with disorders of women, particularly reproductive and sexual function and diseases of reproductive organs.

Heliology: It deals with the study of the Sun. Hematology It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of function and disease of blood as well as diagnosis and treatment of disorders of blood, lymph glands and spleen. Hepatology: This branch of medical science incorporates the study of functions and disorders of liver as well as biliary tree, gallbladder and pancreas. Histology: It includes the study of structure and behavior of cells and body tissues, using microscopic examination of tissue slices. Horticulture: It is an agricultural technology that is associated with growing ornamental plants, flowers, fruits and vegetables. Hydroponics: It is a branch of science that deals with growing the plants, particularly vegetables, in water containing essential mineral nutrients, instead of in soil. Hydrotherapy: It is the science of treating a disease using hot or cold water, internally or externally to maintain and restore health. This treatment involves full body immersion, saunas, steam baths, colonic irrigation, sitz baths and hot or/and cold compresses.

Hydrology: It deals with distribution, occurrence, properties, chemistry and circulation of water on the earth. It includes the study of streams, rivers, lakes, etc. Hydrostatics: It involves the mathematical study of forces and pressures in liquids.

Ichthyology: It is the study of fish. Iconography: It is a system of using images, symbolic pictures, or figures to represent a theme or structure. Immunology: It deals with the study of diseases and body's immune system and its functions.

Jurisprudence: It is a branch of philosophy associated with study and structure of law and legal system.

Lexicography: It is the science of compiling, writing and editing the dictionaries. It is done on the basis of study of meaning, form and behavior of the words in a given language. Linguistics: It incorporates the study of structure, form, sound, function, variety and development of specific languages and human speech in general.

Mammalogy: It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of mammals. Mammography: It is a special examination breast using an X-ray. It is one of the most effective methods for an early detection of breast cancer. Marine Biology: It is associated with the scientific study of living organisms in the ocean and other brackish or marine bodies of water. Mathematics: It is the body of knowledge that focuses on different concepts such as structure, quantity, change and space. It is also one of the academic disciplines. Mechanics: It is a branch of physics that is related to the behavior of physical bodies after subjecting to forces or displacements and the subsequent effects of bodies on their environment.

Mechanical Engineering: It is a branch of engineering that includes the study of design, construction and operation of machinery. Medicine: It is the science of maintaining and/or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis and treatment with non-surgical techniques. Metallurgy: It is the science of extracting the metals from their ores. It also involves purifying the metals and casting useful items from them. Meteorology: This branch of science involves the study of chemistry, physics and dynamics of atmosphere and its direct effects on the earth's surface, oceans and life on the earth. Microbiology: It is a branch of biology that is concerned with the study of structure and function of microorganisms, including bacteria, molds and pathogenic protozoa. Mineralogy: It is a scientific discipline that includes the study of chemical composition, physical properties, internal crystal structure, origin, occurrence and distribution in nature of different minerals. Molecular Biology: It is a discipline of biology that includes the study of structure, formation and function of essential macromolecules such as RNA, DNA and proteins. It also deals with the process of replication, transcription and translation of genetic information.

Morphology: It is the science of structure and form of organisms, including animals, plants and other forms of life, with special emphasis on external features. Mycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the study of fungi and fungal infection. It involves the study of fungi, their taxonomy, their biochemical and genetic properties and their use to humans as a source for food, medicine and tinder. Myology: This science includes the study of structure and function of muscles and muscle tissues.

Nephrology: It is a discipline of medical science that focuses on diagnosis and treatment of various kidney disorders, including fluid and mineral balance. Neurology: It is related to the structure, functioning and disorders of nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, as well as related muscles, nerves and blood supplies. Nuclear Physics: It is a branch of physics, which includes the study of atomic nuclei, their interaction with each other as well as with constituent particles. Numismatics: This branch of science deals with the study and collection of coins, paper money, medals, tokens and similar objects. Nutrition: It is the study of foods and nutrients and their effect on growth, development and health of an individual.

