add to Advantages Bark Believe bottom of Branch Breathe Bridge brush teeth build calculate Cardboard Chemicals Climate

close together Cloth Clothes Cooking cut down Deep depend on Depth Destroy Dig disadvantages do damage Equipment Extract fall over Fertilizers Fill Finally Fruit Fuel Furniture global warming Gloves

Length List Local Magazines make medicines make rubber manage to Materials Musical Narrow Newspaper Nuts Paint palm trees Paper Parts Products protect from Queue Reason Recently recharge remove ring rings roots rubber sap seeds serious sports strength surprise taste sweet toothpaste trousers tube

52

Goats Hammer Harden - ice cream instead of Instructions Instrument Leaves

turpentine tyres uses valuable weather wide width wooden stick

bark (n)
(U N.)The hard substance that covers the surface of a tree/ the hard outside part of the tree. (CN.) The sound that a dog makes. Harden (v.) To become hard and stiff, or to make something become hard and stiff.

ring (n)
. Something that is the shape of a circle

Tube

A pipe made of glass ,plastic , metal , etc, especially for liquids or gases to flow through. Cardboard a very stiff thick paper used especially for making boxes. Instrument Something such as a piano or violin used for producing musical sounds. Products Things that are made or grown to be sold. Rubber A substance used for making tyres , boots , etc Sap (n.) The liquid that carries food through plants and trees.

Toothpaste
A substance used for cleaning your teeth.

53

Turpentine

A strong smelling liquid used for removing paint.

Lea Branch k Roots

One of the many parts of a tree that grows out from its trunk( ) The parts of trees that grow under the ground and find water. Leaves The flat green parts at the ends of branches of a tree.

Prepositions & Expressions

Make out of Make of ( ) Make from ) Add to Protect. from Take in Keep .away drill into died aged 85 depends on Nearly below the bark it is sometimes difficult to Badly damaged In addition to manage to Do damage

Adjective Short Long Wide Sharp Deep High Strong Hard

Noun Shortness/shortage Length Width Sharpness Depth Height /highness Strengthen Hardship

Adverb Shortly Long Widely Sharply deeply Highly Strongly Hard

Verb shorten Lengthen Widen Sharpen Deepen Strengthen Harden

54

..

be used to + = be used for + (v-ing) infinitive Turpentine is used to remove paint. Turpentine is used for removing paint. Be able to + (infinitive.) = Be capable of (v-ing.) can + infinitive

have the ability to + infinitive

He He He He

is able to / can read and write English. is capable of reading and writing English. has the ability to read and write English. manages to read and write English. hardly (adv.) Hard (adj.) (adv.) , ,, You can't break it. It is very hard. He is a hard worker. = He works hard. I can hardly hear you .Raise your voice, please. Root (n.) / rooted(adj.) Root out (v.) / -
Money is the root of all evils. Most prejudices are rooted in ignorance. It is our aim to root out corruption.

manage/d to + infinitive

Damage (n.)-(v.) damaging damaged (adj.) - (adj.) He suffered brain damage in the car crash. Smoking can seriously damage your health. The world suffers from the damaging effects of pollution. The storm did a lot of damage. It will cost a fortune to repair the damage to the roof. short (adj)- Shortness (n.) Shortage (n.)
I am abit short of money. In short we need more money. Many African countries suffer from food shortage

55

Presenter: in todays Natural World, Professor Jeremy Beech is going to answer listeners questions about trees. Welcome to the Programme. Professor Beech: hello. Presenter: can we have both first question,
Please?

