I - TERMS TO REVIEW

1. ARGUMENT - an oral disagreement; verbal opposition; contention; altercation:

a violent argument. a discussion involving differing points of view; debate: They were deeply involved in an argument about inflation. a process of reasoning; series of reasons: I couldn't follow his argument. a statement, reason, or fact for or against a point: This is a strong argument in favor of her theory. an address or composition intended to convince or persuade; persuasive discourse.

2. FACT - (derived from the Latin factum, see below)

is something that has really occurred or is actually the case. The usual test for a statement of fact is verifiability, that is whether it can be proven to correspond to experience. Standard reference works are often used to check facts. Scientific facts are verified by repeatable experiments. validity, or more generally, a lack of soundness. Fallacies are either formal fallacies or informal fallacies. relying upon an incomplete, unreliable or inaccurate informations. a deceptive, misleading, or false notion, belief, etc.: That the world is flat was at one time a popular fallacy. a misleading or unsound argument. deceptive, misleading, or false nature; erroneousness synonymous with misconception, delusion, misapprehension someone or something, often in an opportunist way, when that movement is seen to have become successful. The word bandwagon was coined in the USA in the mid 19th century, simply as the name for the wagon that carried a circus band. Phineas T. Barnum, the great

3. FALLACY is incorrect argumentation in logic and rhetoric resulting in a lack of

4. JUMP ON THE BANDWAGON - Join a growing movement in support of

showman and circus owner, used the term in 1855 in his unambiguously named autobiography The Life of P.T. Barnum, Written by Himself, 1855:

5. LOGIC art and science of correct and effective thinking and reasoning.
refers to both the study of modes of reasoning (which are valid, and which are fallacious)[2][3] and the use of valid reasoning. In the latter sense, logic is used in most intellectual activities, including philosophy and science, but in the first sense, is primarily studied in the disciplines of philosophy, mathematics, semantics, and computer science. It examines general forms that arguments may take. In mathematics, it is the study of valid inferences within some formal language.[4] Logic is also studied in argumentation theory.[

6. REALITY DISTORTION METHOD "the idea that Steve Jobs is able to

convince himself and others to believe almost anything with a mix of charm, charisma, bluster, exaggeration, marketing and persistence." RDF was said to distort an audience's sense of proportion and scales of difficulties and made them believe that the task at hand was possible.

7. REASONING Use of reason, especially to form conclusions, inferences, or

judgments. Evidence or arguments used in thinking or argumentation. the act or process of a person who reasons. the process of forming conclusions, judgments, or inferences from facts or premises. the reasons, arguments, proofs, etc., resulting from this process. despite being considered one of the greatest and most important philosophers who ever lived, left no writings at all. Most of what we know about his life and work comes from the writings of his disciples, Xenophon and Plato. He lived during a period of transition in the Greek empire, and after the Peloponnesian War, he was tried, convicted, and executed for corrupting the young. the Socratic Method is named after Greek philosopher Socrates, who taught students by asking question after question, seeking to expose contradictions in the students thoughts and ideas to then guide them to arrive at a solid, tenable conclusion. The principle underlying the Socratic Method is that students learn through the use of critical thinking, reasoning, and logic, finding holes in their own theories and then patching them up.

8. SOCRATIC METHOD Socrates (470-399 BC) was a Greek philosopher who,

Socrates engaged in questioning of his students in an unending search for truth. He sought to get to the foundations of his students' and colleagues' views by asking continual questions until a contradiction was exposed, thus proving the fallacy of the initial assumption.

II INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
a. Statement or Conclusion Assumption, Evidence Perspective b. Mental Process Generalization, Distortion, Deletion Mental Model 1
Perspective

Assumption

STATEMENT

Consequence

Evidence

Statement one that summarizes a persons proposition Perspective His proposition based on personal experience or view. Assumption His proposition based on his previous knowledge Consequence the logical conclusion of his proposition Evidence The proof that his proposition and conclusion
Ask Question Restate the Answer State a contrary fact (In question form) Refine his Answer

Mental Model 2

Ask Question Pose the question to get his belief, opinion or answer Confirm Answer Restate his answer to ensure that you understand it. State a contrary fact Think of a fact that will not fit the first answer. Refine his Answer Change the answer to include the fact that does not fit.

III FALLACIES: 1. HASTY GENERALIZATION - bases an inference on too small a sample, or on an

unrepresentative sample. Often, a single example or instance is used as the basis for a broader generalization. The size of the sample is too small to support the conclusion.

