Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Heeju Choi, Melania Marinescu-Jasinski, Jinfang Liu, Michael Walmer & Peter Dent, Electron Energy Corporation MCE materials that have been uniquely developed during research efforts for operation at these high temperatures were based on La(Si,Fe,Co)13 compositions. Second, the flow system for heattransfer fluid must be designed to safely handle high temperatures and, when using water, possibly high pressure. Finally, a magnetic field source able to produce 1.5T at temperatures around 120C requires high-temperature permanent magnets.
Figure 3: FEA results: magnetic field distribution at 120C on the symmetric plane in the air gap (above) Figure 4: The MRDD prototype as mounted on an oven (right)
Figure 4 shows the MRDD built at EEC to function at temperatures up to 120C. Manufacturing feasibility and mechanical safety must be carefully considered in the design of the high-temperature MRDD, especially when having a rotating magnet assembly of 69kg. Table 1 shows the comparison between the magnetic field data as generated by FEA and the test results, revealing a theoretical overestimation of the field of 300-600G. Table 1: FEA magnetic field data comparison Temperature (C) 24 120 180 FEA data (G) 16,300 15,700 15,250 Test data (G) 15,710 15,400 NA
variation of the external magnetic field results in a larger magnetic entropy change and a larger MCE.3 Magnetic field variations of 15kG are sufficient for practical use.
Magnetic refrigerator
The ideal source of the DC magnetic field necessary to produce the MCE in magnetocaloric materials is a PM system. The magnetic field variation can be achieved by employing a rotary-magnet architecture,2,4 where a magnet rotates over a set of stationary beds containing the magnetocaloric material, circumferentially arranged. There are major technical challenges unique to the high-temperature environment that must be overcome before a high-temperature magnetic refrigerator can be successfully constructed. First, the magnetocaloric material must retain its properties and long-term chemical stability at high temperatures when simultaneously exposed to a heat-transfer fluid and a strongly varying magnetic field. Astronautics Corporation of America (ACA), which has been working with EEC on the development of high-temperature magnetic refrigeration systems, has found that even at room temperature a number of magnetocaloric materials degrade under long-term exposure to an aqueous fluid and a cycling field, and has been developing high-performance MCE system solutions. The
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Acknowledgements
The support of the US Department of Defense, under FA-8650-10-C-2101, and the support of the US National Institute of Standard and Technology, under SB134111CN0137, are gratefully acknowledged. The authors would also like to thank Carl Zimm and Dr Steven Jacobs at Astronautics Corporation of America for their valuable discussions and input.
stable in time, independent of the current in the coil, heating, hysteresis and the external magnetic fields. The present accuracy record is held by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), with a relative uncertainty of 3.6 x 10-8 and experiments are continuing toward an end goal of 1 x 10-8.7 For this application, in addition to the stability, it is required that the magnetic field be constant within 0.01% along the travel distance of the coil, typically 8cm. The desired magnet system is envisioned as using two PM rings embedded in an iron yoke to deliver a radial magnetic field with a flux density of at least 5,000G over a 3cm wide, cylindrical air gap, of which a central 8cm has a magnetic field that meets the required uniformity within 0.01%.
Figure 6: Surface contours analysis (above left) Figure 7: Magnetic flux density plot in the precision air gap (above)
gap is reduced by 0.1G, which is 0.0018% of the average field near 5,500G. However, the magnetic residual flux change can be minimized by choosing magnets with very uniform properties. Second, the magnetic permeability of magnetic steels is very important because the magnetic field uniformity depends on the material itself, especially for a large and complicated assembly consisting of several components and subsystems. When increasing the permeability of steel by 50%, which is the worst-case scenario, the magnetic field changes by 4.5G (0.08% of the average field). However, the material permeability cannot differ by 50% and the effect can be minimized by using the same batch and production procedures.
References
Gyro guidance
The basis for magnetic guidance of directional drilling is the creation of a magnetic field of simple geometry in the vicinity of the drill bits. The strength of this magnetic field should be greater than the Earths magnetic field and should be greater than any time-dependent magnetic fields produced by nearby earth structures or metal infrastructure. The steering tool mounted behind the drill bit consists of three accelerometers and three magnetometers that measure the magnetic field to calculate the azimuthal direction of the borehole. These sensors measure the required angles of inclination, azimuth and toolface. Both magnetometers and accelerometers give voltage outputs that can be used to calculate the required directional angle. Combined with the length of pipe downhole, the azimuth and inclination of the borehole give the operator the position of the drill bit, thereby creating positive steerability to keep the bit on the pre-project planned track.8,9 This gyro guidance system enables the horizontal directional drill to reduce the surface disturbance by 95%. The horizontal drilling can lead to an increase in reserves in place by 2% of the original oil in place according to US Department of Energy. The production ratio of horizontal versus vertical wells is 3.2:1 while the cost ratio is only 0.33:1.10
1) Yu B., Liu M., Egolf P., Kitanovski A. Review of magnetic refrigerator and heat pump prototypes built before the year 2010, International Journal of Refrigeration, 33 (2010); 1029-1060 2) Zimm C., Boeder A., Chell J., Sternberg A., Fujita A., Fujieda S., Fukamichi K. Design and performance of a permanent magnet rotary refrigerator, International Journal of Refrigeration, 29 (2006); 1302-1306 3) Pecharsky V., Gschneidner K. Advanced magnetocaloric materials: What does the future hold?, International Journal of Refrigeration, 29 (2006); 1239-1249 4) US patent 6,668,560 5) Gieras J. F., Wang R.-J., Kamper M. J. Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Brushless Machines, Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, UK, (2004) 6) Kibble, B. P., Sanders, J. H., Wapstra, A. H. Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants 5, New York: Plenum (1975); 545-51 7) Steiner, R. L., Williams, E. R., Liu, R., Newell, D. B. Uncertainty Improvements of the NIST Electronic Kilogram, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 56 (2): 592596, doi:10.1109/TIM.2007.890590 8) ElGizawy M. L. Continuous Measurement While Drilling Surveying System Utilizing MEMS Inertial Sensor PhD Dissertation, Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary (Feb 2009) 9) Djurkov A., Cloutier J., Mintchev M. P. Mathematical Model and Simulation of a Pneumatic Apparatus for In-Drilling Alignment of an Inertial Navigation Unit during Horizontal Well Drilling, International Journal Information Technologies and Knowledge (2008); Vol. 2, 147-156 10) Innovative Technology Summary Report, Horizontal Wells, prepared for US Department of Energy (Sept 1998) 11) Subterranean Navigation, Engineering Technology, Ingenia Issue 45 (December 2001)
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