JUSBCEAPPIJE0

T0 THE,IIARXEI SYSIEIlI

43

rhe @l b tre minimum rquimmnt of \,tl'Et is eftical, funfe etrle! rewtrernentat tirnasg0m oeyond the legal. This possibility has indeed happened in a number of wellgueteceases, sdrastreolspildEom\ddezhAht4 Marooeperdsasgh

Justice Applied ta tfre fdorket System

47. What is Juxice?
h soc&l pt{copFy, luSice b ffiior*y deM a enrn a.*7ue Me, fu epodin Swhi*ue rmdrbea&me$,lutbduebt&*/lw && b acornddedspmiin a@ habit ora virtrc fut uges us to give wfiat is drc b dkrs.

&dfrepeskjdeaccide*tinBlxrml,lndn Leamirpfonrfffiesai,opoienmofrnnnnrty, yu: cannubutwlince yourself hatsomffiirq rmre is opeded of hrsirress.

lr,lahd.rste

Feasofl+!BcanappgfiegrncipbufridrsErshatanqnlsthrvdoesrddge."fhbpmibifty
rysriblb

@al is nd ace{&h to eiltrbs. The frird possi[rility ocarrs ufren te er1ric4 may,,rsistu/hdis asked by law, ln exheme cases, he lar (any kino orpresloenoalde@e, sten0ryJal', murt order or regulation of tle locat govemmenil rnay be wrwrg
The

and, for

tris

TMue
ta

urhen scrnefrring b

dm

fo

me

(@iue

qqh$,

ften I hae

r6frl (srfifr#ivre)
to do

dar*s

ean happen,.fpugh very seldom, because we are in a demoracy,a*rei trere are many solut ons to a probiem and tre solution prcposed t rc sutogovemrrrent
be

te

mmt adequate and jus-t

may not

lrwd po*erb hare, b demand wtrat is dureb me. Wrsrhi$ somefiing b gwr to rne, il is justie.
kat wrchingvtri*r b drcb
rne. The

su@irc

ngffi b ffiy

ard

treiffricalcan resistwhatisrequired byla,v.TtEpradlxis .lf ffieraisekrxnnascivildisobedience.Asteaut,prnusrrwcnirrrqdd;rg.tsftlnatt$crlal

perspedive:

,.

sris possiL*tityomrs,

JtHbb rxiir"t*an isol&d virtie of UE &Gff farhrta nemsarycomnpdsforafl playersintnhsimssEble."th[smaysourdi#dislichrtirslicelmpfies&atweritbody@

fair4dsq.ere,prdidnghffiestyardfaimss'ndeeqwitlo0terc,ffib,ifyouwanttrkeq
he fusinass envirwnent srurd afid

inbd
'

-.rry

abaying the law, then, is nat enaugh to oam the'othicaf label. But mud iaw atways be obeyed far ethics to ba in fam? A/o. ffreslanda d d civit dis&ederw

by Henry Daw Thwau b't I 849, &veiryed by fdd, an&s Kcen#f i', .amdd lndta in the f g20s and use d so etreclively in ke civil RtEhti Movement in ke Linitd slales r'ir ftre 1960s - urges fh at unjust taws bedrsobopd so firmg has kaf

Otrer socialphilosopher':s fiink of justice as F pact a covenant, a treaty, tm'Jgh informaland unsigned,wt**renabhseaCr anderrery'rnemberof tre h.rsinessuniverseb render and get ufrat is due. ln particular, tris means ttst employees should trvcrk halderb

deserveiricreasehsaky.Andfnsehad.wukirqffiffireesshouldgetremgnitionftrfeir
vafua$e cstibdkxn ard nuy be ra*.arded wih crxrenadalixrs, bonuses, ard pronnlixs. lt also imSEs hat ap$icanb are hired hto pooi$ons try #erve, given dulies mmmensurah wih their abilities, are jtsty pakl and paid en time.
Jr"dics didates

-.*me esfab/r'sfi ed that it has now became a law al rts ow. Ttte faiture lo dix*iy a rde rs b a! c atle d fa r J ews to be kiile d in N Germ any lod ta the aaeptane, a! tw N urcmberg ti als, of the pincipie fiaf one has a mwal and tegal ob*gafror to refuse

trrryf

ui

ffi aeqpx brecogrized

ad mpemedkrwhatle/sheb,

regffi Ms

to *bey

immorallaws.r

of racc, religion, political connedion or sexual orientstim. That no one is negleded or short

dunged

ad

rn me s @c*ted u ah.ned.

i$rg

fo*rs resenfnenthghan tte perm$ix

fcr an accornplishrflent Nefting

tut

he]she is being pairJ less or given less and ranards hat

rmgniticn

negative atlitude more readily Uun &e aaareress that s*rneone else is gefiing allt'!e kudcs,

$a$its

te

nght guy deservm.

forfie profussionai invohes a*y routine application of he agecld ftxmula,'Dogocdandavodev{.'l'totrer$mes,lusttenx.tsinvotveaveryperso*aljt$rnet

that needs a lot of time to reflect, an acl of rneiltal balancing on a tight rope. The lattar siUalion is what makes pstce bott diffioit and cer'ft'al b personal and orponate progrms. ln justix, tre rule to frrlo# is not eomdiicated: Give to o{hers ufiat is due to fem, receive $hat b
due to ycu lt's aclually going beyorid what
is juSt

'

Sornetimes, justice

legal.

48.

lffrot

ore the dlfferent forms ofJustlce?

tlese

ln soeral philosophy, three forms of justice are dislihguished traditionalty and

r: Rush*orrh

cfrorcss, p. 13. othenrise, yare Law $droor professor Sloplron Carler, aulhor of The Cultwe o! Dlsbelisl an{t,n egnly, adrccates adherecce b both the raw and ethcar standads in afl business practices, see

xr{,dsr, ,row 6ood peopre Meko raugh

t\me ionns can be applied to Hslness. Theyare gxeml, *seiiltive ard commubtive juslice. t*llen h nmre recent yeans, arntre fum of |rslice lras added to iixe fi$, knrrEn as soctal iustix. frevirti"e oflustkeis ap$ied tohe marketsptem, thisis betterknoffn asemnomiclustice, I
rnake this distinclron of forms in order to better understand the virtue of justice.

http:lArww.stthomasedu.

Basi*lly, in

,*..-,s
I
;

Gobol&rsines Edrb forfiilOnrc in dre l'.lev.rA,trforrnrm Fmm

JUSIICE APPIJEO

f0

iHE ,lt/{R Gr

SYSTE rl

wt*ateverfonn, whatis importantto business isto rerdertoo$prswhatisduetotpm.

l.Genenljustic.. Thegoalofgeneraliustixisdirededtotre'mrmsofrightorder,' sBetifimltytomnistepronnlimoftemmnrongood. Becausefreprposeofprm'otirgtE

or.nrnonuelfareisbofi"r@rsrtandh^rdensone,tmufiolesocje{ymrctgetimrchrcd. lnhe middlesf itall, generaljustioe sits in his ctrairand ads as heoveralldiredoroverseeing all
gmd acfons of
a$

trb conceScsnes outhe ssreral o$igati:np dwrvn*ative!-s1ie. One ddy bbsdlyowproe.dftrwhatitbutrh,furbsditnpreeperx*veUs'ttthditLB\tfir&bu$"6t,

Anoherduty of mrnmunitalive justice h hrsiness etrics is'equd uort, equal pat', Thle ls mO sog+encrnic BsiersaiJ han dfrrebeceusedt*prmons. One, becane dtp pressures whidt can variabiy inf,mnce anery financid decision h he rya*zatbn.,

ffi

Sp members of society b achhve the colledive dream.

Andth,

becauseof tadrlionsard prejudiesufri*r lfrink bdorqed st'iatytotristoy

Fu rnstance, presumlngfregwemmentis good and just, genenaljuslicebhatvirtre fietdsnarxrsafi capat{e cilizers b pry poperhxesbte *tsb brfesakeof ewnm good. ll ard wltsn fre govenrrurt is orrufi ard unjusl rmrerfiebss, cithens are rd nrta[y ffiged to pay taxes but may share fieir profit direcfry to fiariEble activities, and siill rernain lust and
tarr.
2..

bi,iare slillbeirg pradiced inofficesandfaduies(frrmm&, tredfierencebettllreenren't and vlsnen's sdaies fortu smepb ard epertsnee). Ewn htr socdbd dgihl egsvt's 6fi1 siUatirxs nf,rere mefi are beter pa{d [un 0uiruronren oor*erpat Tte hn$emene&x of commutativelustice is a vital hgredient in lhe econorny and &e'equalwork, equal pa/
tralre

sdprne

is an

ehirxl

imperative in hrsrss.e

and

fut&ns

Distibdive ju*icr- ltdispos* he legfinmte auhoigb jusfiy distihne he klefib to paffo:lar irdividuals. While he process of gernral juslirx is rnainly mlbdim,
is

50. Whot ore the problems reloted

to distrihutive Justice?
he
(1

hatof dtsbihttivejustice isdistibution. Thegoalof disfibutive justice good of olhes, in viewof he mmmon good.

sfi@tre partiu:lar

CommuBtive iustice is easier to handle because itworks o* sbict equality. On

ryposib,di$btnivei;stixbofrenbaffihorn$itxtlxsbecauseit&hwiftp'opoltixaE
equafity, lt
ls

!{&ilegenenaljustie requirescommunitymembersto paytheirproperhesfortre

sakeof ttecarnrnongood, disffihnivejuslixdernandstrattpgorenrnentdlstihrktrebfi
bundenpropedy, suchhattpseradrohave lessin lifuare mtwe$urdenedwtsr adddloads. * is distibutive justcet'iatmakes surefpsewho have more in life can assistfrose trfic have

said trat nrcral

pnilems may arise

ln dst"rh.ffve

lustie

in

free uays, namety

urten so marry rnembers of socie{y daim ciashing interests on fe benefib and heir daim for benefits cannot be satisfied; (2) when a nurnberaf paople are rurtwilling to shoulderthe
burdens; and (3) ,*rtren elerybody

q.p$kxs f'e pmmt rystem

o{

d$eufun.

One of

te

greatest injustices of tre mntemporary history consists precisety in tl$s:

hat

fiteaffiuent, po^rfu|,

prmpercusandmorqedarerdalhdyfewandtnsevrfnarcpo,nuless

1 . Prcflbm in ks distthutim afbenefts. For any survivtng mmmunity or ernerging natim in lhe Third Wor1d, it is an adual problem wlen flrcre is a defuiency or lack of benefits (sr"rdr as food, edtna$on,lnusirq, em@yrnentWportunlties, rnedii%landothersetvicas)ln

because hey possess almost nothing are tre huge majority. Today's problem is principalty wrong disbibution. lnjustice is he ftuit of tre unbalanced distibution of goods and servies

proporiim to te rnassive numbers of Se population rdrc danw for SPse benefts.

\Mrenfl"ledemandisgreatertunfre
suffideney of gioods and resources, cilizens?
h is

suppiy, that is, vrd"en so manyneedsexceed

ffc

*{linaiiy intended for all.

lt is a

regrettable situation where Sre lion's share cf tre be$ lards,

crops and properties aremvned

byfte smallestminority.

the problem of the legitlrnate authority to allccate scalcebenefiBhvap{iatarejustandiah.l-No,,vcantregown:n'rmtxpplytedwnarrdsOf iE

To f,b wcjal psbbm Jdrn Rarvis lras suggesed fe poed.re krcrvn as rallonin. He praposed fiat stranld tte govemment decide to raton he essential goods, he dist'ibtttion visible and public. Although i\e immediate objective of system to be enrployed must

49. What is cornrsrutotive Justfce?

3. Commulative jusfi'ce. The main rrncem of comrrutative justice is the strict
mafiemaiical equality wtrich requires us to give to ofi'rers wlrat is due to tem. ln Sre n:arket
sysem, nis requirm stid equalfi whele
shauld be given by its monetaryvorh.

te

measure of tre ralue of

trirq wl'ridr

is

exUraWA

dheihnivejustlcebt'e paAialargoodof hose *,tren tre denerd is grederfran fe sip$y"35

2.

in need,

he co*vrwtgood

is

hittmhard*t

ftob&rns cfsre dfifrdia.d: buttuls The dstrihiirx d

h.E

defls

is

also poHematb

udren here are

ho nuny

undesrnahle burdens

{mainlybx caryoes} ard flrcre are not enough

people willing tc stwqlder thern for some reasons. For one, he rnost f,.equent cornplaint of

See John R. Boalright'sVustice afid the Market Syslem'in Ethias and the Canducl of Etsiness (Chicago: Prentice i1all, 19gl), chap. 4.

ti

See John Ra*'ts, A l/reory of Jusfice (Cambridge: llarvard Universitt Press, 1971), p. 16

"i&roi

-:t

t
I

,,ror*it
bgsiaoss peode The
ts

srrcsrud

[oqol

&

'flI?4 'a$fs$d{r/on4ds 6(f prn trJISp$erqrd cql,rc$fA

Sl

lO

:I
' i

hat bx burden h excessive.