Obstetrics: This branch of medicine deals with the health and care of a woman and fetus during pregnancy, parturition and puerperium. Oceanography: It is the study of chemistry, physics, geology and biology of oceans in the world. Odontology: It is associated with the scientific study of anatomy, development and diseases of teeth. Oncology: It is associated with diagnosis and treatment of cancer and tumors. Oneirology: It is a scientific study of dreams and their contents. Ophthalmology: It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of structure, function and diseases of the eyes, such as conjunctivitis, cataracts, glaucoma, etc. Optics: It is a branch of physics that focuses on the physical properties of light and interaction of light with matter. Organic Chemistry: This branch of chemistry is associated with the study of carboncontaining compounds, which includes their structure and reactions. Ornithology: It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of birds. Osteology: It is a branch of anatomy, which involves the scientific study of structure, functions and pathology of bones.

Paleontology: It is a branch of biology that deals with the study of prehistoric life, based mainly in fossils of animals and plants. Pathology: It is a medical discipline that is related to cause and nature of disease. It mainly involves structural and functional changes in tissues and organs caused by the disease. Particle Physics: It is a branch of physics that includes the study of particles and their fundamental reactions. Pedology: It is a branch of science that deals with the study of soil, including its formation, composition, structure and classification. Petrology: This science incorporates the study of history, origin, structure, occurrence and chemical classification of rocks. Pharmacology: It involves the study of drugs/medications and their nature, origin, properties as well as their effects on living organisms. Philately: It involves the study and collection of postage stamps. Philology: It is the science of language and linguistics.

Phonetics: It is the study and classification of sounds of human speech. Phycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the scientific study of algae. It is also known as algology. Physical Chemistry: It is a discipline of chemistry, which includes the application of techniques and theories from physics to study the microscopic, macroscopic, atomic, subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems. Physics: It is a branch of science that is concerned with the study of properties and interactions of time, space, energy and matter. Physiology: This branch of biology deals with the study of physical, biochemical and mechanical functions and activities of living organisms. Physiography: It is the study of natural features of earth's surface and its natural phenomena such as climate, currents, land formation and distribution of flora and fauna. Plasma Physics: It is a branch of physics that deals with the study of interaction of plasma with itself, radiation and particle beams. Pollution: It involves the study of undesirable changes in biological, chemical and physical characteristics of water, air, soil or food, which can cause a number of adverse effects on the living beings.

Pomology: It is a branch of science that includes the study of fruits and cultivation of fruits. Protozoology: It is a branch of zoology that deals with the study of protozoans. Psychology: It is the scientific study of mental and behavioral processes.

Radiology: It is a medical discipline that focuses on using radiation and other radioactive substances to diagnose and treat various diseases.

Seismology: It is a scientific investigation of earthquakes as well as structure of the earth, based on the study of seismic waves. Sericulture: It is also referred to as silk farming. It is rearing of silkworms for producing the raw silk. Serpentology: It is a branch of zoology, which deals with the study of snakes. Sociology: It is the scientific study of society, human social interaction and social relationships. Speech Therapy: It includes the evaluation and treatment of speech, language and voice disorders. It is the rehabilitation treatment for the patients with difficulties in swallowing or communication.

Statics: It is the study of forces that act on the bodies at rest. Statistics: It is a branch of applied mathematics, associated with the collection, analysis, explanation or interpretation and presentation of data. It can be applied to a variety of academic disciplines, from social and natural sciences to humanities and to business and government.

Taxonomy: It is the science of classifying all the living things by arranging them in groups according to their relationships with each other. Therapeutics: It is the science of healing or medical treatment of disease. Thermodynamics: It is a branch of physics which deals with general properties of energy and matter. It includes the study of amount of work, heat and other energy related to chemical reactions.

Virology: It is a discipline of microbiology or pathology, which includes the study of evolution, structure, classification and pathogenesis of viruses.

Zoology: It is a branch of biology that is related to the study of animal kingdom, including evolution, classification, distribution, structure, habits and embryology of animals.

With so many branches in this particular field, no wonder science makes up for one of the most extensive fields that is developing at a rapid pace. By Reshma Jirage Last Updated: 10/8/2011

Branches of Biology / List of biology disciplines

Aerobiology It is a branch of biology that studies organic particles, such as bacteria, fungal spores, very small insects, pollen grains and viruses, which are passively transported by the air It is the science or practice of farming. It includes the study of producing crops from the soil, with an importance on practical applications It is the scientific study of the structure of human or animal bodies. the branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and the search for extraterrestrial life. Astrobiology is the study of all living things within the universe, where they might be found and how they were formed. It is the study of evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. Also known as exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy. the scientific study of the chemistry of living things. the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology (study the relation between workers and their environments using biological science). Bioinformatics is the application of information technology and computer science to the field of molecular biology. the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data the study of biological processes through mathematics, with an emphasis on modeling. Agriculture

Anatomy Astrobiology

Biochemistry

Bioengineering

Bioinformatics

Biomathematics or Mathematical Biology Biomechanics

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles to living organisms. It is often

considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through artificial limbs, etc. Biomedical research Biophysics the study of the human body in health and disease

the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences It is the study of the uses of living cells and bacteria in industrial and scientific processes. it is a new and controversial branch of biology which studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification study of the indoor living environment the study of plants the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell. the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings. the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure.

