UNIT

Tran sla tin gTechn ica l &

BUSINESS REGISTERS

Paper, book, pencil, glass,

rest in the shade of their names.
... I find myself in the middle of an eye,
watching myself in its blank stare,
I stay and go: I am a pause.
Octavia Paz

Translating Technical and

Lesson 1 Business Registers

Concept of Registers of language:
Our use of language is not an isolated phenomenon. In other words, we use language in a
particular situation for a particular purpose and addressed to a particular audience. Thus,
as speakers and writers of language, we use a variety of language each appropriate to a
specific situation, a specific purpose and a specific audience.

Read the following sentences, and discuss the different uses of language:

Remember Mr. Anil Mathur, our senior at school? He's is going to be our new CEO.
I guess he will be here next month.

Mr. Anil Mathur, a former student of Alexandria High School, will join the company as
CEO in July.

Register is the technical term for a specific type of language use. In other words, it is a
subset of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting. For
example, a speaker may adhere more closely to prescribed grammar, pronounce words
ending in -ing with a nasal and refrain from using the word ain't when speaking in a formal
setting, but the same person could violate all of these prescriptions in an informal setting.
Register is discourse categorisation, language variation, defined by use not the user.
The term was first used by the linguist Thomas Bertram Reid in 1956 and brought into
general currency in the 1960s by a group of linguists who wanted to distinguish between
variations in language according to the user (defined by variables such as social
background, geography, sex and age), and variations according to use, in the sense that
each speaker has a range of varieties and chooses from among them at different times.
The focus is on the way language is used in particular situations, such as legalese or
mother tongue, the language of a biology research lab, of a news report or of love etc.
Hence, it is clear that the translation of language of registers has to be informed with the
distinctive features of the Source Language (SL) as well as the Target Language (TL) that
are appropriate to a particular language use. The distinctiveness in the language of
registers such as the registers of law, medicine, science and technology, literature,
journalism etc. derives from the basic distinction between informal and formal language,
and, therefore, translation of registers of language should be cognizant of the informal
and formal characterstics of both languages.
It is in terms of the degree of the formality of language that technical and business

317

registers are different from other registers. In fact, the difference between informal and
formal language is both the most simple and the most important distinction that applies to
different registers of language.
Activity 1 :

Read the words and phrases given in Box A

BOX A

Grandmother
Kid

each year

letter/mail
child

enquire

spectacles

Hand in notice

Refund your payment

correspondence

phone you back

granny

Retail outlet

Get your money back

shop

glasses

Return your call

annually

ask

quit

Now, complete the following table by filling in words and phrases from Box A
INFORMAL

FORMAL

Granny

Grandmother

Phone you back

Return your call

Activity 2 :

Read the sentences given in Box B

Mr. Gupta entered the sales data into the new accounting system.
It was a great and exciting performance.
Our products are custom designed to meet the requirements of our buyers.
He isn't coming to office today.

318

The members of my team are very nice.

The team members are very cooperative.
Ramesh was hired last month.
I will definitely pass on the desired information to the boss.
The subdomains are oriented perpendicularly.
The machinery is quite costly.
We had a little bit of luck this time.
The slope of the second curve is steeper than the first one.

Complete the following table by filling in sentences from Box B

Informal

Formal

We had a bit of luck this time.

Mr. Gupta entered the sales data

into the new accounting system.

Different registers of a particular language can be shown on the scale of formality: to

what extent a particular register of language is positioned within the continuum of formal
and informal registers. We can characterise registers as varieties of language viewed
from the point of view of formality. The spectrum of formality can be divided on the basis
of the following:
Frozen: printed language that never changes; for example, the langauge of the Indian
Constitution.
Formal: one-way communication; use of technical vocabulary; exact semantics and
important definitions.
Casual: In-group friends and acquaintances. No background information provided.
Ellipsis and slang common. Interruptions common.

319

Read the following extracts, and discuss each on the formality

spectrum in groups of 4-5:
Activity 3 :

1.

An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion
with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced
force.

2.

124 (2) Every judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by
warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such of the judges of the
Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States as the President may deem
necessary.

3.

Then it's settled, you've lost this game.

How have I lost it?
Then put the piece back in the same square where it was.

(i)

Identify the above extract as frozen, formal and casual.

(ii)

Point out the various features of frozen, formal and casual registers as evident from
the above extracts.

Different variables that determine register can be identified thus:

field (the subject matter of the discourse)

tenor (the participants and their relationships), and

mode (the channel of communication, e.g. spoken or written).

elements of language that may vary in different registers vocabulary, syntax,

phonology, morphology, pragmatic rules or different paralinguistic features such as
pitch, volume and intonation in spoken English, or size and speed of sign production
in a sign language.

Every writing or speech is concerned with a particular subject or issue. All subjects or
issues cannot be expressed in the same register or we cannot use any register of language
for any subject or issue at hand. The subject or issue that makes it possible for the use of
a particular register is what is called the field or subject matter of discourse influencing
the use of a distinct register.
A register is determined by the tenor of the discourse in the sense that the participants
involved in a particular act of writing or speech and the relationships that exist between
them determine the difference between the various registers of language.
Mode or channel of communication, whether in spoken or written language, is a major
marker of the characterstics of a register as informal or formal. Technical or business
registers of language, for instance, wouldn't use the spoken variety of language.

320

The most apparent variables that determines the registers of language are the elements
of language such as vocabulary, syntax, morphology etc. Every register of language will
present a selective use of the elements of language very different from any other
register of language.
In translation of particular texts from Source Language (SL) to the Target Language (TL),
a translator has to keep in mind the different variables described above that determine
the register of language.
Activity 4 :

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Activity 5 :

Point out the various determinants of 'register' in the above extracts:

Extract 1

Extract 2

Extract 3

Field

Tenor

Mode

Language

323

Extract 4

Extract 5

Work in groups of 4-5. Collect newspapers of one week. Make cuttings

of different 'registers' from the newspapers, and write an essay on different
determinants of the 'register' on the basis of your analysis of the cuttings.
Activity 6 :

Every use of a language foregrounds a certain 'register'. It is not surprising, therefore, to

see that the language of advertisements is different from the language of sermons, or the
language of medical science is different from the language of poetry. There is a great
variety of literary and non-literary 'registers'. Translation must, therefore, understand
the specificities of the language of medicine, of law, of physics, of cinema, of business
etc.

