Lekh Dothraki

sunquan8094 May 21, 2013

Foreword
Firstly, I would like to say that this is a work in progress; lessons are still being created and added to this text. This is a written compilation of my YouTube lessons, and as the YouTube tutorials are ongoing at the time of writing, there will be many additions to this text. Next, I have some people to thank. First and foremost, I would like to thank you, the reader, for your continued interest in learning the Dothraki language. You, along with the many others who have obtained this book in one way or another, have encouraged me to step in and help you learn such an interesting language. I wish that you enjoy learning this language. Dothras chek.

Contents
I Preliminaries 4
5

1 Pronunciation

II

Grammatical Lessons

7
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 27 29 31 33 35 37 38 40 2

1 Personal Pronouns and Armative Present Tense 2 Negative Present Tense 3 Accusative Case of Inanimate Nouns 4 Nominative Plural and Accusative of Animate Nouns 5 Accusative of Personal Pronouns and Future Tense of Verbs I 6 Future Tense of Verbs II 7 Adjectives I: Being an Adjective 8 Adjectives II: Adjectives That Modify Nouns 9 Genitive Case of Animate and Inanimate Nouns 10 Genitive Case of Personal Pronouns 11 Past Tense of Verbs 12 Allative Case of Animate and Inanimate Nouns 13 Allative Case of Personal Pronouns 14 Informal Imperative 15 Ablative Case of Nouns and Personal Pronouns 16 Expressing Being a Noun 17 Numbers 1-10 18 Negating Adjectives

19 Comparing with Adjectives 20 Yes-and-No Questions 21 Relative Clauses with Inanimate Nouns 22 Prepositions I: Over and Under 23 Modal Auxiliary Verbs 24 Vocal Auxiliary Verbs 25 Creating New Adjectives 26 Numbers 11-19 27 Simple Nominalization and Manner Adverbs 28 Relative Clauses with Animate Nouns 29 Prepositions II: Front and Behind

41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61

III

Conversational Lessons

62
63 64 65

1 Mathchomaroon 2 Hash Yer Dothrae Chek? 3 Aena Vezhvena

IV

Appendix
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67 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 68 69 69 69 70

1 Grammar Reference 1.1 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Declension Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 Personal Pronoun Declension Table . . . 1.1.3 Demonstrative Pronoun Declension . . . 1.1.4 Relative Pronoun Declension Table . . . 1.1.5 Interrogative Pronoun Declension Table 1.2 Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Conjugation Table . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 Degree of Comparison Table . . . . . . . 1.4 Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Dictionary of Vocabulary

Part I

Preliminaries

Chapter 1

Pronunciation
Every language has a unique pronunciation scheme, even though other languages may use some of the same sounds but represent them entirely dierently in writing. For this reason, I have put sound approximations in languages other than English so that one will have a better idea of how the language sounds. For the sake of completeness, I have also included the International Phonetic Alphabet letter associated with the sound.

Vowels
a: [a] (English father, Spanish casa ) e: [e] (English set, Spanish beber ) i: [i] (English bean, Japanese kirin ) o: [o] (English cocoa )

Consonants
ch: [tS] (English chafe ) d: [d] (English dorm ) f : [f] (English fief ) g: [g] (English gig ) h: [h] (English high ) j: [dZ] (English jive ) k: [k] (Japanese katakana ) kh: [x] (Klingon Hol, Lojban xu do ) l: [l] (English live ) m: [m] (English moon ) n: [n] (English null ) 5

 q: [q] (Klingon qaw ) r: [r/R] (Spanish querer ) s: [s] (English Seuss ) sh: [S] (English shoe ) t: [t] (English tat ) th: [T] (English thug ) v: [v] (English vest ) w: [w] (English wow ) y: [j] (English yay ) z: [z] (English pizzazz ) zh: [Z] (English measure, French bonjour )

Epenthesis
Epenthesis is the adding of vowels in order to aid pronunciation. You will need to do this often because of the frequent dropping of endings you must do. Add the letter e to the end of a word when a word ends with: the letters w, q, and g a double consonant (note that cch, kkh, and ssh are double consonants) consonant clusters ending in the letters w, r, l, y

Stress
If a word ends in a consonant, stress is applied on the nal syllable. If a word ends in a vowel, stress is applied on the rst syllable.

Part II

Grammatical Lessons

Lesson 1

Personal Pronouns and Armative Present Tense

Vocabulary
Nouns
anha: I yer: you me: he, she, it kisha: we yeri: you (plural) mori: they

Verbs
thirat: live nesolat: learn

Text
Anha thirak, yer thiri, me thira, kisha thiraki, yeri thiri, mori thiri. Anha nesok, yer nesoe, me nesoe, kisha nesoki, yeri nesoe, mori nesoe.

Grammar
As with most languages, Dothraki has verbs that need to be conjugated. A conjugated verb often looks dierently from its dictionary form. There are two conjugations in Dothraki, -at and -lat verbs. At rst glance, a verb can be categorized into either conjugation almost immediately. -at verbs are identied as verbs that end in -at and not -lat, while -lat verbs end in -lat. There will be exceptions to the rule, but we

will cover that in a later lesson. For every verb tense, Dothraki has conjugations for armative and negative polarity, meaning that there are conjugations for verbs in sentences such as I ate and I did not eat. In this lesson, we will cover only the armative present tense. It is worth noting that the subject of the verb cannot be dropped, unlike in Romance languages, therefore the pronouns will be kept in the following tables. Verb Type -lat -at Person Singular Plural Singular Plural First Person anha -k kisha -ki anha -ak kisha -aki Second Person yer -e yeri -e yer -i yeri -i Third Person me -e mori -e me -a mori -i Verb nesolat thirat Person Singular Plural Singular Plural First Person anha nesok kisha nesoki anha thirak kisha thiraki Second Person yer nesoe yeri nesoe yer thiri yeri thiri Third Person me nesoe mori nesoe me thira mori thiri

Practice
1. Conjugate the following verbs in the armative present tense. (a) dothralat (b) ifat 2. Translate into English. (a) Anha thirak. Yer nesoe. (b) Kisha nesoki. Me thira. 3. Translate into Dothraki. (a) We live. They learn. (b) He learns. You all live.

