Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2011, NTU
Topics of presentation
Introduction Actions of fatigue Everything you need to know about fatigue in ten minutes Fatigue Design Philosophy of EN1993-1-9 Assessment methods Partial factors S-N Curves and fatigue assessment Comparison with BS 7608 Application example: Dynamic Fatigue Assessment of Container Quay Crane Introduction and structural form Operations and dynamic actions Quay crane fatigue assessment Conclusions
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Introduction Actions of fatigue Everything you need to know about fatigue in ten minutes g
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Introduction
Actions of fatigue
Fatigue
The process of initiation and propagation of crack through a structural part due to action of fluctuating stress (EN1993-1-9, 1.3.1.1) Fatigue design and assessment could be one of the main criteria for ultimate limit states check for many structures subjected to cyclic loadings
Introduction
Q =>
welding
or S
(log scale) 1 m=3
Q =>
bolts
Higher stress and stress range =k, k>1 near connection => Modifiednominalstressrange
Q =>
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Introduction
or S
(log scale)
For fatigue assessment: time Determine Q, then and N, check for clients requirement client s (FAT check in EC3) For fatigue design: Determine Q, select plate thickness and other details, compute , and than N, check p , for clients requirement (FAT check in EC3)
Note: S N curves are drawn according to certain probability of failure (e g S-N (e.g.
5%, 2.3%)
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Introduction
k (depends on opening size) For a given values of Q, value of k depends on the geometry and details of the construction => Hence, different S N curves are needed Hence S-N needed. To help designers, many design guides (e.g. BS 7608 and EN1993-1-9) provide tables for different standard construction details (Detail Category) which related th nominal stress range t a given standard S N curve hi h l t d the i l t to i t d d S-N S-N curve No.
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Introduction
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Introduction
1 2 3
1 3
A
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A C Time
Cycles
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Introduction
i =1
n Ei N Ri
i (Qk)
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Fatigue Design Philosophy of EN1993-1-9 Assessment methods Partial factors S-N Curves and fatigue assessment Comparison with BS 7608
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Assessment methods
The two different assessment methods in EN1993-1-9 EN1993 1 9 The damage tolerance method Provide acceptable reliability so that a structure will p p y perform satisfactorily y for its design life, provide that a prescribed inspection and maintenance regime for detecting and correcting fatigue is implemented (EN1993-1-9) Inspection programme given in National Annex (NA) Potential fatigue crack initiation size should be accessible Checks on crack initiation Specified minimum size of detectable fatigue crack Specified maximum tolerable size of crack (using fracture mechanics) Time taken for fatigue crack to grow from minimum to maximum size (T1) Maximum time interval between inspections should be less thanT1/2 Inspection/out of service and repair/strengthening plans
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Assessment methods
The two different assessment methods in EN1993-1-9 EN1993 1 9 The safe life method Provide acceptable reliability so that a structure will p p y perform satisfactorily y for its design life without the need for regular in-service inspection for fatigue damage. It should be applied in cases where local formation of cracks in one component could rapidly lead to failure of the element or structure (EN1993-1-9) The safe life method is recommended by BS and SS NA for new buildings or civil engineering structures i il i i t t What are the differences in the design procedures for the damage tolerance method and the safe life method? Same assessment procedure but the damage tolerance method allows for higher stress range (17%) than the safe design method Main diff M i different is caused by a higher partial f i db hi h i l factor Mf value f the safe life l for h f lif method
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The partial factors The partial load factors Ff for safe life method
As usual, appears everywhere when stress ranges are used Depends on how the characteristic loads are determined Values given in BS and SS NA (only for safe life design) No. of S.D. on load intensity 0 +1 +2 2 No. of S.D. on no. of cycles 0 +2 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 11 1.0 10
S.D on intensity
Q or
