Islamic Beliefs, Observances & Laws

Islamic Beliefs, Observances & Laws
Question no 3/4
MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN
Islamiyat Notes
TABLE OF CONTENTS: Islamic Beliefs, Observances & Laws

Sr. No
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36)
Topic ARTICLES OF FAITH

Belief in Allah Belief in Angels Belief in Books Belief in Prophets Relationship between three articles of Faith. Belief in Prophets with Part b Belief in Predestination and Decree Belief in Resurrection and the last day. PILLARS OF ISLAM Wudu Adhan Friday Prayers (Importance) Mosques Timings of prayer Preparations for prayer Importance and Significance of prayer Performance of Single Rakat Friday Prayers Difference b/w daily prayer (salat) and personal prayer (du'a) Delayed Prayers Funeral Prayers Short Prayers Eid Prayers Fasting Zakat, almsgiving Hajj Sources of religious and legal authority in Islam Major Teachings of Quran; Its importance as the basis of all thoughts Its compilation Relationship with Hadith The history and the compilation of Hadith Isnad-Matn Musnad; Musannaf Sahih; Hasan; Daeef Its significance as a source of teaching Legislative Authority of Hadith Ijma; Consensus Qiyas, the Sunni principle of analogy
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Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws
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Belief in Allah means that Muslims should believe that Allah is creator, cherisher and supreme ruler. Muslims should believe in One God and not ascribe any partners with him as he has no equal. The Quran says, "He is the one and only." He is the most Gracious and Merciful and free of all needs and shortcomings. He has neither parents nor children. The Quran says, "He begets not, nor is He begotten." Allah knows everything. He is aware of the visible and invisible, open and the secret. The Quran says, "He knows what appears to His creatures as before, or after or behind them." He is Almighty and All-powerful and sovereignty belongs to Allah. The Quran says, "Sovereignty belongs to Allah." Only Allah is worthy of our thanks and devotions and all the praise belongs to Allah. The Quran says, "All the prayers, thanks and glorifications belong to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds." Muslims should worship Allah alone. The Quran says, "I have created jinns and men to worship me alone." The Muslims should not make any sacrifice except for Allah. The Quran says, "But the Bounty of your Lord Rehearse and proclaim." Muslims should pray to Allah because only he can fulfill our prayers and invocations. The Quran says, "Call on Me and I will answers (your prayer)." I Muslims commit mistakes, sins, or vices they should seek forgiveness from Allah. The Quran says, "It is He who accepts repentance from His servants." The Muslims should follow His Guidance as it is given in Quran. The Quran says, "Follow what has been sent to you from Your Lord."
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Write short accounts of Muslim belief in the following: i. Angels, ii. Books, and iii. Prophets b) Explain the relationship between these three articles of faith.
[4] [4] [4] [4] (May 2004)
i) Muslims believe in the existence of angels. Muslims believe that angels are spiritual creatures made out of light, who are created by Allah for His absolute obedience, praise, worship and glorification. The Quran says, "Angels glorify Allah and follow his commandments." They have no parents, children, wives or relatives or sex nor do they have any material body. They have no need for food or rest. They shower blessings and salutations on the prophets and true believers. The Quran says, "Allah and his angels shower blessings on the Prophet." They help the believers in adverse conditions like the battle of Badr when 1,000 angels descended to help out the Muslims in the battlefield. Angels are Allah's servants who carry out all the orders and commandments of Allah. The Quran says, "By angels who govern the affairs entrusted to them." Some angels have been given particular tasks. The Archangel Jibrail, who gave glad tidings of Holy son to Mariam, delivered the Quran to the Prophet and conducted him on Jihad. Mika'il, who provides sustenance and food and causes rain, Izaril, is responsible for taking lives and Israfil who will blow the trumpet at the end of the universe and then again when people will be resurrected. Kiram-un-Katibeen record the deeds of every person. Munakar and Nakeer are the Angels of the Grave. Malik is the gatekeeper of Hell while Rizwan is the gatekeeper of Paradise. The angels only perform their duties when commanded by Allah, not by their own will. ii) Muslims believe that all the teachings of Allah are contained in His divine books. They are sources of guidance for the part, present and future generation. They were revealed on a series of prophetic messengers. The Suhuf was delivered to Ibrahim and Taurat was revealed on Musa. The Quran says, "Indeed it is in the former scrolls, the Book of Ibrahim and Musa." Zaboor was revealed on Daud. The Quran says, "We imparted towards Daud the Zaboor." Injil was revealed on Isaa. The Quran says, "And We bestowed (on him) the Gospel in which is guidance and light." And the Quran was revealed on Muhammad. None of the revealed books exist in their original form today except for Quran. People have lost the Suhuf of Ibrahim. Taurat and Injil have been modified and God's words have been blended with the people's words thus it is difficult to establish the authenticity of various parts of the books. Their languages are dead and they were revealed for a particular amount of time for a particular nation. They contained a code of justice but none was comprehensive enough to contain a complete code of life except for Quran which contains guidance in every aspect of life and was sent for the entire mankind. It is unchanged and will remain unchanged till the Day of Judgment. The Quran says, "Indeed we have sent the reminder and indeed we will protect it"
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Islamiyat Notes
iii) Muslims believe in the messengers of Allah. They had the task of conveying Allahs message to their people. Allah sent 124,000 prophets at different times in the history of mankind to different nations. The Quran says, "And for every nation there is a messenger." 315 of these were messengers and they were given divine books by Allah Amongst them were Adam, Nuh, Ibrahim, Ishaq, Ismaeel, Yaqoob, Yousaf, Daud, Musa, Haroon, Sulaiman, Shoaib, Isaa, Muhammad. All divine books are source of guidance for the past, present and future generations. Muslims must believe in all the books sent to the Prophets. These books were: Suhuf to Ibrahim, Taurat to Musa, Zaboor to Daud, Injil to Isaa, and Quran to Muhammad. All the Prophets served as role models for their people. They Quran says, "Verily in the Messenger of Allah, you have a good example." All the Prophets were human beings. The Quran says, "We are human beings like you." They thought their people in their own language. The Quran says, "We sent not an apostle except to teach in language of his own people in order to make things clear to them." Prophethood is a divine gift and can not be acquired by praying. The Quran says, "Such is Allah's bounty, he grants it to whoever he wants." All the prophets were morally perfect, pure and free from evils, sins and vices. Muslims should believe in all the prophets. The Quran says, "We make no distinctions between one another of His messengers." Some Prophets were given miracles. Whenever Musa put his hand in his armpit, it appeared glowing white. Musa was also the only Prophet who could communicate directly with Allah. Isaa could resurrect dead bodies and treat leprous people. Isaa's birth itself is a miracle. All the Prophets were assisted by the angel Jibrail and brought the same teachings. However, the teaching of all the books and prophets prior to Muhammad have either been changed or Gods words have been blended with peoples words do not exist in their actual form. b) Belief in all three angels, divine books and prophets is necessary because without it faith is incomplete. The Quran says, "The messenger believes in what has been revealed to him from his Lord, as do men of faith. Each of them believes in Allah, His Angels, His Books and His Messengers." All three are responsible for delivering the message of Allah sincerely without making change. Angels communicate the message of Allah to the prophets and they deliver it to the people. This message is contained in divine books, Therefore angels, books and prophets are of equal importance for the people. The angels books and prophets are sent from the same source i.e. Allah. The divine books provide the people with theoretical guidance while the prophets serve the purpose of a practical example. Books alone can not build the character of the people and therefore the Holy Quran refers to them as 'guides'.
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Islamiyat Notes
a) b)
What are the main features of the Muslim beliefs in the line of Prophetic Messengers (rasul) before Muhammad? [10] What does a Muslim believe by the words "And Muhammad is the Messenger of God?" [6] (May 2007)
a) Muslims believe in the messengers of Allah. They had the task of conveying Allahs message to their people. Allah sent 124,000 prophets at different times in the history of mankind to different nations. The Quran says, "And for every nation there is a messenger." 315 of these were messengers and they were given divine books by Allah Amongst them were Adam, Nuh, Ibrahim, Ishaq, Ismaeel, Yaqoob, Yousaf, Daud, Musa, Haroon, Sulaiman, Shoaib, Isaa, Muhammad. All divine books are source of guidance for the past, present and future generations. Muslims must believe in all the books sent to the Prophets. These books were: Suhuf to Ibrahim, Taurat to Musa, Zaboor to Daud, Injil to Isaa, and Quran to Muhammad. All the Prophets served as role models for their people. They Quran says, "Verily in the Messenger of Allah, you have a good example." All the Prophets were human beings. The Quran says, "We are human beings like you." They thought their people in their own language. The Quran says, "We sent not an apostle except to teach in language of his own people in order to make things clear to them." Prophethood is a divine gift and can not be acquired by praying. The Quran says, "Such is Allah's bounty, he grants it to whoever he wants." All the prophets were morally perfect, pure and free from evils, sins and vices. Muslims should believe in all the prophets. The Quran says, "We make no distinctions between one another of His messengers." Some Prophets were given miracles. Whenever Musa put his hand in his armpit, it appeared glowing white. Musa was also the only Prophet who could communicate directly with Allah. Isaa could resurrect dead bodies and treat leprous people. Isaa's birth itself is a miracle. All the Prophets were assisted by the angel Jibrail and brought the same teachings. However, the teaching of all the books and prophets prior to Muhammad have either been changed or Gods words have been blended with peoples words do not exist in their actual form. b) Muhammad in the last in line of the prophetic messengers sent by Allah for the guidance of Mankind to different communities at different time intervals. Each of previous prophets were sent to a particular area but Muhammad was sent as a prophet to the whole of mankind till the Day of Judgment. The Quran says, "Verily I am the messenger of Allah to all of you." The Holy Prophet brought the same teachings as the previous prophets. But he completed the message and the teachings of the previous messengers. He brought the religion which was perfect, eternal and deals in all the fields of life i.e. social, political, moral, ethical, economic, and legal. The Quran says, "Today I have perfected you religion for you, completed my favor on you and chosen for you Islam as your religion." They Prophet also presented mankind an excellent practical demonstration of the teachings of Islam. The Quran says, "Indeed in the messenger of Allah you have a good example." The Prophet was given