Female caller: hello. Id like to ask the Professor about the tallest tree in the world. Where is it and how tall is it? Professor Beech: the tallest tree in the world is a giant Sequoia and its in California. Its 83.8 meters tall. Scientists say it is between 2300 and 2700 years old. Presenter: Thats incredible! Now, lets move on to our second caller. Boy caller: Hello. I know a trees leaves help it to take in light from the sun. But Id like to ask what the bark of a tree does. Professor Beech: Well, the bark is like our skin - it protects the living part of the tree on top of the and the tubes which carry water from a trees roots to its leaves. If the bark is badly damaged, the tree dies. Animals such as goats, love eating bark, so its especially important to keep animals away from young trees. Presenter: Thank you. Whats the next question? Male caller: hi. Id like to ask: how is it possible to calculate the age of a tree by counting its rings, without cutting the tree down? Presenter: Good question. Perhaps you could start by explaining what the rings are that this caller is referring to. Professor Beech: Well, most trees grow bigger every year. Just under the bark, that is a circle of soft cells which hardens every spring or summer. This forms a ring of new wood each year. This means we can calculate the age of the tree by counting rings. Presenter: You can see the rings if you cut the tree down. But how do you do this without killing the tree? Professor Beech: We can drill into the tree to make a deep, narrow hole. We then extract a very thin piece of wood which does no damage to the tree. Presenter: And are the rings the same width every year? Professor Beech: No, they arent. The width depends on the climate and the amount of rain. If theres a lot of rain during the year, the rings are quite

56

wide. If its a dry year, the rings are narrower. In this way, we can find out what the weather was like hundreds of years ago when the tree was younger. Presenter: Really? Well, Im afraid thats all we have time for in todays programme. Thanks to everyone. a pleasure.

Read ing

Why do we need trees?

If you ask people why we need trees, most of them will answer: we need wood from tees for building houses; we get fruit and nuts from trees; we make paper out of wood from trees; we can use wood as a fuel for cooking and heating. Recently, people have added a more serious reason to this list: Trees help the earth to breathe or they protect us from global warming. It has been said that more than 5000 things in everyday use are made from trees. Here are a few of them: furniture, sports equipment, pencils, magazines and newspapers, cardboard boxes, musical instruments and believe it or not- some kinds of toothpaste. In addition to these uses, trees also give us valuable chemicals. Turpentine, which is used as paint remover, is made from the sap of trees. Sap can also be used to make rubber. If wood is heated, chemicals are produced which can be used to make medicines and some kinds of plastic. Wood products can also be turned into paper, cardboard and materials from which clothes can be made. You may be surprised to hear that wood products are also used in some types of ice cream and other foods. So, the next time you are reading a newspaper, eating an ice cream, playing the piano or cleaning your teeth, just stop and think: how would you manage to do these things if there were no trees?

The process for making paper was invented in China in the second century A.D., and all paper was made one sheet at a time until 1798. The first step in making paper is to find the raw material, tree bark or wood. The workers will cut the bark / wood into finer strips and pieces and then ground it up to prepare it for the cooking stage. The bark is added to water and boiled until the mixture becomes a homogeneous thick paste-like liquid. After the mixture is cooked, it is ready to be made into paper. The cooked mixture is poured into the screen. The mixture is stirred with the

57

fingers to distribute the concentrated mixture. After a few minutes the screen can be supported in the sun to dry. In a few hours, the paper is dry.

1- Respond to each of the following situations :

1234Your friend asks how he can make tea. You give your instructions how to use the computer. Your friend asks you how to recharge a mobile. You tell your brother how to plant a tree.

2- Mention the place , the speakers and the language each of the following two min-dialogues : 1- A) Can I see your driving license, please? ?B) What for A) You have parked in a no-parking area. 2- A) How can I help? B) Well, my car has been stolen. A) How? B) I had parked it last night in front of my house In Ramses street .In the morning it wasnt there. A) What make is it ? B) BMW.

3-Choose the correct answer from a , b , c or d : Listening Ex l

1)

The tallest tree in the world is a giant Sequoia and 83.8 meters.

a- tall d- wide
2)

b-high

c- long c- take

A trees leaves help it to light from the sun.

a- take in b- take out off d- take to

3)

The .is like our skin - it protects the living part of the tree on top of the Land.