Lesson 2

Negative Present Tense

Vocabulary
Nouns
alegra: duck [i] eshina: sh [i] hrakkar: lion [a]

Verbs
ovethat: y zerqolat: swim vrelat: leap [-at]

Text
Alegra ovetha. Anha vos ovethok. Yeri vos ovethi. Me vos ovetho. Kisha vos ovethoki. Eshina zerqoe. Anha vos zerqok. Yeri vos zerqoo. Me vos zerqoo. Kisha vos zerqoki. Hrakkar vrela. Anha vos vrelok. Yeri vos vreli. Me vos vrelo. Kisha vos vreloki.

Grammar
The negative conjugations of all tenses contain the auxiliary verb vos, which literally means not. It has been included in every conjugation in the following tables. The + sign before the ending indicates that you must drop the letter before it. Verb Type -lat -at Person Singular Plural Singular Plural First Person anha vos +ok kisha vos +oki anha vos +ok kisha vos +oki Second Person yer vos -o yeri vos -o yer vos -i yeri vos -i Third Person me vos -o mori vos -o me vos -o mori vos -i

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Verb Type Person First Person Second Person Third Person

dothralat Singular Plural anha vos dothrok kisha vos dothroki yer vos dothrao yeri vos dothrao me vos dothrao mori vos dothrao

ifat Singular anha vos ifok yer vos i me vos ifo Plural kisha vos ifoki yeri vos i mori vos i

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Hrakkar vos zerqoo. Me vrela. (b) Eshina zerqoe. Me vos ovetho. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) He learns. The lion does not y. (b) We swim. The duck lives.

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Lesson 3

Accusative Case of Inanimate Nouns

Vocabulary
Nouns
mai: mother [a] vado: turnip [i] yalli: child [i] dranekh: human milk [i] lamekh: mares milk [i] sewakh: wine [i]

Verbs
adakhat: eat indelat: drink

Text
Mai adakha eshin. Yalli adakha vad. Hrakkar adakha alegre. Mai indee sewakh. Yalli indee dranekh. Hrakkar indee lamekh.

Grammar
In Dothraki, there are two declensions of nouns, animate and inanimate nouns. There is no specic way to gure out a nouns declension at rst glance. Therefore, the declension of a noun must be memorized right away. Inanimate nouns do not have plural forms, while animate nouns do. Each declension of nouns has ve cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, allative, and ablative cases. The nominative case of a noun, which is also its dictionary form, is used when it is the subject of a sentence. The accusative case of a noun is used when it is a direct object. In the table below, an uppercase C indicates a consonant, V indicates a vowel, and - means ends

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with. Ending -V -C -CCV

Example Noun jano lamekh yalli

Declension -+ (epenthesis if necessary) (same) -C

Example Declension jan lamekh yal

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Anha indek lamekh. Me vos adakho vad. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The duck does not live. The dog eats the duck. (b) Children do not drink wine. They drink human milk.

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Lesson 4

Nominative Plural and Accusative of Animate Nouns

Vocabulary
Nouns
lajak: warrior [a] khal: king [a] rizh: son [a] ko: bodyguard [a]

Verbs
zhilat: love [-at] fejat: hate

Text
Mai zhila rizhis. Rizhi zhili mayes. Rizhi zhili lajakes. Lajak feja rizhis. Lajaki feji khales. Khal feja lajakis. Kosi feji khales. Khal feja koes. Khal zhila mayes. Khal zhila rizhis. Mai zhila khales. Rizhi zhili khales.

Grammar
As said in a previous lesson, all animate nouns have plural declensions. Below is the declension table for the nominative plural, accusative singular, and accusative plural of animate nouns. -C -V khal ko Nominative Plural -i -si khali kosi Accusative Singular -es -es khales koes Accusative Plural -is -es khalis koes It is worth noting that the i in mai, when declined in the accusative singular case, changes to a y. Thus, mai declines in the accusative as mayes. 14

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Lajaki adakhi alegri. Rizhi indee dranekh. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The guards love the king.

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Lesson 5

Accusative of Personal Pronouns and Future Tense of Verbs I

Vocabulary
Adverbs
silokh: tomorrow

Conjunctions
vosma: but ma: and

Text
Anha zhilak yera, vosma yer vos zhili anna. Me zhila yera, vosma yer vos zhili mae. Mori zhili yera, vosma yer vos zhili mora. Kisha zhilaki yera, vosma yer vos zhili kisha. Yer azhili anna silokh ma anha vos ozhilok yera. Yer azhili mae silokh ma me vos ozhilo yera. Yer azhili mora silokh ma mori vos ozhili yera. Yer azhili kisha silokh ma kisha vos ozhilok yera.

Grammar
Accusative of Personal Pronouns
Pronouns, like regular nouns, decline according to case as well. Below is the pronoun declension table for the nominative and accusative cases. Nominative Accusative anha anna yer yera me mae kisha kisha yeri yeri mori mora

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Future Tense of Verbs Beginning with a Consonant

We will only Verb Type P +/+ 1st + 2nd + 3rd E P +/+ 1st + 2nd + 3rd cover the future tense those verbs that begin with a consonant. -lat -at S P S P anha a- -k kisha a- -ki anha a- -ak kisha a- -aki anha vos o-+ok kisha vos o-+oki anha vos o-+ok kisha vos o-+oki yer a- -e yeri a- -e yer a- -i yer a- -i yer vos o- -o yeri vos o- -o yer vos o- -i yer vos o- -i me a- -e mori a- -e me a- -a mori a- -i me vos o- -o mori vos o- -o me vos o- -o mori vos o- -i nesolat fejat S P S P anha anesok kisha anesoki anha afejak kisha afejaki anha vos onesok kisha vos onesoki anha vos ofejok kisha vos ofejoki yer anesoe yeri anesoe yer afeji yeri afeji yer vos onesoo yeri vos onesoo yer vos ofeji yer vos ofeji me anesoe mori anesoe me afeja mori afeji me vos onesoo mori vos onesoo me vos ofejo mori vos ofeji

Practice
1. Translate into English. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) I will learn tomorrow. (b) He loves us, but we hate him. (c) The warriors drink wine, but the children drink mares milk.