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Remarks: If a value of Mf =1.10 is used throughout, no difference between the damage tolerant method and the safe life method
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The S-N curves and fatigue assessment The S N curves used in EN1993 1 9 (Fig 7.1) S-N EN1993-1-9 (Fig. 7 1)
Tri-linear log-log curves of stress range vs endurance (life to failure) cycles Based on 5% probability of failure f il Curves labeled by the detail category nominal g y stress range corresponding to 2 million cycles, C Constant amplitude f C fatigue limit at 5 million cycles Cut off Cut-off limit at 100 million cycles
C at 2 million
cycles (curve ) labels)
m=3
m=5
Cut-off limit
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The S-N curves and fatigue assessment The S-N curves used in EN1993-1-9 (Fig. 7.1)
The nominal stress range corresponding to 2 million constant g p g amplitude cycles, C, is used as the reference fatigue strength for the curve. It also labels the curve (detail category). For example, for the detail category 100 a constant amplitude example 100, nominal stress range of 100MPa will able to fail the detail in 2 million cycles The S-N curve can be written as (R)mNR= (c)m(2x106)
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The S-N curves and fatigue assessment The S N curves used in EN1993 1 9 (Fig 7.1) S-N EN1993-1-9 (Fig. 7 1)
Some important remarks The curves are factored by neither Ff nor Mf yet Between the constant amplitude limit (5 million cycles) and the cutoff limit, the slope of the curve is 1/m = 1/5 The 1/m=1/5 part is for stress spectrum that consists of stress ranges both above and below the constant amplitude limit Stress ranges above the constant amplitude limit will cause St b th t t lit d li it ill damage or growth of flaw => Reduce the constant amplitude limit As time goes on, more stress ranges below the constant g , g amplitude limit shall contribute to crack growth (but at a lower rate with 1/m=1/5)
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The S-N curves and fatigue assessment Fatigue design/checking to EN1993 1 9 EN1993-1-9
Two approaches: the stress domain approach and the damage domain approach The stress domain approach In EN1993-1-1 yield strength fy and ultimate strength fu are EN1993 1 1, frequently used => They are mainly material properties However, buckling strength, fbuc does not exist (but does) In EN1993-1-9, the reference fatigue strength C corresponding to 2 million cycles of failure is used even it is not a material property t i l t C is used in EN993-1-9 to (1) label the S-N curves and (2) for stress domain fatigue design/check
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The S-N curves and fatigue assessment Fatigue design/checking to EN1993 1 9 EN1993-1-9
Damage equivalent factors i Can we replace a stress range spectrum (Qk) by an equivalent constant stress range? Yes: Through the concept of equivalent damage
n1
Freque ency Freque ency
n2
Stress range spectrum: Dd = n1/NR1+ n2/NR2 NR1 and NR2 from SN curve
n3
Stress range
Stress range
Same damage f a constant S d for t t stress range E for n3 cycle Dd = (n3)/NE 1. 1 n3 selected by designer 2. Calculate NE 3. From S-N Curve => E
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The S-N curves and fatigue assessment Fatigue design/checking to EN1993 1 9 EN1993-1-9
The stress domain approach
While i depends on the distribution of ni , i and n3 , but neither on the detail category nor C If i are known and E is calculated, fatigue verification against, say 2 million cycles, is reduced to (EN1993-1-9, Clause 8(2))
Ff
E ,2 Mf
1 .0
Warning: Actual fatigue life required may be more than 2 million cycles
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The S-N curves and fatigue assessment Fatigue design/checking to EN1993 1 9 EN1993-1-9
The damage domain approach When i are not given, designers are supposed to use loading model given which is more representative of the loading expected Designer needs to obtain information on the loading ranges, frequencies and th i actions t th structures (or similar structures) d their ti to the t t ( i il t t ) Steps for damage domain assessment 1. Loading spectra: Carry out a study on the loadings (ranges (ranges, frequency, actions) on the structure (or similar structures) 2. Global Structural model: Create a global model of the structure 3. Global responses: Compute the responses of the global model (natural frequencies, nominal forces or stresses etc). If possible, verify the results based on in-situ measurements or scaled model test
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The S-N curves and fatigue assessment Fatigue design/checking to EN1993 1 9 EN1993-1-9
Steps for damage domain approach (continued) 4. 4 Stress spectra: From the global responses, devise the nominal stress responses at locations/details of interests and then their corresponding variable stress range spectra.