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Islamiyat Notes
the Quran which will serve as guidance for the present and future generations until the Day of Judgment and Allah Himself has promised to protect it from change. The Quran says, "Indeed we have sent down the reminder and indeed we will protect it." Muslims believe that Muhammad is the final messenger of Allah. The Quran says, "Muhammad is not the father of anyone among you, but the last messenger of Allah and the seal of prophets."
Mark Scheme: (a) Messengers were sent throughout history. They had the task of giving messages revealed to them by God. They are all chosen by God. They were all human beings. They were guided by the angel Jibril. They were sent to particular communities. Their messages were for the guidance of their people. Their messages contained the same teachings. These were later lost or changed by their communities. The Prophet Muhammad said that the line numbered maybe 124,000. According to the Qur'an major individuals include Abraham, Moses, David and Jesus (only award a mark if at least three names are given). Among the revelations they brought are the Tawrat/Torah, Zubur/Psalms and Injil/Gospel (1 mark for naming two or more revelations). All messengers are equal in status. All messengers are morally perfect. [1 mark for relevant quotations from the Qur'an]
(b) Muhammad was the last in the line of prophetic messengers. His message was the same as previous ones, But it was for all humankind. God has protected this message from change and corruption. So Muhammad and his message sum up every preceding prophet and their message. Muhammad is the perfect example of human conduct. [1 mark for points about what a seal is, or for suitable quotations]
Examiners Report: This was popular with some Centres, and in general it was well answered. Part (a) asked for descriptive answers about the main beliefs concerning the line of prophets, and part (b) asked about the meaning of the second part of the Declaration of Faith. Good answers to part (a) would have detailed the main characteristics of the prophets, such as their humanity and sinlessness, their being chosen by God, being sent to particular communities, and being given particular scriptures. Marks were given for naming some of the best known prophets and the scriptures they delivered. The candidates who answered this part Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws
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Islamiyat Notes
usually gave full answers, and included most of the relevant points. This kind of question, that may seem easy and straightforward, requires accuracy in describing and care in ensuring the main points are included. Candidates should always take time to plan their answers because they risk not gaining relatively easy marks if they do not include the main points. Good answers to the less straightforward part (b) would have related the Prophet to the line of messengers before him, as one of the line but also its end and climax, and would have commented on the universality of his message and its continuing relevance today. The best answers might also have explained the significance of his title The Seal of the Prophets. There were fewer good answers to this part than to part (a). Candidates tended to miss the differences between the Prophet Muhammad and preceding prophets, and did not take proper care to bring out the importance of the fact that while earlier prophets messages have been lost or distorted, his remains the guide for Muslims. Again, a pause for thought and some planning might have enabled some candidates to gain valuable extra marks.
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Islamiyat Notes
Write a descriptive account of the Muslim belief in Predestination and Decree. [4] (May 2005) Muslims believe in Predestination and Decree. Predestination is known as Qadr in Arabic language which literally means to measure and determine. Technically it means that Allah has determined everything and every creature particularly the human beings. Everything that has happened, is happening or will happen has been ordained by Allah. The Quran says, Indeed we have created all things in proportion and measure. Allah has created everything in the universe, all that which is in it and beyond. He knows his creation, their nature, their requirements and their needs. The Quran says, He knows what (appears to his creatures) before or after or behind them Nothing can happen without his will or knowledge. Allah is omnipotent, omnipresent and the sovereign ruler of the heavens and the Earth. The Quran says, Sovereignty belongs to Allah. Although Allah knows what will happen, He has however, given man the ability and freewill to choose between right and wrong, good and bad. Freedom to choose brings responsibility and human beings will be answerable about their intentions and deeds on the Day of Judgment.
Write a descriptive account of the Muslim belief in Resurrection and the Last Day.[4] (October 2005) Muslims believe that life will end at an appointed day and everything in the universe will be destroyed on that day. The angel Rafael will blow the trumpet and people will be running here and there in confusion. The Quran says, "When the Deafening blast is sounded, that day man shall flee form his brother, his mother, his father, his wife and children. All people will die. Immediately after death, the soul of a person will be placed in Burzakh till the resurrection. The Quran says, "Before them is a partition (Burzakh) till they are raised up." The second trumpet will be blown by Rafael and everything that ever existed in the universe will rise from the dead. The Quran says, "You were lifeless and He gave you life and he will cause you to die and will bring you again to life." Then man will be presented before Allah with the record of his deeds. The Quran says, The Book (of Deeds) will be placed (before you); and you will see the sinful in great terror because of what is (recorded) therein." The virtuous one will receive the book by their right hand and sinner by his left and the unbeliever by his back. They will be judged fairly by Allah and those who will emerge successful in the trail will be rewarded with Paradise and those who are unsuccessful will be thrown into Hell. The Quran says, "Then whose scales are heavy shall be in a state of bliss and he whose scales and light shall have a deep pit for his dwelling."
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Islamiyat Notes
Explain the importance of i. Ablution (Wudu) ii. The call to prayer (Adhan)
iii. iv.
Friday Prayer Mosques
[4] [4] (October 1996) [4] (May 2005) [4] (October 2005)
i) Islam has emphasized on the importance of purity i.e. purification of body, garments, home, environment and soul. The Quran says, "O you who believe! When you prepare for prayer wash your faces and your hands (and arms) to the elbows; rub you heads (with water) and (wash) your feet to the ankles. If you are unclean purify, purify yourselves." The importance of purity can be gauged from Allahs love for those who purify themselves. The Quran says, And Allah loves those who keep themselves purified. The second revelation after the suspension of revelation was about purity. It was, And purify your garments. Prayer will not be accepted without proper ablution. The Prophet said, No prayer is accepted without proper ablution. The Holy Prophet described the merit and significance of performing ablution in these words, Who performs prayer in a state of purity; there will be recorded ten blessings for him. The Prophet further said, My followers will be called on the Day of Judgment with their faces shinning on the account of the effects of ablution. Wudu develops neat and clean habits in Muslims because the purity of different parts of their body during Wudu. The Muslims become immune from different kinds of diseases i.e. skin disease, mouth disease, nasal disease, eye diseases ii) Adhan has got great significance in Islam. It is not merely the ringing of bells like Christians or blowing of horns like Jews. It is an appeal and request from the muezzin to the Muslim Community to turn to Allah and leave off their jobs and worldly pursuits. The muezzin reminds the Muslim Community of the Oneness of Allah and the Prophethood of Muhammad. The words come to success after the words come to prayer indicate that prayer is a success in this world and the Hereafter. The Quran commands the Muslims, "O you who believe! When the call is proclaimed for Friday, then hasten earnestly to the Remembrance of Allah and leave off business (and traffic); that is best for you if you but knew." The Holy Prophet describes the importance of the Muezzin in the following words. "A person who pronounces Adhan for seven years, he will be granted immunity from Hell fire." When Adhan is pronounced the Satan is filled with so much freight that he flees for the place till he can hear it no longer. The place where Adhan is pronounced is blessed by Allah and it remains immune form calamities. iii) Friday is the best day of the weak in the sight of Allah, so much so that it even exceeds Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha on the account of five merits. They are: Allah created Adam on Friday. Adam was sent to the earth as vicegerent of Allah on this day. Adam died Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws
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on Friday. Resurrection will take place on Friday. There is a blessed hour on Friday during which a person is granted by Allah anything lawful he wished for. The Prophet said, "Verily there is an hour on Friday in which there is no believer who seeks goodness from Allah and he does not grant it to him." The assembly provides an opportunity for the Muslims to understand each other and foster good relations among the Muslims. This also helps in communicating and discussing important matters and giving advice to the community. The Sermon educates the Muslims in matters relating to their faith; recalls them to the observance of its teachings reminds them of their duties to their Lord and fellow beings and informs them of current events of mutual concern. The Friday prayer also shows how Muslims give preference to the call of God over any other matter. They leave their worldly pursuits and come to pray to Allah. The Quran says, "O you who believe! When the call is proclaimed for Friday, then hasten earnestly to the Remembrance of Allah and leave off business (and traffic); that is best for you if you but knew." It is also a convention for the Muslims to reassure themselves of their religious bond and social solidarity on moral and spiritual foundations. The gathering of Muslims in the Jame mosque from various different segments of the society promotes feelings of unity and brotherhood amongst them. iv) Mosque is the most important institution in Islamic community. Muslims visit it five times a day and thereby it becomes the most frequently visited place after home and workplace. Many verses of the Quran highlight the importance of the mosques. The Quran says. "And the mosque is for Allah so invoke not anyone along with Allah." Mosques are centers for education and learning. The Muslim children learn Quran, Hadith, Islamic law and other subjects in the mosques. Sufa in the Prophet's mosque was used as an educational centre. Mosques are also used to administer justice. The Muslims settle their disputes at local leveling the mosque. The Prophet and the four Caliphs decided disputes in Masjid-e-Nabvi. Mosques provide shelter to the homeless particularly during days of National Calamities i.e. Earthquakes, floods, torrential rains. The homeless Muhajireen were provided shelter in Masjid-e-Nabvi. Mosques are used as nursing homes in Islamic communities. A lady Rufaydah used to nurse the wounded Muslims in Masjid-e-Nabvi. She nursed Saad bin Ma'az who was injured during the Battle of Khandak. Mosques are centers of political, social and military gatherings. The Muslims also hold their daily meetings and discuss matters of daily interest. The Prophet advised the Muslims to have marriage ceremony in mosques and also received the Christian delegation and the deputy of Saqut in his mosque. The Prophet signified the importance of mosque in this quote, "Do not make journey except towards the three mosques Masjid-al-Haram, Masjid-e-Nabvi, Masjid-al-Aksa."