&ratm, sinm b accuire goods

ord'ary cit'ens are compraining, too. They are mad about

and to pay for services is to pay

$ry'pemive'Mbes m inmme rna or,*r"J..r, pr* u* rr,,."a, J*r*mhip inbrviws sniortfs'causa

ae dlspropolbne ardeven oppressive
few

irrconn hxand wishoidingra,{dedilded fi,onfiry trorn he bkehonre pay. Everybdy is protestirry because

f're"Ptiirippines&kes tre form of varoooo*o

inoi*a

a* gnr, orerandabove tre

w*de system of arl, *r,idr bday in

fi*s

pnpwpu ue ssal aq1 'pod 1er{ uor} sIEl of pa6elrnud sr r.rcsred qrns erour er4 'spoS cfror.Eoappodqdno$aqolsqrxp4lroo0oaladealorra{f 'Jequrfl.urp6pt&nq!.qJw,' uo pasmo; sr uopasplsum Fil41dec e$ ',$rpnbe uo peseq uoqnqlqslp.uo pamgeo Q ;. uocenDm.s u-a,q$e6e a+ sasn6'(p"etnO u {epm al.Epq"ed q'Iuaetrc at.$) *n6 asro s{ure sr{ q a![pB o]Jap,o q seleu pngilpul wee ussrquuoo et+ t8&{s{rep.me
ur

to6 pncqs Wrpnpu! qms ssq flS

tqm.lstco
ii

ii
,'*

pz

3'

fim&m*i'ss^nfien nd a

Tax siatem is a human inventon

Iegitimacy of taxat'on and,narory anyuoJy questions rre govemment expendifures on llnf,'ast'Uff'rre pic$eds, healthcare, eorcrti iol]no tectrnolcgy developmen( social services and the envimnnent

u f*-,i*r*n

peqkaskfte gues{icn, lffl,*re

do ourhx money good. cienefiary, nobody quesbrs tre

eq plnoqs sigsusq lo uonnqusrp lo sriilo,

lH uol;prEpls uat

p1ye11dec

eel 'Z

i8uo!loJeP!suo)|sgo!}o5PuDs!Pt|doleqla,DpqlA,tg
aoqsn{ angnqpslp ur

suooaassrr@ Fque$qns Jaqo

Jo, 1ees ol

pq ue

LEtl

"

'

'

whan'ranTvcntdbknrwbwtrvfie g*n*nenilids andhxpaps,moneyae .sed :n expenses ike eroruff bips ;nvoMng fre pr.esirlent, senators, congressrnen and !.Ygn ka{ officiars (and trerr entoura-ge),'suusiczrn[
*'turaiadiritbs
fr!

6rIA,Ja,lslsFqr

Fush immorai rawl

**-ty *tr
1-lavo1
ot

r*rr

oiuoil] po',nogr

il&,

potiticat p.,ty,

p[tr#no

campaigns,

droWrn,oep.re$il.saur$oq,taaa'alsri XJo,$s,uezqpepr$rogproanta:a*pin.eqml ou puv '(suaaln a$1o lrol pue qlles^\ atg parto[ua trlrmbe qqq palmo^ps ot+floln WfiA
atll lo .uaur AloLl" ar{l oln{r,\ueeru) acgucus pue Uo*\ pJeq & paladsotd oqm acotg ol eom lnq'sueau [^a lq q]p to6 oW 6${ q rteJ rsqo erg ol pnba s auo&aae oe lmd pa:ptua:, :cod ee nq rcod oumaq
qou

' , .'.
_i

-i ,

{: ti
{

lr

,!

.}:

ffi ffi

Slll;fffi

:i.Xffi [Hi-]'jf

* enr,'ontneJrico"rmJil,l,i.ne'thatsrip's

*massrve drives and paiJ a&eriisenlenb p,ry, qay *_-* ; r*a n cronin g,

aq1 rqtenbe,o tdaum

aLq ap'tuo:d of

Asdotd pue saJlun{

:er41opaddupatal sle$olsueL,oUaqlereq A'uopnlangspunpp/r.olraLSpIllsuoflPu

isiunurur&
aL11

r'to *onoerpecpre are furning mad. darxer side of taxation, an authoronce explained thattaxes r,tere.first m$sed io fin:ne a '*ar'(refening u Nardeon's *arorcorqu*s1;, 6oen 6 finarce a urerwrh s.re $eople on the other side.'

i't

i" "

Before t'1e sozpping of tre cD[ sre office of tre presrJent incruded p30.5 biilion fur ',ner rn [s *atronar budget propoiaror psid.a bifiion for rggs. M-r;ire, congress pzs.s uittion ror ,,j the annuar debt servrce by F2a.s urrrron anc'u-cl.o n,..*ourt to .'ud< ba'rer far tt're same eredion

o1

pe6uolaq acuo 0r1r osot{l ueql Joueq

stq1

fioul

suez$p ou

prnd

.:

y.r,.

"

lnsinuabng

ile

rtinacnpod sfiapos u atirpsp E aq Iau qqm joIns6Jeqq'IJo AJEISuqJogajeleer0lexsolsarlcuerouE alfltAslalplngtqlzu'su6 aq1 ,lpexa uori$ sr Jeqr"uau {re^e }! prJV 'sJouj pssu paHssp eLq pe} u ustl A sen fupal 3{s se Lpt"ru se p6 {rc lran pe$e$p aq ua{ 'atrles eq ,$csre mtd6 e.esuaiu A.la,ra;1 'ASffIlcu sr lueloput atg q$noq uara 'sauo &*rt$on+p.istl sq se \pfit u se ga6 pu,t ttosrcd lulo$,! e* uaqq'umlurzu ssiln aql's$uqauresaqldpexa uanr6slr{iaposlo.raquau:&ona;;
pus speu, eql 'ffiuqsuljq 'ery uoqnq8gip ul 8uo$E plsxJo0 q6noua 1ou sr aldnuud ueuqrta6a atg leqteq:e1 urc1&a a(oed :aqlo sauou$r ! asnmaq eu$'ra *$sH'arupop ueu$p6a a41o mueyodu aq aOpqmcnnpe {pea qdma
'suazlU3
Jo ,$aqtilqE

5I'
rn

Whot ore tfie bosic considerotions of distributiverustice?

orderto schievepstice, tre measrrre of prryortionateequarrtyorhii.share

rnernbers, their needs and abirities, ana ne roie us see he$e basic c*rsrdemtons one Uyone.

and burdens. vanous auffrors have pruposeda numberof consrderatons forhea*t,,orrrron orsoclarbenefits and burdenstobe farrandlust rhev sav ihat por,ucarinJ econo*Tc eqrarity,

applied. especrarrv m the

oistnnution.ri*rio.l.fits

need be

oir*r** -"'

produclive contnbution of ari u* *nsrdered in disfihrtion. Let

's:e1n'uiled esoq 0uuerupp uxtl; n poFuaxa iou zue se{unm rcod a{ '$sstUauou 'aru [e;aua6 e $d sqqur@ padoFlplafi.m pue 6urdqanap aq ueqq spusulsp s$fi{l Jafiiap ol r.nusod eW u arou.r ,$tensle ale ss{lunao

1 rhe

,deal. has specr.it appeei., And in.qrr[ry, uu egalitarianrsm a[]rcars

eg;r/rianan c,?4:/d?far?on. Equarity (egalite in Frenchi, as an attractrve sooar I ierect, is unattraitive. ln mo,Jem times to co*,niteir,. rir**,-,.rophrcalrrrerature,

Bodgaa+aU'aoues$se(tqL6up:awpuea6epp*rlsaumcesppos'a;Ecpail'&.n$ftsJ q6rq oi dn iseallp uoqecnpe 'santunuoddo lueudoldtuo agtpul {uesseozu larll siuauaq lg$os auros lseellsro ueftnq$slp;enbe ue eesnodsa tuslueuqrle$3

iutrsp 'pows

as the universar

susprnq flrB $lgoueqJo sJeqs.4sl e uenB q '&aoog ts.ioqer.r:alu pue lqseu.$p a{0 Soq 'l(tanm lo.rcquaur fueae pue poe leq spugttsp mqsnf . 1afi* gean ere (rcuronr prsi us{.u llf.pq sqepmus qqffd ueufflH Jo wgs.Epa6l

Fot aufion Beauchomo a*d fiterature are egaiibnaflsm

in

he *nd-srare. see Fhics/

Blie, the firo coflside.atilns anrr ufllrtarianism

,n*o io a;r',;ri'iu***

*r.lJ-nr*g,

hal seem

to domina(e $ro soci+phibscphitxl disribufions tnai r,r,ax,Io;* pubrc cri&: prentice Har, 1997!, p.5$. aood

Lb

$SJSISllXYYW 3Ht Ol Clnddv3rilSni

JUSTICE APPAEO

I0 iHE/yli{RKIISySIEtl 49

48 Globd &ls,res Etiiia fr Fdhinc

i'.' d?e {,ew

{!1rle?nium b say

benefib should go to trc four L's: /ess fortunate, leasf advanhged, t'e /astand the ftxi. This w:s#erallltr is realized h Ste frrndamerrtal principle apptied b hsiress, otienvise knovn as he preferential option fcir he poar.

Social philosopher Max $Jeber anC Sre rest of Se haditional capihlisB are wont

'
B

fiat God ramrds dillgent iaborwifi riches ard sriaess, wtrile He juslty puni.sles irdolence wi$T poverty ard hilure.
ln business, conbibulions by ernployees may be measured in terms of produ$ivity

hmdaasjuSice'smncensd,

*ar

$"ase fve considenatirrns jointy by fi$ng hem togefler into a trmretical and

fe nmiurgenthskfurhsinessba pagnulbapoach pdical

ufii*r irdudes

lr,@.A,f,feseconsirleraiionsare inseparable andinterconneded, whi*t meanstratallof

t*{'nrn$beaddresseda#nohirgstr*rldbebfio{rt Patkriarlyht"euod<gace, enpgBrs

adnarmgers are moraliy beferoff when heytake allfrese fue mnslderations atheart
As fp be$resultof all t'pse mnsideratisx, sweral wnpmes today indudhg hos@ls and univarsities are daiming to be AA iAffirmative,{ction) and EOE (f;qualOpportunrty El,rpqiel. They advsrtaed h f'le dassified ads f'Btuitxren, dis*led persons and mernbers dn:inoity gru4e are enc*iaged to applyand wukwith t\em.

rnorey invested, sffvi*s ren&ed, commodities made, alltypes of aesfi'rdb and scientificworks produced. Employels usualtyseeto ithere's a proportion behrce..r t.re amount of effort a worker p.rb foCdr arrd he amount of remuneraiion heJshe receives, so tt2t ttsse \idio oert nrcre efiuts in '*n{< ard are n'pre trodudive are pairl nrcre.37

3. Ihe sosa/lstcottsrcbrcim.
edd his

mt*leratlon

to Sre

ln order to ahin a justdisfibution, tre pr#ure is to egalikian and capitalist cursklenatryrs. The Gelnan philosopher

51, Why ls justlce biosed ln favor of

tfie least odvantoged?