Read in groups the following extracts and complete the translation

given below.
Activity 7 :

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The licensee translate and /or publish and/or authorize others to do so and
/or arrange for the translation and publication of the said work in the said language
in the said territory as aforesaid on or before five years from.
If the licensee fails to do so within the said period or any agreed extended period all
rights conveyed in this Agreement shall without further notice.

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It is necessary for a Tax-Payer to ..complete in all respects. To assist
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given below. Please read each item of this list, refer to the return of income
prepared by you and check whether you have complied with the indicated
requirements.

324

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While playing against

(ii)

Identify the distinct registers of language in the above extracts by filling in the table
below with the appropriate serial number of the extracts.

(iii) Write down in the blank spaces in the table the lexical and syntactic features or
other linguistic elements appropriate to each 'register', as becomes evident from the
extracts given above.
Legal

Scientific

Journalistic

326

Literary

Official

Business

Legal

Scientific

Journalistic

Literary

327

Official

Business

End of Lesson-Review Questions

1. Comprehension
a.

What is register of language?

b.

How are situation, purpose and audience relevant in the making of a particular
register of language?

c.

Is register about language use or language user? Comment.

d.

In what way can the language of a biology research lab and the language of marriage
rituals be called different 'registers' of language?

e.

What is the difference between formal and informal language?

f.

What are the variables that determine the registers of a language?

2. Vocabulary- Explain the following terms and concepts

a.

subset of a language

b.

discourse categorisation

c.

language variation according to use

d.

legalese

e.

formal language

f.

informal/ casual language

g.

frozen language

h.

degree/scale of formality

i.

technical 'register'

j.

business 'register'

k.

discourse

l.

field of discourse

m.

'tenor' as related to language use

n.

mode of discourse

o.

syntax

p.

morphology

q.

phonology

r.

paralinguistic features

328

s.

pitch, volume, intonation of language

t.

sign language

3.

Application

(i)

Read the paragraph given below.

(ii)

Complete the translation using the words given in the box.

(iii) Answer the questions that follow.

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Usually when die, their bodies get and are lost.
But every now and then, the body, at least some parts of it, may exist in the
environment that does not let it decompose completely. If a dead insect gets caught
in hot mud, for example, it will not decompose as soon, and the mud will ultimately
become hard and retain the impression of the body parts of the insect. All such
preserved traces of are called fossils. The age of the fossils
can be determined .of estimation
.

.The second way of dating fossils is by detecting the ratios of

different . of the same element in the.... material.
organisms,
(i)

decomposed,

living organisms,

isotopes,

fossil

In what way do the above paragraphs belong to a specific register?

329

(ii)

Point out the vocabulary appropriate to technical register in the above paragraphs?

(iii) Are there grammatical features like passives and nominalizations in the above
paragraphs? If yes, do they point to a specific use of language?

(iv) Why the expression

fossil dating?

dating of fossils have an identical Hindi equivalent

4. Writing Tasks- for your Portfolio

(i) Read the following report
(ii) Answer the questions that follow:

Future Capital IPO gets Sebi nod

Kishore - promoted Capital Holdings has received the regulatory go-ahead from
Sebi for its intial public offer, estimated to raise between 400- 500 crore.Market
regulator has issued its regulations on the draft prospectus for the IPO of the
Future Capital, the non-banking financial business arm of Future group, clearing
the way for the issue in early 2008, sources close to the development said on
Friday. In its draft red herring prospectus filed with the Sebi in September,
Capital had offered to issue 64.22 lakh equity shares of Rs 10 face value at a price
to be decided through the book building process.
The company has proposed to list the shares on the NSE and BSE. The shares
offered in the IPO would constitute about 10% of the company's post-issue
capital. Kotak Capital, En Securities, M Financial and BS Securities have been
appointed as the book-running lead managers to the issue.

a.

Which register would you describe the above report? Why?

......
......

b.

Is the report addressed to a specific audience or generally to all? Explain.

......
......

330

c.

Pick out the terms and expressions specific to the relevant register
......
......

d.

Pick out the terms and expressions in the above report that cannot be translated
and hence have to be transliterated.
......
......

5. Read in group s of 5-6 the above report.

(i)

Make a list of specific terms and technical/business vocabulary.

(ii) Translate the terms and vocabulary in hindi, and share and compare with the
translation of the other groups.
(iii) Translate the entire report into hindi.

6. Work in group s of 5-6

(a)

Choose a passage from

(i)

a poem

(ii)

a short story

(iii) a newspaper report

(iv) an advertisement
(v)

a descriptive passage from a science magazine.

(vi) a descriptive passage from a business magazine.

(vii) a descriptive passage from an economic and political weekly
(b)

Read them one after the other.

(c)

Jot down in your notebook the specific situation, specific purpose and specific
audience implied in the different passages.

(d)

Write down the distinctiveness of lexical, syntactic and grammatical features in

each passage.

(e)

Write about your overall impression of the different registers.

331

Features of

Lesson 2 TECHNICAL Registers

Technical translation is very necessary as scientific and technical knowledge must be
made availbale to the user of language other than the language in which the scientific or
technical knowledge are first written. The purpose of technical writing is to
communicate clearly information such as concepts, instructions, results, reports or
proposals. One of the main differences between technical translation and literary
translation is that the former is apparently non-cultural. The benefits of technology are
not confined to one speech community, and therefore, the importance of technical
translation. Technical translation is different from other forms of translation in terms of
the terminology. A technical or scientific text is most obvious in its use of terms which are
very specific to its field of knowledge.
Activity 1 :

Read the following paragraph:

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(i)

Underline the specific scientific terminologies in the above Source Text.

(ii)

Classify the vocabulary in the above paragraph as technical/scientific and non

technical/scientific by filling in the following table:
Technical/Scientific

Non-technical/non-scientific

j
k
l
k
;
f
u
d

v
o
L
F
k
k

332

(iii) Translate the above paragraph into English using the terms given in the following
box:
Chemical equation,
reactants,
chemical formulae,
aqueous,
notations,
balanced

gaseous,

Technical language and its translation is marked by specific grammatical features such as
passives, third persons, empty verbs, and present tenses. These language features are an
important convention of technical register.
Activity 2 :

Read the following passage:

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k
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k
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k
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Now read the English rendering of the above:

Carbon and energy needs of the autotrophic organism are satisfied by
photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process through which autotrophs take
in substances from the outside and convert them into stored forms of energy.
This material is taken in the form of carbon dioxide and water which is
converted into carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.
Carbonhydrates are utilized for providing energy to the plant.