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Mark Scheme: (iii) iv) Congregational Prayers on Fridays They give an opportunity for the Muslim men in a vicinity to come together. The worshippers can see the strength of their numbers. They have a chance to learn about their faith from the sermon. They can exchange thoughts and news. They are reminded that all Muslims should be united under God. Mosques They are centers especially dedicated for collective worship. They enable the community to meet together. They provide facilities for education and joint learning. By their appearance they remind the community that it is united.
Examiners Report: (iii) This part was not well answered. Candidates were asked to explain the importance of Friday prayers but many simply described what is involved in the observance of this Pillar of Islam. Good answers explained how congregational prayer brings Muslims together, enables them to learn from the sermon and allows them to discuss matters of common concern. (iv) This part proved less easy than (iii) because it asked for some evaluation. Again, most candidates gave a descriptive account of what happens in a mosque, and in particular how to pray in a mosque. The purpose of this part of the question was to encourage candidates to think about the ways in which going to the mosque is beneficial to the wider community. Good answers are always those that are able to relate the experiences to current events or personal experiences. Some of the best answers gave accounts of equality, unity and education being promoted at the mosque.
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Write brief accounts of i. times of prayer [6] ii. preparations for prayer [6] b) Briefly say why prayer is regarded as essential to daily life is Islam. [4] (May 2001) i) The time for the Fajr prayer is after the break of dawn till just before the sunrise. The time for Dhuhr prayer is when the sun begins to decline to the time when the shadow of man becomes double his length. The time for Friday prayer is the same as the time for Dhuhr prayer. The time for Asr prayer is from the tome when the shadow of man becomes double his length till just before the setting of the sun. The time for Maghrib prayer is from just after the setting of the sun to the disappearance of the redness in the horizon. While the time for Isha prayer starts form the disappearance of the red color on the western horizon and ends at midnight. ii) The following conditions must be fulfilled before prayer otherwise the prayer would become void. A person should make the intention of the prayers. It is a state of heart and does not have to be said in words. The Prophet and his companions never said them by their tongue. The Quran says, "Actions are judged by intentions." Prayers must be offered at its stated time. The Quran says, "Prayers indeed have been enjoined on believers at fixed hours." The place of worship and the clothes and place of the worshipper must be clean from all major and minor impurities. The worshipper must be in a state of Wudu. The Quran says, "O you who believe! When you prepare for prayer wash your faces and your hands (and arms) to the elbows; rub you heads (with water) and (wash) your feet to the ankles. If you are unclean purify, purify yourselves." Sattar is also necessary for prayers. Men should be covered from naval to knees. For women, the whole body should be properly covered except for her face, hands and feet. She should not be wearing tight or see-through clothes. The Quran says, "O children of Adam! Take your adornment (by wearing proper clothing) for every mosque." The worshipper must face the Masjid-al-Haram (in Makkah) during every prayer. The Quran says, "Direct your face to the Masjid-al-Haram. Wherever you may be, turn your faces to it." b) A Muslim has to offer prayers five times daily at the appointed times. He should learn to be punctual at every prayer or he will be late. This training is repeated every day and instills Punctuality and Regularity in Muslims. The Quran says, "Prayers indeed have been enjoined on believers at fixed hours." Performing Wudu each time before prayer makes a person pure clean and pure morally physically and spiritually. The Quran says, "And Allah loves those who keep themselves purified." By folding our hands, bowing kneeling and prostrating before Allah we show our insignificance and our humility and our utter dependence on Him which washes away our pride and arrogance which will help us in this world and the Hereafter. The Quran says, "Successful indeed are the believers who are Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws
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humble in their prayers." Since prayer in obligatorily on every adult Muslims in all circumstances for example if he's sick he can offer the prayer while sitting or even lying down, if water is not available, than he can perform dry ablution, it instills self-discipline and self control in Muslims which strengthens their personalities. It develops piety and fear of Allah in the worshipper and restrains a person from evils. The Quran says, "Establish regular prayers, for it restrains from shameful and unjust deeds. Prayers also develop qualities such as patience, endurance, contentment and perseverance. These qualities are a source of strength in times of hardships and against evil forces. The Quran says, "Bear with patient constancy whatever befalls you."
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a) Describe how Muslims perform a single rakat in prayer. [9] b) Explain why it is important to perform its particular parts in this way. [7] (Oct 1997) a) A person should stand erect with his face directed towards the Ka'aba with both hands straight on the sides after which he makes the intention. He then raises both his both hands as far as ears; the female may raise it up to the shoulder, and says, "God is great." Then he stands in the state of Qiyam in which he brings both hands down and folds them below the naval with the right hand over the left hand. Females fold their hands on their breast s and then begin the reciting the Thana. "Glory to you O Allah and blessed is your name and exalted is your majesty and there in no one worthy of worship except you." He then recites the T'awuz, "I seek refuge with Allah from the accursed Satan" followed by the Tasmia, "In the name of Allah, the Beneficent and the Merciful" he then recites Surah Fatiha. "Praise to be Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of both Worlds. Most Gracious, Most Merciful. Master of the Day of Judgment. You do we worship and your aid we seek. Show us the straight path. The path of those on whom you have bestowed Your Grace, Those whose (portion) is not wrath and who go not astray." After the last word of Surah Fatiha he says Ameen and recites minimum three verse of the Quran. He then says Takbir, "Allah is great" before he bows down holding his knees for Ruku during which he says Tasbeeh, "Glory to my Lord" at least three times, then he raises his head and stands erect in the state of Qoamah during which he recites the Tasmia "Allah listens to him who gives praise and then says Tamheed, "O Lord! All praise is due to You alone." After this he says Takbir. He then performs the Sajdah by placing both his knees on the ground first, then both hands, then nose, then forehead, the face should be between both the palms, the men should not place their elbows on the ground while the females are allowed to place their elbows on the ground while the females are allowed to place their elbows on the ground and they should perform the Sajdah in such a way that they do not raise the rear portion of their body, which they keep resting on their calves. While performing Sajdah, the Tasbeeh-e-Sajdah "Glory to my Lord, the most High is recited three times. After this he raises his head and says Takbir. He then sits in the state of Jalsa with his left folded and right foot erect on the ground, both his hands should be on his thighs close to the knees, then he says Takbir to go into prostration. The second Sajdah is performed in the same way as the first. The second Sajdah marks the end of the first rakat of prayer. b) Slat consists of various physical postures of the body accompanied by recitation from the Quran. It is necessary to perform each posture exactly in the way advised by the Prophet. 'The Prophet said, "Pray as you have seen me praying." It is essential to make files for the congregational prayers. All the worshippers, irrespective of their color, cast, and economical status stand shoulder to shoulder with each other. This act inculcates a feeling of discipline, equality, brotherhood, mutual love and unity. The Prophet said, "The believers are like one body. If one part feels the pain, the whole body feels its effects." In the standing posture the Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws
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worshipper recite Surah Fatiha in which they praise and glorify Allah. They express the various attributes of Allah. They acknowledge His Sovereignty and Power and request Him to accept their prayers and to show them the right path. In kneeling posture, the worshippers bow down before Allah which shows their complete surrender to Allah and signify His Glory and Majesty. Sajdah is the most important part of prayer as during it worshippers show their humbleness and destroy their arrogance, pride, and they request Allah to accept their prayers. The correct performance of the various postures of prayers keeps parts of the body particularly the bones strong and healthy. The Prophet laid great stress on the correct performance of every act of Salat. Qoamah must be performed properly with the worshipper standing straight, not bent forward or backwards, nor leaning sideways, with eyes fixed on the place of worship and not looking around. Ruku must be moderate, neither too low nor too high but inline with the body as advised by the Prophet. There should be reasonable gap between Ruku and Sajdah and between the two prostrations as taught by the Prophet. The Prophet said, "Perform the bowing and Sajdah properly."
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Islamiyat Notes