J$lice shouldbe b*asedinfavorof tlre leastadvanbged, Thisis basedonSe hdtrat tld aot)0ody possessss exad,y f'n same degree of abililies a''d Uhrib. tt is erbin tiat sorne pecpag am born more able and blented han ohers, even as te United l{atms tus srurpiated hehJfifiat 'Nlmen(atdwamenl areaeafedequa/ (in hunundignityarrd hunnn righ8).' Yaland la.rdttetestof he human familydifferin Fconalquaiiibs like intetligence md de0Ernlnatfoxr, @JariUes, needs ard otpr pfrysical and menEt ffiihrB, ft,t h mffitxln
out re$pedivE financial shtus. ln short, atthough we are equal in dignity, we ere unequal in

itwas tonr John F. Kenne{tratneosociallsB have banredtle princjph, *fr wn mud is given, rnu* is rquire{. 'Conesponding to tris consideratbn, at least in ginciple, 0re legal autrority distributes burdens according to people's abilities and at he sarnelinredistibdes benefits according to people's needs.

moxlc*V,
nr

'Fsfiase

53. Whot ore the llbertarian ond Chrfstian considerotians?

4. The libeftaian cansidenbon This consideration was fonrarded by fre famous HanrdprofussorJotrnRawlsu,frenheu/rae 'Frotneedtawdngbn{rafheciposeslb&, to each awrding to what ha makes for himself.' He advanced the idea hat all offices ard positionsshould beopen toallundert're condi[ons of hirequalityof opporh.rnig.s

rnaryrespeds. Thereforeitisonlyfuirthatjusticebebiasedinfavcroft'releastadrrantaged.
The often

Tle

libertarian consideration of juslix, also known as tre principle of equal libexty,

quotd sentencs, 'Ifiose whohaye /ess rn /fe rnuslhaye

more in law and

!rs&ca,'isrnta narvadagecreated byanymodenr la.wyer. Thecalitojustroeisa biblMone. 't SiuSi.rE rolt like a river,' says prophet lrnos (5:2+27\.ln lhe Old Tmhment, God reveals

@areslnesserrce$utfe libe$esenjr:yedbyevaycitizen mu$bepoHedftornimasixl byohem. Sasicliberties irdudeterighttovote, pi!cy, teedomof spedrand mns*ene ard ohercivil liberties wfridr require, for instance, trat just mntads should be lmnored.
It is

t*rlads

liberatorof &eoppressod and defenderof he poar, dsnarding fnomtre hunran

ffii{*yhih

h hlm ard}r$ica txard men's neighbor.

hem to

C,ffi

hha

txsden'and of;.Ebcowas pa$olfle rd$bn d Jesus Chri$. Clhrtrfi, respcnsiHe for te Christian cufirye of today, has brmalty stated hat
??:e

NaryTffi,

wb

Tlr

conskbrdkN also prohibits he uso ol force, frad ordeceptim

it

unjust, frerefore, for employers to invade tre privacy of employees, to pressure in cerbin ways orto exert undue infiuence on pditilzl processes ff hrbeqy. Ths
in

mnbacfJd

fsnsaturr ard

'
{

Gos.pelsttarc in abundanm offexfs llialJesus was not indillerenl arfe,Eous to tha prcflhm d he dignity and,tghts of f,e f,u,"nslr psrsoA rw la tha naads of fho woakesd fie naediest and the victims ol injustice. At ail tines Hs streosod a raat soldaity wiffi the poorest and lowtied gnt. fi :Z&39. He faught

assigns a monalobliga$on to employ'ees to render['re services as proudedrlor in.*sqgned conttact Finally, the principle of equal lib,erty leaves tre individual ftee to puruue,wtraleter

speciallnteresb hdshe maybe indined to.u

5. Ihe Cirnstran crinsidenlcn Disbibutive justice from tre Christianpointstioi,y requiresatrh;sinssinsliUthns, NGOgardf|sgovemnrenttoacknoMedgeffi,hgra&S

Ca&& Educat*m, fiuidelino lor ttra Slady ond [oochkrg oJ ,no $ocld 0odrirre ol 6to Cl{nsrt {Decmber 30, 1988}, psra. 16. $eo also Hennan Hindd{*, Social Justrcs ia tha Bihte
Cor4iregation *ar

tqtaen Cirf
Chr$t.

Cbretian PuUicalienc, 19E8; and Joso ti.terb 8^ Maximra,io. Irlo Sgns ot tho TUtw$

d!, Sodd 0r,rJfuw al lte Cirurcfr: An Eptstanwlogical Easrs .(!&hat City: S;*;rana, 1.J91), p. 5l$i. Usrinj3{to sfuated he idea of jurdce ln tre Okl snd Ns* TeshnlBc8, parlii{rta,}y $ [w mrssioa ol

*fi

L Ses John Rawls, Theary ol Judhe (Cambrl4e: Harvard University PruB, 1971), pp.55.75. It Soe Jrn Narvesoo, lhs Llbcdarisn ldet (Phibdolphie: Temph Univanity Prasr, '196E), ptrliqJhrt,
pp. 20?lL

F*-.

tii-

dB
r

ebo'&r*rcs Efibfu RpirosintheNarA{ilennirm

rHE

FNE

TUNDAA4THIAI PN'NC'PUs CT 6TO8AL 8Us'NESS ETH'CS 68

Eadr one d fre rank and lile wwkers in he fadory arrd se efiployees in he office$ sfii,rsr,1,ff$nt*rfias:blinedrgntty, hedisrespedofwtri& banafrontagein$God.

V6. What

sbout the fundamental rlght to wsrk?

assunx

lrr.na*resome detebpnnntorHnnronep- *pprF* bemnreabeffirure*eralsoa'rdmalicaltymakeshimabderpe"sonanoauebrnemoeror

effortin

s&ecfisd,rmasnefit's

orhe
frb

[d np for a miru':ts

M te

bbor tlan m a.n furnate OFWs b Shqape was

ahrses. Onemalrafiermd,rof su& gfifisrnnse

futs huderbpraredd,miklantarri$it

scit4, Uaffim4,,flle rdtditris( p*itlm.frebant

consurnerisls ard

rmE*d$s

among us dm:n fnd

aggramtirgfn tnerfioyrnentFroblenrfiddetrivirghepe0phdtrelrrtfitt'0sofi.bsoct{sec.riVada
dcision, nevertheless, wastratHsofhcxJsards ofurcrnmlosttfeirlrbs,

higherstandard of iiving. The Umversa/ fuclamdianaf Hunan Rigtrts h exp$cdaboti$n

basb r6ht b uCIrk of all ciiizens

0te unrld, as all

corstiMims and inbnnaliond btw are:

THIRD PRINCIPLE: RESPECT FOR BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS

Articte ?S.Ewyuoa Dasfm,lWfo uor& b,fs6 dlob 0f anphymml ard favu'abb wtdrcns of rmrlr atd to praftcncrt again# unenrytayment

bjt;rt

75. liow is humsn dtgnlty sacrificed when Filiplnos workabroad?

thisqre*bn

Wfi t's beq flcfemabOFllbHanoppatnitykrendqfnentst'ktrhegotnnur* cu,lH rr* prwide. ln a viclaus cyde, werndoylxent bads b deprivalion of o0rcr fundamend righblike, inAtde25, tenghtba studard af lMng adequateforhehealthandwe$eing
of herself and of her iamily and Fluman drgnrty or Fa"irnan rights?

b#'wih yardgmtynfen

can pbceanprre into sorne knd of p{edrcen*flt

you are

Forwtatareyw prrng

$e

riEht of

fre OFWs' children,

in Article 26, to educal*on.

rd

h cderto land a staUe job here orabroaC?

employed? otrerwlse, can yo.r saafi ce human

dg@

Becauseof wirkspreacipoverty rnore and more Friipinos are prepared to do justtut "t"#s be prad,cai,' tds wtrat people say. Digmty nneans lise to hurgry stomactrs. Arrd it seen6

..
*

PhElpprirn

go'rrenvnentisconedwhen itratimalires it's nor ngtttu rifi u.re gooseSrattays '-lden 8993, wfrich the mu$billion dollar depioynnent of Frlipinos abroaj has become.

The ban was eventualty lited as fe resutt cf diplomatic renegotiations befrveen the Philippine and the Singaporean gs{emments regarding he protedion of heinterestand wdkedanr Filipim OFWs. The POEA Mernsa ndum C&anlar No.33 servedastp basb br he redephyment of u.r female umrkere h Sirgapore.
The ciru.rlar insisted on ttre adoptbn of a

is berng

practcal.
Frdifl

(SEG) to ensure befier tenns and lnpnoved conditiJns

are almost drrnays

rwised sbndard of empffient mrtract fu wrworkers, narnely, hattte SC b

'

o-irfierses

m wokas uoFWs

arolvnpeople. casof hutalrty, ah.rseandmisharnentarendurcornmmorewrexp*ed incUtxh,l.iren Fili$nos begin to rarcrk akoad. slhat
is

employem in te hosl counfies. Hence you hear the nevc arnrost on a Oaily basis ahcut s'e filirg up of concrete cases of assault on personal dignity and defilement of blsic rights of

.; tlar

gue b alf soc of effidron

validfortwoyearsudesstpr,rorkorardheemplqerreetorerle\ilor*GrditandfidUro
if she is subjected to degrading beat'nent, worker has the option to renar Sre confact vidat's' of brms and mndili:rn sBEd n [n cmfaQ noryrymert dsalay, sex.d or ofte{ foms of vidence. The SEC prffided a rnonhly minlmurn salary of t !$ $300, as it also induded fovisions forryerf'me pay, vacatbn and roundtiptick$.

nd#rs

brlenbHe is ilre allegatjon $ut perhaps in ib eamest desire not to anEgonire sorreforusnporcrsv,froinlested mudrorplanto investin$ephilipplnee ilgc,,le,Tlnffitat k*es choses io shu't ib rrousr arnidst flrc* insEnces of abuse aget
,rt

You canrot

discalnt neretfr&ss

fu

possrhilrty t'tat orr

goremmeqt

ln fifiirig

hs b6n,

lcas firstand furerrcstinteeste<! inSie anrualcont'ibr.riion of OFWsto$ie crunWs emrorny,

lf

orivr.

itwere so, w'hen you translate the events into an ehical specutation, hen fie govemmeni

$epersm and fre gmernment

urcrk

cfur govemment's attitude is quite simiiar to that of a battered timid boy (wtro later became he gro,vn up Brad pitt) in a reformatory sdrool in tre rnoua. "sr*"p."i'rhe choice betu,een human digrutyand tre basicrighttourorkis adiffiaJtt.cJttinc*dgrl,turton 5o$r for
a hard choice behr,een hurnan

rnight heve been guilty (in Ure moral sense) ef pdoriiielng capital over labor, of impor+.anc
tCI

gi*ng rnor*

things fran persons, of sacrificing human dignity in the name of eonomic

rso\ls1

digrilt;^d ngntf ,-"rf,. fie right to uul*rrpruuo

ad eam yes. h(

h;rnare feat'nenl,

Every human berng, more specrficafiynie breadwinner of the hnniry, has nr exercisng fiis fundamenbr rEht easr irdiyduar nrust
JUst

u6ge and gooJ wofting @flditrons wwfry of

f.,eil;; ;;ff.

ln most instances, Filipinos who ieave the country in sear.ch of employment and rmprovernent to frar lMng standard are not ensured of such fatment.

ltt'orldWall.

Fspino u,urrnn vltro urork abroad are even serrplty exploibd, tix*

r* **tort **o

fur.ni oiouryoung

ounng

/0

C'&l

&rsilcss Edrc

fo f$*roc

i'r ohe lJov rttlhnntum

THE FNEFTJND.AA,IENIAI PR'NC'PIES

OI6TOMI

g,ISiTVgSS

ElH'cs

71

F0eseae fypes

deehitalim F{pirmu/unn m'igrantnskers hce abrod

3.

Your right can invoke

ha

pt/1ecliur and assisfance af o#rers whon

yN excrciw

'

lml<of awnuesforredrBss of giovsncss

ffitarfundanwntatrgfrS. Ohershavetledtriybp'otedyouvfreny*rdaimwexerciseycx.v r[hts. /rt tre same time, otters are j'ustified ufen hey obsbrid anybad who urcuH fy b sbp
you frorn exercising your rights.

sroassirc

xolkod aN deregulatedwofing

houts

p-lprcal ahce and sexual assaulf

78. Whot ls tirc dlfference between legal cnd rncrol rlghu?

There are trrrc general dassifcations ol rights, nanety: legal and moral dghts.