(i)

Underline the passives in the above paragraph.

(ii)

Why are passives used in technical register as in the above translation.

(iii) Why is present tense used in technical register as in the translation above.
(iv) Why is technical register objective? In other words, comment on the use of third
person in the above paragraph.
The language of technical communication and translation is free from emotive
expressions, connotations, and sound-emphasis and figurative language. What makes the
translation of scientific and technical texts different from the translation of literary texts
is the probabilty of one to one correspondence for the concepts and terms. Since the
scientific concepts are explained and the technical terms are used in unqualified
objective terms, it becomes easy for the translator to arrive at the corresponding

333

equivalents and to use them in all occurences wherever necessary. Unlike in the case of
literary texts, the question of interpretation never arises. The emotive and cultural
implications of the literary texts are absent altogether.
Activity 3 :

Read the following passages

Passage A

o
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Passage B

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k
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d
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a;
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:
i
l
si
f
j
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a=
k
c
u
k
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sg
SaA

Now complete the following translation of the passage, and answer the questions
that follow:
Translation of Passage A:
It was a soft, .. wild beast lying snugly warm in its lair
.There was a nagging sense
of regret
Usually, there are automachines at street corners. ..
I was quite calm. Only there was something cold sliding down my spine.

334

Translation of Passage B
All organisms . micro-organisms and human beings
.....maintain
..nature. All the ...
.. with the non-living ...

Questions
(i)

List the contrastive features of literary and technical register as obvious from the
above paragraphs.

(ii)

Is technical register connotative? Comment with examples from the above

paragraphs, both in original and translation.

(iii) Comment on one-to-one equivalence of concepts and terms between the Source
Text and the Target Text of the technical register above. Is this possible in the case of
the literary register?
(iv) How is the interpretation of a technical register different from that of a literary
register in the translation process?
(v)

Do cultural implications play any role in the translation of technical register? Give
examples.

But there are a few problems. There are codes, symbols and certain technical terms that
cannot be translated but only transliterated. On the other hand, there are concepts and
terms for which the translator needs to coin new terms. As compared with the Source
Language (SL), there might be inadequate corresponding equivalents in the Target
Language (TL). Any attempt to find the equiavalents for the terms of the Source Text in
the Target Language where none exists may end up in fiasco. These words are to be
transliterated as they are universally accepted terms such as watt, volt, metre, ampere
etc. Transliteration of such words or terms will avoid the confusion of the target audience
while they come across them in the translation of different texts on science.
However, there are words and technical terms for which the translator may look for
equivalents in the Target Language, for example, diskette, input, gate, table monitor etc.
however, the translator has to coin the exact equivalents, which will be possible if he/she
correctly interprets and understand the terms in the Source Text.
Activity 4 :

Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:

Atom is the smallest indivisible particle of matter, i.e. something that cannot be
divided; it is the smallest particle still characterizing a chemical element.An atom
consists of a dense nucleus of positively charged protons and electrically neutral
neutrons, surrounded by a much larger electron cloud consisting of negatively

335

charged electrons. An atom is electrically neutral if it has the same number of protons
as electrons. The number of protons in an atom defines the chemical element to which
it belongs, while the number of neutrons determines the isotope of the element.

(i)

Write down technical words from the above paragraph

(ii)

Make a list of the technical words and expressions from the above paragraph that
can be translated.

(iii) Make a list of technical words and expressions which cannot be translated, and
which need to be transliterated in the Target Language (TL)
(iv) Briefly comment on the special use of language in the above paragraph which
categorizes it as technical 'register'.
The most critical problem in technical translation is the correct interpretation of
technical terms. The technical terms in the ST are mostly context free, and that makes it
even more difficult to understand them accurately. In some cases literal translation may
be dangerous because one term may have more than one meaning. Though good writers of
technical texts follow certain standardization by maintaining a single one-to-one
relationship between a referent and its name.
The clear communication of quantitative information is very important in scientific and
technical literature and graphical representation is often the best method for displaying
such data. Therefore, it is important to translate the graphical representations
accurately.
Abbreviations and symbols are common in technical literature and it is important to put
them exactly in the translated text.
Technical disciplines often develop a terminology that is unique to their subject area.
Technical dictionaries define words used exclusively in a discipline, or common words that
have a special meaning within a discipline. Therefore, translator has to choose right
method or kind of translation to render the technical terms in another language.
Foreign technical or scientific words, unique to a particular discipline, may not be found
in a regular translation dictionary. Specialized discipline related translation dictionaries
are available to translate these terms. A large number of translation dictionaries are
available online.

336

Machine Translation technique in the field of Technical Translation

Machine Translation tools are based on advanced computational linguistic analysis. The
translation engine effectively analyzes source documents to output the translation draft.
The machine translation tools of today are quite affordable and available for almost any
standard computer platform. The benefits one could potentially gain from using the MT
systems, depends on a number of factors, not least the nature and qualities of your
original source document. To ensure the best outcome, the source text must be free of
typographical errors, be grammatically correct, have simple and clear sentence
structure, and preferably, be free of colloquial expressions or jargon. You will find the
machine translation extremely efficient for a variety of objectives: when you need to get
the general meaning of a document, article, business letter or the like, and when
screening documents to identify the ones in need of more accurate human translation; for
conveying simple commands or instructions.

337

End of the Lesson- Review Questions

1.

Comprehension

(a)

What is technical 'register'?

(b)

Describe the importance of technical translation?

(c)

What is the purpose of technical translation?

(d)

What is the difference between technical and literary translation?

(e)

What are the grammatical features of technical 'register'?

(f)

What is transliteration?

(g)

What is the difference between transliteration and translation?

(h)

What is machine translation?

(i)

How important is machine translation in the field of technical translation?

2. Vocabulary- explain the following terms and concepts

(a)

Technical translation as a non-cultural construct.

(b) Field of knowledge

(c)

Speech community

(d)

Emotive expressions

(e)

Objective terms

(f)

Notion of 'equivalents'in translation

3.