Biotechnology

Building biology Botany Cell biology

Conservation Biology Cryobiology Developmental biology Ecology

the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment. the scientific study of the development of embryos. (from fecundation to birth) the scientific study of insects the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity the scientific study of the spread and control of diseases. it is a main factor of public health research, it is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of human beings the study of animal behavior. the study of the origin and descent of species over time

Embryology Entomology Environmental Biology Epidemiology

Ethology Evolutionary Biology Genetics

the scientific study of the ways in which different characteristics are passed from each GENERATION of living things to the next. the study of genes and heredity. the study of reptiles and amphibians the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy. the study of fish the study of whole organisms the scientific study of bodies of fresh water for their biological and physical and geological properties. It is often regarded as a division of ecology or environmental science. the branch of zoology that studies mammals

Herpetology Histology Ichthyology Integrative biology Limnology

Mammalogy

Marine Biology

Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water. The study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings. the scientific study of very small living things, such as bacteria. It is the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry the scientific studies of fungi (any plant without leaves, flowers or green colouring, usually growing on other plants or on decaying matter. MUSHROOMS and MILDEW are both fungi.) the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology, even pathology the scientific study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean. the scientific study of and treatment of TUMOURS in the body. the study of cancer processes, including virus or mutation oncogenesis, angiogenesis and tissues remoldings the scientific study of birds study of the populations of organisms - most often referred as ecology, or used to point out biology adaptations, biology events sum up the study of populations of organisms, including how they increase and go extinct (dynamics) the study of changes in gene frequencies in populations of organisms the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life the scientific study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease the study of parasites and parasitism the scientific study of drugs and their use in medicine including practical application of preparation, effects of drugs and synthetic medicines. the scientific study of the normal functions of the living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious diseases) and environmental conditions (physiological factors) study of the biological bases of psychology study of the biological bases of sociology a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules the scientific study of VIRUSES and the diseases caused by them the scientific study of animals and their behaviour including classification, physiology, development, and behavior

Microbiology

Molecular Biology

Mycology

Neurobiology Oceanography

Oncology

Ornithology Population biology

Population ecology Population genetics Paleontology Pathology

Parasitology Pharmacology

Physiology

Phytopathology

Psychobiology Sociobiology Structural biology

Virology Zoology

Different Branches of Biology

Botany, biophysics, ecology and agriculture are some of the branches of biology and here, we shall take a look at these branches in brief.

The term biology is taken from the Greek word "bios" meaning life and "logos" meaning study. Biology is the science that studies about various living organisms. A living organism could be a one-celled bacteria or a several-celled organism such as an animal or a plant. Biological science is classified into various branches, depending upon the organisms to be studied, and is a vast field. Branches of Biology Zoology This is a branch of biology that studies animals. The term zoology originated from the Greek term "Zoon" meaning animal and "logos" meaning study. Zoology is divided into Applied Zoology, the study of production and non production animals, Systematic Zoology, dealing with evolution and taxonomy or science of naming living things andOrganismal Zoology, the study of animals in our biosphere. Applied Zoology is further divided into, Aquaculture, which involves production and maintenance of freshwater and seawater animals and plants, Piggery, which includes study of everything related to pigs, Applied Entomology,which includes manipulation of insects for the benefit of humans,Vermiculture, which is breeding of the worms which burrow soil, for production of natural fertilizers, Poultry Science, the study of domestic birds such as geese, turkey and chicken, Parasitology, dealing with the study of parasites, Radiation Biology, which uses gamma rays, X-rays, electrons and protons for well-being of humans, Biotechnology, which applies engineering principles for the material processing by biological factors, Applied Embryology, which embraces test tube culture (embryo culture) for increasing productivity from cattle, Tissue Culture, involving the culture of plant tissues and cells in an artificial environment, Dairy Science, which deals with milk or milk related products, Pesticide Technology, which is the study of pesticides and their uses, Nematology which deals with study of roundworms of organisms and their control, Ornithology, which is the study of birds, Herpetology, study of reptiles, Ichthyology, which is the study of fish and Mammology, which includes the study of mammals. Entomology One of the sub branches is entomology, which is exclusively based on insects. It concentrates on studying the taxonomy, features, adaptations, roles and behavior of insects.