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Lesson 6

Future Tense of Verbs II

Vocabulary
Verbs
acchakat: be quiet astat: speak ammemat: play (musical instrument) ezhirat: dance

Conjunctions
kash..., kash...: while..., ...

Text
Kash anha astak, kash anha vos vacchakok. Kash yeri vos vasti, kash yeri vacchaki. Kash yer asti, kash yer vos vacchaki. Kash kisha vos vastoki, kash kisha vacchakoki. Kash anha ammemak, kash yeri vezhiri. Kash yer ammemi, kash kisha vezhiraki.

Grammar
Future Tense of Verbs Beginning with a Vowel
Verb Type P +/+ 1 + 2 + 3 -lat S P anha v- -k kisha v- -ki anha vos v- +ok kisha v- +oki yer v- -e yeri v- -e yer vos v- -o yeri vos v- -o me v- -e mori v- -e me vos v- -o mori vos v- -o -at S anha v- -ak anha vos v- -ok yer v- -i yer vos v- -i me v- -a me vos v- -o P kisha v- -aki kisha vos v- -oki yeri v- -i yeri vos v- -i mori v- -i mori vos v- -i

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Verb Type P +/+ 1 + 2 + 3 -

astolat S P anha vastok kisha vastoki anha vos vastok kisha vastoki yer vastoe yeri vastoe yer vos vastoo yeri vos vastoo me vastoe mori vastoe me vos vastoo mori vos vastoo

astat S P anha vastak kisha vastaki anha vos vastok kisha vos vastoki yer vasti yeri vasti yer vos vasti yeri vos vasti me vasta mori vasti me vos vasto mori vos vasti

Practice
1. Translate into English. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) While the dog eats, you will not play a musical instrument. (b) While you speak, we learn.

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Lesson 7

Adjectives I: Being an Adjective

Vocabulary
Nouns
vorsa: re [a] zhavvorsa: dragon [i]

Adjectives
haj: strong virzeth: red zheana: beautiful zhokwa: big

Verbs
sikhtelat: spit avvirsalat: burn something ostat: bite

Adverbs
akka: also

Text
Zhavvorsa zhokwae ma haja. Me zheanae ma virzetha akka. Zhavvorsa sikhtee vorsaes. Vorsa zhokwae ma virzetha ma zheanae. Vorsa avvirsae alegre. Alegra zheanae, vosma me vos zhokwao. Alegra osta anna. Anha zhokwak ma hajak, vosma anha vos zheanok. Anha zhilak yera. Yer zheanae, vosma yer vos haji.

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Grammar
One must sooner or later realize that there is no word for to be in Dothraki, and question how this problem is bypassed. It is bypassed by turning the adjective into a verb and conjugating it appropriately. If the adjective ends in a vowel, the -lat ending is attached. Otherwise, the -at ending is attached.

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Alegra virzetha. Zhavvorsa virzetha akka. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The dog is big and beautiful, and it bites the child. (b) The re is red. It is also beautiful.

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Lesson 8

Adjectives II: Adjectives That Modify Nouns

Vocabulary
Nouns
khaleesi: queen [a]

Adjectives
erin: kind imesh: young vezhven: great vichomer: respectful

Text
Khal haj zhila khaleesies zheana. Khaleesi zheana zhila khales haja. Mai erin zhila yal imeshi. Yalli imeshi zhili mayes erina. Zhavvorsa ershe zhila zhavvors imesha. Zhavvorsa imesh zhila zhavvors ershe. Lajak vezhven zhila rizhi vichomeri. Rizhi vichomeri zhili lajakes vezhvena.

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Grammar
Adjectives decline according to the case and number of the noun, regardless of its animacy. Follow the instructions below to modify a noun with an adjective. If the noun ends in a consonant: If the noun is singular: If the noun is in the nominative, keep it as it is. Otherwise, add the sux -a. If the noun is plural, add the sux -i. If the noun ends in a vowel, keep it as it is.

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Lajak vezhven zhila rizhes mae. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The kind queen loves the great king.

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Lesson 9

Genitive Case of Animate and Inanimate Nouns

Vocabulary
Nouns
tolorro: bone [i] jano: dog [i] lekhi: taste [i] arakh: curved sword [i]

Verbs
lakkhat: chew chongat: be hard lajat: ght

Adjectives
dis: simple, plain

Text
Khal haja. Rizhi khali vichomeri. Mai rizhi erina. Jano lakkha tolor. Tolorro jani chonga. Lekhi tolorri disa. Ko laja zhavvors. Arakh kosi haja. Vorsa zhavvorsi vos hajo.

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Grammar
The genitive case of a noun is used to indicate that something is of the noun. It is similar to putting s at the end of a noun. The genitive case of singular and plural animate nouns are the same. Below is the declension table. Type An -C An -V In -C In -V In -CCV Genitive -i -si -i +i -CCi Noun rizh ko lamekh alegra yalli Genitive rizhi kosi lamekhi alegri yalli

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Rizhi khali zheanae. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The warriors bones are hard.

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Lesson 10

Genitive Case of Personal Pronouns

Vocabulary
Verbs
lanat: run

Text
Jano anni lana. Jano yeri vos lano. Zhavvorsa kishi haja. Zhavvorsa mori vos hajo. Rizh anni vichomera. Rizh mae vos vichomero.

Grammar
Below is the declension table. Nominative Genitive anha anni yer yeri me mae kisha kishi yeri yeri mori mori

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Mai anni zhila anna, vosma mai yeri feja yera. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) My kings warriors and guards are strong.

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Lesson 11

Past Tense of Verbs

Vocabulary
Nouns
chiori: woman [a] virzetha: red wine [i]

Verbs
kemat: marry

Adjectives
esina: dierent davra: good, useful

Text
Anha kem chiories, vosma me vos davrao. Anha akemak chiories esina. Yer adakh alegre mae, vosma lekhi mae disa. Yer vadakhi alegra esina. Mori indesh sewakh, vosma mori vos indosh virzetha. Anha vindek mae. Yeri fejish anna, vosma anha zhil yeri. Anha afejak yeri.

Grammar
The past tense of a verb is used to indicate that the action was done in the past. Below is the conjugation table.