a) Describe the main features of the Friday Congregational prayers. [10] b) Explain the main differences between regular daily prayer (salat) and personal prayer (du'a). [6] (October 2006) a) The Friday prayer is obligatory for all sane Muslims men but it is not compulsory for women, children, travelers or sick although in some communities, where proper facilities are provided women are encouraged to join. The Prophet said, Al-Juma'ah is compulsory is a duty upon every Muslim in the community save for a slave, or a women, or a child, or a person who is ill. The worshippers must perform ablution, or preferably take a bath and put on one's best clothes. The time for Friday prayer is the same as the time for Dhuhr prayer i.e. from the time when the sun begins to decline till the time when the shadow of man becomes double in its length. Friday prayer can only be performed in congregation and therefore two or more people must be present for it to become valid. The Prophet said, "Two or more constitute a congregation." Some people believe that the minimum number is 12 or 40. The Friday prayer can not be performed as Qada or after the time has passed. The Friday prayer consists of two Azans. The Muslims are instructed to leave off their every day business as soon as the Azan is heard and head towards the mosque. The Quran commands the Muslims, "O you who believe! When the call is proclaimed for Friday, then hasten earnestly to the Remembrance of Allah and leave off business (and traffic); that is best for you if you but knew." The first Azan is to call the worshipper to come in the mosques in order to offer nawafil while the second call is given immediately before the sermon. There is great reward for coming early to the Friday prayer. The Prophet said, "The first comer will get the reward of a camel, the second one is like one who has scarified a cow, the third one is like on who has sacrificed a goat." The sermon is delivered by Imam from the pulpit while facing the congregation. It is divided into two parts with a brief interval of about one minute between the two parts. The sermon includes Kalimah, glorification and praise of Allah, salutation to the Prophet, recitation of Quranic verses and a call by Imam to the whole congregation with regards to their duties towards Allah's creation. He exhorts the people to well and warns them against the dire consequences of the evil, he also reminds them of the Hereafter and a prayer for the welfare of the community as a whole. The sermon must be given or at least translated in the local language so that it can be understood by the local people. During the sermon, the worshippers are required to listen attentively, not to use mobile phones or engage in any other activity. After the sermon two rakats of Fard prayer are performed beginning with the Iqamah. b) Regular prayer is performed according to the fixed pattern of Quran and Sunnah. It is the prescribed manner, when to stand, when to prostrate, when to kneel etc which is repeated over and over again whereas there is no fixed pattern for personal prayer and can be greatly varied according to the circumstances. Regular prayer is obligatory on all sane adult Muslims and has prescribed times on which it is to be performed. The Quran says, "Prayers indeed have been enjoined on believers at fixed hours." On the other personal prayer is purely Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws
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Islamiyat Notes
voluntary and can be offered at any time a person may need help from Allah almighty. The Quran says, "Call on me and I will answers (your prayer)." For regular prayer purification of body clothes and place of worship is necessary. The Prophet said, "No prayer is accepted without proper ablution." Performing ablution is not necessary for personal prayer. Regular prayer is always in Arabic language whereas personal prayer can be offered in any language. Personal prayers are not bound by any rules as to what should be said or what should not be said. The worshippers are free to mention anything they want to their Lord. Even still there are a few common prayers spoken by the Prophet, Shias and Imams which are pronounced over and over again.
Mark Scheme: (a) (b) Regular prayer is always performed according to the pattern set by Qur'an and Sunna. It is obligatory, whereas personal prayers are voluntary. It has set timings, whereas duà' prayers can be performed at any time. It is directed towards the Ka`ba, It consists of set formulas and actions, but duà prayers are not necessarily said according to a pattern. It is always in Arabic, but Duà' prayers can be offered in any language. For regular prayers you need purification, but it is not obligatory for duà prayers. Regular prayer is worship to God but duà prayers comprise requests for oneself or others. They (personal prayers) are free, in that anyone or anything can be mentioned. They often consist of prayers spoken by the Prophet or, for Shiìs, Imams. All Muslim men in a community should try to gather for this prayer. In some communities women are also encouraged to attend. They should try to bath and put on fresh clothes / They perform ablutions before worship (purification). There are two adhaans for the congregational prayer. They should say the prayer together behind the Imam / the prayer cant be prayer alone. The Imam preaches a sermon, which is compulsory to hear (there are 2 sermons). After a pause he preaches a second sermon. These sermons always consist of advice based on the Qur'an and Hadith about living a Muslim life. People should not speak or use mobiles during the sermon, and listen attentively. The fard are prayed in two rakats, not four. The prayer cannot be prayed kaza, or after the set time. Some people are exempt from Friday prayers, e.g. travelers, the sick, women and children. [Allow 1 mark for supporting quotations from Qur'an or Hadith.]
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Islamiyat Notes
Examiners Report: This question was slightly more popular with candidates out of the two optional questions. (a) As said above, in descriptive answers candidates should be accurate and complete. It is very easy to lose out on marks by leaving out a basic fact or putting something wrongly. Here, many candidates scored highly, but a noticeable minority did not score highly by, for example, failing to mention the two adhaans for Friday prayers or that people should listen attentively to the sermon. Others spent more time describing the actions of the prayer (postures and positions) rather than focusing on what makes the Friday prayer different from any other prayer. Overall this section was answered well. (b) This part was very well answered, as candidates were able to compare the two types of prayers successfully. Only a small minority mistook dua for nawafil prayers prayed after salat.
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Islamiyat Notes
In what circumstances is to permissible to delay prayer?
[5] (May 1999)
A) Qada means to perform Salat after the expiry of the time of the particular prayer. Qada of Fard prayer is Fard. Qada of Sunnah prayer is Sunnah. Qada of Wajib prayer is Wajib. It is obligatory for anyone who has forgotten the Salat or slept through its time to make up for the missed prayer. The Prophet said, "There is no negligence when one is asleep but forgetfulness occurs when one is awake. If one of you forgets the prayer or sleeps through its time, then he should perform the Salat when he recalls it." If one intentionally delays his prayers until its time expires he can not make up for it. Such a person should turn to Allah and seek His forgiveness and increase his good deeds and nawafil in order to increase his weight on the Day of Resurrection. The Prophet said "There is no expiation (for prayer) except the prayer itself." Eid prayer and Friday prayers can not be offered as Qada. The missed Salat should be performed at the earliest possible opportunity. If several prayers are missed they should be offered in the prescribed order. If the number of Qada prayers exceeds five then the order is not compulsory. If a person's Dhuhr, Asr or Isha becomes Qada during journey, on returning he should offer shortened prayers. However if the prayers become Qada before the journey, he shall have to perform full prayer for them.
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Islamiyat Notes
Funeral prayers are Fard-e-Qafaiya meaning that when one Muslim from a community performs it, the rest of the community is exempted from it. It does not consist of Azan, Iqamah, Ruku or Sajdah and is said in standing posture. Before the prayer, the whole body of the dead Muslim must be washed with soup and cleansed of all visible impurities and then wrapped in white cotton sheet covering all parts of the body. The dead body is then placed in a coffin and then carried to a mosque or any other clean place. All the participants must perform ablution. Imam stands beside the body, facing the Kibla with all the followers standing behind him in odd ques. He raises his hands up to the ears declares the intention in a low voice to pray to Allah for that particular individual and says Allah Hu Akbar in a loud voice. The worshippers follow the Imam's lead and place their hands under the naval as in other prayers. The Imam recites Thana in a low voice and then Surah Fatiha followed by the second Takbir which is said without raising the hands. Salutation is sent on the Prophet. Then Imam recites the third Takbir without raising his hands and forgiveness is recited for the dead person in these words. "Forgive our living and our dead, our present and our absent, and our young and our old, and our males and our females. O Allah! Whosoever you grant to live amongst us, help him to live in Slam and whosoever you cause to die, help him to die in faith." And then Imam says Allah Hu Akbar and Tasleem.
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Islamiyat Notes
The Quran says, When you travel through the earth there is no blame on you if you shorten your prayers. According to Islamic Shariah, a traveler is a person who travels from his house to a distance of 75 km. The person is not considered a traveler until he is within the boundaries of the city, or town. The airport or railway station is treated to be within the bounders of the city if it is situated in its populated area. If they are situated outside the populated area of the city, a person reaching them would be considered a traveler. A traveler has the option to perform 2 rakats instead of 4 rakats of obligatory prayer of Dhuhr, Asr and Isha prayer. The Sunnahs are dropped. A traveler may shorten his journey as long as he is on a journey. The maximum duration for a journey is 19 days. However if a person intends to stay in a place for a certain amount of time, but keeps on delaying it for some genuine reason, that he may shorten his prayers even for years. It is also permissible to shorten ones prayers when his goes outside of his city. He does not have to resume his regular prayer until he reaches the first houses of the city. If a resident is praying behind a traveling Imam, in a congregation of Dhuhr, Asr and Isha, the resident must complete his remaining two rakats. After the conquest of Makkah, the Prophet would shorten his Dhuhr, Asr and Isha while leading the prayer. At the end of the prayer the Prophet would say, O people of Makkah stay and pray two more rakats because we are travelers. But if a traveler is saying his prayer after a resident he must complete his four rakats.
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Islamiyat Notes
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Islamiyat Notes
a) Describe the way in which Muslims fast during a day in Ramadan. [10] b) Outline the kinds of the Muslims who are excused from fasting during this month. [2] c) Explain why Ramadan fast is important to the Muslims. [8] [June 2007 & 2004]
a):
Fasting is the third pillar of Islam and has been enjoined on the Muslims in the month of Ramadan and is obligatory on every adult and healthy Muslim. Muslims get up early in the morning before dawn and take meal, known as Sheri. They take Sheri during day light hours. The Quran specifies the time for fasting by the following verse: And eat and drink until the white thread of dawn appears to you distinct from its black thread, then complete your fast till the night appears. Then they make intention of fasting i.e. valid during any part of night and needs not to be spoken aloud. The fast lasts from dawn to dusk. In this period, the Muslims neither eat anything nor drink and also abstain from smoking, medicines, sexual intercourse and also avoid from hearing, seeing and doing something that is evil like backbiting and telling lie etc. the prophet said: Backbiting pierces the fast. Then they break their fast immediately after sunset often with dates, water or salt after reciting the prayer of Iftari. They follow this with a meal that is eaten with friends or relatives. And then in evening, they offer Tarawi prayer that can be prayed as congregation as well as individual basis. The number of rakats for Tarawi prayer is 8, 11 or 20. During fasting the Muslims are to be particularly pious and visit mosque regularly and should do the normal activities of life as usual.