Ethology Truly speaking, ethology comes under zoology and deals with behavioral adaptations of animals, specially in their natural or original dwelling places. Anatomy Applicable to plant anatomy and animal anatomy, it involves studying the detailed structure, internal organs and the respective functions of an organism. Physiology Physiology is defined as the study of various functions and processes of living organisms. Physiology is further divided into Evolutionary Physiology, which is the study of physiological evolution, Cell Physiology - the study of cell mechanism and interaction, Developmental Physiology, which involves the study of physiological processes in relation to embryonic evolution, Environmental Physiology, which deals with the study of response of plants to agents such as temperature, radiation and fire and Comparative Physiology, roughly explained as the study of animals except humans. Genetics This is considered to be an interesting field of study and is a branch of biology. Genetics is the study of genes. This term is derived from the Greek word "genetikos" meaning "origin". This branch of biology studies about the hereditary aspects of all living organisms. The study of inheritance of traits from the parent had begun in the mid-nineteenth century and was pioneered by a renowned biologist Gregor Mendel. The modern science of genetics is based upon the foundations laid down by this biologist. Botany The study of plant life or phytology is known as botany. One of the most prominent among the different branches of biology, botany is a vast subject and studies the life and development of fungi, algae and plants. Botany also probes into the structure, growth, diseases, chemical and physical properties, metabolism and evolution of the plant species. Botany implies the importance of study of plant life on earth because they generate food, fibers, medicines, fuel and oxygen. Evolution Biology As we all know, highly developed organism have evolved from simpler forms. There is a specific branch of biology, called evolution biology that focuses on the evolution of species. Developmental Biology As the name signifies, development biology helps a student in learning the various phases of growth and development of a living creature. Ecology Ecology is a branch of biology that studies the interaction of various organisms with one another, and their chemical and physical environment. This branch of biology studies environmental problems such as pollution and how it affects the eco-cycle. The term ecology is derived from the Greek term "oikos" meaning "household" and "logos" meaning "study". A German biologist, Ernst Haeckel, coined the term ecology in 1866. Cryobiology

This deals with the effects of extremely low temperature in living cells and organisms as a whole. Biochemistry This branch of biology studies the chemical processes in all living organisms. Biochemistry is a branch of science that studies the functions of the cellular components such as nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and various other bio-molecules. Cytology and Molecular Biology In-depth study about the cell along with its structure, function, parts and abnormalities are all studied under cell biology or cytology. Likewise, study of organisms at the molecular level is called molecular biology. Marine Biology Marine biology studies the ecosystem of the oceans, marine animals and plants. There is a vast portion of ocean life that is still unexplored. You can rightly say that marine biology is a branch of oceanography, which is, again, a branch of biology. Bioinformatics Bioinformatics basically relates to genomic studies with the application of data processing, computational knowledge and statistical applications. Mycology According to modern-day taxonomy, fungi (singular fungus) is neither a plant nor an animal. It belongs to a different living group and is studied under the subject, mycology. Biophysics Biophysics involves the study of relation between organisms or living cells and electrical or mechanical energy. Biophysics is further divided into the following sub-branches:Molecular Biophysics, which defines biological functions in relation to dynamic behavior and molecular structure of various living systems such as viruses, Bio mechanics is the study of forces applied by muscles and gravity on the skeleton, Bio electricity - the study of electric currents flowing through muscles and nerves and static voltage of biological cells, Cellular Biophysics, which incorporates study of membrane function and structure, and cellular excitation and Quantum Biophysics, which includes the study of behavior of living matter at molecular and sub molecular level. Aquatic Biology It involves study of life in water, like study of various species of animals, plants and micro-organisms. It incorporates the study of both freshwater and sea water organisms. Sometimes, aquatic biology is also referred to as limnology. Biology as a science gives us the opportunity to make observations, evaluate and solve problems that are related to plants and animals. If you are interested in biology, pursuing a career in any branch of biology can be immensely rewarding. By Maya Pillai Last Updated: 3/1/2012

Enumerate and describe the 10 important branches of science?