' *

rnsllrcalnnnt
rape end forcHa abartian

Carmelita Dimson, Director in &arga of

DOLE s Welfare and Emdoytnent

0fice

1 L6gal nghfs . arc particular rights derived from a legal arganization or iudici*l system anct therefore |imited tothat speafred dornainwithinwtri$ th*iudicialsystem isin force. Because they are autiwred S no*infulliUe mortal men and wc+nen called larmakers. legal rights are parllcutar, relatrve, limited and amendable. Legal nghb can become dale ard inelevint in the passage of time, and k*cehey are not permanent The righttsabortion b an example of a legal right, that is, a r!$t bgalized in 1973 in tre United Shtes by a Supreme
Court ruling Roe vs. Wade.

77. What is o right?

RQhtisa oersonalenti$ementto something. YourrightisyarrprMlege, a mrd&*n. a prerogatve and exdusive tite to what is due to you. lt also enables you to freely $oose "i'.drr or rlot h pursue cerEin adivitiesnteresB. Your right empoaers yor h ad, perforn: ard 'in yo{Jrci,vn personaland disiindway. if somefliing is ouetayw, tren you hale a r{if*h '*a

Z. Monlrights- are universal, inviolable and inalie,nebte righE derived from a rffxBJ system distrnci from arry legal organialim. Because of tris Rrey are permanent Morai rQk,' unlike legal rights, are universel sinm fey are rights hat all human persgns posse3s equa$y

firy are human beings. M6r3t lregardbls oi ace, sex ard effiprnk sfir:si, simply because
rights therefore, unlike legatrights, are not iimited to a particular jurisdiction. Basically, moralrights are inherent or intrinsic in the very nature of every individi-c{

of right(s) can be better explained in the context 0f justice.

From birth your nght is an essential parlof your personal$, henoe the word bidir$ttt i. suse Srey flry from hunun c(;ng and bemuse human d[nig is pkxhx, r6h8 carrr{ be bought sold, fansfened orexchanged foranofrervalue. Like human dignitrhuman rigl'dsare

personwithurtwhich heor-she canrdlive asatue human being. lnttrshhere neans naUA just as striSres are naturalto a zebra and spts to a leopard. And because moral rights ae inbinsic to our human nature, hey are aiso called human nghfs'

ficdess.
Your hurnan rights have tlrree subskntia! feafures, namety,

fi alywr

right b afoeys

?9. Are there rights whicfi ore legcl os well as maral?

To get the import of this question, it is good to revrew the retahonship betueen

conned*J to anotrcfs dr.rty tratpur right can pncvide a grolnd forjuslifyng yar dklrs and decsians; and that it can be Sre basis for invoking the proteetion of osien so that ier.r can ercrcise yu.,r oher nghb.
. Your nghf is aiw a y s a nath e r p e no n's d uty. Rights are naturally conneded wiill dutbs. A rght simultaneouly requires ofrers to resped he adiv'ities u interesb of fl"e bmrsr of hat nght {n fts sense, },ournEhb can inrpose requirements or pohibitions on anofer. llfr'er:
1

eBrix

'

and taw, their similariS and difference. ln nghis

tre

fir:st place, wtrile

ethix

is

concerned with

ntffii

he ia'v is mncemed witr legal nghB, hough

not exdusivety'

Moral rights do not atways coincide with legal rights because of tlvo reasons. O*e a fu bgat necause he dpe of eflrim is broaderfian tre smpeof tfie lavC ard two because

iou hare
of

a rightto

sonehing rtimpliesthatohers haveadutytouardsyouwtro istie bears

righb may actualiy be immoral and unjus! as in the case of probotton righl

fiat righl Arightimposes a con'elativedutyo* ofrersintuoways:eiU"rerasadr.rtyof pe*ve

2. Your basic nght can provde
a

adion (bydoing somefting fu) ora dutyof non-interferene (by notdoing sonreming 4axS).
the one hanci, if you have an ent;tlement for sornething

ground for justifying our actians and desbiryrs Cn rt means you have a definite rimrai

Anotrerb$ differencemaymilsistin tTis, t'ratwt,ilelegalrightsareauthold byno{F in t':e heart of infaiiible repr,esen[alives of tre lar, human rights are sal5 h be written by God rights are permanentb' and every human person. \{lrereas legai rights are relative, moral
universaliy ralid.

lusfificaton to possess and daim rt. On the other hand, if you have a daim or entiUenw':t sarr,etling, Fen others have ru: reason tc inter{ere wrlh you.

hr

teite exnterce of n'Prdl righb [s arvct]er irdiredfJsfificaicn rx*wrsal md pernarcrd' of r,rfT y h.rsiness et1lx is glghl and W ITErai Sandards are &jedire
lt

may be noted

@r
{i

*t
72
Gold &.doers Edtcs fu Ffpirc
irn

*e Nar /yl&miryn

lHE F,t{ R NDAI1EJ-fI

l PR NdnES 0t 6tOMl

SUSINESS

ETH,CS 73

Yes, sorn dgtts m bdr legal and rntrat. The rtlht b H/ork ard ildcornprrdin, hr phdipfie @lsffiuhr and, at tre sene tinre, examph, a guananieed by regaded by

te

worf anOlg mrnpensaion is bofii a legd and

inemycornerof teglobeasar$htfiata[ hurnan personsp6sess, rherercri,trerlgt[u

a moral

Itraf aaycno's /inenrenfalrrylts rnvsbe safuguar&d at.t',

ln addition, arer16ne

prr/r#r* Uy tafl.

Im:
qain# ffirc atd
affier

rQld.

The dgEts a gr*edtur

fuw

of

auo{

he ompary p"cpg tetaHemfrqpes will be given equal opportrrnity ard will bEteahd fairty aturcrk Enffi b
as

De,*, t- EnfcH, vice prsicerrt of global hxliness prad*xs br cdgabpalnd,e co., b eradi* hb reconunsdation tp sggebd uut aespfu uira*arcnercqrt/s tadlims ard pradixs are, rmragensfi in orasms as{lrmrenB nray sts

'

inhwwa@rgWntshnwt
Iher6llrfagan?sdawry,fuw<tuw.Vutsuytarlo4
The nght to wtn Ww ata pWaily (frtough The

nd abxlutely) ;

t$t to F,ke put

which remain valid in all places and ai all times.6

ffiredbecarsetre rtfib beqmloppatmltyard hiheaMd,rnet(areb*icrnffil rttrfs

h ke Pvanrnanl

marighttoheffit
Tlw righl to adequafe $e/i'brardservroes;

tryithrcfe
a?y&@

eB

business t&ay is a very human adivi*.

yal

exept tvangh
rghfs

tyys

Wte. hd

carmol gef

pa@ufro

are nof

e*en*alp

The figftto attbtre;

af hum an

tua fuan t

hem to have arc frankty

bushess"4avid

nd wry usefur in

Thsri$ttadet@rrint md The ight ta a & an anvitwne nt.n

of spedal concems iike:

Cuher, fonner CEO of Akan A&.n$rnm.

Tlere are also aeas

80. Enurnerote the $oslc morol rlghtr"

it b mosl important hat I enumerate te unrversal, inwlable and inalienaHa r[hb ol all covenng the cjvil, poritical, econornic, culturar and moral dimensions of ha human P'ffSfrl.

7heffi&ofk?cnen; TheRi*tBaf {*ik*en;

Ifre &ElS d/n@enous Conmrun&es and

InoRgtrsd0sab&dtorsms

' ' ' -

Alt are

equalrn essence

an

men and women

tnrelon

d dilTnity rcgadta,ss orrelgrrr, reco, haw &,re ssfl,a basb qgfifs and duhs.

sx

end

81. CIo marel rtghtr occopt rome ktnd of priorttlzstion?

EJ/

and existonco, to bdity inbgng aN twwaing, to everything neessary and rndrspensab/e to naintain doconf soda, fh.Everyme has a righlto a grood rcpufdliffi aN to he prctediat d pwecy.

Everyme

has a dght to tifa

embodied in he 1948 Universal Oedaration of Human Righh, &e American Dedaratonaf lndependence, t"re Frendt Dedaration' intte Philim'rcconstit'ionandofter intemationaldeclar:ations [Tat certain hurnan righb are ftmdanenhlto human nature. ltwas
It is

'tr?nrnas

Jefierson wtro once prorratnced his

nnsts$nfuar{

#sner[:

Ev eryane has

ile rght fo express fm

rcleas

lleely

and to

aboutpublicawnh. rctigiwslifrirty.

fu wrcdy kM

Evaryane has lfie nghf ro ,rwsl,p Goor, fo pracraa his rotigion and to enjoy

We hald thesa0u{hs fo 0e self+id**l: Sraf atl men (and wnan) are creeled *quat and ondowad by fieir Creahrunfr cerf*in tnalienabb nghfs.

Everyere has ke ri1ht d treeassambf andassoabfiryr. Erc6CIoe hasfiengrtf cfriaedan of m*ameft wihinrrsoamfysnd fo emgrafe fo, ofrer counfps.
Parenrs lra ve the rgtttto

tw

ngllt

b.qet *ildren and hava prw

rghrs

' chi6ran hava he nghtto eduo,tw and n."ri/tyo,ffBdso'rryldrfrtr s. " Everyma has fiia to wrk, dnd ta dlwbphrs perssn and fabnb in tha
ritrhr

atd educa{ran within the fanily.

h fiaisrppcf

oxemse of hr.s profssgm.

il

seardr

for'Efrix in f,'e roitplacs.

diffiqli rason otrtaear.. htgl/condor.deparJ"edu/es*s.

Anothu trnFo.t*nt hulllan ri*ht thc rqhl h sdcquah tr+,.BfrS. Th p{ot*lofi$ outinlng fn humn dg!'t trty rra'obl$a0onr'tstduddd ln tts ol everyono t0 adquth housing ore mofa than sooal goab most bash inlemational humen rt{hE rgr06m6nb incLrding Tho intemational Covenant on Clvfi and Politlcal RighB (lccPR), A#dos 2, 3, 14, 17, 22, i6; lnkmatiof,sl covenant on Economh, sodal 8d Cuituat Rftrr (ICESCR], Artid# 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 13; Convention on lha Elimination of All Form d Oiscrmhtiyr Agtitsl WoflBn (CEDAWi, Atli*es 2, 3.

ll

w{i*,
t:

,,.,.4

74

6bo, &ri,td g6ir

for

f$pi?6

,rn

dt? ,r'lov

lildhrr |um

iH FItrE HJNDA&IENIAT PR NCIPI"ES Of 6t0gAL e,,s't'lEs$ ETT{$CS 75 to*ork yru canrmf bavo yanr valuas at hosle. wh6n )40u cmss Mers you canmf pdend f'e sanre uniomal ryhls &tt appfS. !t/a cerl ro ftmger pretendff is nono ofo*gbusinoss il fizen an peryia sufenng rryfrsffisrffs sfi l'!a drssds of tto wuld u k w own beiriyad. we mu* aa{rzafi af nfiaf iapar:s fo when
you go

becane righb are Lr*veIsal, indivisible.'. Irbrdependsta1d orl* of fie tno6t significant sbtemenb to rsernerp from tre Vpnna WorH Conbreme m Hurnan RQhts. That ceilain rights are inalienable is a self+v*lent Eu[r is atso confinrBd umrnen of cogen$y ry the entire civilized i,orlU . tt is irnere*ing to disg6nrEr tT at al men and god"rfr h"-e afrrays affinned, lnslsted ard dedcred trc irwbhtrility of trese furdamenhl