NOTE:
If the question comes of the whole month then extra points are as follow: * Some Muslims withdraw through mosque i.e. Iteqaf in last decade. Male practice this in the mosques whereas females practice this in the corner of a house. * In the Night of Power the Muslims spend their time in worshipping and offering prayers. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DONOT MENTION THAT WHICH PEOPLE ARE EXCUSED FROM FASTING IN THIS PART-----NO MARKS. SEPARATE QUESTION WILL BE THERE FOR THIS. b): Fasting is an obligatory act on every healthy and adult Muslim but some kinds of Muslims are excused from fasting. They include:
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MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Pregnant women Mothers with new babies Travellers Sick and ill people Children Very old people People in danger or suffering from food crisis
Islamiyat Notes
These Muslims are to make up the days they missed i.e. offer Qada of it or they are to give Fidia. c): Fasting as the third pillar of Islam and is an obligatory act for every adult and healthy Muslim. The believer leaves food and drink and all other enjoyments in obedience to the command of Allah to seek his pleasure that in turn builds up his moral character and teaches him self control. When the believer fasts and experiences hunger and thirst they realize the suffering of poor and helps rich to remember the poor in their community. Rich spend generously on poor to seek the blessings of Allah. This in turn renews their brotherly ties and awakens sympathy for the poor in the heart of the rich and unites all the Muslims. Moreover abstaining from food and drink for a full month does a lot of good to a persons health. During fasting a person abstains from evil deeds and does good deeds and tries to avoid any form of sin. So fasting increases the obedience of a man towards Allah as it removes all the barriers between him and Allah and makes a man pious. It protects the man from all kinds of temptations and so it is a source of forgiveness from Allah. The Prophet said: Allah said, all the deeds of Adams sons (people) are for them except fasting which is for Me and I will give the reward of it. Moreover the Night of Power, better than thousand months, is also in this month. In this night the believers offer prayers for Allah and their all previous sins are forgiven. Besides these, the Quran was also revealed in this month. Fasting is the gift that the believers give to Allah. This month acts as spiritual cleanser not for a Muslim but for the whole Ummah.
Intention, Niyah, of Fasting: I intend to keep tomorrows fast of Ramadan Supplication, Dua, of breaking fast: O Allah! I have observed the Fast for your sake and I believe in you, and I put my trust in you and broken it with the provisions you have bestowed me with.
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Islamiyat Notes
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Islamiyat Notes
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Islamiyat Notes
Quran is the last revealed book of Allah and it was revealed to the Holy Prophet through the angel Gabriel in 23 years. The first verse came down towards the end of Ramadan at the cave of Hira in 610 AD and the last on 9th of Zilhij 10 AH at the plain of Arafat. 86 chapters were revealed in Makkah and 28 in Madinah. Quran is a perfect and comprehensive book, which provides guidance in all walks of life e.g. social, political, moral etc. The following verses speak that Quran is a complete code of life. The Quran says, We have neglected nothing in this book. And again it says, And we revealed to you, explaining all things, a guide, a mercy and glad tidings to Muslims. Quran is regarded as the first and primary source of Islamic law (Shariah). The commandments of the Quran can be classified as follows: 1. Commands relating to belief and faith: These commands deal with the relations between Allah and mankind. They include belief in Allah, Angels, Divine Books, Prophets, the Day of Judgment, Predestination and Decree. 2. Commands relating to acts of worship: These commands deal with the performance of prayer, fast, almsgiving, Hajj and Jihad. These deal with the relationship of Allah and mankind, and of one man with another. 3. Commands relating to mutual transactions: These commands deal with man to man relations. These can be subdivided as follows: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Personal laws relating to personal matters like marriage, divorce, paternity, guardianship and inheritance. Civil laws which deal with the mutual transactions conducted by men, such as loan, lease and sale etc. Criminal laws which deal with crimes and their punishment such as theft, fornication, killing and false accusation. Judicial laws which deal with settling of disputes such as witness, oath and procedure etc. Constitutional laws which relate to the system of government. They deal with relations between the rulers and the rules, and the rights of the society. International laws dealing with the relationship between Islam and non-Islamic states both during war as well as peace which also determine the rights of nonMuslims. Moral and ethics relating to the purity of soul such as modesty, relationship between husband and wife, parents and children, neighbors and relatives etc.
vii.
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Islamiyat Notes
a) b)
Trace the major stages of the Compilation of the Quran in the time of the Caliphs Abu Bakar and Usman. [10] Why did these Caliphs that it was important to make a compilation of the Quran. [6] (October 2006)
a) During the Caliphate of Abu Bakar, a number of battles were fought including the battle of Yamamah against the false prophet Musailmah during which 360 Huffaiz were martyred. Umar therefore suggested to Abu Bakar to compile the Holy Quran in the form of a single book, Initially Abu Bakar hesitated to do something the prophet had not done, but later felt convinced by the wisdom of Umars suggestion and appointed Zaid bin Sabit a trusted secretary of the Holy Prophet as the head of committee which also included Umar, Maaz bin Jabl, Ubaiy bin Kaab and Abu Zaid to gather what had been written and memorized during the lifetime of the Prophet. They retrieved the revelations from pieces of papyrus and leather, flat stones, palm leaves, shoulder blades and ribs of animals as well as from hearts of men and wrote them down on sheets known as Suhuf. It was also announced in the whole of Madinah with the beat of a drum that anyone who had any fragment of the Holy Quran to bring it to Masjid-e-Nabvi. The person had to swear and bring two eye witnesses to that fact that the verse was written down during the Prophets lifetime and at least two persons needed to have that verse. Once the compilation, they found out that verse number 128 and 129 of Surah Tauba were missing. It had only been written down by Abu Khuzairra but it was added to the Quran as Abu Khuzairras witness was declared equal to two by the Prophet on the account of his good deed. The Quran was written down on sheets known as Suhuf. The work was completed in one year. On Abu Bakars death, Umar took possession of them. After Umars death in 644 AD, they were passed on to his daughter and the Prophets wife Hafsa and the collection of Quran came to be known as Mushuf-e-Hafsa. During the regime of Hazrat Usman, Islam spread far and wide. In 27 AH following the Battle of Armenia, fought against Romans, Huzaifa bin Yaman observed the difference in the dialect of Quran in newly conquered areas and reported this to Usman on his return to Madinah. Usman entrusted Zaid bin Sabit to make an accurate collection of the Quran. He was assisted by Abdullah bin Zubair, Abdur Rehman bin Harith and Syed bin al-Aas. They carefully collected full text using methods that ensured the authenticity of their work like preferring passages in Makkan dialect in case of conflict, as the Quran ha been revealed in that dialect. They compiled their work in the form of a book and kept the original order of the verses which were instructed to the Prophet by the angel Gabriel. The work was completed in five years. One was kept at the capital, Madinah, and the remaining six were distributed to all the provinces of the Muslim empire i.e. Makkah, Syria, Kufa, Yemen, Basra and Bahrain. All the older versions of the Holy Quran were burnt.
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Islamiyat Notes
b) After the death of 360 Huffaiz in the battle of Yamamah, Abu Bakar realized that Quran could not just be kept in memories of people alone and some sort of written and authentic version of the Holy Quran must be made to ensure that it was not lost like The Zaboor, Injil, Taurat and the Scroll of Ibrahim. Usman realized that if different versions of the Holy Quran were to exist, its original message and meaning might not survive any longer. The point is further supported by Huzaifa bin Yamans quote to Usman on observing the difference in the dialect of the Quran. He said, Save this Ummah before they differ about the book as Jews and Christians. The Quran is a source of guidance for the Muslims in all spheres of life. The Quran says, We have neglected nothing in this book. So therefore it was imperative to compile the Holy Quran in the form of a book so that the generations to come could take guidance from it. Since the Quran is meant for the entire Muslims Ummah it acts as unifying force for the entire Muslim world and only the original revelation given to the Prophet could preserve this unity. The Caliphs feared that the existence of different forms of the Quran might lead to changes in the original text of the Quran or many different rival interpretations of the Quran may break the unity of the Muslims. Mark Scheme: (a) (b) Abu Bakr came to see that the Quran could not be kept in memories alone. Although the Prophet had not made a written compilation, Abu Bakr realized that this would have to be done if the authentic Quran was to be preserved. Ùthman realized that the original message might be lost. If different versions were allowed to exist the original meaning might no longer survive. Muslims would not have a single source of guidance. Rival interpretations might break the unity of the community. Only the original revelation given to the Prophet could preserve unity. Under Abu Bakr a number of memorizers were killed. This was at the battle of Yamama. Ùmar suggested that the Qur'an should be written down for safety. Abu Bakr was reluctant because this had not been done under the Prophet. But a compilation was made. It eventually was given into the keeping of Hafsa. Zayd ibn Thabit was the chief scribe. Under Ùthman it became known that different forms (dialects) of the Qur'an were being circulated. He ordered a single authoritative copy to be made. Zayd Ibn Thabit was given this responsibility. He was helped by a group of leading Muslims. Ùthman had four copies of this edition made and circulated these. He ordered all other versions to be destroyed. The official version was made in the dialect of Quraysh.
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Islamiyat Notes
Examiners Report: (a) A high number of candidates answered this question and it was generally well answered. Most candidates gained more marks in the description of the compilation under Abu Bakr. Many candidates confused Caliph Uthman with Caliph Umar. Candidates could have given better details of the way in which the Quran was compiled under Uthman. (b) This part was not as well answered, as candidates gave short answers even though this part of the question is worth six marks. Candidates could have mentioned that the Quran would not survive in the memories of the companions alone, that Muslims needed a single source of guidance and that only the original revelation would ensure unity.
Compilation of Quran during the Prophets lifetime