Aerodynamics: the study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces created Anatomy: the study of the structure and organization of living things Anthropology: the study of human cultures both past and present Archaeology: the study of the material remains of cultures Astronomy: the study of celestial objects in the universe Astrophysics: the study of the physics of the universe Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology Biology: the science that studies living organisms Botany: the scientific study of plant life Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry Entomology: the study of insects Environmental Science: the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment Forestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources

Genetics: the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms Geology: the science of the Earth, its structure, and history Marine Biology: the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems Mathematics: a science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement Medicine: the science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating disease Meteorology: study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting Microbiology: the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes Mineralogy: the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals Molecular Biology: the study of biology at a molecular level Nuclear Physics: the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom Neurology: the branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders Oceanography: study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes Organic Chemistry: the branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds Ornithology: the study of birds Paleontology: the study of life-forms existing in former geological time periods Petrology: the geological and chemical study of rocks Physics: the study of the behavior and properties of matter Physiology: the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms Radiology: the branch of medicine dealing with the applications of radiant energy, including x-rays and radioisotopes Seismology: the study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the Earth Taxonomy: the science of classification of animals and plants Thermodynamics: the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes

Zoology: the study of animals 10 branches of science.. Botany - the study of plants Zoology - the study of animals Genetics - the study of the function and behavior of genes Physics - the study of the structure of matter Chemistry - the study of the composition and changes undergone by matter Astronomy - the study of the universe beyond the earth's atmosphere Geology - the study of the history and structure of the earth Paleontology - the study of prehistoric plant and animal life through fossil remains Oceanology - the study of the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the oceans, the ocean floor, mapping, and measuring the earth's surface Meteorology - the study of the earth's weather and atmosphere Petrology - the study of rocks This is more than ten: Aerodynamics: the study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces created Anatomy: the study of the structure and organization of living things Anthropology: the study of human cultures both past and present Archaeology: the study of the material remains of cultures Astronomy: the study of celestial objects in the universe Astrophysics: the study of the physics of the universe Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology Biology: the science that studies living organisms Botany: the scientific study of plant life Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself

Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation

Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry Entomology: the study of insects Environmental Science: the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment Forestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources Source(s): http://www.educationoasis.com/curriculum 1 - Biology - the study of all living organisms 2 - Paleontology - the study of fossil remians of plants and animals 3 - Physics - the study of forms of energy, matter and motion 4 - Conservation - the study of natural resources which focuses on their wise and careful use. 5 - Chemistry - the study of substances, what they are made of, and how they change and combine 6 - Microbiology - the study of living things too small to be seen without any equipment 7 - Zoology - the study of the division of biology that studies animals 8 - Ecology - the study of organisms and their relationship to the environment 9 - Embryology - the study of the development of eggs 10 - Climatology - the study of an area's weather over time 11 - Meteorology - the study of the atmosphere 12 - Astronomy - the study of the planets and other celestial bodies 13 - Geology - the study of rocks and the changing of the earth 14 - Archeology - the study of ancient civilizations by studying things that were left behind such as artifacts and tools 15 - Oceanography - the study of oceans, what they touch and what they contain 16 - Genetics - the study of heredity (how characteristics are passed down from generation to generation through genes

The Branches of Science

In pursuit of a more deliberate and positive future, a number of methods, procedures, and disciplines are needed to study, formulate, and enact positive change. The most significant conceptul framework for approaching the investigation of the past, present, and the future are the branches of science. Science may be roughly divided into the physical sciences, the earth sciences, and the life sciences. These areas of study might be called pure sciences, in contrast to the applied, or engineering, sciences, i.e., technology, which is concerned with the practical application of the results of scientific activity. Mathematics, while not a science, is closely allied to the sciences because of their extensive use of it. Finally, there are distinct disciplines for the study of the history and philosophy of science, and areas concerning the society and the interactions of people, social science. On this page we present these disciplines in hierarchical fashion, with a brief description of each. What does this information have to do with the future of human evolution? All of these sciences will have an impact on the way we work, live, learn, play, and grow. Using the methods on our future studies methodologies page combined with one or more of these areas of focus may reveal some important insights into our collective future. A final important note: these branches of science are increasingly converging . The more we learn about one, the more we begin to see the interconnectedness between them. More than anything, these classifications serve as a framework for our human convenience as opposed to any definite segregation between them.