W lurnan

ryry$d''

coaafigdsusarr&r fratsmnyea,, oorhrerres.nrrkdtops and ser*urs lranabobeensprsoredll . Fmra irlg{b, hdonesia mi fflailr,O on he eftc8 d $o'sliealix 0n u/0fl(elB' hffia1

fiu.manr!l&$
be explained, horvevet that human rQhts accept sone kind of hie mr@ or p{iCIfltzalhfl Whereas certain rnoral rQhb arc fuidanental to u.n htrnan na$re, here are
It

nu*t

dlcrn'ErdnsGtrataenotabsdute. Forirebnce,hsrighlbsebrnan's-foenmtdghtand tkreforeUelrigte*tin pioritizathnamongstotrers. Thereasonisvdd,forwtfulhelight

to lite yau cannot enjoy the other rights. You cannot simply pradice yourbasic tights to eCucation, b fullernployment and adequate compensation, to ernigrate' to lealh trenefits

effi sffirES&uhmalri$ilsaridu*1'6edh,l$ftorn
APEC nreetinE h F&rrcsSs 19ffi h O*aka, Japon'

l4APEC@I

ffiiesmdbp$ee

ffi

-naKyOoS*tenrerltCIilWorke6'HrynanRighb'wfrldrwaspr"esentsdtodehgetes3[$1a
The statement cdls upon fre $tstes io involve representative trade unbns in
effudlve process
aet

wd

soeid sear*y, to organize, etc. 'af'en yw are caput ha,e On Sre osrer hand, your rights to privaE and to private propedy are believed to *ur:e sst Of social cbligalion anO trese rigttts fterefure are su*ervimt b $e comrncn good'

gpoftapatirtp*m g,dedopmentbremoea! hrnpof dstrin&Efim

htpr1r66kdaceaird, nrod'tr.rdansrk[y,toeliminaEhebanierstofreedomofmsociafui frat are nampant trru.ghonte regkln.o

tr.laHiafisrn ard

Ilreymaybesoifoedlnhvorofotrerrights. !ntresamemanref,ttehbofers cdledivedgttt

r**r

a* srganize and strike is subordinated to otlher more

fundafilefltal r(;hts and therefore

it

is

rnconOitlcnat nu abeolute. ln ofieruords, it{*otallof trem are absolute and unlimited.

all nroral

rffi

are trtiversal and

pemarEnt

b trarc fe ryper hard h mnmodfiprg arerytfrg, aren htna,l Eh ihelf. Ydhdayfiere appeats a growirq arclmessof tle $"ffidre pefsons stsr$ aboe ftkqS atd dignity of iie human pfsofl, En a*ronlefuernent fiat rqhts and dutes aie considered as universal and inviolable. You ofien hearfrwn

m.nratsrn

seemed

affi ffi
d
.

himin

d*!"ffifie intsmational ne,rc trat sewrd rndtinational corporatr:ns are caught in an ethlcd dfk mEwtffierorrx(bengageinhsiresswidrCn
rBhB viotatbn like lrtYanmar.

82. ts tftere

a gowing oworenert of humon rights todai?

Brseasgovenrnentsnotsletsinilfi'e?
resilentof
Utis

-le

The anwrcris positive. Ata conferenceon G/bbalizatim,Tnde and4uman Rrgfits: Ca.raafan Eusrness Ferqpecfte held in Torurto on Febnnry 22, 1996, 80 mernbers of

Mmfiansr, fie*fidev,odd

ls sold to Sle i+Jeahatevery

Sanetlw

fr* Cardai

h.rsjnes mnununity ard nonprofit organEatotrs uorkirq on intenralirnal hunun

:$gaftedtogefirgrbexamire0rcresponsibititkesof i-i;Nq h their global operatons.

Orgaruzed

corporati:nsbrespedhumanrighb

Csrnd on Nalional lssues {BCNi), t're conference alloned -ryrcedenbddisalssilnsbet$reerrhJstne$ffisandhumrr{frBadvoc&s.lntesame **rkrence, MangotFranggen, PrresidentandParferof TheB@Shqp (Canada) madehis
tire Busiress

fre basic nght to freety &oose his sbte of life and $et up I tarespeA,Lproperfia#leCge,therighttoadacrcrdirqto['edirt'ateof hismrscfurr6gend ard arre endomd tre right U saieslard tr* gtrmcy. ftrat a11 of t s ane created equal in esserrce ard hat hese fundamenhl @hts fiowflorn tE dise\t *fuit i,nalie*Uurights Uy O"O m* wt:i*r is"tsr same for ali regadless of race, rdigion and age'
b, Tlpre seaqrsb bea gfinlirq asfelssof tx.nnan righhtoday. Butte pfdices 1gga.e'g $ts guntq anaerre b rd maifred,*,& appmgt* *,ons 6.d 6r6reh
pnafohm

fumily, he rigitt to hls gocd nema

-6

enak

kpedurlu*nrighs.Sor.fidee*'teoryisncteasitymnvertiblebh.rsinesspradi*"6

:ite

no6 hat sirca fE 19fi 6ttury, trle sochl teaching of t Churd b rot ren&sd in ddel{tq ihe basic runan rgh6, See ho* Ure documenb Of fileler et ffiagislra. para !t0; Pean in tem:c, para. ]'11:

is-qle

cf human righs is

ne+her exdrsivehJ a 0oHi:al bsue n0r an is$us

inwhiry th shte. lt rflay

1' An ssay written by chrbtine Ehrell entitled 'Human RElrts, Labor Standards,:l!-t-Jy:Yx lr{orkers Huilan RBhb h E * opportu,iir* tor r rlti*gu', 8nd a,rsler sfiide enti$ed 'Gbbalization and were pubbhed by he tnt*rnae# aFri iql*., *m*n ry Diana Bromn ard $tephanb Roreseau n tef to stimulate fufil1et debate on &b orrial issue facing bo$ Ee Crru*a*rif gsnrfleree
irCCl also lor'Etttics it! huffia$ rights 8nd the incrBa3ingfy El0bal business coftmunities. Search a diffioult bsso* oveneas,' htSJ/condor'deBaul'eduiethks' worlptace, growing awaleness of h*man rigltb in busine$' Fc+ a mom sehdite case $l,dhi regading Sre (Preniice Hall, 1SS8), chap' Torn L" Beau&arnp, Case StuUes irigusmess, bociety ard Ettrrcs

*E

6ei.dium el spes, para. 2&29, 5$73; ocfogesioa ldwmens, P8tE. 1ts18 and sti{l many olher hava eiLc.$erated alrnost tre same fundamenhl, univetal. inalbnabls and permanenty vallJ hurnan righb.

*
1"

t't

'''-;::gl

76
F!d

60d fu*Eiu ESr*: fu &ircs

ir4

dre Nov

rlliknnim

THT

Tft ruNOAA{EI'IIff"

PRINCIPIES OF 610&{T BUS'NEsS

ETH'ct T?

83. Ir the re$pcct for human dghts on lssse

Yeq

in globallzatlon?

tsban issrie h sbd hrsinesq lnhd, I sar urani&t{e te fre uorld rnarket trat is, he arrrerlt otrrsdidalion dhe uof6 inb orrettlrnaltewony[ragrrheremordof allbariersbftefio,vdgoo6, servftxsand
me'Gbbdizatir:n ard
ca6*H. arecrealirqnanypoHemsfudemocralicinstjt tions.Andfiresepressixesareoften suppessed, o$en by crook

terryedftrlurant

SroJd corporathns condurct busiress wih tris type cf goernrnent? Muliir#d ccrpordmsaeperpefu3ny946gu,ihB&etr'$lissJe, forn Ct*Eb Mqaiag,dfffitCtSe b Far$furra reginteisotrIm5t6trd grlafgedwift fi$bvio&linE, b ita sufficbr*feffiib

d!#ttmddq nr*n*sum At$crixs&enersof in@naliord pd-tcshlnkhdtelffid

bcail people.

M<rtr

ufsl**Et"de

dt{1prrn#snilitaryddatorsfr{:tssdsmalf6titbmffik;g|bdoarybusitesfnregi.El and crnnerce ojd nean rnassive empbfnetad ecorcmbgairnfufe

The famors producerofieans, Lwi stauss& co., pulled o;tctMyanrnarin 1wtB*iEhatbmr6adixrs&ress'sbrrtanrq.r$badiredsupportoft'eml$brygatenrrg{sd ibpeftte$/edefilenentoflwnan(ftts.LizClabornekr.,a#rirgn'auFactrer,abo'**xftar ftrf,esone mmr, a,d RH. Mry& Co., fle U.S. d4atnert$rg, Mbeca$eofgcr*wrrrt

aearng he socr)mnornicrighb and te capacrtyof hborunbns b purzue[heirrole in acftieving socialand economic justice. ln manyinstances, civiland poiitcalnghts of tre citizens haveoften been oltailed in orderto atradinlesfnent
Glbbalization is Senior Miri$er Lee

Ksan Yew

of Sir,gapore,

Sutnrto (forrner PresiM

of

lrdmesia)

and Maha&ir Moharnrnad of Malapia, for example, have asserted fiat sre Asian band of denneracy, ca6*bfsrnardfiee marftetisdifferenttsnttewstern's. Tireyallbdierehattp Asiantypeof democrryrmstnecessarily'indudebannirqof l*orrmbns, regrlaedfreedonr

direpms and zubordnalim of citizen's r[htto intemd seornty.' lhesesernieuboalic njers dainedttatbomudrdenpcnaticspacemghtn*bemrnpatuewifremmrnbdqe,lopnrent6r
Then justice must enter the picture. lt desires that a wide variety of actors in tre gro,mrnen8, uni:trs, hsiness and NGos sl,rould make attempb to ensure trat ghbalfatbn doesn'tom;ratlheeryenseof human r[hB. Etrics insiststratrepmrndronotua* srrouu go hand in hand wifi ile promotion of human righb, ard Fre furlherance of bdr trade ard : :uman rQhb cor"rld be fe equal and conrplemenhry piilars of business pcky+nakhg it's universal gcodrvill that human nghts are protected wi$rin the intemational t'ade agreernerh isttc* as Wuld Trade Organizatofl ard APEC) and ufen farsrubonal mrporatiora
invest abroad. ll's good fcr business and good for all.e

'ryn$cn' ln 1904, fEeflishrEry*Ge0eSor6inkedfESllaesdPerryne lftsTE"e tr6 g hb Quantr.lm Furd due b Peegrine's inv&emer t in ildyanmar. ln additien, tle Asiat mgofnert gmkffi rKtbsdild bansh fiIprrnarbecarse d$re ca:nt'/skrEr&He h,nffrlSBr@rd.
85. Whdt about those componie, thot decided do &usiness wkh them?
Theru uere Companies frat gct invdved in tvtyanmat's

to

eeromic developnent Fs'

remurces.Ardfe,snw*:a"d

oar@, Temard&0cEd,\ty6pgeO lno$oratix

of anergy

km Unoc# aftd he Frer!fi foad drg f'n Yadana gas futd -abotj43 rnk of lttlya.sreJs ast htrefudernan Sea. Pradudion fromtris fioH maded650millonaib{cfeetperday nmetC

r*rknueret-arnsportedviaa4lsmik pipe$natolrene{1hbdrEbctbConpanyofThaemd Iseerm irtyannr#s gas Ftd has raised r|ot mlyqBbru*s blrtdrhalrydims asud.
Tln Frerxtr

on6ty

?tr$omred

31 .24

pscent

of fl're

hnsima"( urecal

28.?6

pg{

84. There_are gayernmentr

tftot ytrolate borlc &umon rlghtr. Should companles do business wlth theml
cffi??dtee (sLoRCi,

feBtrrresegcnfivrpnfstUyrnraOtanOGasEntapme(MQCE),lSpercstmdTlu*xtds PTT Explo6tion Prcdudion Pubtic Co., 25.5 perent. The Petoleum Anhorfu of Tlta;t'ar$ sales cor,trad. Lehman ErotT ers analpt Paul Cheng eslimaied hei &e sEned a ?flyear
Eas

An examge of trrs iype of gowrnr"nent is te.$a$ Lavandorfu tre military dilatorshrp hat ;rdes fre Unnn of fi4yarurrar (ftrrnaty Burma)

Ydara ppe

fine uooetee

unoc*s

per slrare eamings

as much as 1 s pT cent

ann"@.

