DESIGN OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES BY MARSHALL METHOD

MARSHALL DESIGN CRITERIA

MARSHALL METHOD MIX CRITERIA

Compaction, number of blows each end of specimen Stability @ 60C, kg. lbs. Flow, 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) Percent Air Voids Percent Voids in Mineral Aggregate

LIGHT TRAFFIC

MEDIUM TRAFFIC

HEAVY TRAFFIC

35
340 (750)

50
544 (1200)

75
816 (1800)

8-18 3-5

8-16 3-5

8-14 3-5

Depends on the nominal max. size. See table.

DESIGN OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES BY MARSHALL METHOD

Stability Test The test is performed by measuring resistance to the application of load on the circumferential surface of a cylindrical specimen.
Flow The flow index is obtained by measuring the diametric distortion required to produce failure.

Marshall Stability Apparatus

Flow Meter

Testing head

Compaction of Test Specimen

Compaction Equipment

Marshall Stability Apparatus

Load measuring ring Flow meter

Test sample

Water Bath and Thermometers

DESIGN OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES BY MARSHALL METHOD

Selection of Materials Preparation of Tests Specimens Specific Gravity determination of the mixture Density and Voids Analysis Stability & Flow Test Preparation and Interpretation of Test Data Determination of Optimum Asphalt Content

DESIGN OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES BY MARSHALL METHOD

OUTLINE OF THE METHOD:
I. Selection of Materials A. Selection of Type of Asphalt B. Selection of Aggregates Factors to consider: - Quality - Properties - Gradation Blend aggregates if necessary to obtain the right gradation

C. Preliminary Data Determination 1. Determine Specific gravity of aggregates a. Coarse Aggregates

a Gsb bc

a Gsa ac

Where: Gsb = Bulk specific gravity Gsa = Apparent specific gravity a = weight of oven dried sample in air b = weight in SSD(saturated surface dry) c = weight in water

b. Fine Aggregates

a Gsb bcd

a Gsa acd

Where: Gsb = Bulk specific gravity Gsa = Apparent specific gravity a = weight of oven dried sample in air b = weight in SSD c = wt. of pycnometer + water d = wt. Of pycnometer, water & sample

2. If aggregates are blended Determine Combined specific gravity:

100 Combined Gsb % Agg. A % Agg.B % Agg.C sp.gr. A sp.gr.B sp.gr.C

Where: sp. gr. of A,B & C are the bulk specific

gravities of aggregates A, B and C.

100 Combined Gsa % Agg. A % Agg.B % Agg.C sp.gr. A sp.gr.B sp.gr.C

Where: sp. gr. of A, B & C are the apparent specific

gravities of aggregates A, B & C.

3. Determine Effective Specific Gravity of Aggregates

Gsb Gsa Gse 2

Where: Gse = Effective Sp. Gr. Gsb = Bulk specific gravity (use combined if blended) Gsa = Apparent specific gravity (combined if blended)

II. Preparation of Test Specimens

- specimens are 2 height X 4 diameter - a series of test specimens are prepared at different asphalt content to get Optimum Asphalt Content
- Varying asphalt content shall be at percent increments

- For adequate data, prepare 3 specimens for each asphalt content used - Each test specimen will require approximately 1.2 kg. of agg. Proportioning of Aggregate and Asphalt Asphalt content may be expressed either as a percentage by weight of total mix or as percentage by weight of dry agg. Either method is acceptable provided it is clearly understood which method is being used.

Heating temp. of Asphalt cement = 138C Heating temp. of Aggregates = 191C Mixing temperature = 163C Molding temperature = 130 +/- 10C III. Specific Gravity Determination of the Mixture

A. Bulk sp. gr. of mixture, Gmb:

wt. of mixture in air Gmb = ----------------------------wt. at SSD wt. in water

B. Max. Theoretical Density (max. sp. gr.), Gmm:

Gmm = -------------------------------------------------------------(%agg / eff. sp. gr.) + (% asphalt/sp. gr.) 100

IV. Density and Voids Analysis A. Percent Air Voids the air in a compacted mixture between the coated aggregates
%A.V. = 100 --------------------------------Gmm Gmm - Gmb