The Physical Sciences The physical sciences investigate the nature and behavior of matter and energy on a vast range of size and scale. In physics itself, scientists study the relationships between matter, energy, force, and time in an attempt to explain how these factors shape the physical behavior of the universe. Physics: The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. Physicists study such subjects as gravity, light, and time. Albert Einstein, a famous physicist, developed the Theory of Relativity. Chemistry: The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions, and the structure of matter. The chemist Louis Pasteur, for example, discovered pasteurization, which is the process of heating liquids such as milk and orange juice to kill harmful germs. Astronomy: The study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere.

The Earth Sciences The earth sciences examine the structure and composition of our planet, and the physical processes that have helped to shape it. Geology: The science of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth, and the physical, chemical, and biological changes that it has experienced or is experiencing. Oceanography: The exploration and study of the ocean. Paleontology: The science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric or geologic periods. Meterology: The science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena, such as weather and climate. The Life Sciences (Biology) The life sciences aka Biology is the general study of the origin, development, structure, function, evolution, and distribution of living things. Botany: The study of plants. Genetics: The study of heredity. Medicine: The science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness, disease, and injury. Zoology: The science that covers animals and animal life. Mathematical Sciences The mathematical sciences investigate the relationships between things that can be measured or quantified in either a real or abstract form. Pure mathematics differs from other sciences because it deals solely with logic, rather than with nature's underlying laws. However, because it can be used to solve so many scientific problems, mathematics is usually considered to be a science itself. Arithmetic: The use of numbers for calculation. In arithmetic, mathematicians combine specific numbers (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) to produce a result. Algebra: Works in a similar way, but uses general expressions and allows for "variables" that are place holders in complex problem solving. Geometry: Describes objects and the spaces around them. In its simplest form, it deals with objects in two or three dimensions, such as lines, circles, cubes, and spheres. Geometry can be extended to cover abstractions, including objects in many dimensions. Calculus: deals with continuously changing quantities, such as the position of a point on a curve or the area that the curve bounds. Among the advances that calculus helped develop were the

determination of Newtons laws of motion and the theory of electromagnetism.

Social Sciences
The social sciences explore human society past and present, and the way human beings behave. Sociology: investigates the way society is structured and how it functions Psychology: which is the study of individual behavior and the mind. Social psychology: draws on research in both sociology and psychology fields. It examines the way society influences people's behavior and attitudes. Anthropology: looks at humans as a species and examines all the characteristics that make us what we are. These include not only how people relate to each other but also how they interact with the world around them, both now and in the past. This adds knowledge to the nature-nurture debate. Political science: a by-product of human society which may or may not be tied to the physical sciences, but studying them can lend clues to to the nature/nurture debate and can help us prepare for the future. Law: Another uniquely human construct that tells us probably more about human nature in the law making proces than do the laws themselves. Economics: Economics has some surprisingly close parallels with ecology. This is because the laws that govern resource use, productivity, and efficiency do not operate only in the human world, with its stock markets and global corporations, but in the nonhuman world as well.

Technology
In technology, scientific knowledge is put to practical use. This knowledge comes chiefly from mathematics and the physical sciences, and it is used in designing machinery, materials, and industrial processes. In general, this work is known as engineering, a word dating back to the early days of the Industrial Revolution, when an "engine" was any kind of machine. Engineering has many branches, calling for a wide variety of different skills. According to engineeringcolleges.info, these are distributed as follows: Big Four Technologies