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Verb Type P +/+ 1 + 2 + 3 Verb Type P +/+ 1 + 2 + 3 -

-at P S P kisha -sh anha -+ kisha -ish kisha vos +osh anha vos -o kisha vos -osh yeri -sh yer -+ yeri -ish yeri vos +osh yer vos -o yeri vos -osh mori -sh me -+ mori -ish mori vos +osh me vos -o mori vos -osh dothralat ifat S P S P anha dothra kisha dothrash anha if kisha ish anha vos dothro kisha vos dothrosh anha vos ifo kisha vos ifosh yer dothra yeri dothrash yer if yeri ish yer vos dothro yeri vos dothrosh yer vos ifo yeri vos ifosh me dothra mori dothrash me if mori ish me vos dothro mori vos dothrosh me vos ifo mori vos ifosh S anha -+ anha vos +o yer -+ yer vos +o me -+ me vos +o

-lat

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Kash anha kem chiories, kash khal kem khaleesi. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) While you drank red wine, the children did not eat their turnips.

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Lesson 12

Allative Case of Animate and Inanimate Nouns

Vocabulary
Nouns
rhaesh: land, country kimikh: date (fruit)

Verbs
chomat: respect jolinat: cook azhat: give

Text
Alegra zerqo rhaeshaan. Khal rhaeshi jolin alegre. Mai azh kimikh yallaan. Yalli adakh kimikh. Khal choma lajakaan. Lajak choma khalaan. Khaleesi choma kosea. Kosi chomi khaleesisaan.

Grammar
The allative case of a noun is used when an action is being directed toward the noun. Below is the declension table. An -C An -V Type In -C In -V In -CCV S P S P Allative -aan -ea -saan -sea -aan +aan +aan Type khal khali mai maisi lekh alegra tolorro Allative khalaan khalea maisaan maisea lekhaan alegraan tolorraan

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Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Anha azh alegre yerea. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) You will respect the king.

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Lesson 13

Allative Case of Personal Pronouns

Vocabulary
Nouns
azho: gift [i]

Verbs
emat: smile davralat: be useful

Text
Anha azhak azh yeraan. Yer emi anhaan. Kisha davraki maan. Me vos davrao kishaan. Mori chomi yerea. Yeri vos chomi morea.

Grammar
Nominative anha yer me kisha yeri mori Allative anhaan yeraan maan kishaan yerea morea

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) I respected you all. 2. Translate into Dothraki.

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(a) He will give to me the curved sword.

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Lesson 14

Informal Imperative
Vocabulary
Nouns
hadaen: food [i]

Verbs
laqat: to cry

Particles
zhey: (vocative particle)

Text
Zhey Zhey Zhey Zhey mai, zhilas yal yeri. Vo fejos mori. yalli, adakhas hadaen yeri. Vo indos sewakh. rizh, zheanas. Vo laqos. zhavvorsa, sikhtes vorsaes. Vo ovethos.

Grammar
The informal imperative is used to command others of an equal or lower status. Below is the conjugation table. There is no person column because commanding is done in second person. +/-lat -at dothralat adakhat + -s +as dothras adakhas vo +os vo +os vo dothros vo adakhos

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Zhilas anna, ma anha azhilak yera.

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2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) O children, respect your king. (b) Do not cry. Smile.

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Lesson 15

Ablative Case of Nouns and Personal Pronouns

Vocabulary
Verbs
vigererat: miss (long for) yanqolat: gather garvolat: hunger

Conjuctions
hajinaan me: because

Text
Anha yanqo kimikhoon hajiinaan me yer garvoe kimikhoon. Anha yanqo alegroon hajinaan me yer garvoe alegroon. Alegra lan yeroon ma zerqo rhaeshoon. Yeri vigereri kishoon hajinaan me kisha vigereraki yeroa. Khal vigerera kosoon hajinaan me ko vigerera khaloon. Jano vigerera anhoon hajinaan me anha vigererak moon. Chiorisi rhaeshi vos vigereri moroa.

Grammar
The Ablative Case
The ablative case of a noun is used when an action is being directed away from it.

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Ablative of Nouns
Type Ablative Noun Ablative An -C An -V In -C In -V In -CCV S P S P -oon -oa -soon -soa -oon +oon +oon rizh rizhi ko kosi lekh jano rizhoon rizhoa kosoon kosoa lekhoon janoon

tolorro tolorroon

Ablative of Personal Pronouns

Nominative anha yer me kisha yeri mori Ablative anhoon yeroon moon kishoon yeroa moroa

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) I hunger for duck and dates. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) I miss you because I love you. (b) The kings warriors gathered dates and gave them to the king because the king hungered for dates.

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Lesson 16

Expressing Being a Noun

Vocabulary
Nouns
ave: father [a] zafra: slave [i] simonof: grandfather [a]

Text
Anha khal. Anha lajakoon. Anha vos khaloon. Anha avesaan. Anha vos lajakaan. Yer khaleesi. Yer zafroon. Yer vos khaleesisoon. Yer maisaan. Yer vos zafraan. Me ave anni. Me khaloon. Me vos lajakoon. Me simonofaan. Me vos khalaan. Rizhi kishi lajakea haji. Rizhi kishi vos zafroon.

Grammar
As said before, Dothraki does not have a word for to be. Below is how one expresses being a noun. Tense Case of Noun Example Present Nominative Yer lajak. (You are a warrior.) Past Ablative Mori kosoa. (They are guards.) Future Allative Anha khal. (I am a king.)

Practice
1. Translate into English. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The warriors grandfather was king, but his father was a slave.

37

Lesson 17

Numbers 1-10
Vocabulary
There is no vocabulary for this chapter because the text is a literal translation of The Twelve Days of Christmas, though some words may look unfamiliar.

Text
She She She She She She She She She She asshekh asshekh asshekh asshekh asshekh asshekh asshekh asshekh asshekh asshekh ataki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan at zir she feshith sovi. akataki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan akat zir adrasi. senaki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan sen jizis frenchi. toraki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan tor zir kazga. mekaki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan mek re hoshora. zhindaki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan zhinda jizis n azh gal. fekhaki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan fekh zir n zerqo. oriki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan ori zafre n nirri lamekhoon. qazataki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan qazat chiories n ezhiri. thiki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan thi khalis n vreli.

Grammar
Ordinal Numbers
Like every language, Dothraki has a counting system. Below is a table of Arabic numerals and the English and Dothraki words associated with them.