justabcrtewyhununnghtsviolatrcn-irduding mpe, tc[t"re, secldonwffBut pditical pns'oram, ard siavery The sLoRC's hunran nghts remrd has been cryuiemned ria!, p#dy' U.S. f&at.lrerfi tre Ur*ied Nsthf6, Anrnm! lrkTratir"al, Hunan R}ghbWgHr Asia, the editonalpages of wal/StrcetJaumatand byalmostail member.s of trre civilized
chargiedwrh

sir# *S.
1

lt lras

bffil

oilix regarded f is as a hea#ess ml'abofeti,cn betltssl fre milibry di33t39W ad hsims e.firynam\i.t6fsst1mc"eof mrrehryqelEtra1 fed peo#, funan6ffi
s4;1re

{te

cornrnLn'ty

tris projed certain$ made it possible ftr ilre rnmA arUfo#ereparfmrs in fiatardcanlescqpa atpeb&)6" ge{E{sb ts hfy rofe afms. t saH Sknofl Biteness, senirysrlsltd at Fr:anidn Reseer* ard Deehprnent M*anryfiila, o&er o{l c*rnpanics viared ee pruiod difieren$. They-desoibed il es a mems of tpeninga UmeO soctety. Fhruc Changwux, Ti:tal'scaordinalorbr Myanmarerd
and fundamental rights. They suggested that

'fit*iiard,

saiEC:

co*tradiciions '' walden Bellc, 'Thepubiished cf Nlc-trootr in ,sunday cjrronrc/+ (February is, 1gg6), pp. 5-7. t?

nothing and daing sornslfiing" We f.rs sntreprensurs. Our$ysness is fo crsCIle uile alth, andw* feellydoing sq uaapu$t finrgs rh fro nghl d#ecttm.* You

fiaw s #?o,cs Seli*Pen dclng

Cf

some articies SI tie Unlted Nations Cornmlssion on Human Rrghts regarding the universal rights o, world ta.ha.ers at htto://mmv.unkir.ch:80/htmumenu3nn_uoltR.xr:u.

r:

(Fetsmryf Se6 Gregory J. Miiman'l revaatirA articte "Ths Yedana Frolect' in lnf*sfi*clure Flnanca,

Madr 1996). e0,!7-19.

...

i-,i
*,\;

""*'*g

Gffi

fucr,e$ Edrxs

for Fd;fri,ror rn

tie New &lilhnnLrm

THE F'VE IUNDAN4ENTAI. P8'NCJPLES OF GLAML BU5'NE55

IH'CS 85

risl

lio*dadwayof makirq
$ta*'wt*nelEr

lotof money.'Thus history has taught us, itmay notbe impossible

is

socjd duracter

forgotten, pemona:

ofEeedard serixs dss&r, ereo among

brotnm.e

olslechip

can onen-Oeconre

tre sarrce

JLghe renders yuuto give todnrsw{utis duebfern, ard krf*s reasonyar Sxx.6 rega'dls.Fprqertyhatyuilegihmablyom rx{nrerdyasexiusivebyouself buteonvnon

bo&EG.
Afl

*mhrotm$slhfuncdffi)hJtforbof"rflreo,'arcr'srruelhreandmrnmon@(sooufuncom)to

FrivatE property sirould not be used exclusively for the owner's welfare lpurety

te Scft and wares of nattrre

are intended to benefit

otBrs re

,,rell as

h pr.ira&
mirG'

wltidtthe,mvrmr's'rrelfaeiS,subordinated. lnoleherethatattheheartoffreissueofihe agrarian refonn,rurarn,lies$:te social func{on of pnivate proffi.

tiglt shotld stry being a 'mhinE idusty iSaV atlit de) and stndd start being oher+ntered.
oeT'tem. Prupe<ty

of *rcrCs for-fi '1, m6,

93" t#htrt tr t&e pdnciple of the unlversal destiny ef tfte guods ond resourcer of the eorth?
lam entainginto adiss.rssion$hrcfr is ndvenfured enorryh, if notaibqhgyaroided, in tp busiress cirde. And in scrne instances, the princjple when mentioned rnay 6ven cone as a shoddrq ffidaticn ba nunss of bustnessmen ard managers.

Harce, paperty right is rot absolute beause it les a social oblQation. A,hcr$r fra principle mary seem easy to undersbtd, busiress firds il lmrd b pn t,n Finai& inb trdica

'8y virtw ol kair uigln ud natun, by trte wff of tw0affi v*t@', gwd rtdni*tes ara mcenf lp sara fr u#lyandpopm deCdt ad *unry,. fi urnar idtg. ?hus edr end evwypersar erpp a glrnay, leM ffid .
absolute i*vialalfe ngfif fo #rara in fia usa of these goods. ld ofrarrghe,' inctuding he figtrf fo pnvale prup erty aN fna tadq ara subodinsre ,o fr& .

fusinesse&ix.Thbw*Treglmpleis0'renroralbasbwhypnvdepropertylesasocaldrar#r
&-rnghtbprropertyorrrerslrip
is indeed

oubd, !t nurst be said frat tris prnci$e is so mudr grotrrdd on natrml lar and that the principle of Sre universal destiny of the earth's goods is an undeniable docsine in
Fmrn d"n

nglfs"-from the docrment Evangelizatbn

at Present and in b\e Futne

of

'

Laiin,&erba (Puebla, Mexico, 1979), pam. 492.

nutaial goods are neant

secardarytofre higherprtnCpieufrUr ma66insthat

for all.

ln fad, the right to privale property is inconceivable without responsibilities to the -mnron gpod. Jose concefion, Jr., formerphilipgne secretaryof rrade and lndusty, hithe ,ii on the head when he said flrat the reason why there is so much poverty is he unequal disb"ibution of goods and resources. AIluding to fi"ris principe he made ihe following rernark:

ilFTH PRINCIFLE:
PREFEREHTIAL OPTIOil FOR TI.IE POOR
94. Wlzat lr the poverty
Affer

rltuotlon ln the Philtppfner?

Today, after20Nyears, povertysr//hounds us biltion people riving in poverly. The Almighty God created ihe eafth, the tand, fhe sea and ail the tiiing creafures, for man to have daninion over hese aeafms, preserve and enhann it, in

-z.r

orderfor all people ta benefii iran it. poverty contlnues and wil! cantinue to haunt
martkind

man's daminion

access

oyerfie male{ial and naluralre-<alces remain

fte peso depreciated towards the end of 1 997 due to the cunen6? crisls ln UB pel'edy situation in the Philippines became mone depressing. Amrding to Ste region, $re Public Seetor Cornpensation ard Revi*v Fanel lnc., fre govemmentagency.espcr*ib{e fry assessing fire financial sktus of public employees, roughly 70 percent 0f our 1 .5 mriiion
gomrr^enlwurkers stll live bdorfie pover$ line {the poverty line in 1S7-98 uras Et P7,5m in Mefo l/,a*la), inspiteofheimplemenhton af he SalaryStandardizalicni-a,vardyffirtrS bonuses. tt rnay atso be added hat in tre case of the hor".rsing prognam of tre gorenrn-*nt frr
its empioyees. smortization was unusually high and alrnost beyond the reach of ordinary

in equ itable and unj u st.tu it may not be selfcvident to some but the principle in question is categorically dear and simple. ln d're kginning, God created and destjned the earfi and aritre isources
it

and contains fortlre benefits of all human residents of this planet God made the lutrrld for evoy man, uaoman and drild of every nation, bofl"l U-re Fwrefi.rl and tre pcn*,rerless. The DMne Wli ordains ffrat all creded trirys and nafi.rral resources be shared hirty by ail members of ftuits

ufilrs
Pcverty is a mndemnable reallty in our muntry, inspite of he offiqal announcenent that the Philippines.has entered in (and out o$ the category of the newly industriaiiring

tre

human family under$re guidance ofjustce and as tempered by chariy.

mnhes(l.lC).
tn 1986, 75% of he tol populaticn vere lMng b$ow he po'*edy llne as deEnnined byinmme. tn'trB92,treincidenceofpoveghaddroppedsignificarfiy(from$700&$1,?00

s Ii

indigenous peoples in the couniry can be consideied the poorest 0f the F$or because even the government's most basb social services like edircarion and heahh have not been d*live* lo them, Cf. Jaivel F. Canuday, Mindanac tsrireau, Plrilrppine 1aily lnquker (February 11, 1gggi, p.

(Novemberi3, 1996),p.g. prof.Luallagancf theAteneodeoavao University' cftair ol the Solid&rity Actjon Gmuo lor the lndgenous Peoples, said rre estimataa ss million Quo'.6dinThePhilippineslar

See the Sec+nd !'atican Couneils past+ml constilulion Gavdi,,rn et $pes, paa. 21.

incorne per capita), but stlil an esfimated 24 miilion Filipinos were eaming less than $:e aceeptable levelfortotalwell-being. Theywere exoeriencing subsistence prcvefiy, $#tse

i6.

.'.*{

S
l

ebd&!*ElsEfifs tsnpelac h dre Nav/d*rr*rn

p+E

rm

rUNDA {,NrAl" PzuNC,ff.Es

0t 6t0Ml8utlNEss EiHlcs 87

itoBrE&}arsrlcsfficentb roryide furhs bagc fmd hbk* ard rxe.iliond requbementh

a

2.

Tfepre{erentftilqp{ioflfcrt}8 poorisdsfrniblya personalchc*ceof an indivt!.d"

froa&tvlih;

To 8rire

&d qqa

.s

an extavagant tuing in seleded

paft

#*r*ief{rnr}H

as

t'e

of $.e

ardripdago

lfBg/le dtre rt*r and fu hrncxls.'

beiq a personal dispositim, it rnay also be a mrporate decislon of any h$iressryp.rnnryunariqte isuedc++nershil, wear.dshaing dgooeard msc*.rcea
Horyever, besides

Tr"4l@, emrurh tecovelyforrnostAsians became almos irpossitJe b maingin *trsr S'te rxfeTnm danencysisb afieded fre ufda region. TlE lGrcan rtgr, lrdorpsian
upil*r; FhiJippinsFeso; Thaibaf{ Maliysian drgstt, Singaporean and Hongkon0 doltars, and ilre J4anese,yendeyeriated againstheAmerican dollar. ln busineis efrics, tre

Nd onf Se boss h.( the urMe cornparry rnay o$ fu he poor.?l

3.

Thb preferenlial opthn is neitreran exdusive nor an exdudiry interesd in s:& a

vvaytrerew*lbernrocnrhycnnheartffirosewtroarendpoor.
ore ard, lar frorn beiq
arry a slgn of

T?tisneessar*yo&d6no

srswr fid &sforar smr'erbflls: lttrd b fe fuire of hsinms in a regim ufterc rffiols b db's'ae rykxNlngsrfi widegread poro!,fisle*srnss ad so<far hsefftya

parlixlarism or

s*rianism, en manifesttn urirras*ty U

!1fl:at

cor{sam/'s

vi*n missitn
poor,

4. Finalty, gehrentlal option fort're poor is a kind of wifress to hurnan d$nity.

Eocroi*:g.rusaresaynghatwidsrcad Fqrtyhndsb n'dteilhsdforh.u$nssb grur. so t iejtstfuted pai/rytybe adressed rrd mly by rre gorcnunentbrn she pirate sedri lffr'E h&rbbfryftrrrykird of rccor;ery. Vftf Becarseudrdlre se hokirEa{twe srntrySadornim+ftdofconsequencabr"darnuhslreldionshipbef.reartree",fie,"g
ilte harstrnessof pomrtyandfre businessmentiinking hoato pntedtheirinterests fiom
adverse ecomrrnic conditions. They need eadr ctrra.

yougbdlyaffrmfrat$ehcxnosapremsiswarh fsu#athdsheisfmfor what he/she has a;rd frat'being' is more importanttrat "having.'This princjple can fi*aiy

youoptforfie

denronsfi'atetretMh$tathurn$dig$carnotbede$ryedwlutevuflestuatiorrofporffity, scom, rejedbn or po*ertessnesstowlridr tre poorlns @n reduced.z

95. Optlon for the community-at-rlrlc Whot ls tfiis?

There's al equafu irnporhnt sedo of srcty prevrously rgrured hniress atd yet it * $0 pluxinete to mary fusinessmrpordims, nanelr hemnrnmttra+isk. Theonmner

97. Can the pollcy of preferentio, Gption forthe poor become 6 crPorote decision?
Odavio V. Espeiib.r of Far East Bank and Trust Company has saiC somefi'lirq rebbd Sre prefemntial cptim ftr fe poor as a corporate decbion. He said:

