Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP

M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

Networking
Module 2 : Networking Fundamentals

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Objectives
At the end of this section, you should be able to understand: What is a Network ? Different components of Network Working of topologies Different types of Network Working o OS Model o g of OSI ode

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Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP

M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

Contents
Introduction to Network Working of Network Line Configuration Topology Topology categories Transmission Modes Categories of Network g OSI Model

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Introduction to Network
A Network is A set of nodes or devices connected by media links. A node can be a computer, printer or any other device which can send and receive data. The links connecting the devices or nodes are called communication channels

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Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP

M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

Working of Network
Computer networks have unwrapped an entire frontier in the world of computing called the client/server model.

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Working of Network (Contd..)

File server

A computer that stores and manages files for multiple users on a network.
Web server

A computer dedicated to responding to requests (from the browser client) for web pages.

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Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP

M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

Line Configuration
Line configuration is the means by which two or more communication devices attach to a link.

Line Configuration
Point-to-point line configuration provides a dedicated link between two devices
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In Multipoint line configuration, more than two specific devices share a single link. It is also known as multi drop
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Computer Networks
Computers in network are connected via hardware and software.
It physically connects the computers together ex: telephone lines, fiber-optic cables, routers, gateways and the computers themselves.

Hardware

Software

Enables communication and exchange of information by following a set of rules called protocols.

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Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP

M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

Topology
Topology is the physical or logical organization of links in a network i.e. it refers to the way a network is laid out Two or more devices connect to a link and then two or more links form a topology. It is a geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices (or nodes) to each other.

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Topology Category Ring Bus

Mesh

Star

Tree

Different Categories of Topology

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Mesh Topology
In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated pointto-point link to the other device device. A fully connected mesh network has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices and (n-1) I/O ports. A dedicated link guarantees that each connection can carry its own load, eliminating traffic problems. It is a robust topology i.e. failure of one link does not incapacitate the entire system i i h i

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Mesh Topology (Continued)

Privacy and security is high, as it has dedicated line line. Fault identification and isolation is easy because of point-to-point links. One major drawback is, it requires large number of cable and ports

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M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

Star Topology
Star topology is like a star Each device in it has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller device known as hub Hub acts as an exchange This topology is easy to install and reconfigure and has a robust structure

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Tree Topology
A tree topology is a variation of star. Nodes in a tree are linked to a central hub that controls the traffic of the network They are either directly connected to central hub or the secondary hub y The central hub is an active hub and the secondary hub may be active or passive.

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Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP

M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

Bus Topology
A bus topology describes a multipoint configuration All the devices in a network are linked by one long cable which acts like a backbone Nodes are connected to this by drop lines and taps Bus topology is easy to install and requires less cabling Major drawback is that a fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmissions.

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Ring Topology
In a ring topology, every device is connected by a dedicated point-to-point line configuration. Each device is connected to two other devices on either side of it. A signal is passed from one device to another along the ring in one direction until it reaches the destination It is easy to add/delete a device as each device is connected to its immediate neighbor A break in the ring can disable the entire network
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Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP

M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

Transmission Mode
The term transmission mode defines the direction of signal flow between two linked devices. There are three types of transmission modes modes.
Simplex Mode Half-duplex mode In Half-duplex mode, both station can transmit and receive, but not at the same time. time When one device is sending, the other can only receive and vice-versa Full-duplex mode In Full-duplex mode, both stations transmit and receive simultaneously.

In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional. Only one of the two stations on the link can transmit and the other can only receive

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Network Categories
LAN

Network

MAN

WAN

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Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP

M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

Network Categories - LAN

Local Area Network (LAN) A LAN is a data communication system within a building or campus or between nearby building building. It is usually privately owned.

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Network Categories - WAN

Wide Area Network (WAN) A WAN provides transmission of data, voice, image, video etc over large geographical areas spanning states states, countries or even the whole world.

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Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP

M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

Network Categories - MAN

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) A MAN is a data communication covering in and around small towns to large cities cities.

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Internetworks
LAN

LAN

R
LAN

R R
WAN

R R

LAN

R
LAN

MAN

Two or more networks can be connected together, to form an inter-network or internet. Individual networks are joined into inter-networks by using internetworking devices like routers and gateways.
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Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP

M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

OSI Reference Model

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) allows diverse systems to communicate. This model provides guidelines in development of universally compatible architecture, hardware and software. It contains 7 layers Each layer depends on the functions of the layer below and provides a set of functions to the above layer They communicate with peer layers sending messages back and forth
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Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

3 2

Network Datalink

Physical

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OSI Model Layers

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Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP

M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

OSI Model Layers (Contd..)

The physical layer directs the functions required to send out a bit stream over a physical medium.

Physical Layer

Data Link Layer

The data link layer is accountable for transporting data units from one station to the next without errors

Network Layer
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The network layer is in charge for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet across many network links
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OSI Model Layers (Contd..)

Transport Layer

The transport layer is responsible for delivery of the entire message from source to destination.

Session Layer

Th The session l layer sets up, i sustains and synchronizes the interactions between communicating devices

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Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP

M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

OSI Model Layers (Contd..)

The presentation layer guarantees interoperability between communication devices by conversion of data into a mutually agreed upon format. It is also responsible for data formatting and encryption

Presentation Layer

Application Layer

The application layer enables the users to access the network

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OSI Model Layers

These Layers support the network in the following way:
Physical, data link and network layers are the Network support layers. Session, presentation and application layers are the User support layers. The transport layer connects the network support layers p y pp y and the user support layers

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Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP

M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

Key Points
The links connecting the devices or nodes are called communication channels Computer networks have unwrapped an entire frontier in the world of computing called the client/server model Topology is the physical or logical organization of links in a network In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-top point link to the other device

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Key Points
In start topology each device in it has a dedicated pointto-point to point link only to a central controller device known as hub A bus topology describes a multipoint configuration Two or more networks can be connected together, to form an inter-network or internet. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) allows diverse systems to communicate

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Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP

M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

Questions and Comments

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