38

Numeral 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

English one two three four ve six seven eight nine ten

Dothraki at akat sen tor mek zhinda fekh ori qazat thi

Cardinal Numbers
To construct cardinal numbers, attach the sux -ak if the number ends in a vowel; otherwise, use the sux -k. The newly formed word is treated like a regular animate noun.

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Zhinda yalli adakh ori alegre. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) My grandfather was the rst king of this land.

39

Lesson 18

Negating Adjectives
Vocabulary
Adjectives
dik: fast toki: dumb

Text
Khaleesi zheanae, vosma me vos hajo. Khaleesi ohaja, vosma me vos ozheanao. Khal dika, vosma me vos imesho. Khal osimesha, vosma me vos odiko. Rizhi vichomeri, vosma mori vos zhokwao. Rizhi ozhokwae, vosma mori vos ovichomeri. Anha tokik, vosma anha vos vezhvenok. Anha ovezhvena, vosma anha vos otokok.

Grammar
If an adjective is negated, it means that the noun it modies is not what the adjective describes. To negate an adjective, follow the instructions below. If the adjective begins with a vowel, add the prex os-. Thus, esina would become osesina. Otherwise, if the adjective begins with a consonant, add the prex o-. Therefore, haj would become ohaj. The negated adjective is treated like any other adjective.

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Rizh lajaki ohaja. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The queen is not beautiful.

40

Lesson 19

Comparing with Adjectives

Vocabulary
All words in the text should look familiar to you.

Text
Chiori azheanana. Mai ozheanana. Chiori azheanana maisoon. Mai ozheanana chiorisoon. Khal avezhvenana. Lajak ovezhvenana. Khal avezhvenana lajakoon. Lajak ovezhvenana khaloon. Rizh asimeshana. Yalli osimeshana. Rizh asimeshana yalloon. Yalli osimeshana rizhoon. Lekhi lamekhi adisana. Lekhi sewakhi odisana. Lekhi lamekhi adisana lekhoon sewakhi. Lekhi sewakhi odisana lekhoon lamekhi.

Grammar
There is no word that corresponds to the English word than in Dothraki. The adjective inects in order to express its degree.

Adjective Degree Inection

To express a higher degree of an adjective: If the verb begins with a vowel, attach the prex as-. Otherwise, attach the prex a-. If it ends in a vowel, attach the sux -n. Otherwise, attach the sux -an Thus, zheana and imesh would become azheanan and asimeshan, respectively. To express a lesser degree of an adjective: Negate the adjective. Then place the suxes -an and -n appropriately. Therefore, zheana and imesh would become ozheanan and osimeshan, respectively.

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Lekhi sewakh ahajana virzethoon. 41

2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The slave is more beautiful than the queen.

42

Lesson 20

Yes-and-No Questions
Vocabulary
Particles
hash: (yes-and-no question word)

Interjections
sek: yes vos: no

Text
Hash yalli imesha? Sek, yalli imesha. Hash mai mae imesha? Vos, mai mae vos imesho. Hash lajak haja? Sek, lajak haja. Hash rizhi mae haji? Vos, rizhi mae vos haji. Hash chiori maisaan? Sek, chiori maisaan. Hash chiori khaleesisaan? Vos, chiori vos khaleesisaan. Hash zafra garvo hadaenoon? Sek, zafra garvo hadaenoon. Hash khal vazha hadaen zafraan? Vos, khal vos vazho hadaen zafraan. Hash anha zhilak yera? Sek, anha zhilak yera. Hash anha fej yera? Vos, anha vos fej yera.

Grammar
As in other languages, there are two types of questions in Dothraki: yes-or-no questions and openended questions. To ask a yes-or-question, follow the process below: 1. Make your question in English a statement. For instance, if you want to ask are you okay, turn it into you are okay. 2. Translate your statement into Dothraki. For example, if your statement is Yer cooked the duck, translate it to yer jolin alegre. 3. Add hash to the beginning of the statement and change the punctuation mark at the end appropriately. Therefore, the above statement would become Hash yer jolin alegre? One must answer such a question with either sek, meaning yes, or vos, meaning no.

43

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Hash mori yanqo kimikhoon ma azh mora khalaan? 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) Did you cook and eat the duck?

44

Lesson 21

Relative Clauses with Inanimate Nouns

Vocabulary
Nouns
hake: name [a] krazaaj: mountain [i]

Pronouns
n: (begins a relative clause)

Verbs
tihat: see shilolat: meet verat: travel

Text
Anha zhilak yal ni zhili zhavvors. Anha jolin hadaen ni davra. Khal tih arakh ni azh anha yallaan. Anha tih zafra n zhil anha. Anha shilo yal ni neso anha hake. Anha zhilak krazaaj naan averaki kisha. Mai anni jolin hadaen noon garvok anha.

45

Grammar
Relative Clauses
A relative clause modies a noun similarly to how an adjective modies a noun and how an adverb modies a verb. In Dothraki, all relative clauses begin with the relative pronoun n. This pronoun declines according to the subjects animacy and its role in the clause. The order of the relative clause, regardless of the noun, is Verb-Subject-Object.

Inanimate Relative Pronoun Declension Table

Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative Ablative Declension ni n ni naan noon Example Anha zhilak alegre ni zerqoe. I love ducks that swim. Khal feja koes n kem zafra. The king hates the guard whom the slave married. Zhey yalli, chomas maisaan ni indee yeri dranekh. O children, respect the mother whose milk you drink. Mai zhila rizh naan chomas me. A mother loves a child whom she respects. Krazaaj noon if anha zheanae. The mountains I came from are beautiful.

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Zafra noon azheanana krazaaj zhila anna. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The duck which I ate was red. (b) The warrior whose name I did not learn was not dumb.

46

Lesson 22

Prepositions I: Over and Under

Vocabulary
Nouns
osoleth: bridge [i] rhoa: beast, animal [u] feso: carrot [i] feshith: tree [u] asavva: sky [a] sorfo: dirt [i]

Prepositions
oleth: over, above torga: under

Text
Anha oleth osolethi. Rhoa torga osolethi. Feshith thira oleth rhaeshi. Feso thira torga rhaeshi. Asavva oleth kishi. Sorfo torga kishi.