Application

(i)

Read the following paragraph

(ii)

Read the prompt and complete the translation using the terminologies from the box
given

(iii) Answer the questions that follow

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k
qn
k
a=
k
d
k
c
k
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k
b
M
V
]
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zk
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338

;
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secretion,
acidic,
pancreatic,
bile-juice,
bile-salts,
trypsin,
lipase,
glands,

globules,

I.

What are the characterstics of technical 'register' in the passage given above?

II.

What problems do you face in the translation of the above passage? Are these
problems related to understanding the technical content of the passage?

III.

From your experience of having done the translation of literary registers what are
the different problems you think the translation of technical registers poses?

IV.

Explain the significance of transliteration in the context of your translation of the

above paragraph.

339

V.

Can complete equivalence between the two texts be achieved in the translation
of technical texts? Explain.

3. Writing Tasks- for your Portfolio

(i)

Read the following paragraph on Ozone Layer and its depletion.

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(i)

Read the following translation of the passage:

Ozone( O3) by three atoms of oxyzen is a molecule formed. At the highher levels of
ozone performs the atmosphere however an essential function. For example,
damaging to atmosphere is highly this radiation, to cause skin cancer it is known in
human beings. Radiation from the sun from ultraviolet (UV) from earth it shields of
the surface. While O2 is essential for all forms of life which we normally refer to as
oxygen aerobic.

(i)

As is obvious in the above translation, both the word order and sentence order have
been disturbed. Rewrite the translated paragraph in the correct order of words and
sentences.

(ii)

What principles of technical writing and technical translation would you enumerate
from your experience of reading and participation in the translation of technical
register?

340

4. Work in groups of 5-6

(i)

Pick out a report or article from a science magazine.

(ii)

Underline the lexical, grammatical and other features that characterize it as

technical register.

(i)

Attempt a collective translation of the piece.

(ii)

On the basis of your experience of translating it, write in 100-150 words about
significance of technical translation.

341

Forms of

Lesson 3 Technical Translation

Every society seeks its human resource to have the knowledge of science and technology.
Scientific and technical discourse is the most important field of knowledge. Hence, good
translation of the different forms of technical register is required. As science and
technology is developing so is their translation. Technical/scientific register presents a
wide range of challenges to a translator, such as register-specific words, sentence pattern,
technical and conceptual expression. Technical translators should have considerable
knowledge about all major forms of technical register and skill in communicating them.
For translation of the various forms of technical register certain facts should be
considered:
(i)

The Target language should possess the technical vocabulary. Or else the
translator has to find an equivalent of the conceptual terms of the Source Text
(ST) by creating an expression in terms of the formal register of the Target Text
(TT).

(ii)

The translator should have knowledge about the technical or scientific register,
and should also have a clear understanding of the various forms of
technical/scientific register.

(iii) The translator should refrain from using casual or literary language.
(iv) Translation should be clear, precise and simple.
Activity 1
(a)

Read the following process description

(b)

Translate it using words given in the box

(c)

Answer the questions that follow

,
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342

(i)

Take a few zinc

Add

Do you

Touch the

Does the process description reveal its own specific form? If yes, should the
translator of scientific process description be aware of it?

(i)

What are the words and expressions that can be literally transferred to the Target
Text (TT)? Give three examples.

(i)

Why are such words suitable for literal transference?

(i)

What differences in language pattern did you discover in the Source Text (ST) and the
Target Text (TT)?

A process description is written for the readers to learn about the action in question. It
may be written to examine the photosynthesis of plants, the migration of animals, or the
performance of scientific experiment. The reader is actually asked to perform an action,
based on the written instructions.
A technical translator has to understand the structure of the process description. He has to
have an understanding this structure both in the Source Language (Source Language) and
the Target Language (TL). Generally, this form of technical register involves breaking up of
the whole process up into smaller stages, and describes each stage in order. If the process

343

is part of a continuing cycle, he or she has to mention it. So in the translation of process
description, the larger structure of the Target Language (TL) has to be broken into smaller
'action units' and restructured.
Activity 2
(i)

Read the following report.

(ii)

Complete its translation using the words and expressions given in the box.

(iii) Answer the questions that follow.

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344

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Technology, variable, aided, research, electronic devices, processing

Atomic Research and Development

There are four main centres of atomic research and development in India
(i)

Why should a translator possess the knowledge of scientific literature in translating

the above report?

(ii)

Are their words and expressions that are not available either in the above Source Text
and Target Text (TT)? Explain

(iii) Comment on the difference in the scientific expressions in the Source Text and the
Target Text (TT)?

345

(iv) What are the features of technical register to be found in the Source Text (ST)? Give
examples.

(v)

Are these features of technical register maintained equally in translation? Explain.

Technical reports are written with a view to provide specific information to specific
audience. A translator of such reports should first have a clear idea about the purpose of
report writing, the difference between a technical report and other information-specific
writings.
While reading the report in the Source Text (ST), you may have noticed how all the
constituents of language are considerably different than those of literary writings. Not
only the language but the very attitude of writing would appreciably determine the way
such reports are written or translated.
Activity 3
(a)

Read the following factual description.

(b)

Complete its translation using words given in the box.

(c)

Answer the questions that follow.

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f
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(System Internationale (S.I.) of Units) &
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346

Dimensional Analysis
(S.I Units or International System of Units)
mass, current, fundamental units, substance, supplementary units
(i)

What is factual description?

(i)

What should be the quality of a translator of factual description?

(i)

Comment on the differences in the language structure of the Source text (ST) and the
Target Text (TT)?

A factual description is writing that describes a person, an event or a situation and does so
consistently. A technical factual description, generally, describes a concept, an event or a
scientific situation. As in the case of the translation of other forms of technical register, a
translator of factual report should possess an expert understanding of the purpose of
technical report and the language specific to such reports.
Activity 4
(a)

Read the following chart.

(b)

Translate the chart.

(c)

Answer the questions that follow.

347

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Important Information Related to Planets in the Solar System

(i)

Why are charts required in scientific/technical literature?

348

(i)

What skills should a translator of charts possess?

(i)

Are the terms in the Source Text (ST) and the Target Text (TT) equivalent?

Technical charts are required to illustrate a concept or a description, and form a very
important part of the technical register. Translators are required to render an exact copy
of the chart in the Source Language (SL) into the Target Language (TL). As in the case of
translation of other forms of technical register, translation of charts is possible only if the
translator possesses the specific vocabulary used in the charts of both the Source Text (ST)
and the Target Text (TT).