58

A-Park d- barking
4)

b- parking b-roots b- good d-worse b-stem d- bark b-circles d-barks b-width d-thickness d-dry b-rainy

c- bark c-bark c-

The tubes carry water from a trees .to its leaves.

a-rots d- stem
5)

If the bark is . damaged, the tree dies.

a-well badly
6)

Animals such as goats, love eating, so its especially important to keep animals away from young trees.

a-leaves roots
7)

c-

it is possible to calculate the age of a tree by counting its , without cutting the tree down.

a- rounds c- rings
8)

The .. Of the ring depends on the climate and the amount of rain.

a- length c- weight
9)

If its a .. year, the rings are narrower.

a-stormy

c-windy

S.B Exercise
10)

We make paper wood from trees.

a-of c- out of
11)

b- into d- out d- full b- fuel

We can use wood as a .. for cooking and heating.

a- oil c-fool
12)

Trees help the earth to breathe and they us from global warming.

a- protect c-keep

d-protective 59

b- prevent

13)

In addition to these uses, trees also give us . chemicals.

a- valueless c-valuable
14)

d-valuate

b- value

Turpentine, which is used as painted remover, is made from the .. of trees.

a- seed c- sop
15)

d-soap d-robbery

b-sap b-rubber

Sap can also be used to make ..

a- robber

c-razor
16)

If wood is , chemicals are produced which can be used to make medicines and some kinds of plastic.

a- cooled vapourized
17)

b- boiled d- heated b- turned into d- turned out to b- products d- producing b- climate d- sun W.B Exercise

c-

Wood products can also be .. paper, cardboard and materials from which clothes can be made.

a- turned c-turned off

18)

Wood are also used in some types of ice cream and other foods.

a-production c- produces
19)

the width of the ring depends on the ...

a- weather water

c-

1. The .are the parts of trees that grow under the ground and find water.

a- roots
2.

a- park
3.

The hard outside part of a tree is called the .. ..

b- rots

c- reeds

d- leaves d- break d- fruits d- branch

b- bark b- seeds b- leaf

c- brake c- leaves c- bark 60

a- loaves
4.

..are the flat green parts at the ends of the branches of a tree.
A..grows on a plant or tree and has seeds inside.

a- fruit

a- root
6.

5.

Every year , trees grow extra of new wood.

b- ring

c- seed

d- bark d- widest d- length d- hire ddeepenin g d- stream

a- widen
7.

The noun of "wide" is .

a- lung
8.

"long" is an adjective ,but ..is the noun. "high" is an adjective but is a noun. "deep" is an adjective but is a noun.

b- wider blongest

c- width

c- longer chighest

a- height
9.

bhighness

a- depth
10.

b- deepen

cdeepest cstronger c- hardly c- width cstrength

astrength a- hard
12.

Strong is an adjective but is a noun.

bstrongest b- harder b- widen bstrengthe n bshortage

11. Every year, the cells under the bark of a tree .......and become new wood.

This road is narrow for all today's traffic, so they are going to

d- harden d- wider dstrongen

a- wide a- strong
13.

it. That old bridge is very weak. They will have to..it soon

ashorten
15.

14. My new trousers are too long , so my mother is going to .them.

c- shorts csharpen

d- short dsharper

a- sharp
16.

This knife doesnt cut very well. I need to it.

bsharpnes s

That film is so popular that the queues to see it everyday.

61

a- long a- sap
18.

b- length b- soap

17.

is the liquid that carries food in trees .

clengthen c- sob

dlengther d- sop

a- violet
19.

The.is a large wooden musical instrument with strings inside and black and white bars that produce sounds when you press them. We use ..to remove paint.

b- guitar

c- piano

d- sax d- kerosene

a- corrector b- gas
20.

a- rubber a- tooth varnish

22.

Car tyres and the bottoms of some shoes are made of

cTurpentine

b- plastic b- nail varnish b- wood b- wood

c- synthetic d- gum c- tooth brush dtoothpaste

21.

People put on their brush to clean their teeth.

amaterials
23.

Coal, gas and oil are kinds of .. .

c- furniture d- fuel c- furniture d- fuel

amaterials

Beds, chairs and cupboards are

4- Correct the mistakes in these sentences: ( based on vocabulary) 1. The storm made a lot of damage. 2. He is capable to reading and writing English.. 3. Park is the hard outside part of the tree. 4. The tree is 120 metres high. 5. It is ten metres longly. 6. Some poor countries suffer from food shortness. 5-Correct the mistakes in these sentences: ( based on vocabulary) 7. Tubes carry water from the bark to the leaves. 8. They can exact a very thin piece of wood. 9. There are many things that are made of trees. 10. Trees can protect us from local warming. 11. What do you refer for?