Grammar
Prepositions in Dothraki
Dothraki prepositions are classied based on the specied case of the noun that follows it. The prepositions oleth and torga would be classied as genitive prepositions, meaning that the noun that follows these prepositions is always in the genitive case.

47

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Rhoa thira torga kishi. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The sky over the land is beautiful.

48

Lesson 23

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Vocabulary
Nouns
vosi: nothing

Auxiliary Verbs
laz: can, could vil: manage to eth: must ish: might jif: should

Verbs
thirolat: survive lostat: disappoint, to miss (fail to see)

Text
Alegra laz ovetha. Kisha laz vos ovethoki. Zhavvorsa vil thiroe. Lajak vil vos thiroo. Rizhi khali eth chomi avesaan mori. Rizhi khali eth vos losti avees mori. Anha ish zhilak mae. Me ish vos zhilo anna. Yer jif azhi hadaen maan. Me jif vos azho vos yeraan.

Grammar
Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs, also known in English as helping verbs, aid in the clarity of the meaning of the sentence. 49

Modality
The modality of a sentence indicates if the subject may, might, must or can do the action.

Examples of Modal Auxiliary Verbs

In English, modal auxiliary verbs include can, could, must, should, shall, may, and might.

In Dothraki
In Dothraki, all auxiliary verbs are placed before the verb, which is conjugated as if the auxiliary verb were omitted.

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Anha eth thirak hajinaan me anha khal. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) He cannot survive because he cannot swim. (b) I might eat nothing tomorrow, but I will not be hungry.

50

Lesson 24

Vocal Auxiliary Verbs

Vocabulary
Nouns
gezri: snake [a]

Verbs
fonat: hunt

Auxiliary Verbs
nem: (passive voice) nemo: (reexive)

Prepositions
ki: by

Text
Kimikh nem adakh ki anni. Dranekh nem inde ki yalli. Alegra nem fona ki lajaki khali, vosma alegra nem vos ajolina. Anha nem ostak ki gezrisi. Gezri nem vos tiha ki anni. Jano nemo osta.

Grammar
Voice is the relationship between the subject and the verb. There are two known voices in Dothraki: active and passive. Vocal auxiliary verbs indicate voice. The omission of a vocal auxiliary verb in Dothraki indicates that the sentence is in the active voice, while adding nem indicates that the sentence is in the passive voice, and the optional agentive noun is indicated by the preposition ki in front of its genitive declension.

51

Examples
Anha adakhak alegre. (I eat the duck.) Alegra nem adakha ki anni. (The duck is eaten by me.) The addition of nemo to a sentence indicates the reexive. It is placed before the verb, and the sentence that it is in does not need an object. Anha nemo fejak. (I hate myself.)

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Gezrisi osta. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The snake that was hunted by the warrior was cooked by me.

52

Lesson 25

Creating New Adjectives

Vocabulary
Nouns
ver: wolf [i] lekh: languge [i]

Verbs
zorat: roar astolat: speak

Adjectives
sandi: safe

Text
Khal lajakmen vos sandio. Me eth laja zhavvors. Zhavvorsa verven zora. Me laz vos astoo Lekh Dothraki.

Grammar
The suxes -ven and -men are used to create new adjectives out of nouns. They correspond to the English suxes -like and -less, respectively.

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Khal eth sandie. 2. Translate into Dothraki.

53

(a) Wolves are doglike, but they are not safe.

54

Lesson 26

Numbers 11-19
Vocabulary
Nouns
kolver: eagle [a]

Verbs
vekhat: be present, exist yolat: be born qoralat: seize

Adverbs
ajjin: now

Prepositions
ma: with oma: without

Text
Mek kolveri vekhi she feshith. Zhinda kolveri ovethi feshithaan. Mek ma zhinda atthi. Atthi kolveri she feshith ajjin. Fekhthi yalli yol she rhaesh kishi. Akat yalli nem qora ki kosi. Fekhthi oma akat mekthi. Mekthi yalli she rhaesh kishi ajjin.

Grammar
The numbers 11 to 19 in English are commonly known as the teens, hence the alternate name for adolencent ages. Adding a thi at the end of a number from 1 to 9 is similar to adding 10 to

55

the number Numeral 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

or a -teen sux at the end. Below are the numbers and their readings in Dothraki. English Dothraki eleven atthi twelve akatthi thirteen senthi fourteen torthi fteen mekthi sixteen zhindathi seventeen fekhthi eighteen orithi nineteen qazatthi

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Me khal qazatthiki. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The warrior saw the fteenth eagle under the tree.

56

Lesson 27

Simple Nominalization and Manner Adverbs

Vocabulary
Adjectives
manimven: anxious nithmen: painless

Verbs
essalat: return layafat: be happy

Text
Anha azhak azh yallaan ki athzhilari. Yalli cha azh anni ki athchomari. Yer ayoli ki athmanimvenari. Me essae ki athnithmenari. Yer lani maan ki athlayafari, majin yeri thiri ki athlayafari. Mai anni asta anhaan ki athyozari. Me yoe hajinaan me anha jolin hadaen ki athesinazari.

Grammar
Denition of Nominalization
Nominalization is the process of turning a word that is not a noun into a noun. In Dothraki, either adjectives or verbs can be turned into nouns. The newly turned nouns are then declined like inanimate nouns.

How to Spot a Nominalized Word

All nominalized words begin with ath- and end with -ar. The letter z is added before the -ar only when the root word ends with a vowel. 57

Nominalizing Adjectives
In nominalized adjectives, the root word is the adjective. Ending -C -V imesh zheana Nominalized athar athzar athimeshar athzheanazar

Nominalizing Verbs
To nominalize verbs, rst take the verbs ending o to get the verb stem (do not apply epenthesis rules), and then nominalize the verb stem appropriately. Ending -lat -at garvolat zhilat Nominalized athzar athar athgarvozar athzhilar

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Athostar jani onithmena. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) My fourth child survived with love. (b) And they lived happily ever after.