'*

can b*

fe rnpo*rshed

mrnmunity f'rat

res#
lrye

wihrn

te penmdas

of nrost

flEHatryrq
iljkxeofte{r

i l/rink lhe silualion

anilepreneufi)taJ..s m

now

in the Phitippines demands

that we (busrness

nx,":rngsrtes,fremmpanytorunonbamnga.vwferetrecurpariyoperEtes,
lf'lis

eddilionalnrlos, We arc padiatlarty appelle4bymcenf

ks

l I lGi,

s trle communrty where wlrken

lna murfiyof nrorehan6ff/o povertywrt"rawirlening ndraocrgap, tris scenari: has seria:s im$rcations m business. The communrly-at+isk is tre population trat constiges {a) fe ucrkforce byn#rijr h^ainess derives b inmrne ffid prcfi8, and (b) tre nurkdwfrbh hsirss

poverty lina. Far a bank&af esouses fo diffwlt W a provalonceofpouerfy lenCs to rnake rt be of nabffiwl*serwca, tho propar,y. Wa have bogun ta realize hatwe must da a liffie rna.'a sociely lo derrejop

thal ffi% of the *tntry lw at or bolaw he

Lhan just be

a ba*ke( fhat rne musf begri'r fo enp lay

puii*t d frfte bank's esouees,

d ke populaSm. ff*s na matler lis,stmodes, fu (earmarftd for wryato ftrtrris,reason &at i.to ftrffisd$,e FarEaS 8gn k Fwdalim
the uplifrrnent o{ ffio grcater maiwity social lesPoi:sr&difJ.

ka*timd apprmdrvis-+vistn mnrrsrxty-at+rskwas tosovije benefih tyorh enployment But the ability of business to pi"avide employment is praven to be less $an

xx

adequ&, Bftd itmayseem hatsonretring beycndanpkrymentisreqrxred of business ffitis io address &e goblems of tfre communityat+isk. This may b* anofier ethiel issue uftich

ry**carvrotafurdbewde.
96, zf{hat does prcferentiar option for the poor consjrt ofi,
ln gaton*|,
1.

Mcm btran *tatfire b*r requires, etrkx eneourages h.rsiness (in Src s$dt of mrnmcn kodrert'ro<di to srn:tnLe tre tm ol God in he maniftId iaces of tlre poor, of hcse ',tIE hsre less ard tTose *to sufier, by opbng for&em. The preferentialoption for&a poorcannd but

tn

pehrenlial optirrn f+r ttre poor

of o0'rercenteredness.

eonsrsrs of the foitorvirg fuahrres:

prunacy m &re

?he 'optnn' or 'love of preference' is a drorce, a dessron and a special form of

" So* Ihaclogr# t,

Tho frirsipte 0f

*seise

,!

e-r'{,vn! Dacur*enlety Srrrea, vol. Vll, Ng. &' lt hss bcq hB fsc$06 ol twferental opuon toittte pw b *+rehlrq old becawo pppl.B and du*q &e drne ol dE ctdy Ghrkthnr. lnddsnbiry, &b Pd'x*& Hfl ho dH Testarmrt Plvrary Courreil kr rc91, see Jss Med0 ofrraBy &doprryC S tre Philippine gnur*r Aurt|B th iin,es and lfue Soclrl Docllna ol fhe &!urch: Aa pslerno@FolEesls B. Mairmiano. Sgrrs o/itro (Manila: Stl*sana, t991), P. "t32. frffil 3'alernenb 0l bu$lnossmCn citcd in St$ book sre lEk*fi

$r

kld

satem*fii and all shsr Jose lbara Ane sles" fhe Prlii,ppino Eusinoss ,or Seci6, Progress: Asvelopnenl {}.lakaE: PBSP, oecember 1995}.
0c1ay1o V" Espifitu'3

Quartat of Century ln

Sdal

"& j

.i.-.j.-,.r

:-(-

;,#Jr !5

tr

Gbbd&/wr68fu fu fftrrosh dE,r.Iarr.tftrrxmr

IHE EvE TUNOA,fltNIAL proEsslveentrereneurs

strpfus.'

PRINC,PLES

oF 6[O&4t EUS,NESS ETHICS 89

caE;ar6 abow

eaeracetleimr*nsemunitudeoftrehurgry ter=edy,rBhsneless, tmawihodrnedcd

an.

ro[t**.Jd,rr**, rye beearr{rqhe'rinnran'ntroprebndedrxihrrrrytesorracoraredb.ggrt

of a

rp$e wffarn hope

bet*rtrtre.

ro

t,oa

ild

0mse en$ghbned

byte ewntsbllo,virEtnparufren
@ond 'gMng from

gdi[uke16:1]19).

*rrslyrE;il

Nirrcy Aquiro was martyred harn: rcaEed sucfi social responsibility goes

tme ttctlghtodted!\tytut business ccx.rH begin b ontrtub O Aedopmer,t as an essentd apedotk main hsirms. Astrc on*linre sMC's LS boss, Andres Sorhno ll,
hase4*ained
ccvparate nol til

nq

ir

?8. Gtve oa exomple of thlt poficy.

0n November r 5, 1s3, in rine wisr a corporate decision m cad ftx he poor and in a rafnr boH nrove. tE solidbank issued cEo foby i.remryandsn

soo'a/regawbfils

is

an extensimd our cihzen$ip,urfidr mnotes

to our counfiy,

zswtrl$

read, arnoflg

on/y@ls bul also duffes a nd obligalims

wr

poople

^r0,.

t sneral The praclice af corporalo social rasponsibility

has avolvad thnugh

*",,Jr:?'lffiKffi ;',[ilsooe*{
princg atg

yaars kun canpany philanthrapy lo diroct invotvemenl. Today, corpanfe social responsbd{yhasSeen rnsffutbnalimd in mdnybushes.qorgranraafionsas odis$hcf mqaate fm*im, wtti$ means lhef ll has beoom e a signrfrcant part of tte main line

adsofibfy he

le

We shall nat sight d wr fuNanenfalrrsssnn of enhancing wrs,rarelioHens,ne hsm m irl,re*t.ert...

hx

ffiinata nternk:-..'

oflfelrbushess.D

tA0. Whot carporate sociol rerponribility ls not.

hen see vtfrat it
By sirn$e negation, 's.

butathexmefime,
we rccognize that there arc
{or us to make

qpatv*ilies a ceanllqfut impd

bt us first ty to see nhat corporate social rcsponsibllity

is

no[ ard

in the lives and living conditiens

d artain underprivil@ed ammunilies deseruing af ourfrnancial aN tnoat sufryt.

1 . csR s nafier shuing cwnpmy dmatians nor a pure add philansrqpy Donatiurs and philanthrcry ccnnoie uaelfare adivtty and not developmen'al adivity. The easiesl manrpr by which companies can say that they practice preferential option for the poor is hrough

of preferentiaroption

This

cEo poriclmemorandum isa sfong demonsfaticnoffefudhatfre pnncipre fortrepoorcan indeed be&ne,

*rpooer*x,i*.

-'

corporate giving i'&e transfer of resources, usually financial) in t're form of tax deductible donatons bra vnde rangeof proje*and ac{ivities. Thefansferof fr.rds is usuafiyin

respe

to specr'fic requests and is more often made as a gesture of philanslropy. C$R is essantially more of develog'rental adivities.

99, The rc?gg" of buriness in the Ffiftippines jr Corporare Socjot Responsibirjrf (CSft). n iiffi' ; ;f,

ln 1 970, fifu reading corporations respended to fn cail of pefurentiar oprion brfne pmrancinterprebdsoclallesponsibilrtybyactidlyorgan&ingamn"nmfrrurdation,lerewifr rcEned b as flre phrPpine Businss ror socrat nqd,s crr6sp. *rGhr*rrs are now drannered frrough tris common fcundatioriand it is arso *h-* ,rilevercpment programsare designed. The pBSp runslikea "mnsgracyin&watso*Ercgfeloprnent,

2. CSR is nof a daleout. lt does not rnean pure and simpte corporate gMng to f.re on spmal omsnns such as Ohristnas and Neri, Year, Doleo.rts or,ly fuffi a dependency ar a 'pafr'orbeneficiarf reiationship vrftich can furtler rehd $re deve@rent cf the benefi cjary group. You know that, in the long run, society cannot be sf'eng{iened 0n
target

berefciaiei

c"p,rc

ddewb. No, you cannot reduce csR to the generous ad of puflirq some coins into extended diriyhands. lt's nota materof giving fish but a matterof teadringfiern howto
handouts or

fish

on its 2str yeat the Foundation's mernbership has grorn to lg0companies, afi of which have pledged to set aside 1olo of net income before tJl*, to u"nr*rr suosioize dwetopment prognanrs of 0rB 20jlo b nnr,agd pgsp.
is

derived mainly from 0e pmfits tfre companies grer-aie.rJ

Trxs fomr

;;ffi'Lp*r*av

at

;'

For more i*fonnation about co{porate social responsibi$ry, Philippine sociar Oevelopmeni centre, i,lagallane$ or. irat

=.Oq

st, rntamuos.-l$aJ;."''-'

he fusqJliv Oir6eor" pBSp,

3F,

t5 Cited in lhe

Phdrpprne Eusiness for Socrel Pmgress: 4 Quarter af Century riq Socral Develapment, g. 25. San Mhue! eorporaticn is the Ptrilisoines' laroest food and beveraoe mmoany.

e&d&*k

es

eri* &fih'rc

*r t,rytr*ndn
lH ttl R !{04,1{ffi4!FR

'+

j,

rdffi.s

".. -1 .. i'*_, . :. ;':,

gfi"S$-

Sfl G.SM{" e,fS.tJES$

e**e*xt d hr F.ffi rk.ilffiB nremp e&nd c u n * prm *_R*aeu ocrrfne*t nay he suppr*r"e ux rm* m s 0t c$R hd t Ehsdd m * d ioaof csft n r
f

Gf,!#E

tms

& csR Ir fff,;usf puDirc rBrEiE rs. Tro rochr reeryueuty Ef efiy hsttutbn mH lrto a re*g1d utJ rnfrry b{ffi1id fre ccrpordxr Tbrcq.t*o fto am,*nmaw:rerxhfr**d*gr**, csR hn8ffiry

ry

r#!n$',h-#

sr.

h.M

pef'wa h a dytwnhw@. $o rwrm.ffim

** a

g*ateAke

p{uce*HE

Tteffi@;fh,M

CSR

t' "^1t.ftof=. tnA.*fT. f c#"y n s#Jt&,nr of gu*tnesro MBg !iS: fndicarre

o{H,*drye&
{C&@e

bad hsp@tffiyh

Sc

,Stsre"#,

w.L*-m*

;;rta;i';fi6;
d,rsl{ .i,-

frem.qlrfr yrdld d&6r*a

fte*e Uq ieEA

@orueG,rruilEn#d.

fr#.
,#,'

:-iiiF!=19

Jf
i".

+.
:

i. :l

92

6b0olfus,mss Edlb

forF{*u

irn

dre

Nav*lilhnnim

mE Fm ft.6{Di{,!lNIAr ' hwease Aadhe

PRINOPI.IS OF GL0ML 8{TS,NESS

EIH,CS 93

thdtiphtstttcsslikeadpdiritxshansferof untappedand underu&d corporateresorces

canresuflrinwtualbenefittobofrtremrnparryandtnasflrirgmnwr.ntbs" Tlnposss&ies ardrotentnls fs csR" given he resanrc+strarirq perspedive, ae irrnense and ae &nri&t orriyryutecorporabfiEgirdirfl. Generosttyhar/eblnanendlesslftfiway (wfikhseensto

gdt *livity and hcan+:

aN
sosnd

' Crcala belancod W.d ewurtos;

'

n souw m * qarwn!.

beardlesstoddan).

l(tre we dARM lsheseong peapb's parlicipdirx byvaydpopu{arempo,r,rnnert vrf,rift neanshatcornmtnityorganizingrrdresarrcermnagementsfudlrearereoos*zed

,EURSi

,1

flCROruIffi

RPSpOIBft'Em\ffi #CBAS

as sitical fur s'rsbinabil,ty.