Where: %A.V.= air voids in a compacted mix Gmm = max. sp. gr. of mixture Gmb = bulk sp. gr. of mixture

B. Percent Voids in Mineral Aggregate the intergranular space between the aggregate particles in a compacted paving mixture that includes the air voids and the effective asphalt content, expressed as a percent of the total volume.
Where: %VMA = voids in min. agg. Gmb Ps Gsb = bulk sp. Gr. of aggregates %VMA = 100 - --------------------Gmb = bulk sp. Gr. of comp. mix Gsb Ps = agg. Percent by total wt. of mixture

V. Stability and Flow Test

Stability maximum load resistance that a standard specimen will develop @ 60C.

Flow movement in 0.25 mm (.01 in.) from initial to max. load

VI. Preparation and Interpretation of Test Data

correction of stability values if any averaging of values

Prepare a separate graphical plot for the ff:

1. Stability vs. Asphalt content 2. Flow vs. Asphalt Content

3. Unit wt. of total mix vs. asphalt content 4. Percent air voids vs. asphalt content
5. % VMA vs. asphalt content

TEST PROPERTY CURVES HOT MIX DESIGN BY MARSHALL METHOD

151.5 151 150.5 150 149.5 149 148.5 148 147.5 147 146.5 4
16 15.8 15.6 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 4 5 6 7 3 4 5 6 7 8

3200 3000 2800

UNIT WT (PCF)

STABILITY (LBS.)

2600 2400 2200 2000

% VMA

15.4 15.2 15 14.8 14.6

%AIR VOIDS

16 14

% AC

FLOW

12 10 8 6 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7

VII. Determination of Optimum Asphalt Content Asphalt contents are determined which yield the ff: a. Maximum stability b. Maximum unit weight c. Median of limits for percent air voids The Optimum Asphalt Content of the mix is then the numerical average values of the three noted above.

TEST PROPERTY CURVES HOT MIX DESIGN BY MARSHALL METHOD

151.5 151 150.5 150 149.5 149 148.5 148 147.5 147 146.5 4
16 15.8 15.6 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 4 5 6 7 3 4 5 6 7 8

3200 3000 2800

UNIT WT (PCF)

STABILITY (LBS.)

2600 2400 2200 2000

% VMA

15.4 15.2 15 14.8 14.6

%AIR VOIDS

16 14

FLOW

12 10 8 6 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7

% AC @ Max. Stability = 5.30 % AC @ Max. Unit Wt. = 5.90 % AC @ 4% AV. = 7.00 Ave. = 6.07

OPTIMUM ASPHALT CONTENT = 6.07%

DESIGNED JOB MIX FORMULA By Marshall Method I. AGGREGATE GRADATION Sieve Sizes 25(1) 19(3/4) 12.5(1/2 9.5(3/8) 4.75(#4) 2.36(#8) 1.18(#16 0.60(#30 0.30(#50 Percent Passing 100 97 73 61 46 30 22 16 12 Tolerance JMF Limit s (+/-)7 -do-do-do(+/-)4 -do-do-do-do100 90-100 66-80 54-68 39-53 26-34 18-26 12-20 8-16 Specs Limit 100 95-100 68-86 56-78 38-60 27-47 18-37 13-28 9-20

.075(#200)

(+/-)2

4-8

4-8

II. ASPHALT CONTENT AC Grade 85-100 5.83% AC by weight of total mix (+/-) 0.4 III. TEMPERATURE OF MIX 140C +/- 10C IV. TEST PROPERTIES OF MIX 5.43-6.23% 130C - 150C

Property
Stability, Lbs Flow, 0.01 in. unit Percent Air Voids Percent VMA V. SOURCES OF MATERIALS Aggregates -

Result
2,800 13.0 4.4 15.2

Specs
1,800 8-14 3-5 13 min.

Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental

VI. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF MATERIALS Aggregates Bulk Spec. GravityApparent Sp. Gr. A 2.664 2.928 B 2.659 2.941 C 2.765 2.988 Composite Aggregates Asphalt Cement 1.010 Combined Sp. Gr. 2.678 Effective Sp. Gr. - 2.808