The Quran was revealed on the Prophet over a period of 23 years in which there were all together 114 Surahs. The Prophet himself couldnt write down the revelations because he was illiterate, so whenever a verse was revealed the Prophet learnt it by heart and then conveyed it to scribes, approximately 41 in number, who were always near the Prophet to write down the revelations as soon as they heard it. The Prophet also told them to write the verses after such and such Surah. This is called Tarteeb-e-Tauqeefi. The scribes included the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs i.e. Abu Bakar, Usman, Ali and Umar as well as Zaid bin Sabit, Khalid bin Saeed, Maaz bin Jabl, Ubaiy bin Kaab, Muawyia bin Abi Sufiyan, Shuarheel bin Hasama and Abdullah bin Masud. They wrote down the revelations on different writing materials including pieces of papyrus and leather, flat stones, palm leaves, shoulder blades and ribs of animals. As Allama Sayyut said, The Quran had been written down in its entirety, in the time of the Prophet but it had not been compiled to a single copy. The Prophet also encouraged his companions to memorize the Quran. A large number of companions are reported to have memorized the Quran during the Prophets lifetime. Amongst these were: Umar, Ai, Zaid bin Sabit, Maaz bin Jabl and Ubaiy bin Kaab.
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Islamiyat Notes
How are the Quran and Hadith related in working out the Islamic law. [4] (May 2005)
A) The Holy Quran is an authentic book which contains guidance for the Muslims in all fields of life. The Quran says, We have neglected nothing in this book. It is the first source of Islamic Law. Its teachings are to be followed without question. But in certain cases the Qurans teachings are not complete and undetailed and therefore need elaboration. This is done by the words and actions of the Holy Prophet. The Hadith, which is the second source of Islamic Law, fill out the Quran where it is silent. The Quran says to, Establish prayer and pay charity. But the Quran does not mention its timings, units, preparation and its performance. The Prophet explained these things. The Prophet said, Pray as you have seen me praying. Similarly, the Quran does not explain the people who are liable to pay Zakat and on what rate and items it should be paid. The performance of Zakat was explained by the Hadith of the Prophet. Quran says, Pilgrimage thereto is a duty man owes to Allah, for those who can afford the journey. But it does not explain who should perform Hajj and when and how it should be performed its prohibitions, its dress and how many times it has to be performed in ones lifetime. The rites and rituals of Hajj were explained by the Prophet. The Prophet said, Take from me the rights of Hajj. Also write legislative authority and aspects.
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Islamiyat Notes
Trace the process by which the Hadith were collected in the early centuries of Islam down to the time of al-Bukhari and his colleagues. [16] (October 1999)
A) The compilation of Hadith can be divided into three stages. During the first stage i.e. the lifetime of the Holy Prophet and his companions to 100 AH, compilation of Hadith were done through memorization, discussion, practice and writing. The Holy Prophet encouraged his companions to memorize the Hadith. The Prophet said, May Allah be pleased with a servant who heard a thing from me and broadcasted it just as he heard it. Those who learnt the Hadith included Abu Huraira, Abdullah bin Amr bin al-Aas, Ayesha and Anus bin Malik. Whenever the Prophet said anything the companions would get together and discuss it. The Prophet said, May Allah give freshness to a servant who hears my saying, keeps it in memory and preserves it and communicates it. The Companions brought Hadith like Pray as you have seen me praying into their every day practice. Initially the Prophet feared that the Hadith and Quran might get mixed up so he forbade his companions from writing the Hadith down. There was a lack of learned personnel (only 12 in number) but he later told his companions to write down the Hadith since he felt that they could now distinguish between Quran and Hadith. The writing during the lifetime of the Prophet can be divided into two categories i.e. Official level which included letters to various kings e.g. Negus of Abyssinia, Khusrau Pervez of Persia etc, laws such as rules for collecting Zakat on various items, treaties like the Treaty of Hudabiya and Charter of Madinah and sermons at his farewell pilgrimage and at the Conquest of Makkah. Writing of Hadith also took place at private level. The traditions were compiled by the students of those who learnt the Hadith. They included: Sahifa Sadiqa by Abdullah bin Umar Sahifa Sahiha by Hanam bin Munabah from Abu Huraira Collection of Ayesha by Urwa bin Zubair from Ayesha Collection of Anus bin Malik Collection of Ali
During the second phase of compilation i.e. the age of successors of Sahaba known as Taibeen (100 AH to 200AH), Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz wrote to the governor of Madinah to collect all the scattered traditions of the Prophet. During this period many students and companions undertook large journeys to hear or verify the sayings of the Holy Prophet. It is reported that Abu Usman went to Madinah to get a Hadith from Abu Huraira, who had gone to Makkah for Hajj. Abu Usman then went to Makkah to receive the Hadith. Jabir bin Abdullah traveled from Makkah to Syria to hear a single Hadith. The journey took one month. Those Imams who took interest in compiling the Hadith included: Shihab Al Zuheri at Madinah
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Islamiyat Notes
Abdullah bin Mubarik at Khurasan Imam Makhul in Syria
During this era, the sayings of Ahl-e-Bait and Sahaba were also compiled. Outstanding works of this era included: Al Muwatta by Imam Malik bin Anas Kittab Al-Athar by Imam by Abu Hanifa Al-Musanaf by Imam Razzak Jami Thauri by Imam Sufiyan al-Thauri Musnad Ahmed bin Hanbal by Imam Hanbal
The third phase i.e. age of the students of the Taibeen known as Taba Taibeen (200 A.H to 300 A.H) was the golden phase of the compilation of Hadith. A criterion was adopted to check the authenticity of Hadith (Sanad and Matn) known as Asma-wal-Rijaal and Jirah-waTadeel. Six authoritative books known as Sahah-Sitta were compiled during this era. They were: Sahih Bukhari by Imam Bukhari, who selected 7,275 traditions out of 600,000. His book is the most authentic and therefore known as As-ul-Quran. Sahih Muslim by Imam Muslim, who selected 9,200 traditions out of 300,000. Sunan Abu Daud by Imam Abu Daud selected 4,800 traditions out of 500,000. Sunan Nisai by Imam Nisai, who selected 4,480 traditions out of 500,000. Jame Tirmidhi by Imam Tirmidhi, who selected 4,600 traditions out of 500,000. Sunan ibn Majah by Imam ibn Majah selected 4340 traditions out of 500,000.
Shia Muslims have their own book of Hadith which consists of Sanad and Matn, but Shia books also contain sayings from the 12 male descendants of the Prophet through Hazrat Fatima and her husband and Prophets cousin Ali. They were written by the three Muhammads. Al-Kafi by Al-Kulayini Al-Fiqh by Ibn Babuya Thazib-ul-Ahkam and Al-Istibar by Al-Tusi
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Islamiyat Notes
a)
b)
Explain the importance of the Isnad (Chain of transmitters) and the Matn (body of text) in assisting the scholar to check the authenticity if a Hadith. [12] Outline the major differences between the Musnad and Musannaf collections of Hadith. [4] (May 2006)
a) The Hadith consists of two parts, the chain of narrator (Sanad) and the text (matn). The list of narrators of the saying or the action of Prophet is called Sanad. This can be explained by the following Hadith. Muhammad ibn Al-muthana reported from Abdul Wahak from Abu Qilaabah from Malik that the Prophet said Pray as you have seen me praying. In the above tradition, the Sanad is the first part of the tradition. The text of the tradition or prophet actually said or did is called matn and is the second part of the Hadith. In above example matn is Pray as you have seen me praying. Matn is Prophets actual teachings, hand down through centuries that help Muslims in under standing their faith and follow it. Sanad is the list of narrators of the sayings and the actions of the Prophet. There are tough conditions laid down for the transmitter of Hadith. The Transmitter should be Adil i.e. he must be known for the correct observance of ordinances of the religion, prayer, fasting, Zakat, pilgrimage and support of the poor. Once Imam Muslim went to a person who knew the Hadith, but when Imam saw that the person was prompting his horse by showing it an empty barrel of food in order to catch the horse, the Imam returned concluding that since he was deceiving his horse he can not be a reliable person. He must also avoid all intoxicants. He should be sober in manner and manly in his conduct. He must have the reputation of truthfulness and honesty in all his dealings. He should have a good memory or have written down what he had heard and should be strictly accurate in reproducing exactly what he had personally acquired. He should know Arabic language and should know the types of words or particles which affect the meaning of what he passes on. The narrator should be of an age at which they could understand the full importance of what they had heard. In the line of transmitters, the dates of birth and death of each individual must overlap with those if the person before and after so to ensure that they have met each other while transmitting the Hadith, All the chains of transmitters should end with a companion of the Prophet and should be continuous with no broken links. Matn is the Prophet's actual teachings, actions or words. The principals which rule out a Hadith on the basis of Matn include that the Matn should not be contrary to the teachings of Quran or to a Hadith already accepted. The Hadith, "If the Prophet's son Ibrahim had survived he would be a Prophet" has been criticized because it is against the Quran. The Quran says, "Muhammad is not the father of anyone men amongst you, but he is the messenger of Allah and the Last Prophet." The Hadith should not be against peoples' common experience or common understanding like a promise of a very high reward for a
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Islamiyat Notes
minor good deed or a very severe punishment for a minor fault. It should not praise an individual, a definite location or a particular tribe. A Hadith would also be rejected if it contains the report of an important event taking place in the presence of a large number of people but it is only reported by one individual. The Hadith should not give precise details of events that took place after the lifetime of the Prophet nor should it contain expressions that the Prophet would not have been expected to use. The Hadith should not level accusation at the family of the Holy Prophet. The Hadith should not be against historical facts. The Hadith "Hazrat Adam's height was 60 cubits" has been criticized by Ibn Hajar on the basis that archaeological movements of the homesteads of some ancient people show that their inhabitants were not of abnormal height. So the above mentioned methods must be taken into consideration before accepting a Hadith as Sahih. b) Musnad literally means 'supported' because its traditions are supported by a complete chain of uninterrupted chain of authorities going back to the Prophet via companion. It is reserved for those collections of Hadith whose material is arranged according to the names of the original narrating authorities, irrespective of the subject matter. They are useful for detecting Hadith attributed to a particular companion. The best known Musnad collection is Ahmed bin Hanbal's Musnad. Musannaf literally means 'divided up' because it divides the Ahadith according to the subject matter. This is a more comprehensive collection of Hadith in which the Prophet's teachings are arranged in various chapters, with each chapter dealing with a particular topic of faith, religion and its application. They are particularly useful in establishing matters of law. Six books of Sunni Sahih books are the best known Musannaf collections. Mark Scheme: (a) (b) The musnad collections gather Hadiths together according to the name of the first transmitter.
