Q.7: What are the types of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors present on the effector organs?

Mention the function of various types of adrenergic receptors. 2+ 3

Answer key:

Two principal types of cholinergic Receptors are Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors. 1 mark.

Adrenergic Receptors are Alpha and Beta Receptors. 1 mark.

Function of Alpha receptors (given below in the table): 1 mark

Function of Beta-1 receptors (given below in the table): 1mark

Function of Beta-2 receptors (given below in the table): 1 mark

Q.7 Name the components of Analgesia System along with their location. Briefly discuss the mechanism of Enkephalins & their source. Which reflex is mainly inhibited by this system? Give the clinical application. (2+2+0.5+0.5 marks) COMPONENTS OF ANALGESIA SYSTEM & LOCATION:

Peri-ventricular nuclei in hypothalamus: (surround the 3rd ventricle). (0.5 mark) Peri-aqueductal gray matter: (surround aqueduct of Sylvius present in midbrain and upper pons). (0.5 mark) Raphe Magnus nucleus: (thin midline nucleus in lower pons & upper medulla). (0.5 mark) A pain inhibitory complex: (in dorsal horn of spinal cord). (0.5 mark)

SOURCE OF ENKEPHALINS: Released by fibers:

Which pass from peri-ventricular nuclei peri-aqueductal gray matter & Which pass from peri-aqueductal gray matter Raphe Magnus nucleus. (1 mark)

MECHANISM OF ENKEPHALINS: In coming pain fibers, i-e., A delta fibers & C fibers synapse with the pain inhibitory complex in dorsal horn of spinal cord. The neurons in the pain inhibitory complex release ENKEPHALINS at the nerve endings pain impulses can be inhibited at their entry into spinal cord. (0.5 mark)

Resemble morphine in action. (morphine binds with opioid receptors in the body). Enkephalins also bind with opioid receptors to produce analgesia. Stimulation of analgesia system can suppress both fast pain & slow pain. (0.5 mark) REFLEX INHIBITED: Reflexes initiated by pain impulses are also inhibited. Mainly the withdrawal or flexor reflex is inhibited by this system. CLINICAL APPLICATION:

(0.5 mark)

We apply liniments & rub over the area of pain some relief from pain. Perhaps rubbing release of ENKEPHALINS by pain inhibitory complex (in dorsal horn of spinal cord). Chinese Acupuncture relief from pain (by stimulation of analgesia system). (0.5 mark)

Define:(5 Marks) a) Scotoma b) Homonymous hemianopia c) Visual acuity d) Myopia e) Hypermetropia

Scotoma: It is because of absence of photoreceptors in optic disc area. It is located in temporal field from 10 to 15 isoptor and 86 to 93 meridians.

Homonymous hemianopia: When half of the visual field of same side of both the eyes is gone it is called as homonymous hemianopia.

Visual acuity Ability of the eye to determine the precise shape and details of the object is called acuity visual

Myopia Person can see near objects but not the far objects. Light rays coming from distant objects are focused in front of retina, when ciliary muscle is completely relaxed. Correction, by use of concave lens.

Hypermetropia: Person can see the distant objects clearly but not the near objects. Parallel light rays are not bent sufficiently by the relaxed lens system and focus behind the retina Correction by use of convex lens

Q.1. A 50 year old diabetic office worker keeps his mobile on vibration during morning meeting at office. He complains to his doctor that he is unable to feel the vibration of cell phone in his pocket when he gets a call. His doctor tells him that it is complication of his uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. a. Name the condition which causes loss of vibration sense in diabetics. (1) b. Enlist four hormones which increase blood glucose level. (2) c. Compare the effects of glucagon and insulin on protein metabolism. (2)

Key: a) Diabetic polyneuropathy. b) (i) GH (ii) Cortisol (iii) Glucagon (iv) Catecholamines. c) Insulin Glucagon (i) Blood amino acid level Amino acid uptake No Effect (ii) Protein synthesis Protein degradation No Effect

Q.2. a) Describe any two abnormalities related to growth hormone secretion. b) Enlist the factors that regulate growth hormone secretion. KEY: a) Dwarfism ( of growth hormone in children) Gigantism ( excess of growth hormone in children) Acromegaly (excess of growth hormone in children) b) Table 75.3 (Guyton page no 925)