Form of Technical register and Translation

Information Technology Translation
Information technology is, of course, the burgeoning field of the 21st century, and Korea is
one of the giants in this field. Information technology presents a wide range of challenges,
such as industry-specific words, acronyms, and code-which Consulting and Translation
Service, Inc. translators have considerable skill in conveying.
Korean Medical Translation
Doctors and healthcare facilities have trusted their medical translation projects to
Korean Consulting and Translation Service, Inc. for many years. With medical translation,
lives are at stake. Our translators often have direct experience working in the medical
field, allowing them to convey not just the facts and the words of medical literature, but
also its spirit and intent.
Korean Patent Translation
The only creativity involved with patents is the creativity of the inventor. Patent
document translation does not allow for any subtleties or creativity. At Korean Consulting
and Translation Service, Inc., we know that money and reputation are predicated on the
fact that patent documents are absolutely accurate text descriptions.

349

Korean Legal Translation

There is more involved with the law than words. The law is an expression of man's desire to
make just and predictable the irregularities of human life. With these higher ideals in
mind, the Korean Consulting and Translation Service, Inc. legal translators have this
experience. Whether informal communications such as e-mails or website copy, or
memorandums or contracts, you will feel comfortable handling your Korean legal
translation project over to Korean Consulting and Translation Service, Inc.
Legal translation - contracts, government , legal documents, and birth certificates.
Technical translation - technical specifications, manuals, engineering.

350

End of Lesson- Review Questions

1. Comprehension
(a)

How important is the translation of the different forms of technical register?

(b)

What are the different challenges for the translator who has to translate any form of
technical writing?

(c)

What are the facts to be considered for the translation of the different forms of
technical register?

(d)

How should a process description be translated?'

(e)

What is the function of technical report?

(f)

What should the language of factual description be, both in the Source Language (SL)
and the Target Language (TL)?

2. Application
(a)

Read the following chart

(b)

Translate it.

(c)

Write a paragraph on the problems of translating this chart.

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351

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Alloys of Copper

3. Writing Tasks- For your Portfolio

(i)

(ii)

What are the different forms of technical register other than those discussed in the
chapter?
Select one such form of technical register, and translate it in groups of 5-6.

(iii) Write an essay on your experience of translating it.

4. In groups of 5-6, choose a technical report, factual description, process

description, and technical chart. Translate them, compare your
translations and discuss the differences. On the basis of the final drafts of
your translation write an essay on the translation of the forms of technical
register.

352

Translation of

Lesson 4 Business Registers

Increasing globalization and internationalization has enhanced the demand for the
expertise in business studies and skills in using business registers. Therefore, the
translation of business registers has become a reality for people speaking and writing
different languages to gain expertise in business. Poor translation hinders the business
growth of a company globally. Leaving aside cultural differences adequate translation
into the language of the target customers is the most commonly cited barrier for global
brand management.
Money talks, if that's true, then it better be understood in every language. Every business
institution and organization understands that money is the greatest communicator in the
world and that accurate business translations are indispensable toward making certain
that communication is not infringed upon in any way. It is important that business
documents are accurate and speak the same language as the customers speak in different
parts of the world.
Businesses are facing greater pressure than ever before to market their products globally,
but cultural and language differences are proving to be thorny barriers. There are now
companies who sell their products on web, and more than half of global firms believe their
online customer experience is not supported consistently in the languages across the
world. Forrester, a marketing research company in its survey of when 161 senior
marketers in the United States and Europe realised that translation issues were the
concerns most companies cited attempting to manage brand image overseas.
Translation of business registers is not significant only with relation to big firms and
companies who are global players but even for those national companies and local
enterprises, translation is a crucial link in their business performances, as in any Indian
market, you might see a heterogenous class of customers who understand a common
language. Even in India, a number of non-English websites have come up lately and the
demand of instant translation of technical and business literatures has increased
manifold.
Banking and finance are two major areas of business translation. The spoken and written
transactions in these fields are replete with specific terminologies. It is important for
translation to be able to coin the right word in the Target Language for the term in the
Source language.

353

Match the terms in the Source Language (SL) with their

counterparts in the Target Language correctly (TL).
Activity 1 :

Source Language

Target Language

Ledger

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Terminologies like these are definitive in nature, and therefore, their exact equivalent in
the Target Language should be given, otherwise there would be a great risk of
misinformation, which would seriously hamper business. Industry-specefic translators are
required who understand the subject matter truly so as to make the translations reliable.
All translators should have access to dictionaries and terminologies ensuring that
translation is both accurate and consistent across even larger projects.
Interesting as it may seem, some of the business behaviours and practices have proverbial
equivalents in Hindi. But these proverbs in Hindi are not translation of their English
equivalents, but they have existed in the Indian business situation irrespective of
whatever terms were used in the west for such practices. But now they can be equalled in
the act of translation. But these proverbs do not change; they are not prone to
interpretation as literary proverbs are, though they are cultural. They are actually
frozen. They were developed by the business pioneers in early India.

354

Match the business expressions in English with their proverbial

equivalents in Hindi:
Activity 2 :

English

Hindi

Not profitable to use

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The Stock Market is another major field of Business Translation. It is mostly a Computer
Assisted Translation (CAT) or Machine Translation (MT). As in the case of technical
registers, the meaning of most of the language of the business 'registers' are quite
inherent in the original terminologies, and hence, as it were, the business 'registers' are
transliterated. For example, observe the following graphs:

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355

Stock Market

Market Statistics
SENSEX

- 20206.95-

-9.77

NIFTY

- (6079.70)

-1.80

RS./ $- 39.44

plus 0.10

Texts for translation include various business documents like business letters, business
proposals, meeting protocols, memoranda, balance sheets, reports, business orders,
advertisements, marketing brochures, insurance related documents, cash flow
statements, and important business articles.
Translators of business registers have to pay special attention to structure and lay out.
This is specialY true in case of the balance sheets.
Activity 3 :

Read the following balance sheet, showing the capital structure of a

company:
XYZ Limited Company

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356

Now complete the left column of the translated balance sheet using the terms
and expressions given in the box:
Situation I,
Debt,

Situation II,

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Tax rate,

Total Funds Used,

Interest Rate,
EBIT

Company XYZ Limited

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Nil
Activity 4 :

Read the following business report:

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357

(i)

Underline the words and expression that are a part of the business register.