58

Lesson 28

Relative Clauses with Animate Nouns

Vocabulary
Nouns
ifak: foreigner [a] chiorikem: wife [i]

Verbs
vijazerat: protect kadat: capture donat: to shout

Text
Lajak n laj zhavvors vezhvena. Kosi ni chomi khalaan vijazeri rizhis mae. Chiori nes zhil anha khaleesisaan. Kosi nis fejak anha kad mae. Rizh ni don anha hakees lan. Ifaki ni astak anha lekhes laz vos lajo. Khal nnaan azh ifak hadaen inde sewakh. Rizhi nea chomak kosi eth chomi anhaan. Chiori nnoon vigererak anha chiorikem anni. Lajaki noa yanqoe khal laj ifakis.

Grammar
Relative clauses with animate nouns are constructed the same way as those with inanimate nouns, except that n is declined like a regular animate noun. However, its allative and ablative forms use a geminate n, thus making them nnaan and nnoon. Below is the declension table. Nominative n ni Accusative nes nis Genitive ni ni Allative nnaan nea Ablative nnoon noa

59

Practice
1. Translate into English. (a) Khal nnaan chomak anha thirak. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The son whose name I know is famous.

60

Lesson 29

Prepositions II: Front and Behind

Vocabulary
Verbs
elat: go ildat: strike

Prepositions
hatif: (w/ gen.) before, opposite, facing; (w/ all.) to front of; (w/ abl.) from front of irge: (w/ gen.) after, behind; (w/ all.) to behind; (w/ abl.) from behind

Text
Khaleesi ma jano hatif khali. Rizhi khali vee hatif khalaan, ma jano alana hatif khaloon. Lajaki irge zhavvorsi. Lajaki vilda irge zhavvorsaan ma alana irge zhavvorsoon.

Grammar
As stated in a previous lesson, prepositions convey dierent meanings depending on the cases of the nouns that follow them. In the case of hatif and irge, their meanings are very obvious once their primary meanings are grasped. For instance, if a noun in the allative case were to follow the preposition irge, the preposition itself would mean to front of. (Remember that the allative case of a noun conveys that an action is coming toward a noun.)

Practice

61

Part III

Conversational Lessons

62

Lesson 1

Mathchomaroon
Conversation
A: Mathchomaroon. B: Mathchomaroon. A: Fin hake yeri? B: Hake anni (name ). Ma yer? A: Anha (name ). Anha layafak shilolat yera. B: Anha layafak akka. Dothras chek. A: Dothras chek.

Breakdown
The greeting phrase mathchomaroon, or just math for short, literally means with respect. Ma, meaning with, is contracted to a single letter, m, and is connected to the following word. Like in other languages, there are multiple ways to state your name, either by saying who you are or what your name is.

63

Lesson 2

Hash Yer Dothrae Chek?

Conversation
A: Math, zhey (name ). B: Math, zhey (name ). Hash yer dothrae chek asshekh? A: Sek, anha dothrak chek asshekh. Ma yer? B: Sek, anha dothrak chek akka.

Breakdown
The phrase dothralat chek, literally meaning to ride well, is the Dothraki equivalent to the English phrase to do well. Asking if someone rides well and answering the question is similar to the Chinese ni hao ma? and wo hen hao, except that, unlike in Chinese, there are words for yes (sek) and no (vos). No words of thanks are exchanged as there is no word for thank you in Dothraki. However, the phrase kirimvose, derived from the Valyrian word, can be used instead.

64

Lesson 3

Aena Vezhvena
Conversation
Rhaego: Aena vezhvena, zhey Drogo. Drogo: Aena vezhvena, zhey Rhaego. Rhaego: Hash yer remek chek? Drogo: Sek, anha remek chek. Ma yer? Rhaego: Sek, vosma anha zin haqak. Drogo: Hash yer zali indelat ko? Rhaego: Sek, indelates ko.

Breakdown
To wish someone a happy or good occassion, the Dothraki use the adjective vezhven after the word for the occassion. In this instance, aena vezhvena would be good morning. In the morning, it is better to ask if someone has slept well, hence the phrase remekat chek. In modern western-inuenced times, coee has become an orthodox alternative to traditional Dothraki morning cuisine. There is no native Dothraki word for coee, thus ko is used instead.

65

Part IV

Appendix

66

Appendix 1

Grammar Reference
1.1
1.1.1

Nouns
Declension Table
An -C An S P S -i -es -is -es -i -i -si -aan -ea -saan -oon -oa -soon rizh S P rizh rizhi rizhes rizhis rizhi rizhi rizhaan rizhea rizhoon rizhoa -V P -si -es -si -sea -soa In -C In -V In -CCV

Type Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative Ablative Noun Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative Ablative

+ -CC -i +i -CCi -aan +aan -CCaan -oon +oon -CCoon ko dranekh jano S P ko kosi dranekh jano koes koes dranekh jan kosi kosi dranekhi jani kosaan kosea dranekhaan janaan kosoon kosoa dranekhoon janoon

yalli yalli yal yalli yallaan yalloon

1.1.2

Personal Pronoun Declension Table

1S anha anna anni anhaan anhoon 1P kisha kisha kishi kishaan kishoon 2S yer yera yeri yeraan yeroon 2P yeri yeri yeri yerea yeroa 3S me mae mae maan moon 3P mori mora mori morea moroa

Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative Ablative

1.1.3

Demonstrative Pronoun Declension

Demonstrative pronouns (jin, haz, rek) decline like regular nouns when they are used to refer to an object. When used to refer to an animate object or objects, they decline like animate nouns. When used to refer to an inanimate object, they decline like inanimate nouns. I have thus not included a table.