62

12. Sap is used to making rubber.

6-Translate into Arabic:

Hospital patients have been shown to recover from surgery more quickly when their hospital room offered a view of trees. The strong ties between people and trees are most evident in the resistance of community residents to removing trees to widen streets.

7-Translate into English:

.1- .2-

Grammar

if conditional zero

If + present simple

present simple If water boils, it turns into steam. If a volcano erupts, it sends dust into the atmosphere. .

First Conditional If + Present simple will / may / can /should / must + inf. : I earn some money, I'll buy a new car. If : If you are ill, I'll call a doctor. I may have money. If so, I will buy a new lab top. (If) If I have money, I will buy a new lab top. It is + adj. + to + i

63

As long as = If = provided (that) / Providing (that) = only if You can borrow my car as long as you are careful.

Asking for instructions 1-Can you tell me ?

2- Would you show me .?

Giving instructions
1- You should make (be) sure that.

3- What should I do if ? 4- What do you think I ought to do next? 5- Would you tell me ?

2-Be careful (not) to 3- Remember (not) to ..

4- First you should 5-Then you have to 6- After that you must 7- Finally you ought to 8- It is a good idea to .

Example :

A Can you tell me how to plant a tree? B 1- First of all, dig a hole where you want to plant the tree. The hole must be deep and wide enough for the roots of your tree 2- At this point, it's a good idea to put fertiliser into the hole. 3- When you put the tree into the hole, make sure the roots are opened out. 4- Now fill the hole. lt is important to press the soil down hard with your foot. 5-Then, using a hammer put a strong wooden stick next to the tree. 6- Finally, tie the tree to the stick.

1- Respond to each of the following situations :

1- You give your friend instructions about how to make tea the English way. 2- You ask your friend about how to plant a tree. 3- Your friend asks you how to operate the computer. 4- you tell your friend about the best way to switch off the computer. 2- Mention the place , the speakers and the language each of the following two min-dialogues :

64

A) Id like to change some money, please -1 ?B) Cash or travelers cheques A) Travellers cheques B) That is fine .Sign the cheques and .Show me your passport ?A) Could you arrange us a trip to Luxor -2 .B) Certainly .BY coach or by train .A) By train, please

S.B 3.-Choose the correct answer from a, b ,c or d

1. If the bark is badly damaged , the tree

a- die
2.

b- will die b- can

c- dies c- would c- will be d- shall be

d- shall die d- should

You see the rings if you cut the tree down. If theres a lot of rain during the year, the rings . quiet wide.

a- could
3.

a- are b- would be
4.

If its a dry year, the rings narrower.

a- be
5.

b- will be b- Because

c- are c- When

d- have been dAlthou gh d- eat d- turned

.water is boiled , it turns into vapour.

a-While
6.

If those goats ..the bark on my trees, the trees will die.

a- had eaten
7.

b- are eating c- ate b- is turning b- would become c- turns

If water freezes , It .into ice.

a- will turn a- will become

8. If people dont get enough food , they ..ill.

cd- would have become become

9. If it .raining for much longer , the will flood.

65

a- goes on
10.

b- went on b- will irrigate

c- had gone on c- would irrigate

d- will go on d- irrigated

If the farmer's fields get very dry this summer , he .them. If the wind is very strong, it .a lot of damage . If there is a sandstorm tonight, all buildings .dusty .

a- irrigates
11.

a- would do b- will do c- would have d- did done

12.

a- would be b- are
13.

c- will be c- would get c- would die

d- be d- got d- would have died

If you mix yellow and blue , you ..green.

a- will get
14.

b- get b- die b- would melt

If you dont water these plants soon, they . .

a- will die
15.

If you heat ice, it .

a- will melt

c- melts d- would have melted

W.B 4-Choose the correct answer from a, b ,c or d

16. If scientists study the rings of trees, they ..information about our climate in the past.

a- could find a- won't

18.

b- can find b- dont b- will b- doesnt fall b- freeze

c- would d- would find have found c- wouldn't c- ought to d- didn't d- should

17.If you pick those apples now, they taste very sweet. If you leave now , you .catch the train. If a tree has deep roots, it .over in strong winds.

a- would
19.

a- wouldnt have fallen

20.

c- wouldnt d- wont fall fall c- will freeze d- would freeze

water .if the temperature is zero or below.

a- freezes

21.If you throw that stone , you a window.