(ii)

Find the equivalents for those words and expressions in the Target Language.

(iii) Are there some words or expressions which cannot be translated but have to be
transliterated? What are they?
(iv) Translate the entire report into the Target Language. You may use the
words/expressions given in the box below:
Shareholders,

dividends,

bonus,

358

shares,

value,

stock,

End of the Lesson-Review Questions

1. Comprehension
a.

What is business 'register'?

b.

How important is business translation today?

c.

How does good translation affect a company's performance?

d.

What are the major fields of business that require business translation?

e.

How important is the understanding of subject matter and terminologies in

business translation?

f.

What is Computer Assisted Translation (CAT)?

g.

How important are structure and layouts of a document in business translation?

2. Vocabulary- explain the following terms and concepts

a.

globalization and internationalization

b.

global brand management

c.

target customers

d.

heterogenous class of customers

e.

Industry-specific translators

f.

Stock Market

g.

meeting protocols

h.

marketing brochures

i.

lay out

3. Application
(i)

Read the following passage.

(ii)

Read the prompts and complete the translation using words from the box given.

(iii) Answer the questions that follow.

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One of the important decision under .
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debentures holder,

capital,

financial institutions

equity share
I.

Describe the above passage as business 'register'.

.
.

II.

Point out the distinctiveness of business 'register' in terms of situation, purpose and
audience as evident in the above passage and its translation.

.
..

III.

What problems specific to the translation of business translation did you face in the
translation of the above passage?

.
..

IV.

As found in technical translation, does business translation also involve

transliteration as evident from the translation of the above passage?

.
..

4. Writing Tasks for your Portfolio

(i)

Read the following chart.

360

(ii)

Translate the chart by writing it in descriptive form. You may use the words given in
the box.

(iii) Answer the questions that follow.

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Funding agencies,
a.

entrepreneurial opportunities,

project commissioning,

business plan

management of growth

How effectively does a chart, or in other cases a graph, communicate a business

message?

.
..

b.

How important is the translation of business documents?

.
..

c.

While describing the chart in the Target Language, what specific characterstics of
the business register did you experience?

361

..
..
d.

What problems did you face in the translation of the above chart?

..
..

5. In groups of 5-6, select a business chart, a business graph and a business

report and translate them into English. Exchange with other groups,
improve and include it in your Portfolio.

362

Forms of

Lesson 5 Business TRANSLATION

Business translation is a professional discipline. In the post-globalization era, where
business is not confined in any particular region, business transactions involve readers and
speakers of different mutually unintelligible languages. This has prompted great demand
of professional business translators. In India, translation of business documents between
Indian languages and English has become more important, this despite the fact that
English is the official language in India. For nearly the last two decades, business
translation has been facilitating communication between, for example, U.S.-based
companies, governmental agencies, and organizations and their Indian peers.
In this chapter, we are interested in the different forms of business translation. As there
are different forms of business communication, so there are different forms of business
translation. Translating business documents like reports, proposals and business
agreements is a very serious undertaking. Though, understandably, business translation is
not that creative but literal transference of meaning from the Source Language (SL) to the
Target Language (TL), however it should not be viewed that in involves only word-by-word
translation of text from one language to another. In actual practice, it involves moving the
soul of a text into a different body. If a business person needs to be creative, so should be a
business translator. However, unlike literary translation, there is not much scope for
modulation of the meaning of the Source Text (ST)
Business translation can be done through machine translation as well. There are
especially designed translation software that translates directly in Word, Excel,
PowerPoint, and Outlook. There are specialized dictionaries and glossaries that are
generated through the computer to translate certain texts. However, Machine Translation
(MT) or Computer Assisted Translation (CAT) is effective only in case of limited types of
text. It is not a substitute to human translation.
A business translator is as important as a business copywriter. He/she should have
several qualities that any organization with a need for copywriting abilities will value.
He/she should be detail-oriented. He/should have a strong sense for the power of copy,
based on uncovering persuasive and unique selling propositions. And he/she should be
able to translate a sales story or document in compelling yet conversational language.
Further, he/she should exhibit a fundamental understanding of effective business
communication.

363

The different forms of business communication that a business translator generally gets to
translate are

Document translation: reports, letters, proposals, procedures, manuals,

product catalogues, financial statements, newsletters, etc.

Marketing materials.

Website localization: website and software localization, and key word

optimization.

Activity 1
(a)

Read the following extract from a business report.

(b)

Complete its translation.

(c)

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364

It is not the IPO (initial public offer) market

Companies now prefer GDR over FCCB issues in view of the rise in interest rates
abroad.
(a)

What is the purpose of business report?

(b)

Is it equally important for the translator to be conscious of the immediate purpose of

the business report that he/she is translating? Explain

(c)

What is the core sentence of the above business report?

(d)

Is it important for the translator to spend some time understanding and analyzing
this core sentence? Explain.

(e)

What difficulties did you face while translating the above business report? Give
examples.

365

Business reports are extremely important. They are a crucial means of communication
between the company and their investors and public in general. Business reports carry a
lot of vital information about the company. In the context of economies which have
opened up to foreign investments, business reports play a great role in attracting the
investors. Translation of business reports therefore is very crucial as they may eventually
decide the success of the company in acquiring new investments in the competitive world
market. Thus business reports are sensitive documents and the translation of the cohesive
patterns would have consequences in the way the translated document is interpreted by
the target readers. Business reports are of various types. Business reports that generally
appear in the magazines and newspapers often describe important business events.
Though a business report is a form of formal register, a translator has to do more than a
mere literal translation. There exists a considerable difference in the attributes of the
two languages. There are differences in lexical cohesive patterns between an original
business report and its translation. Cohesive patterns are one of the key elements in
holding the text together. These patterns may change as they are not immediately
available to the translators in the Target Language. So what was originally an integral
pattern of the Source Text may become an entirely different pattern in the Target Text.
For instance, in the above report, the second paragraph begins in this manner:

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This sentence may be translated into English as,
Significantly, small and medium companies are now taking the GDR route to raise
funds this time even for a small amount.
One may have literally translated the first few words of the sentence as, the most
significant thing is that. But it would not be as appropriate. In the translation of
any form of writing in Business register, there exists a scope of literal translation.
However, there does exist structural differences between the Source Text (ST) and
the Target Text (TT).
A translator has to interpret and understand the central sentence carefully. The central
sentence of any writing determines its complete progress. And then he/she should be
aware of the various types of words and sentence linkages that may require recreation in
the Target language. Wrong choice of 'function words' or prepositions or auxiliary verbs,
while trying to literally translate the report may prove undesirable. Every language has its
own lexical cohesive pattern: set of interconnecting bond between the sentences. In
other words, there is a bond, a connection that exists between sentences because of
linkages, which the translator has to know both in the Source Language (SL) and the Target
Language (TL).