67

1.1.4

Relative Pronoun Declension Table

Animate Singular n nes ni nnaan nnoon Animate Plural ni nis ni nea noa Inanimate ni n ni naan noon

Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative Ablative

1.1.5

Interrogative Pronoun Declension Table

Animate Singular n nes ni naan noon Animate Plural ni nis ni nea noa Inanimate ni n ni naan noon

Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative Ablative

1.2
1.2.1
Form

Verbs
Conjugation Table
P 1 +/+ + + + + + + + + + davralat S anha davrak anha vos davrok yer davrae yer vos davrao me davrae me vos davrao anha davra anha vos davro yer davra yer vos davro me davra me vos davro anha adavrak anha vos odavrok yer adavrae yer vos odavrao me adavrae me vos odavrao davras vo davros P kisha davraki kisha vos davroki yeri davrae yeri vos davrao mori davrae mori vos davrao kisha davrash kisha vos davrosh yeri davrash yeri vos davrosh mori davrash mori vos davrosh kisha adavraki kisha vos odavroki yeri adavrae yeri vos odavrao mori adavrae mori vos odavrao astat S anha astak anha vos astok yer asti yer vos asti me asta me vos asto anha ast anha vos asto yer ast yer vos asto me ast me vos asto anha vastak anha vos vastok yer vasti yer vos vasti me vasta me vos vasto astas vo astos P kisha astaki kisha vos astoki yeri asti yeri vos asti mori asti mori vos asti kisha astish kisha vos astosh yeri astish yeri vos astosh mori astish mori vos astosh kisha vastaki kisha vos vastoki yeri vasti yeri vos vasti mori vasti mori vos vasti

Present

2 3 1

Past

2 3 1

Future

2 3

Imperative

68

1.3
1.3.1

Adjectives
Degree of Comparison Table
imesh zheana + zheana azheanan azheananaz ozheana ozheanan ozheananoz + imesh asimeshan asimeshanaz osimesh osimeshan osimeshanoz

Degree Basic More/Less Most/Least

1.4
ha haji

Prepositions
Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative for to front of to before to behind Ablative from because of from front of from before from behind with out of

hatif irge ki ma mra oleth qisi she torga vi yomme

facing opposite to, before after by, because of within over, above about, concerning on, upon, in under

into

onto through, along

o of

across

in spite of

69

Appendix 2

Dictionary of Vocabulary
Dothraki-English
A
acchakat: be quiet adakhat: eat ajjin: now akka: also arakh: curved sword alegra: duck ammemat: play (mu- asavva: sky astat: speak sical instrument) astolat: speak anha: I ave: father avvirsalat: burn azhat: give azho: gift

Ch
chiori: woman chiorikem: wife chomat: respect chongat: be hard

D
daeni: leaf dahaan: green davra: good, useful davralat: be useful dik: fast dis: simple, plain donat: shout dothralat: ride dranekh: human milk

E
emat: smile erin: kind esina: dierent essalat: return eshina: duck eth: must ezhirat: dance

F
fejat: hate feso: carrot feshith: tree fonat: hunt

G
garvolat: hunger gezri: snake

70

hadaen: food haj: strong

hajinaan cause

me:

be- hake: name hrakkar: lion

I
ifat: walk imesh: young indelat: drink ish: might

J
jano: dog jif : should jolinat: cook

K
kadat: capture kash: while kemat: marry kimikh: date (fruit) kisha: we ko: guard kolver: eagle krazaaj: mountain

Kh
khal: king khaleesi: queen

L
lajak: warrior lajat: ght lakkhat: chew lamekh: mares milk lanat: run laqat: cry layafat: be happy laz: can, could lekh: language lekhi: taste lostat: disappoint, miss (fail to see)

M
ma: and mai: mother manimven: anxious me: he, she, it mori: they

N
nakhok: last navakh: urine nesolat: learn nithmen: painless

O
oleth: over, above oma: without osoleth: bridge ostat: bite ovethat: y

Q
qoralat: seize qoy: blood

71

rea: organ reaven: purple

rhaesh: land, country rhaesheser: world

rhoa: beast, animal rizh: son

S
sandi: safe sathomakh: (fruit) sathomakhven: orange ange (color) sek: yes or- sewakh: wine sikhtelat: spit silokh: tomorrow simonof : grandfather sorfo: dirt

Sh
shilolat: meet

T
tih: eye tihat: see toki: dumb tolorro: bone torga: under

Th
thelis: blue thirat: live

V
vado: turnip vekhat: be present, exist veltor: yellow ver: wolf verat: travel vezhven: great vichomer: respectful vigererat: to miss vil: manage to virzeth: red virzetha: red wine vishiya: color vorsa: re vos: no, not vosi: nothing vosma: but

Y
yalli: child yanqolat: gather yer: you yeri: you (plural) yolat: be born

Z
zafra: slave zorat: to roar

Zh
zhavvorsa: dragon zheana: beautiful zhey: (vocative parti- zhilat: love cle) zhokwa: big

English-Dothraki
A
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able to: laz

also: akka

and: ma

animal: rhoa

B
be happy: layafat be hard: chongat be quiet: acchakat beast: rhoa beautiful: zheanae big: zhokwa bone: tolorro bridge: osoleth burn: avvirsalat but: vosma by: ki

C
can: laz capture: kadat carrot: feso chew: lakkhat child: yalli color: vishiya cook: jolinat could: laz country: rhaesh curved sword: arakh

D
dance: ezhirat date (fruit): kimikh dierent: esina dirt: sorfo disappoint: lostat dog: jano dragon: zhavvorsa drink: indelat duck: alegra dumb: toki

E
eagle: kolver eat: adakhat

F
famous: hakeso father: ave ght: lajat re: vorsa sh: eshina y: ovethat food: hadaen

G
gather: yanqolat gift: azho give: azhat good: davra grandfather: simonof green: dahaan great: vezhven guard: ko

H
hate: fejat he: me human dranekh milk: hunt: fonat

I
I: anha it: me

J K

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kind: erin

king: khal

L
land: rhaesh language: lekh last: nakhok leaf : daeni leap: vrelat learn: nesolat lion: hrakkar live: thirat love: zhilat

M
manage to: vil mares milk: lamekh marry: kemat meet: shilolat see ), vigererat (long mountain: krazaaj might: ish for ) must: eth miss: lostat (fail to mother: mai

N
never: vossechi no: vos not: vos nothing: vosi now: ajjin

O
organ: rea over: oleth

P
painless: nithmen plain: dis play: ammemat (mu- purple: reaven sical instrument)

Q
queen: khaleesi

R
red: virzeth respectful: vichomer return: essalat run: lanat

S
safe: sandi seize: qoralat shout: donat simple: dis slave: zafra son: rizh speak: astat, astolat spit: sikhtelat survive: thirolat

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taste: lekhi they: mori

tomorrow: silokh travel: verat

turnip: vado

U
urine: navakh

V W
warrior: lajak we: kisha while: kash wife: chiorikem wine: sewakh wolf : ver woman: chiori

X Y
yellow: veltor yes: sek you: yer (singular ), young: imesh yeri (plural )

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