CHAPTER 2

BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT

Prepared by : Pn.Tan Seoah Chee SMK Desa Skudai 2010
Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

2.1 THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMAN

The Blood Circulatory System 1. The human transport system is called the blood circulatory system, to transport substances around the body. 2. It consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. 3. The circulatory system important / involves: a) Delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells b) Carrying carbon dioxide and waste products away from the cells. c) Protecting the body from infections
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Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

The Function of the Human Heart

1. The human heart is situated in the thoracic cavity between the lungs. 2. The walls of the heart are made up of cardiac muscles. 3. The human heart has four chambers The upper two chambers are the right atrium and left atrium. (plural: atria) The lower two chamber are the right ventricle and left ventricle. The upper chambers and lower chambers are divided by valves The left and right sides of the heart is divided by a Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010 thick wall of tissue.

The Function of the Human Heart

4. There are three types of valves inside the heart: The tricuspid valve is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The bicuspid valve is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle. The semilunar valves are situated at the beginning of the pulmonary artery and the aorta. 5. The valve lie between the atria and the ventricle allow blood to flow in only one direction, from the atria to the ventricles.
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6. 7. 1.

1. 2. 3. 4.

The function of the heart is to pump blood to all parts of the body. The ventricles have thicker walls than the atria (pump blood out of the heart). Left ventricle has the thicker wall than the right ventricle because it has to pump to all parts of the body except lungs (blood is pumped under high pressure). The right side of the heart pumps blood which has less oxygen to the lungs. The left side of the heart pumps blood which has more oxygen the other parts of body. The human heart pumps by contracting and relaxing its muscles. The left atria and right atria contract and relax at Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, ventricles. the same time, so as the two2010

Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

The Function and the Structure of the Human Heart

Semilunar valve
Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

The Function and the Structure of the Human Heart 1. Vena cava (largest vein) Return blood to the right atrium. 2. Right atrium Has thin walls. Receives deoxygenat ed blood from all parts of the body except Tricuspid valve 3. lungs is found between the right atrium and the Tan Seoah through vena ventricle. Chee,SMKDS, 2010 right

The Function and the Structure of the Human Heart 5. Pulmonary artery Carries deoxygenated blood from the 6.Pulmonary right ventricle veins to the lungs. Returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
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4. Right ventricle Has thicker walls than the atria. Receives blood from the right atrium. Pumps

10.Aorta The largest artery in the human body. Carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs. 7. Left atrium Has thin walls. Receives oxygenated blood from 8. Bicuspid valve the lungs. is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Prevent blood flowing from left ventricle to left 9. Left ventricle atrium. Has thicker walls than the 2010 right ventricle. Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta to

The Function and the Structure of the Human Heart

Semilunar valve
Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

The sequence of the pumping action of the heart

1.Blood from the body flows into the right atrium while blood from the lungs flows into the left atrium.

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The sequence of the pumping action of the heart

2.Both atria contract and push blood through the valves into the ventricles.

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The sequence of the pumping action of the heart 3.Both ventricles contract and force the blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta. The valves are closed to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria

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10. One complete contraction and relaxation of the heart is called a heartbeat.

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Blood vessels and their functions

There are 3 types of blood vessels in our body: arteries, veins and capillaries. The human circulatory system is called a closed system because all the blood vessels are linked together.

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Vein

Artery

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Capillar

The Characteristic of the Blood Vessels and their Function

Characteri stic

Arteries

Capillaries

Vein

Diagram

Largest artery aorta

lie close to the cells

Direction Transport of blood blood away from the heart to all parts of the body.

Connect Transport arterioles blood from (smaller vessels) all parts of to venules. the body to Allows the the heart. Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010 exchange of

Exchange of material in capillaries

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The Characteristic of the Blood Vessels and their Function

Characteri stic Blood content Arteries Transport oxygenated blood (bright red), except pulmonary artery Capillaries Vein

Carry Transport oxygenated deoxygenat blood to the ed blood tissue and (dark red), collects except deoxygenated pulmonary blood back vein from the tissues.