The Big Four Disciplines which account for approximately two-thirds (67%) of all engineering Bachelors degrees awarded annually are: Civil Public works/infrastructure and buildings/structures. Subdisciplines include Construction Management, Environmental, Geotechnical, Structural, Surveying, Transportation, and Water Resources to name a few. Computer Utilize knowledge in both Computer Science and Electrical Engineering to design integrated computer systems (that is, integrating hardware and software components). Also includes the field of Artificial Intelligence. Electrical All things electrical/electronic electronic devices, electrical systems, electrical energy, robotics, etc. Given the number of potential applications, Electrical Engineering is a very broad discipline, especially with respect to its intersection with Computer Engineering. Mechanical Machines, structures, devices, mechanical systems, and energy conversion systems. Mechanical Engineering is often considered the broadest of engineering disciplines, with overlap into many of the other existing engineering disciplines, including Civil, Electrical, and Chemical Engineering. Medium Four Technologies The Medium Four Disciplines which collectively account for approximately 20% of all engineering Bachelors degrees awarded annually are: Aerospace Flight vehicles and systems, including both space flight (spacecraft, rockets, satellites, etc.) and subspace flight (airplanes, helicopters, missiles, etc.). Many Aerospace Engineers also work on land-based vehicles as well (race cars, regular cars, etc.), typically focusing on aerodynamics (design of external surfaces). Astronautical Engineering programs focus on space flight/systems (spacecraft, satellites, etc.), while Aeronautical Engineering programs focus on sub-space flight vehicles/systems (airplanes, cars, etc.). Biomedical Engineering applications within the broad fields of medicine and the life sciences. Biomedical Engineering is the most rapidly growing engineering discipline, particularly at the undergraduate level. Chemical

Chemical-based manufacturing - applying chemistry for commercial-quantity production of a wide variety of products, including: Fuels (gasoline, natural gas) Petro-Chemicals (chemicals obtained from petroleum or natural gas) Agricultural Chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides) Industrial Chemicals (acids, alkalis, organics, salts) Plastics, Polymers and Fibers Paper and Paper Products Pharmaceuticals and Drugs Consumer Products (paints, soaps, household cleaners, etc.) Food Additives/Products Advanced Materials (ceramics, electronic materials, composites, etc.) Industrial/ Manufacturing Efficiency, or, more precisely, how to design, organize, implement, and operate the basic factors of production (materials, equipment, people, information, and energy) in the most efficient manner possible. The typical focus is on optimizing industrial manufacturing operations, although the skills learned can be applied to other non-manufacturing settings. Smaller 10 Disciplines The Smaller Ten Disciplines which collectively account for less than 10% of all engineering Bachelors degrees awarded annually: Agricultural Production and processing of agricultural products (agriculture = crops, livestock and poultry). Includes Biological Engineering; Bio-Resources Engineering; Bio-Systems Engineering.

Architectural Engineered systems (that is, structural, mechanical, and electrical systems) for commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings/facilities. Overall, Architectural Engineers seek to bridge the gap between Architects (who focus on form and function) and Engineers (who focus on buildability) in designing/building buildings and facilities. Engineering Mgmt Combine management courses and engineering classes to prepare graduates to work in technologydriven businesses. Engineering Physics or Science Research into, and application of, principles from basic scientific fields (particularly physics) with an eye towards engineering applications. Environmental Issues involving the protection and preservation of the environment, including sustainable use of the earths natural resources. Primary Areas of Specialization include Air Pollution Control, Hazardous Waste

Treatment and Disposal, Natural Systems Modeling, Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal, Sanitary Engineering (municipal and industrial water and wastewater treatment). and Water Resources. Environmental Engineering is also a frequent area of specialization under both Chemical and Civil Engineering programs. General Engineering Studies General engineering studies includes core courses and competencies (including mathmatics) that can be applied to any number of enginering disciplines without specializing in a specific one. Materials/ Metallurgical Development and application of advanced materials ceramics, polymers, metallic alloys/specialty metals, electronic materials, composites, etc. While Materials Engineering is concerned with developing and applying advanced material, commercial-scale production of such materials is the realm of Chemical Engineering. This discipline is also known as Materials Science and Engineering (reflecting the heavy emphasis on studying materials science that such programs often entail). Mining, Nuclear Combining the Finding, extracting, and processing coal, metallic ores (such as copper, nickel, zinc, and gold) and other minerals (such as diamonds) with the engineering applications of nuclear/radioactive materials. Petroleum Engineering The identification, extraction, storage, and transportation of crude oil and natural gas. Processing (refining) crude oil is in realm of Chemical Engineering Biotechnology In recent years, a completely new field of technology has developed from advances in the life sciences. Known as biotechnology, it involves such varied activities as genetic engineering, the manipulation of genetic material of cells or organisms, and cloning, the formation of genetically uniform cells, plants, or animals. Although still in its infancy, many scientists believe that biotechnology will play a major role in many fields, including food production, waste disposal, and medicine. The Specialty Disciplines: A variety of miscellaneous disciplines offered (such as Ocean Engineering) that collectively account for less than 5% of all engineering Bachelors degrees awarded annually.