66

a- break a- spend a- wins a- get a- gets

26.

b- will break b- will spend b- will win b- will get b- will get b- are b- can bthinking

c-would break c- would spend c- would win c- would get c- would get c- would be c- would c- idea

d- have broken d- spent d- won d- got d- got d- shall be d- should d- way

22.I will get a headache if I too long the computer. 23.If she trains hard , she ..next week's race. 24.If you will mix red and white , you ..pink. 25.If you practise a sport, you .......in the sports team. If you work hard , you the first.

a- will be a- will athought

27.I want to make tea the English way .what I do ? 28.It is a good .to wait for three or four minutes-the tea tastes better if you wait. 5-Correct the mistakes in these sentences: ( Based on Grammar) 1) If I felt tired, I will go to bed. 2) If I found any money at school, I will take it to the teacher. 3) I will tell you if I saw anything unusual. 4) Water will freeze if the temperature is zero or below. 5) If you throw that stone, you break a window. 6) If she trains hard, she wins next week's race. 6-Correct the mistakes in these sentences: ( Based on Grammar) 7) If he arrive early, he will catch the bus. 8) If you will mix red and white, you get pink. 9) If you heat ice, it freezes. 10) Metal floats if it puts in water.

67

6- Translate into Arabic:

11) We will die if we dont drink water. 12) If metals heat , they expand.

Every year Egypt celebrates the international Child's Day in November .Prizes are given to children who successfully take part in the "Reading for All" competition. Creative children in the different branches oh knowledge are honoured.

7- Translate into English: 1- . 2- .

Test on unit 6
A- Language Functions

1.

Respond to each of the following situations :

1. A friend asks you how to switch on TV.

2 You want some instructions from a friend about how you can use the internet.

3 A friend wants to know the best way to keep fit. 4 - Ask your teacher for how to study English vocabulary. 2- Mention the place , the speakers and the language each of the following two min-dialogues :
A ) A- Can I get some information about .1

?restaurants where I can have my meals ?B -Certainly sir. What kind of restaurants .A- Not expensive ones. But not cheap either
2 A Can I help you, sir?

.B Yes, please, I want lead free petrol ?A How many liters, Sir B 20, please
3. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
B- Vocabulary and structure

68

1)

The bark protects the tubes which carry water and salts from the .........underground to the leaves.

a- branches a- extract a-cylinder a-by a- to a- Would asupported ainstruction a- while

10)

b- trunks b- plant b-tube b- on b- on b- Should b- mended binstructio ns b- when b- is put b- if

c- roots c- set c- vessel c-from c- for c- shall crepaired cconstruct ion c- Because c- puts c- so c- would send

d- seeds d- push d-pipe d-to d- in d- Must ddamaged dconstruct ions d- even if d- has put d- while d- sends

2) He went to the dentist to ..the bad tooth that caused the pain. 3) The inner of the wheel must be filled with air. 4) Parents do their best to .their children from dangers. 5) He depends ..his brother's help to get his needs. 6) .you tell me how to switch on the TV set, please? 7) The earthquake a lot of old houses last week.

8) He didnt obey the .,so he was punished.

9) water boils , it becomes steam If a piece of metal in water, it sinks .

a- put a- unless a- will send

13)

11) You will be late for work you dont take a taxi. 12) If a volcano erupts, it .dust into atmosphere.

b- sent b- will go b- unless

If it rains tomorrow, I to the library.

a- go
14)

c- wont go d- would go cprovidin g 69 d- as long as

.you work hard, you wont pass the exam.

a- if

15) If the ice caps melt , the sea level .. .

a- will rise a- will expand

b- would rise bexpand

c- has risen d- rose c- has d- expands expanded

16) If metal is heated , it . . 4. Correct the underlined mistakes in the following sentences 1. He works hardly.
2 . In short we need more money. 3. We make paper into wood from trees. 4 If you go to Sharm El sheikh, you spend a wonderful holiday. 5. What do you think I ought do next? 6. If people dont get enough food , they will become ill.

