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Contents
Introduction
3 4 5 6-8 9 10 11 12
Planning
Farm suitability
Eradication options
Clean practices
Monitoring
Summary
Acknowledgements
Mycoplasma eradication programmes, when correctly implemented, have been proven to be highly successful, leading to sustained gains in herd health status and farm profitability. These gains deliver producers a substantial return on investment (ROI) when evaluated against the total costs of implementing the eradication programme.
4,5,6
This ROI analysis considers not just the medication costs but it also takes account of the cost of lost (or reduced) production as well as the cost of increased labour and the requisite improvements to farm buildings, equipment and bio-security systems. These related costs substantially exceed the simple cost of treatment. Thus, not only do producers benefit from sustained productivity improvement, but they also profit from an upgraded farm facility. This Mycoplasma eradication guide is a testament to Novartis Animal Healths continued commitment to helping swine producers and vets, worldwide, to improve the health status and profit performance of their herds.
Is the eradication programme practical? Can it be applied to my pig farm under the given circumstances?
l A farm-specific program is required which is practical, reliable and that can be successfully applied within the framework of the farm management systems. It is important to remember that each farm is unique and what can be applied in one farm may not be valid for the conditions of other swine units
l Are there any specific seasonal conditions that represent a risk or an advantage if I choose to eradicate? Mycoplasma have been observed to survive better in cooler, wetter conditions such as are experienced in temperate climates during the winter months
3,7
Can the eradication programme be funded without placing undue pressure on the business?
l In addition to assessing the impact of incremental costs (such as extra labour, repairs, cleaning, equipment and medicines) any financial analysis must also make adjustments for the significant reduction in income that will result from the temporary loss of market pigs l If total depopulation is financially feasible a source of clean pigs must be identified and secured to re-populate the farm l Finally, the timing of the programme should be planned to optimize the pig flow and minimize losses due to lack of market pigs. Seasonal and market conditions such as weather conditions and peaks and troughs in pork prices should be assessed before deciding when to initiate the programme
Extensive experience shows that Denagard is the drug of choice which, coupled with cleaning and disinfection, can eradicate Mycoplasma in approximately 90% of farms at the first attempt.
Medication Storage
Water
CLEAN AREA DIRTY AREA
Boar Shed
Workshop
Dry Sow
Dry Sow
Laneway
Boar Shed
Ramp
Dead Pig Chiller
Dry Sow
Boar Shed
Boar Shed
Dry Sow
Effluent Ponds
Week 1: Preparation
l Remove remaining pigs up to 10 months of age from the farm leaving only adult pigs over 10 months of age l Empty, clean and disinfect the remaining farrowing, weaner, grower and finisher facilities l Carefully select and cull pigs to enhance the future farm breeding programme l Cull or remove all pigs with any sign of disease l Do not introduce new animals
Site 1
Strategic medication
Site 2
Weaner
7-30kg
Depopulation
Site 3
Finisher
30-100kg
Depopulation
Biosecure all-in, all-out practices The new clean pigs at the weaner sites, and at their subsequent grower-finisher sites, must be kept in strict bio-secure, separate and isolated all-in, all-out sites to ensure that re-infections with Mycoplasma do not occur. This modified approach offers the most advantages from the pig production flow point of view. However, as there is a lack of depopulation in grower and finishing sites, the risk of Mycoplasma re-infection is greater.
l Sometimes animals under 10 months of age remain in the farm during eradication, but the rate of success will decrease by decreasing age limits l This programme can be used for elimination of other diseases, such as swine dysentery, mange etc
9
l This programme combines the design of the partial depopulation method with some additional disease eradication strategies such as herd closure, stabilization of the sow herd immunological status, and off-site early weaning Breeder units Overstock your sow inventory. Ensure 100% sero-conversion of the entire breeding herd. Keep only animals older than 10 months of age. Early weaning transfer A large group of pigs are weaned at the earliest age possible, and moved onto the separate, and clean weaner-nursery sites. This must be done on an all-in, all-out basis. All piglets should be injected with Denagard at the time of transfer.
Summary
Important questions to ask before embarking on eradication programmes:
l Is the eradication realistically achievable? l Is everyone, including every single staff member, 100% committed to achieving the objective? l Is the eradication programme economically viable? Partial depopulation and strategic medication l For a minimum period of 14 days on site 1 (breeding, gestation, farrowing) only breeding animals older than 10 months remain in the herd. All young animals are moved out from the herd area while farrowing is stopped for 14 days l All remaining breeding animals are medicated orally, daily, with suitable antimicrobial/s for a minimum of 14 days l Thorough cleaning and disinfection is conducted once or twice daily in the area where the animals remain while all depopulated pens are cleaned and disinfected l Depopulation of weaners and finishers on sites 2 and 3 is followed by cleaning and disinfection, after which the units must be left empty for 21 days
Ensuring success
Key to the success of the programme is planning, timing and the total commitment of all personnel. Effective planning and timing will ensure the programme is effectively deployed minimizing lost production and maximising income. It is essential that the site infrastructure is upgraded to a level that sustains the programme and which facilitates the adoption of the best possible bio-security practices going forward. Minimising the threat of re-infection from neighbouring, introduced or passing stock is mandatory.
Acknowledgements
This eradication guide has been reviewed and accepted by the Denagard Advisory Board and Maria Pieters (University of Minnesota). Eradication is not guaranteed, but has been achieved on many sites around the world when these guidelines have been strictly adhered to. Novartis Animal Health is fully committed to helping pig producers to enhance the health status, and productivity, of their herds.
References 1. S.Christiansen and J.Szancer (2006). Proc. 19th IPVS Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark P.315 2. P.Baekbo et al. (1994). Proc. 13th IPVS Congress, Bangkok, Thailand P.135 3. Ross D. (1999). Mycoplasmal Diseases. In: Diseases of Swine. 8th Edition. Iowa State Press. p. 495-509. 4. K.Damgaard et al. (2000). Proc. 16th IPVS Congress, Melbourne, Australia P.339 5. J.B.Lorenzen (2000). Proc. 16th IPVS Congress, Melbourne, Australia P.340 6. T.Giger et al. (2006). Proc. 19th IPVS Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark P.314 7. Desrosiers, R. (2001). A review of some aspects of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections. J Swine Health Prod. 9(5):233-237 8. Pieters M., Pijoan C., Fano E., Dee S. (2008). An assessment of the duration of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in an experimentally infected population of pigs. Vet. Microbiol. 9. Szancer J. (2008). Attempts to eradicate some respiratory and enteric pathogens in Danish pig farms. The Pig Journal 61, 1-5. 10. Batista L., Pijoan C., Ruiz A., Utrera V., Dee S. (2004). Assessment of transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by personnel. J Swine Health Prod. 12(2):75-77. 11. Goodwin RF. (1985). Apparent reinfection of enzootic-pneumonia-free pig herds: search for possible causes. Vet Rec. 1985 Jun 29;116(26):690-4. 12. Strk K.D.C., Keller H., Eggenberger E. (1992). Risk factors for the reinfection of specific pathogen-free pig breeding herds with enzootic pneumonia. Vet Rec. 131:532-535.
Denagard is a registered trademark of Novartis AG, Basel, Switzerland. Label indications, dosage rates and withdrawal periods may vary by country. Please refer to label in your country for approved usage instructions. 2009 Novartis Animal Health Inc. 20080063
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