Note that if the interested detail could not be found in the detail category of EN1993 (or further stress concentration appears), local models (e.g. FE models) should be created to compute the stress range spectra (i)
5. Cycles to failure: Factor the stress range spectra to generate the design spectra (Ffi) and then check against the factored S-N curve (C /Mf vs N) 6. Damage verification: Compute damage due to different stress range and then the total damage by the Miners summation
For variable amplitude stress range, damage caused by both stress range above and below the constant stress range limit must be computed
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The S-N curves and fatigue assessment Fatigue design/checking to EN1993 1 9 EN1993-1-9 What to do if a given detail failed the verification?
Increase the thickness of members/details ( re-design I th thi k f b /d t il (no d i needed) Reduce nominal stress range Thickness correction factor for some details with thickness > 25mm Upgrade the details to next details category (12% increase in stress range) => local re-design (e.g. connection details) needed Re-design of global structural form (e.g. damping, members arrangement and sizes) => Improve overall responses of structure, reduce forces in members
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Fatigue design philosophy of EN1993-1-9 Structural Mechanics Structural Dynamic Fracture mechanics In general: BS more comprehensive Easier to use Less iterations in reading More designer friendly But (perhaps) similar results Similar details given PD6695-1-9-2008 Recommendations, information for design and use
BS7608 F ti Fatigue d i design and assessment of steel structures Informative annexes A-G I f ti AG and references
Partial factors in EN More complete detail category in EN Differences in S N curves: EN: 5% failure probability BS 2 3% S-N probability, 2.3% Shear and combine stress failure in some EN details Thickness correction: BS >16mm, EN >25mm 25
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Application A li ti example: Dynamic l D i Fatigue Assessment of Container Quay Crane Introduction and structural form Operations and dynamic actions Quay crane fatigue assessment
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Dynamic loadings
Movement of crane along wharf-line railway (gantry movement) Slow and relativity low frequency of occurrence: not critical Wind loading More severe when the forestay is stowed Not critical for Singapore terminals but critical for places like HK due to yp typhoon Dynamic loadings due to S-T and T-S movements of hoist block High frequency operations (S-T and T-S Cycles) Major sources of dynamic loading for cranes in Singapore terminals Effect could be highly localized
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aH
Sea-to-truck Truck-to-sea
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Backstay tip
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Damping factors obtained by tracing the peak p y g response decay rate during free vibration Horizontal actions: 1%, vertical actions: 0.25% of critical damping ratio
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Position S Sm
h
hm Sd Position P iti T
hs
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Vh = 2.8m/s, ah 1 0m/s2 =1.2m/s Hmax =1 0m/s2 =1.0m/s hmax 2 8m/s hmax = 1.0m/s , Vvmax=1 2m/s , aH
All operators would try to minimize the time needed for each operation (within safety limits). Actual travel time depends on the skill and style of operator Different forms of motion equations were employed to represent the ff f f style and skill of operator Six variables (Initial and final positions, velocities and accelerations) are required to define the initial and final conditions of the hoist block Assuming the position of the hoist block is a fifth order polynomial of time
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The constant acceleration form is corresponding to a swift operator who always able to use the hoist block engine up to its mechanical limit so that y g p
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Cubic form
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Linear form
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Constant form
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Backstay tip
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Damage assessment
From nominal/Hot spot stress, perform fatigue design/check by using the appropriate S-N curves 2.3 % failure probability curve was used (or 5% failure probability curve with Mf =1.10) Lower land side leg wall details shall be safe for at least 20 years services Damage contributions from different rows operations
12 Precentage of damage contribution
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Row Number
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Conclusions
More fatigue or even fracture experience needed? NTU, NTU CEE MSc course CV6807: Fatigue & Fracture of Steel Structures 39hrs of lectures and 3 hrs of examination
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