366

Activity 2
(a)

Read the following business letter.

(b)

Translate the letter into English.

(c)

Answer the question that follow.

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(a)

Before you began translating the above letter, was it important to understand the
purpose of the letter in the Source Text (ST)? Why

367

(b)

As a translator, is it important to be aware of the conventions of business letter

writing in both the Source Language (SL) and the Target Language (TL)? Explain.

(c)

As a translator, do you need to be equally proficient in words, expressions and styles

specific to business letter writing in both the Source Language (SL) and the Target
Language (TL)? Discuss with examples.

(d)

Does the Target Text (TT) achieve the formality of the Source Text (ST), or their
remains some gap in the equivalence of the two texts?

Business letter is a letter written in formal language, usually used when writing
from one business organization to another, or for correspondence between such
organizations and their customers, clients and other external parties. The overall
style of letter will depend on the relationship between the parties concerned. A
translator has to understand this relationship, only then would he/she able to
achieve a perfect equivalence between the Source Text (ST) and its translation.

A business letter has to follow certain conventions in its format. Now, the translator,
ofcourse knows that these conventions may either be same or different in the Source
Language (SL) and the Target Language (TL). The above letter in the Source Language (SL)
contains the following information in the following order:

Letter head or sender's address

Recipient's address

Salutation or Greeting

Message (body of the letter)

Closing

Signature, printed name, and position of sender

Date of writing

368

In some situations, a business letter may also include the following optional information:

Enclosures (Encl:)

Courtesy Copy

You would observe that the date of writing comes last in order in Hindi business letter, the
Source Text (ST), whereas in the Target Text (TT) in English, the date of writing always
comes after the sender's address.

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Closing

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While most of the translation is literal carrying over of meaning from the Source Text (ST)
to the Target Text (TT), the letter does have its own unique style of expression. Even the
content as well as the word and sentence pattern of the Target Text (TT) may entail
rearrangement. For instance, the first two sentences in the Source Text (ST) are,

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The sentences can be translated as,
We thank you for your letter of 20th May 2008
We are pleased to inform you that we cab supply you any quantity upto 27000 packets
every month.
Naturally, every language has developed its own formal structure. A translator has to be
good in knowing the conventions and styles of business letter in both the language that he
is translating from and translating into.
Activity 3
(a)

Read the following business proposal.

(b)

Complete its translation.

(c)

Answer the questions that follow

369

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370

JWS Remodeling Solutions

10 Deep Towers, Nehru Place, New Delhi
Phone: 011-246133134, Fax: (212) 24411331
May 11, 2008

Bhupesh Sarkar
Data Dimensions
15, Street Road
Kolkata
Sub: Proposal for Home Office Construction

Sincerely,

Vipin Dev
Director (Construction)
(a)

How important is it for the translator to keep in mind the supposed reader of the
business proposal while translating it?

(b)

To what extent does the subject of the business proposal determine the text of the
Target Text (TT)?

371

(c)

To what extent does the choice of word pattern differ in the Source Text (ST) and the
Target Text (TT)?

(d)

Is word-to-word translation possible throughout while transferring the content from

the Source Text to the Target Text (TT)? Explain.

As a translator one has to understand that a business proposal is an offering from a seller
to a prospective buyer. Hence, as much as the writer the translator also has to consider
the interest of the buyer. Only then he/she would be able to recreate the content where
literal translation is difficult. Proposals can range in size from a one page letter, or price
list, to several hundred pages of detailed specifications. In the business sales process, the
written proposal is the vehicle that carries the terms of an agreement between buyer and
seller, and forms the basis for a subsequent business contract. When a proposed offer is
accepted by the buyer, it creates a legally binding document for both parties, buyer and
seller.
A properly translated proposal will put the buyer's requirements into a context that
favors the sellers products and services, educating the prospective client about the full
nature of his or her needs and the capabilities of the seller in satisfying those needs.
Therefore, the translator has to meticulously render the details of the Source Text (ST)
into the Target Language (TL). Often, a prospective client may be aware of only a portion
of their needs, or they may be unaware of what the market has to offer to meet their
needs. Good translation plays an important role in finalizing the proposal. A translator
has therefore to know the basic components of the business proposal:

an orientation to the seller's capabilities or products

a discussion of key issues

a description of the seller's offering and related benefits

Activity 4
(a)

Read the following extract from a newsletter.

(b)

Complete its translation with the help of the keywords given.

(c)

Answer the questions that follow.

372

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Venture, wireline carriers, subscribers, collaboration,

customer solutions, back-office support

Joint
Bharati and Airtel entered 2005 as the biggest players in the telecom sector

(i)

What is the purpose of the above extract?

(ii)

Does the translation of the above extract require an understanding of the specific
form of business register, which is a newsletter?

373

(iii) To what extent is translation of the above extract governed by the audience who
would read it? Discuss

(iv) Discuss some of the difficulties in translating the above extracts

(v)

While translating, did you notice that some expressions needed a change in language
structure?

While translating the above extract from a newsletter, you may have noticed its distinct
form. It is close to being a business report, but it is not a business report. If a translator is
aware of the nature of its form, translation would become easier and effective for him.
He/she would understand the exact objectives of translation. Newsletters are published
by clubs, societies, associations, and businesses, especially companies, to provide
information of interest to their members, customers or employees. Some newsletters are
created as money-making ventures and sold directly to subscribers. Sending newsletters
to customers and prospects is a common marketing strategy. General attributes of
newsletters include news and upcoming events of the related organization, as well as
contact information for general inquiries.
The objective of the above newsletter extract is information as well as promotion of
business interests among the target customers. The translator has to be very much
conscious of this fact. Then only he would be able to transfer the intended meaning of the
Source Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT). Hence, the translation would be partly literal
and partly recreated.
Activity 5
(a)

Read the following financial statements.