C- Reading 2.
5. Read the following passage then answer the questions
Trees alter the environment in which we live by moderating climate, improving air quality, conserving water, and harboring wildlife. Climate control is obtained by moderating the effects of sun, wind, and rain. Radiant energy from the sun is absorbed or deflected by leaves on deciduous trees in the summer and is only filtered by branches of deciduous trees in winter. We are cooler when we stand in the shade of trees and are not exposed to direct sunlight. In winter, we value the suns radiant energy. Therefore, we should plant only small or deciduous trees on the south side of homes. Wind speed and direction can be affected by trees. The more compact the foliage on the tree or group of trees, the greater the influence of the windbreak. The downward fall of rain, sleet, and hail is initially absorbed or deflected by trees, which provides some protection for people, pets, and buildings. Trees intercept water, store some of it, and reduce storm runoff and the possibility of flooding. Dew and frost are less common under trees because less radiant energy is released from the soil in those areas at night. Temperature in the vicinity of trees is cooler than that away from trees. The larger the tree, the greater the cooling. By using trees in the cities, we are able to

moderate the heat-island effect caused by pavement and buildings in commercial areas.
Air quality can be improved through the use of trees, shrubs, and turf. Leaves filter the air we breathe by removing dust and other particulates. Rain then washes the pollutants to the ground. Leaves absorb carbon dioxide from the air to form

70

carbohydrates that are used in the plants structure and function. In this process, leaves also absorb other air pollutantssuch as ozone, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxideand give off oxygen. By planting trees and shrubs, we return to a more natural, less artificial environment. Birds and other wildlife are attracted to the area. The natural cycles of plant growth, reproduction, and decomposition are again present, both above and below ground. Natural harmony is restored to the urban environment.

a) Give short answers to the following questions: 1 How can trees improve the environment? 2. What is the effect of trees on air? 3- What is the relation between the size of tree and temperature? B. Choose the correct answer from a. b, c or d. 4. Dew and frost are less common under trees as .. a) heat is released from the sun. b) Energy is released from the soil. c) energy released at night d) energy released from soil at night . 7.The word "deciduous" means ................. a) losing leaves in autumn b)evergreen 6) Read the following passage, then answer the questions:
Many experts believe there are too many people in the world. Unless there are big changes in the way people think about the number of children they should have, the world's population will double in 25 years .there will be more than 20 cities with populations greater than 20 million. Now there is only one. Some people- who do not understand what' overpopulation ' means point to countries such as Australia-and say, "There is plenty of room there." Although most of Australia is unpopulated, and much of it is thinly populated; there are reasons for this. Firstly, much of the land is desert and waterless, and secondly, even the land that is not desert is not suitable for anything, not even growing grass. Another major problem We shall have to face as the world's population grows, is a shortage of energy. We are using up coal and oil and when they have been used up, we shall have to find something to take their place. It is true that we can make electricity from the heat of the sun and moving water, but we do not yet have the technology to do this in a big way. Perhaps, the biggest problem we shall have when the world's population doubles will be pollution. The air we breathe is already badly polluted

a) Give short answers to the following questions:

1- How many present cities have a population of over 20 million? 2- According to the passage, why is a great area of Australia unpopulated? 3- Mention two problems we will face as a result of overpopulation.

71

b) Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:

4) The underlined word "they" refers to.

a- coal and oil b- the world's population c- experts d- population in Australia 5) We do not make electricity from the heat of the sun on a large scale because.......... a) We don't have the required money. b) it is harmful. c) We don't have the technology needed for that. d) it is just impossible. D- The Mask of Gold 7. Answer the following questions :

.
E - Writing
8. Write 9. a)

a paragraph about 100 words about

Trees are important for man and environment .

Translate into Arabic :

One of the environmental problems is the slight rise in the temperature of the earth .As the world becomes hotter ,there could be serious changes in weather and widespread flooding as water level in seas and oceans rises .The heavy rains in various parts of the world this winter may be considered a warning to man to stop polluting the atmosphere.
b) Translate into English :

..1-

2- Vocabulary Slight rise Have a direct effect Serious Fixed / changes limited income Widespread Local industries 72

Flooding Level Warning

Do without Hard currency Continuous rising prices

73