Wall

Thicker One cell thick Thinner muscular (Thinnest wall) wall, less Tan Seoah wall, elasticChee,SMKDS, 2010 elastic

The Characteristic of the Blood Vessels and their Function

Characteri stic Valves Arteries No valve Capillaries No valve Vein Valves present to prevent back flow of the blood Big

Lumen size

Small

Very small

Blood Withstand Blood flows Blood flows pressure the slowly under slowly high low under low pressure pressure. pressure. (blood Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010 pumped

Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

Arteries Arteriole s Capillari es Venules Veins

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Blood
1. Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, digested food, urea, and hormones around the body. 1. Oxygen in carried from the lungs to all parts of the body by the haemoglobin in red blood cells. 2. Carbon dioxide is carried in a pale yellow liquid called plasma in human blood from all parts of the body to the lungs. 3. Digested food is carried in the plasma from small intestine to the liver, then to all parts of the body. 4. Urea is carried in the plasma from the liver to Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, the kidneys for excretion. 2010

6. Hormones are carried in plasma from the glands to the target organs. 7. Blood that flows in the arteries has a higher concentration of oxygen and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide. 1. High oxygen concentration oxygenated blood. ( Bright red ) 1. Blood that flow back to the heart through the vein has a lower concentration of oxygen and higher concentration of carbon dioxide. 1. Low oxygen concentration deoxygenated blood. ( Dark red )
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Path of Blood Flow in the Blood Circulatory System The human circulatory system is called a double circulatory system. This is because the blood in the body is pumped twice through the heart. The pulmonary circulation goes from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. The systemic circulation goes from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs and back to the heart.
Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

Blood enters capillaries that lead to veins through which blood returns to the right atrium. Deoxygenated blood (all Blood is pump into the parts of the body except aorta through a valve. the lungs) enter the right Blood is carried to all atrium through vena parts of the body The muscle of right atrium cava. except for lungs. Blood enter the left contract, the atrium and flow into the deoxygenated blood is left ventricle through forced into the right bicuspid valve. ventricle through the The oxygenated blood The deoxygenated blood tricuspid valve. returns to the heart by pump to the lungs through the pulmonary vein to a valve and the the left atrium. pulmonary artery. The deoxygenated blood becomes Tan oxygenated Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010 blood after receiving

2.2 HUMAN BLOOD

1. Blood is a renewable living tissue. 2. A healthy adult has about 5 litres of blood in his body. 3. Blood maintains the body temperature at 37C. Heat is distributed from the liver to all parts of the body by the blood plasma.

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Human blood

The composition of the blood

Functions

Consist lymph nodes. Produced Plasma in the bone marrow andof about 90% water and Irregular in shape help the body fight off disease and resist infection 10% dissolved lifespan 2 to 4 days the number of white blood cells is less than the number of red blood cells. substances. two types of white blood cells: the lymphocytes and the phagocytes. Transport substances (food) needed by cells and remove waste products. Carry heat around the body. Red blood cells Produced in the bone marrow Biconcave discs, do not have nuclei Each cell contains haemoglobin Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010 Transport oxygen to the cells of

Human blood

Functions

White Produced in the bone marrow and bloodProduced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. cells
Irregular in shape help the body fight off disease and resist infection lifespan 2 to 4 days the number of white blood cells is less than the number of red blood cells. two types of white blood cells: the lymphocytes and the phagocytes.

lymph nodes. Irregular in shape help the body fight off disease and resist infection lifespan 2 to 4 days the number of white blood cells is less than the number of red blood cells.

Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

Human blood

Functions

two types of white blood cells: the lymphocytes and White the phagocytes blood cells Produced in the bone marrow andproduce antibodies to kill germs The lymphocytes lymph nodes.
Irregular in shape help the body fight off disease and resist infection lifespan 2 to 4 days the number of white blood cells is less than the number of red blood cells. two types of white blood cells: the lymphocytes and the phagocytes.

The phagocytes carry out phagocytosis by surrounding the bacteria, swallowing it, digesting it thus killing it.

Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

The composition of the blood

Produced nodes. Humanin the bone marrow and lymphFunctions Irregular in shape help the blood body fight off disease and resist infection lifespan 2 to 4 days the number of white blood cells is less than the number of red blood cells. two types white blood cells: the lymphocytes and the phagocytes. Platelet ofProduced in the bone marrow Small bits of cells s No nucleus help the blood to clot - Clotting is a process which blood clot to stop the loss of the blood. Lifespan 4 days

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The composition of the blood after centrifuge

Produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. Irregular in shape help the body fight off disease and resist infection lifespan 2 to 4 days the number of white blood cells is less than the number of red blood cells. two types of white blood cells: the lymphocytes and the phagocytes.

Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

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The Blood Groups and Blood Transfusion 1. Blood transfusion is the transfer of blood from a donor to a recipient 1. It may need when someone suffers from blood lost during surgery or an accident. 2. Before blood transfusion, we need to know the blood group 3. Blood in human is classified into four groups, namely A, B, AB and O. 1. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood coagulation or agglutination, it Chee,SMKDS, 2010 the recipient. may kill Tan Seoah

Blood group Can donate blood to group A B AB (universal recipients ) O (universal donors) A, AB B, AB AB

Can receive blood from group A, O B, O A, B, AB, O

A, B, AB, O
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Blood Donation
Anybody who is healthy, weighs over 50kg and is between the ages of 17 and 60 can donate blood.

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The blood from a donor is taken from a vein in the arm. The blood is collected in a sterilised bag containing sodium citrate (prevents clotting of the blood) The sterilised bag of blood then stored in a refrigerator at 5C for 10 days or longer if glucose is added. A sample of the donated blood is tested for the blood group and screened for disease such as Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C or HIV (AIDS) Blood screening procedures are very important to ensure that blood used for transfusion is not contaminated. Not contaminated blood is stored in the Tan Seoah bank (4C) bloodChee,SMKDS, 2010

2.3 THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANT

1. Water is important As a medium that transport substances in plant. Maintaining the turgidity of the plant cells. 2. Wilting Water enter the cell of a plant, it exert pressure against the cell wall. The cells become turgid and support the plant. When a plant loses more water than it absorb, the cells of the plant lose their turgidity and become wilt.
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Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

Transpiration
1. Transpiration: The process in which plants lose water in form of water vapour by evaporation through stomata (small opening) on the leaves and lenticels on the stem of a plant. Function: helps to transport water from the roots to all parts of the plant. The leaf epidermis consists of a single layer of epidermal cells that covers both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf. Epidermal cells secrete a waxy cuticle covering the outer surface of the leaf that will reduce water loss during transpiration. Much of water loss during transpiration in plants takes place through the stomata found in Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010 the leaf epidermis.

1.

2.

3.

5. The cells that control the opening and closing of a stoma are called guard cells.

During photosynthesis On a hot day, and respiration, the the stomata stomata open to allow may close to carbon dioxide and reduce the loss oxygen to diffuse in of water by and out. The opening transpiration. Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010 of the stomata results

Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

Factors Affecting the Rate of Transpiration 1. The number of stomata in a plant greatly affects its rate of transpiration. 2. A plant can transpire faster if it has a larger number of stomata. 3. The rate of transpiration also affected by environmental factors: light intensity, temperature, humidity and wind.
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Weight potometer

Estimate the rate of transpiration of plants. Measure the loss in weight.

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Explanation 1. Air movement oMoving air carries water vapour away oThe presence of wind increases the rate of transpiration.

Pictures

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Explanation 2. Humidity oHigher humidity decreases the rate of transpiration. oWater evaporates slower if the surrounding air is damp.

Pictures

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Explanation 3. Temperature oWater evaporates faster at a higher temperature. oThe higher the temperature, the higher the rate of transpiration.

Pictures

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Explanation Pictures 4. Light intensity During the day, high light intensity stimulates stomata opening. Light increases the rate of transpiration.

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Important Roles of Transpiration

1. Transpiration is important because: Plant needs water and mineral to grow well. Transpiration transport of water and minerals. Leaves that exposed to direct sunlight become warm. Transpiration cools the leaves when water evaporating from the leaves. removes excess water from the plant.
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Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

The Location of Xylem and Phloem

1. The transport system in plants is made up of xylem and phloem. 2. The xylem and phloem are a group of tubes called vascular bundle. 1. Vascular bundles in the roots, stems and leaves are different.

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Cross-section of a dicotyledonous plant

Leaf

Stem

Root

Structure

Xylem: in the centre Phloem: in the bark

Xylem (dead tissue)

Transports water and mineral salts from the root to the leaves for photosynthesis and to replace waterSeoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010 transpiration. Tan lost during

Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010

Investigating the transport of water in a plant

1. The red ink solution is absorbed by cell in the roots until it reaches the xylem tissues. 2. The xylem tissues of the roots, stem and leaves are stained red. 3. Water is transported through the xylem Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010 tissues.

Investigating the transport of food via the phloem

1. Part A above the ring becomes swollen. Food transported by the phloem accumulates here. 1. There are no phloem tissues to take food down to part B which then shrivels. 1. Synthesised food substances from the leaves are transported by the phloem found Tan Seoah Chee,SMKDS, 2010 on the outer part of the stem.