(b)

Complete their translation.

(c)

Answer the questions that follow.

374

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Commodity Composition of India's Exports

375

(a)

Why is the translation of financial statements important

(b)

Do you think translating financial statements is simpler that translating other forms
of business register?

(c)

Are there differences in the word pattern of the business terminolgy in the Source
Text (ST) and the Target Text (TT)? If yes, give reasons.

Financial statements provide an overview of a business' financial condition in both short

and long term. There are four basic financial statements:

Balance Sheet: also referred to as statement of financial position or condition,

reports on a company's assets, liabilities and net equity as of a given point in
time.

Income statement: also referred to as Profit and Loss statement (or a "P&L"),
reports on a company's results of operations over a period of time.

Statement of retained earnings: explains the changes in a company's retained

earnings over the reporting period.

Statement of cash flows: reports on a company's cash flow activities,

particularly its operating, investing and financing activities.

For large corporations, these statements are often complex and may include an extensive
set of notes to the financial statements and management discussion and analysis. The
notes typically describe each item on the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow
statement in further detail. Notes to financial statements are considered an integral part
of the financial statements.
The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial
strength, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a
wide range of users in making economic decisions. Financial statements should be

376

understandable, relevant, reliable and comparable. Reported assets, liabilities and

equity are directly related to an organization's financial position. Reported income and
expenses are directly related to an organization's financial performance.
Financial translators should have significant expertise in understanding financial
statements in one language, and translating it into another, including conversion from one
set of national accounting principles to another. This high level of specialization allows
them to cultivate in-depth knowledge of the accounting practices in each country
forwhich they translate.
As a translator, you should be able to produce financial statements tailored to a particular
type of company activity (such as leasing, retailing, manufacturing or banking).
You should be able to translate simple financial statements required for an international
bid, a complete financial package for mergers and acquisitions, or international tender
offers.
Most translations lie in the areas of:

Income statements

Balance sheets

Cash-flow statements

Annual reports

It is imperative for the financial translator to render the information given in the Source
Text (ST) with exactitude in translation. Unlike translation of literary register, financial
translation does not give the opportunity to express concepts and terms in descriptive
language. The financial translator needs to possess exact financial vocabulary in both
languages to succeed as a translator.

377

End of Lesson- Review Questions

1.

Comprehension
(a)

What is business translation?

(b)

What is the scope of business translation in the post-globalization era?

(c)

What are the different forms of business register?

(d)

What are the qualities of a business translator?

(e)

How important is the translation of business reports?

(f)

What should a translator consider as important while translating a business

letter?

(g)

What is business proposal?

(h)

What is the purpose of translating financial statements?

2. Vocabulary- Explain the following terms and concepts.

(a)

Literal transference

(b)

Modulation of meaning

(c)

Computer Assisted Translation (CAT)

(d)

Document translation

(e)

Cohesive patterns

3. Application
(a)

Read the following business agreement

(b)

Translate it using the expressions given in the box

(c)

Answer the questions that follow

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GATT 1994: Major Agreements

Custom valuation, pre-shipment, anti-dumping duties, subsidies, countervailing

measures, Licensing procedures, safeguards, sanitary, phytosanitary
(i)

Does the translation of the above agreement require knowledge of the business
register in the both Source Language (SL) and the Target Language (TL)? Explain

(ii)

What difficulties will a translator face if he/she did not know the business register of
any of the two languages involved in translation?

(iii) What is the difference in the language pattern of the Source Text (TT) and the Target
Text (TT)?

379

4. Writing Tasks- For your Portfolio

(a)

Read the following business Performa

(b)

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(c)

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Performa for Statutory Declaration

Form no. 1
The Companies Act. 1956

380

Pursuant, presented by, formation, complied, registration

(i)

Why are such business forms required to be translated?

(ii)

Why is it important for the translator to know specific business vocabulary in both
Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL)?

(iii) Is their any difference in the overall linguistic structure of the Source Text (ST) and
the Target Text?

5. In groups of 5-6, select a business report, a business proposal and a business

letter, and translate them into English. Exchange with other groups,
discuss the problems, improve them and include it in your portfolio

381

End of the Unit- Review Questions

1. Comprehension
a.

What is difference between 'frozen', 'formal' and 'casual' 'registers'? Explain with
examples.

b.

How is a technical or business 'register' independent of the user of language?

c.

How is the correct understanding and practice of different 'registers' important in

speech and writing?

a.

Why do cultural factors play no role in the technical or business translation?

b.

How important is the role of dictionaries and glossaries of termonologies in technical

and business translation?

c.

What role does technical translation play in the growth of scientific-knowledge?

g.

To what extent does the growth of business firms depend upon good
translation?

business

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benchmark,
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stock index,

383

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in consideration of,

ownership, copyright,

384

manuscript,

vest, exclusive right


.
..

.
..
.
.
.

3. Classify the above extracts as:

(a)

Technical Register
.

(b)

Business Register
.

(c)

Literary Register
.

(d)

Legal Register
.

4. On the basis of your translation of the above extracts, answer the following:
(a)

Is the language of written communication register-specific? If yes, how?

.
.
.

(b)

Give a point or two about the distinctive characterstics of each register translated
above
(i)

Technical Register
..

(ii)

Business Register
..

(iii) Legal Register.

..
(iv) Literary Register
..

385

(c)

How different are problems of translating each register?

(i)

Technical Register

(ii)

Business Register.

(iii) Legal Register

(iv) Literary Register

..
(d)

In what way does each register expect a different response from you as a reader?
(i)

Technical Register
..

(ii)

Business Register
..

(iii) Legal Register.

..
(iv) Literary Register.
..

5. Writing Tasks- for the Portfolio

a.

Choose technical and business texts of your choice.

b.

Underline the words and sentences that suggest only specific use in technical or
business language.

c.

Write an essay in 150-200 words on the principles of technical and business

translation.

6. Project -Work
Work in groups of four or five and do the following:
(a)

Collect a bank statement, advertisement, instruction manual of a product, a poem,

an extract of a short story, a scientific article from a science magazine.

(b)

Discuss in groups the different aspects of language use in the various registers, like
vocabulary, terminologies and sentence formation.

(c)

Translate the pieces and compare your translation.

(d)

Discuss the unique problems of translation related to each piece.

386