HOW TO WRITE CHAPTER TWO Chapter 2 RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES TYPES OF RELATED LITERATURE 1.

Conceptual Literature refers to thoughts and ideas related to the topic of the study coming from books, articles, journals and bulletins, firstly to support the theoretical framework and to give the readers rich information and insights into the topic. 2. Research Literature include empirically based studies related to the present study in terms of subject mater and methodology, such as thesis and dissertations as much as possible, the researcher should use recent research literature to make the review relevant to the times. Guidelines for Selecting Studies for Inclusion in the Review of Literature 1. of two similar and equally valuable articles on the same subject, select the most recent for detailed analysis, in this way the review is kept as up to date as possible. 2. when there is disagreement in opinion or methodology in the published literature, the student can select articles for inclusion in the review which seemed to be representative of various points of view. 3. cite references dealing with each of the variables of the study, paying special attention to those articles dealing with each of them. Guidelines in Citing Related Literature and Studies A. Characteristics of the Materials Cited. The following are the characteristics of related literature and studies that should be cited: 1. The materials must be as recent as possible. 2. Materials must be objective and unbiased as possible. 3. Materials must be relevant to the study. 4. Materials must not be too few but not too many. B. Way of Citing Related Literature and Studies 1. By author or writer. Example: According to Enriquez, praise helps much in learning Maglaque found out that praise is an important factor in learning.. Footnotes: Pedro Enriquez. The Dynamics of Teaching and Learning. Manila: Canlaon Publishing Company, Inc. 2000. p. 102. Juan Maglaque. Factors Affecting Childrens Learning in Pag-asa District, (Unpublished Masters Thesis, San Gregorio College, San Gregorio City, 2004.) 2. By topic. Example: It has been found out that praise is an important aid in the learning of children. Footnote: Pedro Enriquez. The Dynamics of Teaching and Learning. Manila: Canlaon Publishing Company, Inc. 2000. p. 102. and Juan Maglaque. Factors Affecting Childrens Learning in Pag-asa District, (Unpublished Masters Thesis, San Gregorio College, San Gregorio City, 2004.) 3. Chronological. Related materials may also be cited chronologically, that is, according to the year they were written. Materials which were written earlier should be cited first before those which were written later. This can be done especially when citation is by author or writer. If citation is by topic, chronological citation can be done in the footnote. C. What to Cite It should be emphasized that only the major findings, ideas, generalizations, principles, or conclusions in related materials relevant to the problem under investigation should be discussed in this chapter. 1

D. Quoting a Material Example: Suppose the following is a quotation: Said Enriquez, Praise is an important factor in childrens learning. It encourages them to study their lessons harder. Praise, however, should be given very appropriately. Footnote: Ibid. Justification of the Study It should be made clear that there is no duplication of other studies. The present inquiry may only be a replication of another study. It should be stressed also that inspite of similar studies, the present study is still necessary to find out if the findings of studies in other places are also true in the locale of the present study. They may also be a need to continue with the present investigation to affirm or negate the findings of other inquiries about the same research problem or topic so that generalization or principles may be formulated. These generalizations would be the contribution of the present investigation together with other studies to the fund of knowledge. This is the one of the more important purposes of research: the contribution that it can give to the fund of knowledge.

Examples of footnotes and endnotes: Books 1. Donald N. McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain: Essays in Historical Economics (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), 54. 2. Donald N. McCloskey and Sam Sinclair, The Applied Theory of Price, 2nd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1985), 24. 3. Donald A. Lloyd, Harry R. Warfel and Jack Jones, American English and Its Cultural Setting (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 12. Chapter in an edited book 1. Colin J Bennett and Robin Bayley, The New Public administration of Information: Canadian Approaches to Access and Privacy. In Public Administration and Policy: Governing in Challenging Times, ed. Martin W. Westmacott and Hugh P. Mellon (Scarborough: Prentice-Hall, 1999) 34-54. Articles Journals 1. Louise M. Rosenblatt, "The Transactional Theory: Against Dualisms," College English 54 (1993): 380. Newspapers 1. Dan Barry, "A Mill Closes, and a Hamlet Fades to Black." New York Times. 16 February 2001, sec. A. Unsigned articles 1. "Radiation in Russia." U.S. News and World Report. 9 August 1993, 41. Conference paper 1. Barbara F. Freed, ed. Foreign Language Acquisition Research and the Classroom. Proc. of Consortium for Language Teaching and Learning Conference, Oct. 1989, U of Pennsylvania. Lexington: Heath, 1991. Thesis or dissertation 1. James E. Hoard, "On the Foundations of Phonological Theory" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1967), 119. 2

Government documents 1. Congressional Record, 71st Cong., 2nd sess., 1930, 72, pt. 10:10828:30. 2. Discussion Paper on Values and Ethics in the Public Service, Canada. Privy Council Office. 1996. Ottawa: Privy Council Office. Court reports 1. Supreme Court of Canada. Morgentaler v. The Queen, [1976] 1 S.C.R. 616. 2. Dickson, C. J. Morgentaler v. The Queen, [1976] 1 S.C.R. 616, at 672. 3. Supreme Court of Canada. Simmons v. The Queen, (1988) 55 D.L.R. (4th) 673. 4. U.S. Supreme Court. Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). Magazine or newspaper articles 1. A. D. Johnson, Measuring Excellence. MacLean's, 23 November 1995, 30-33. 2. Spending Limits Irk Cabinet, The Globe and Mail (Toronto), 6 December 1997, A1. Sources on the Internet Cite sources on the Internet as closely as possible to conventional formats noted above. For example, consult the printed version, that would be referenced as: 1. Janice R Walker. and Todd Taylor, The Columbia Guide to Online Style,. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997 (15 June 2003). Note that in the reference to the electronic document, the date of the print version of the source and the date of an authors access to the electronic source are both listed in reference to the electronic version. If an Internet-based source lacks an author (institutional or human), a publisher or a date of printed publication, use the file name, the date the site was last revised or the date you accessed the site. 2. Canada Election Study. 2001. http://www.fas.umontreal.ca/pol/ces-eec/ces.html (July 20, 2001).