Also called as a fallacy of insufficient statistics or insufficient sample.

is an informal fallacy of faulty generalization by reaching an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence essentially making a hasty conclusion without considering all of the variables. In statistics, it may involve basing broad conclusions regarding the statistics of a survey from a small sample group that fails to sufficiently represent an entire population.[1] Its opposite fallacy is called slothful induction, or denying a reasonable conclusion of an inductive argument (e.g. "it was just a coincidence")

2. AD HOMINEM - An ad hominem argument is any that attempts to counter

anothers claims or conclusions by attacking the person, rather than addressing the argument itself. True believers will often commit this fallacy by countering the arguments of skeptics by stating that skeptics are closed minded. Skeptics, on the other hand, may fall into the trap of dismissing the claims of UFO believers, for example, by stating that people who believe in UFOs are crazy or stupid. attacking the arguer instead of the argument. o Poisoning the well a type of ad hominem where adverse information about a target is presented with the intention of discrediting everything that the target person says[45] o Abusive fallacy a subtype of "ad hominem" when it turns into namecalling rather than arguing about the originally proposed argument.

3. FACTUAL DISTORTION - a misrepresentation of point of view by intentionally reporting it inaccurately. 4. NON SEQUITOR - (literally means "does not follow")
in a general sense any argument which fails to establish a connection between the premises and the conclusion may be called a non-sequitar. In practice, however, the label non-sequitar tends to be reserved for arguments in which irrelevant reasons are offered to support a claim.

This refers to an argument in which the conclusion does not necessarily follow from the premises. In other words, a logical connection is implied where none exists.

5. FAULSE CAUSE - mistakes correlation or association for causation, by assuming

that because one thing follows another it was caused by the other. - assumes that because one event follows another, the 1st even is the cause of the second.

6. BANDWAGON APPEAL the belief that something should be done because the
majority of people do it (or wish to do it). Assumes that because something is popular, it is good, right, and desirable. Ad populum is the original Latin term, meaning to the people, suggesting that a person yields his opinion to the will of the public majority rather than to logic. Bandwagon appeals are arguments that urge people to follow the same paths that others do. In old-time political campaigns, politicians used to travel literally on horse-drawn bandwagons, urging citizens to jump on the bandwagon or join the crowd to vote for them. People can be like sheep, and most of us can be attracted to strong, charismatic leaders who make us feel wanted or important. Although Americans like to think of themselves as rugged individuals, we are often easily seduced by ideas endorsed by popular culture and the mass media that prey upon our desires to belong to a herd. Peer pressure is a type of bandwagon appeal you may do something that others are doing simply because others are doing it. Because everyone else does it is a favorite reason cited by young teens who are looking for reasons to do something more grown up.

7. BEGGING THE QUESTION - The term begging the question is often misused to
mean raises the question, (and common use will likely change, or at least add this new, definition). where the conclusion of an argument is implicitly or explicitly assumed in one of the premises. entails making an argument, the conclusion of which is based on an unstated or unproven assumption. In question form, this fallacy is known as a COMPLEX QUESTION. However, the intended meaning is to assume a conclusion in ones question. This is similar to circular reasoning, and an argument is trying to slip in a conclusion in a premise or question but it is not the same as circular reasoning

because the question being begged can be a separate point. Whereas with circular reasoning the premise and conclusion are the same.

8. CARD STACKING revealing informations and hiding the real ones; promoting
arguments that favour only 1 side while avoiding to mention the other points of view (like a car salesman)

9. RED HERRING - A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from
the real issue under discussion. (or irrelevant conclusion) A red herring fallacy is an error in logic where a proposition is, or is intended to be, misleading in order to make irrelevant or false inferences. In the general case any logical inference based on fake arguments, intended to replace the lack of real arguments or to replace implicitly the subject of the discussion. argument given in response to another argument, which is irrelevant and draws attention away from the subject of argument. TESTIMONIALS - you are persuaded by people. (also Questionable Authority, Faulty Use of Authority) A fallacy in which support for a standpoint or product is provided by a well-known or respected figure (e.g. a star athlete or entertainer) who is not an expert and who was probably well paid for the endorsement (e.g., Olympic gold-medal polevaulter Fulano de Tal uses Quick Flush Internet-shouldnt you?"). Also includes other false, meaningless or paid means of associating oneself or ones product with the ethos of a famous person or event (e.g. Try Salsa Cabria, the official taco sauce of the Vancouver Winter Olympics!) This is a corrupted argument from ethos.

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11.

FAULTY OR FALSE ANALOGY This fallacy consists in assuming that because two things are alike in one or more respects, they are necessarily alike in some other respect.

The fallacy of incorrectly comparing one thing to another in order to draw a false conclusion. E.g., "Just like an alley cat needs to prowl, a normal human being cant be tied down to one single lover." False analogy consists of an error in the substance of an argument (the content of the analogy itself), not an error in the logical structure of the argument.

Analogies are very useful as they allow us to draw lessons from the familiar and apply them to the unfamiliar. Life is like a box of chocolate you never know what youre going to get. is an argument based upon an assumed similarity between two things, people, or situations when in fact the two things being compared are not similar in the manner invoked. Saying that the probability of a complex organism evolving by chance is the same as a tornado ripping through a junkyard and created a 747 by chance is a false analogy. Evolution, in fact, does not work by chance but is the non-random accumulation of favorable changes.