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The isnad guarantees that the Hadith originated with the Prophet. Each transmitter (rawi) must be honest and upright. He must be a strong Muslim. He must have a good memory. Each transmitter must have known the transmitter before him, and also the transmitter after. The first transmitter in the chain must be a Companion of the Prophet. There must be no gaps or weaknesses in the chain. The matn must agree with the teachings of the Quran. It must also agree with the main body of reliable Hadiths. It must also agree with common sense and what is reasonable. It should not praise any individual or place. It should not give precise details of events that occurred after the Prophets time. It should not contain expressions uncharacteristic of the Prophet.
Islamiyat Notes
They are useful for detecting Hadiths attributed to a particular Companion. The best known musnad collection is Ibn Hanbals Musnad. The musannaf collections gather Hadiths according to their subject matter. They are useful for understanding the Prophets teachings on a particular point of belief or practice. They are particularly useful in establishing matters of law. The six books of Sunni sahih Hadith are the best known musannaf collections.
Examiners Report: This was less popular and most attempts showed that candidates did not know very much about the nature of Hadiths. (a) Good answers here would have explained how the isnad is made up, and outlined the character of the individual transmitters and the requirement that they should have been in a position to meet and exchange knowledge. They would have gone on to explain how the matn must agree with the Quran, reliable Hadiths, common sense, and so on. A few candidates wrote very well, but the majority gave sketchy answers that failed to explain why and how these two parts of the Hadith are used to check its authenticity. (b) Few candidates knew the differences between theses two types of Hadith collections. Some gave very full answers, explaining that the one gathers Hadiths according to their first transmitter and the other according to their subject matter. However, many candidates did not appear to recognize the two terms.
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Islamiyat Notes
Outline the differences in the Sahih (Authentic) and A-Daeef (Weak) types of traditions of Hadith. [4]
A) If all the narrators in the Sanad (Chain of Transmitters) and the Matn (Body of Text) fulfill the conditions stipulated, the tradition is classified as an accurate saying or action for the Prophet and named Sahih. This means that we can be certain that the Prophet said or did what was reported in the tradition. If any of the narrator in the Sanad was known to have any of the following faults, the Hadith in then classified as being inaccurate and referred to as Daeef. If anyone of the narrators was known to have been a liar. If anyone was known to have had a bad memory. If any was known to have not met the one he was supposed to be narrating from.
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Islamiyat Notes
How are the Quran and Hadith related in working out the Islamic law. [4] (May 2005)
A) The Holy Quran is an authentic book which contains guidance for the Muslims in all fields of life. The Quran says, We have neglected nothing in this book. It is the first source of Islamic Law. Its teachings are to be followed without question. But in certain cases the Qurans teachings are not complete and undetailed and therefore need elaboration. This is done by the words and actions of the Holy Prophet. The Hadith, which is the second source of Islamic Law, fill out the Quran where it is silent. The Quran says to, Establish prayer and pay charity. But the Quran does not mention its timings, units, preparation and its performance. The Prophet explained these things. The Prophet said, Pray as you have seen me praying. Similarly, the Quran does not explain the people who are liable to pay Zakat and on what rate and items it should be paid. The performance of Zakat was explained by the Hadith of the Prophet. Quran says, Pilgrimage thereto is a duty man owes to Allah, for those who can afford the journey. But it does not explain who should perform Hajj and when and how it should be performed its prohibitions, its dress and how many times it has to be performed in ones lifetime. The rites and rituals of Hajj were explained by the Prophet. The Prophet said, Take from me the rights of Hajj.
Mark Scheme: The Qur'an is the first source of law. Its clear teachings are followed without question. Where its teachings are undetailed the Hadith are employed. The Hadith fill out the Qur'an and add teachings where it is silent.
[1 mark for examples of how the Hadith fill out the Quran] Examiners Report: There were some accurate discussions here of the relationship in legal thinking between these two bases of law, and some excellent examples of how Muslims turn to the Hadith to find amplification of teachings in the Quran.
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Islamiyat Notes
Laws have also been derived form the Sunnah of the Prophet. Examples of some of these laws are listed below. The Quran does not mention anything about the leaving of wealth for non-Muslims. In the Sunnah, we find that the Prophet said, A Muslim may not inherit from a non-Muslim, nor a non-Muslim may inherit from a Muslim. The Sunnah of the Prophet defines the punishment for adultery which is stoning to death. During the Battle of Khyber, the Prophet forbade the eating of flesh of donkey. The Hadith also explains laws given in the Quran. The Quran says, The hand of male thief as well as of female thief should be cut. The Prophet explained this injunction that the culprit should not be insane, should not be a child; the punishment should be suspended during wars.
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Islamiyat Notes
a) What is consensus (Ijma)? b) How and in what circumstances is it used in Islamic legal thinking? c) Give two examples of the use of consensus. (November 2007)
[4] [6] [6]
a) The Quran is the first source of Islamic law and Sunnah is the second source of Islamic law. Where these 2 sources do not offer guidance and are silent, Ijma is applied there. Ijma is the 3rd source of Islamic law. It literally means to be unanimous or agreeing upon. In religious sense, it means the agreement of legal experts from among the community of Muslims after Prophets death in a certain period of time on a rule of law. This definition explains firstly the agreement of all legal experts is essential. Secondly the legal experts must be Muslims. Thirdly, the agreement of legal experts must be held after the Prophets death and fourthly the agreement of the legal experts of one period and fifthly, the agreement should be held on a rule of Islamic law. Legal experts have differed over who makes up the group of Muslims and whose Ijma should be accepted. They are as follow: 1) Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal said that they should be the companions of Prophet. 2) Imam Malik said they should be the people of Medina. 3) Imam Daud Zahiri said that they should be the Rightly Guided Caliphs. 4) Shia Muslims (Imam Jafar) claimed they should be the descendants of the Prophet (Fatima). 5) Imam Abu Hanifa (Nauman bin Thabit) said they should be the legal experts of any generation. 6) Imam Shafi said that it should be whole Muslim community. Two types of Ijma are there. Firstly, Ijma-e-Azeemah and secondly Ijma-e-Rukhsah and it can be inferred in 3 ways. Ijma-e-Qawali (Expressed by speech.) Election of Abu Bakr and Bait/Pledge of Ridwan. Ijma-e-Amali (Expressed by practice.). 4 Sunnah of Zuhur and Taraweeh prayer during Umars caliphate Ijma-e-Sukaati (Expressed by silent approval) Compilation of Quran by Abu Bakr. b) Ijma is applied to situations where Quran and Sunnah do not offer clear guidance. Whenever a new situation arises among the Muslim community, the legal experts first of all Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws
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Islamiyat Notes
consult Quran. If it does not offer guidance, then they see Sunnah of the Prophet. If Sunnah is also silent, then ijma is applied. Legal experts have differed over who makes up the group of Muslims and whose ijma should be accepted. They are as follow: 1) Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal said that they should be the companions of Prophet. 2) Imam Malik said they should be the people of Medina. 3) Imam Daud Zuhri said that they should be the Rightly Guided Caliphs. 4) Shia Muslims (Imam Jafar) claimed they should be the descendants of the Prophet (Fatima). 5) Imam Abu Hanifa (Nauman bin Thabit) said they should be the legal experts of any generation. 6) Imam Shafi said that it should be whole Muslim community. The use of Ijma in legal thinking is based on a number of verses in Quran. 1. Thus We have made of you a community just balanced that you might be witness over the nations and the messenger of Allah over yourselves. This verse indicates that the essence of all the Islamic teachings is to avoid extremism and to adopt the moderate way. 2. You are the best of people evolved for mankind in joining what is right, forbidding what is wrong and believing in one Allah. 3. Oh you, who believe, obey Allah and obey the Prophet and those charged with authority among you. If you differ in any thing among yourselves, refer it to Allah and His apostle. The Prophet also referred to the importance of Ijma. 1. My community will never agree upon an error. 2. The hand of Allah is with the community. _______________________________________________ c) Hazrat Abu Bakr was elected to the leadership of the community because the companions agreed that there should be a caliph to lead the Muslims after the Prophets death. The Prophet did not nominate his successor, though Shias believe that Prophet nominated Hazrat Ali as his successor. The Muslims assembled in Saqifa Bani Saada to discuss the appointment of Caliph. Abu Bakr was elected through the rule of Ijma. The Holy Quran was not compiled in a book form in Prophets time. After his death, in the battle of Yamama, many Haffizs were killed during Abu Bakrs caliphate. Umar then suggested Abu Bakr to compile Quran and then by Ijma of companions, the opinion of Muslims was taken and when all agreed then it was compiled in a book form. Consult book for more points and examples Pg no. 189 (Islam Beliefs and Practices)
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Islamiyat Notes
Qiyas is the 4th basis of legal thinking in Sunni Islam, following the Quran, Sunnah and Ijma of legal experts. Qiyas literally means to equate, measure, compare with or judge by comparison. It is the legal method of deducing one principle from another by comparing them together. It is used to derive legal principles when previous sources do not offer clear guidance. Whenever the Muslims face a legal problem, Quran is consulted. If it is silent, then Sunnah is checked. If it also do not guide about the matter then ijma is applied. And if ijma is not followed or does not offer guidance then Qiyas is used. Imam Abu Hanifa exercised Qiyas properly for the first time and formulated its name, rules and regulations. A woman from Juhaina tribe came to Prophet and asked, My mother had intended to perform hajj. But she died before she could do it. Can I perform hajj on her behalf ?. Prophet said, If there had been a loan on her, what would you do. She said that she would pay. Prophet said, You can perform hajj on her behalf. The loan due to Allah deserves most to be paid. Some Muslims, Shias and the followers of Imam Daud Zahiri, do not accept Qiyas as it depends very much on the ability of a legal expert to compare 2 principles. Quran and Sunnah have justified the use of Qiyas. Quran says, So, learn a lesson, O you who have eyes. It also says, There are signs in it for the people who understand. The justification for exercising Qiyas is usually based on following Ahadiths. The Prophet said to Abu Musa al Ashari, If you face a problem judge from book of Allah. If you don`t find in it what you need, then consult my Sunnah. If you don`t find in it, then use your personal opinion. It should never disagree with the previous sources i.e. Quran, Sunnah and Ijma. Fundamentals of Qiyas: Asl (Parent thing, root) The ruling mentioned in Quran, Sunnah and ijma. Far (New thing) The ruling not mentioned in Quran, Sunnah or Ijma. Illah (Effective or linking cause) The common reason between Asl and Far. Hukm (Application) The judgemental derived from parent thing on the basis of linking cause for the new case.
Examples on next page:

