CHAPTER 2: CARBON COMPOUNDS

Organic compound: -from living things -mainly from Carbon and Hydrogen -may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, potassium, sodium, sulphur. - examples: petrol, protein, amino acid -characteristics: do not conduct electricity in solid, liquid, or gaseous change do not dissolve in water, but dissolve in organic solvent low melting and boiling point Inorganic compound: -from non-living things -mainly without Carbon atom -examples: iron(II) oxide, copper(II) sulphate, zinc nitrate, ammonia HYDROCARBONS Compounds that are made up of Hydrogen and Carbon atoms only

SATURATED have only single bonds between the Carbon atoms example: ethane

UNSATURATED have double or triple bonds between the Carbon atoms example: ethene, ethylene

Root name for naming hydrocarbon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 methethpropbutpenthexheptoctnondec-

ALKANE -general formula: CnH2n+2, n=1,2,3, -saturated hydrocarbon -each Carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms by single covalent bond NAMING Root + ending (-ane) 1. Determine number of Carbon atoms 2. Choose the prefix/root 3. ending -ane C8H18 :-Carbon:8 -ending: -name: STRUCTURAL FORMULAE How to draw structural formula of C3H8 1. Position the 3 carbon atoms in a row 2. Join the carbon atoms by single bonds : oct: -ane : octane Name these alkanes: C6H14: _____________________ C5H12: _____________________ C2H6 : _____________________

Pentane:

3. Place 4 single bonds around each carbon atom

Hexane:

4. Attach a hydrogen atom to each empty bond of Carbon atom

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE Less dense than water not soluble in water attraction between molecules: weak low melting and boiling points soluble and miscible in organic solvents weak vand der waal bon cannot conduct electricity

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE ALKAN COMBUSTI HALOGENATI

complete combustion (excess oxygen, O2)

incomplete combustion (limited oxygen, O2)

substitution reaction (chlorination) e.g: methane

alkane + O2 CO2 + H2O

alkane + O2 CO+ H 2O alkane + O2 C+

CH4(g) + Cl2(g) HCl(g) + CH3Cl(g)

chloromethane

CH3Cl(g) + Cl2(g) HCl(g) + CH2Cl2(g) dichloromethane CH2Cl2(g) + Cl2(g) HCl(g) +

ALKENE -general formula: CnH2n, n=,2,3, -unsaturated hydrocarbon -functional group: C=C double bond NAMING Root + ending (-ene) 1. Determine number of Carbon atoms 2. Choose the prefix/root 3. ending -ene C8H16 :-Carbon:8 -ending: -name: STRUCTURAL FORMULAE How to draw structural formula of C3H8 1. Position the 3 carbon atoms in a row 2. Join the first 2 carbon atom with = : oct: -ene : octene

Name these alkenes: C4H8: _____________________ C5H10: _____________________ C3H6 : _____________________

heptene:

Octene: 3. Remaining carbon with single bond

4. 4 single bonds around each empty bond of carbon atom

4. Attach hydrogen atom to each empty bond of Carbon atom

STRAIGHT CHAIN ALKENE BRANCHED CHAIN ALKENE C5H10 CH3CH2CHCHCH3 C5H10 CH2C(CH3)CH2CH3

root-num of C containing double bondene pent-2-ene

side chain: alkyl group longest chain: 4 carbon atom root: but- = at C num : 1 but-1-ene side chain: methyl at C-2 name: 2-methylbut-1-ene

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENE ALKENE STATE BOILING POINT MELTING POINT DENSITY SOLUBILITY DENSITY Ethene Propen e Gas Butene Penten e Liquid Hexene Hepten e Liquid Octene

Gas Gas Liquid Liquid Low, but -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------> increase Not soluble in water Does not conduct electricity