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Islamiyat Notes
Alcohol: Regarding the impermissibility of alcohol the verse of Quran is clear, Indeed, alcohol & Gambling and Ansab (lottery) and Azlam are abomination from amongst the practices of devil. So avoid them. The legal experts have pondered over the effective cause of unlawfulness of alcohol and have deduced it to be intoxication. The ruling regarding alcohol is found in both Sunnah & Quran. After contemplation the legal experts have found the same effective cause of intoxication in other intoxicants, LSD, opium, cocaine. In this example, alcohol is Asl and others are Far. Unlawfulness if the ruling and intoxication is the effective cause. After Prophets death, Muslims community needed a leader (Far`). The Prophet had appointed Abu Bakr to lead hajj and prayers (Asl). So, he was chosen to lead Muslims, (Hukm) as his leadership qualities were approved by Prophet. Quran forbids sale transactions after call to Juma prayer (Asl). On the opinion of legal experts all types of transactions (Far) had been forbidden (Hukm) as they also distract Muslims from prayer (Illa`).
Consult both books for further details and examples: The questions on this topic had come in past papers in the following years: November 1999, June 1996, June 2001, June 2005, June 2008
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Islamiyat Notes
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Islamic Beliefs, Observances &amp; Laws

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Islamic Beliefs, Observances & Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

TABLE OF CONTENTS: Islamic Beliefs, Observances & Laws

Topic ARTICLES OF FAITH

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

[4] [4] [4] [4] (May 2004)

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

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Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

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Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Friday Prayer Mosques

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

In what circumstances is to permissible to delay prayer?

[5] (May 1999)

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamic Beliefs, Observances & Laws

Islamic Beliefs, Observances & Laws