FoARM to be sushinabte,

it must be

ensured hat rre Hbrfiing

fadors are in good condition:

' Resarrcos

pryIe's

8y popular view, it is considered financially unsaund ta invest in poor dreams . Rejec,ted by banks an d oher frn anciat k#rtiwq fl?e bss privrtqed have rc dair- bttto htm to ffie toan$rarla xdro are,daqing over 1 ,0@ percent per annum ut ke wetdy *6 or over 7,@ per*nt annum an he daily &6" in he vain hope of fulfitting heirdresns.gemusa of

an
fo

equitabty

* a@,

ffi

'4mroad,6s

davabyneri aa

p@;

pr
d

' Loodresoure cqpaofes ar*

&w@ed;

fiis, ke

pw

are

tnpped in a never+nding and anlinuafry w*leningcrnJa

' fuwmnlty parlielpatiw is tappd;

Wvefty. So, are their dreans of eunomic uptiftment hapless? Stwld we allovv he gruvtz d ar nal*n's ecpnany to be sla&en& by wrtutfrw &ams ai k e le x privihged majodty?
Itlrllrc kan half d aur populatim live belw he pwerfy hle. Ta eryo*r fiesepeqp& uaffT he oppafunitiesfo,rbus,hess r,tnxrld udter&e grwv#t and

'MuGssobral finkages,

indeq bd gave$vrwrtandfr bcdpmrafasecftA

uomaintahed;aN
'Susfaarabb sooali,ryesfnarfs are made"n

prasperity that aur aunty endeavats to attain. "tt is genera#y arcepted kat mieo lending is one of ffie be* ways to fight poveily. what fr &esa creafe a iobforthe banowerwfiowouldottrerwse nof be emplay*... There are at present two or faur millian persans in the munfry hat couH usasma/l &ns andcreafep0s far&emsefyes. .." Ance empawerd,hese yerypesle uouH sene as fpbaddsr e d anr ea nanbprryess-FWC Corpontbn, qrded in The Philippine Star,January2g,
1

g97,

p.$5.

103. What is orea resource rnondgeR.tent (AR/t4)?

Frorn the ccrporate deeision to adopt the principle of the preferential gpton fp1 t\* r{crsle canuse atypeof rnanagementkno\#Tl esarea sourenan4anent Hs}ce, furfre

gxrbh#phemsefuesheymu$thaveamstoandrylbdsierprodi.rdveresotires,v.i.d

s rreclsely he essence 0f arm resource management FCIr fishing cornr,4unili{9s, fu insbnce. r:e productive resources are marine resources. For the lowland tanners, arable land Fer i:ghiand fanners, tre hills, ma.rnhins and forests.
l! mstbe ncbdhatARM isagoecdogizl ln naure. Forrnaire ress.rmb regenffi siiialon caused by ei,osfurn musl be conffiled. For coasbl hrmirg a;*eas to be prodL{tve rfi]grcves must be poteded. ARM is a PSBp shategy fororganizrng povaty gra.:ps awi.rc

r:.

a:esourcebaseb:

fr

For nBro inlormrlion ebout ARM. vou orav contscl Thc

Cnmtim

Affaic

namrimnt

Far Easl Bani

#i,::ii,.r:.r

:f

.t

gq&q*Eds6,rrB*Eh

ah

trstd*mim

EAIPTOTFI

R'6HTSls ETfi(L/ILMJHC'NES'N zuS'NEsS 97

PARTTHREE

Employee Righrs os Etfifcaf Princif,les rn Business

ho' urrruss
,'rE

t+ffi ffi h gsrsdtn Sidornpfiarrebt*k[or0od$bsoodbrbffifuEss ', ..., j

But hreiress h6 a general mord erry to obsy 6re h#, *$.rnirq rqrtue arqfiilq corrtsy b tx.r rntrd v*.es. ln offi u#s, ehim

tt6&e

k{e d0ffi11

"

se ufi* b dw b hbcend frr Uborf r"dfqrc g Co

Et trrn

des

ffi ory#
*eruxf

etris

b nd l'Esr*e to managp{nent as $une peode vrcdd

g b*c.,

**

l.,

f...

h"r"* 6;;-";{#,,_9.r,"r
mn

fl{r* Er*:s

b ss he r*rd, tp.f i; O,g**y A f,c e*o,., .r,C Xi& *m, U*, *tn reg{hfrfi hddsheadail*ryrrrrg't*ril-lgfiy*s$

rtr

reArrr*f.

ron

q*i,id.

adh"rat rrattes of

g t*or,

ryt

*agenpnr

rsrdsses,o

hd irilfafu

of

so oorwincingty by saying 0r"t pirtt in re midsi cshiwfioe poeny ii.6$ce, tor hade and equalfu.

p'inr

dprodJdifi eds&sdm6 rxowe) mayL toa."o n*narud; &ffi*efrbs has no choix hfi b*ir* ri'

cunp*,y

rr

*tt
lu

paffi a*k*. *rs;;.

rut'tns*nce

is

frfire;nd 0,trm eeaB,y

ffi**

refiftm fio utrob kiness sy*r,1, g" !x pl*gtes hadtisnafiy tulem salr

tra hhe*t righb a ud. For e'GJq **andeftrcs rn *ntahltirt*-** **srigrtfu d.eproceiucsr+rrpo, : dss arTrsriees, to resnFeerru nunun nila,L,
Tt ose

ffir

rsw a'iid

eu*:s adora*'redge fiat man4enrent

rgt, *d dr&.g*

b irnest in wtatarcris prffir**,

df;&rfurr*.
fE rrlhB of

THE RIGI-{TTO ADHQUATE WORK AND

Thr'ughout the entire history of human hbori it becanc obvious fiat m*eg'{r16f{ h6d fu upperhmd orer ilre rigr.rr

FULL EMPLOYilIENT
105. Whnt

Iffif.t
for

orryil beul b raisnr" u"d"ryqp" rtgu-asa teeypncfih hhr*:ess

and mmagrs r",qtry
o,e of

rriu*r;"

r#;-r{y ,fu**n

lf there lr on empioym*nt

cdsts?

yy} SS U,=rd,-off*d +pty fE Is'tr Co&, ftr hsiness efi*:s s nrtre fian mar*ates #nw ra. il'l*t g essmtid tr trar te t,ie, na 6, brtxx*,trereflefu efldstrdAon**a -' stqrmqrc
e!*.ross Bf*x
yn

bfro *rplooboftnce dUE kyy.,tb rdftclsh

The cluin reedion tnggered by tl,e cunency sisis in 189''/-S hae caused the Eest turan reg'ronaleconoqrtoplurqe. restrtlng in bankruptryof sev'eralbgcrmpani*endhl$l rate ol unernpkryrnent. lt's a tme in hshry rad, en Thars and So$r Koreams dispiqBd co nXJd! love fortheircci-nfi seeingthem wait u'r tong quetes, readyto partwiftheirgddwet&es'

hfaceles, rings and dher smamenb. Tlrey eiber doriated them or soH tlm to t' bslkr

''

arfui tl c*roie

f Hoorl ,a c*ur. ffi ffi ffi ,#'#T*,;?,"HXffi t#H.H;f^3r,::p,.;,";;ffi ] oryanile ic L'im ycir
6*rr

fl werr'ne put bot}r-Rra cmproycc Ind ernpbycf nsffiurt".l, oonrexb or cap,rarkm and r, *,i"i,i,iilryt* *i;;. i.i i#fu rEhts h fi. a'1d Enrr'ilEr RBhb h an rnsr,urbnarc"rr.ri t,ftpr,/ec in"ii#;i .** (pr,nri.cs Ha,, i993), drap ,lT;b" Fre;[ol_*n ril.irr*-#b I-*rw* 'r#n smirs Emproyces,' a seminer gh/ofl prof Ot,r RbH Dq+*nc GrH
oo,r'r
pa.ricia

ur;i*s{'ity or vngina

pkxswaybslars''remartetvalue.AndsettedfornnrdrcjepreciatedbaFrtardusillttSdd
coileded from the citlzens '"rere rnelted into gold bars and used to bal or,'t S"dr co.:tfiies frorn totai finanoal doom.
*f workers were referx;hed of laiC off when rcleral cunpanies dedared bant<nptty h &rUry 19S8 ard {ereafte.. Follor*ing fe eeornr,ic trltuienee !n fuia, mme 3,ffi Ff,ps}o Ot$we

a;;?ur;-A*r*ns: Jr., st &c t{* t5i7) rn nis srimlner, p*r E"onr. ,-,ri* rL crr'crx * ig* coe6 $,,irr, .or*ar*
by

Meann&

in ilIanila,

Bahal ElpstZmea,

NegCIs Oriefihl'

Cqry

de0iB,

*u,s41&

* *rp[v*ur

'

staE, whfi b il

**,

\
*'.r.'.':-.f

,98

Gbk,&rn e$E6b for&irs b

ote

NaM&rrrirm

E/I,IPIOTE

R'6HN

AS HHICAI. M'NSN"ES

ruS'NEsT gg
'N

u,rgr*ersemplqmd n facbries in south Korea, abcr{ 2,0@ pofesslxalvrorkers h Malqpia (rrma offiemrngkreers ard ardftds) and in lndonesb sudderiV *x.fld grcmrseh/es jouAs.

TI*t6,trseasWflkfssrdWelkeAfnirera$cn(S,14#AlahoreEiliedrdicesdrefierxfrrrrf
frtrn Ja@, Hong Kmg, Taiwm and Thailand.

1970raar ayerolhardsfip h[1o Ph1hd16. Thetywof sar fie bagMrp U a nrrriw oirsess trIpkryr.ts[ p{oyrrx

tH rd $'&]dix lE'c\r6

,r*S"r
in

lnhes@rdryaderdlsg,sqrhKorca'sjlrsice@rfr'ffitha$sfefi rrcdoobqr sepatnrrtolForeign,Afairssra6,ssrnooq.rneripdr"mpmv,utersadoepomrtnronr {Rrufr l{ueaasSbotdp.Wr#anssivecrackdo*n m @uokas p#nfptrlalbd b urcr*$ffii:tsn&S$rrryVk;se {rerewre milbo a@l*b.

witkfi 3fuJt fu*tr *lu gnp or .n unerndoyrnert crlsls bum ol he global energ crundl marV d t'e taduirs ard nearly bankruBted te econony" he oppa{tlftity b The govemment deg:ded to tum ha sisis orr iA head and setzed East espedry serd hundreds of frousards of o.r surplus manp\rer to sre Middle FJd Aratia
millions ol clrildren to s61ool and of payments, augmented domestic buying power, sent o-eatedura.,*sanAsof srnallbus.fi essesU''ttu,g'o-'tf recoLmty' g'ecess, enblirrg sone Fuhfl#+g seH Ttere was d murse a dol/rside to Se story of eb Buthe proprn msb like separation of chiuren and parents, and disintegrBlion of raryi! and ftnarrial crises gt|,er a lr,srked to tide the county over its periodic bouts witr economic
periodof Mmdecades.
Thi"s

"#*1,t*p5g

ftr Fi[dnG in 120'c.un8i6

of

treuor6.

99 9ryryd p EnnB 8EB ne Phum*runahen

rastouilor{opered rpfi,e orerseas

eamirEsfstg"ryt*h!"{ ctI'ffiro

&ily.

Eiffiq6neril forbefir, rner@prrrg is a r{f,frwe" strm 24g,mr*ukers Io$tt'eilk ru'n Jmrniy 1w&..tarcry 1 gs, atrler#of ffi sMtrysbelE rnerTpqd
ln il:lefirstquarterof

s#is

twfre

percent oftp 31.2 millbn laborforce" The nranuhc[siry sedor, lmsing and constudilm, mtning, property developrnent ard ofier areas of he ecorcmy rraw alt s*rmc dowr, ard

nurnberofjobless Fifipinos reasred 3.gir,,inion,or-a"q

beca.se

of t"ris

hs! laid oiffworkers.k

$Eialuelfare irCI,licafi proi4deC

on src other side of tre specfum, hose wtro wort hard uere heavily burdened by &leli:n, v&& sorne aHe bodes trefsred not to r,rn:rk becarse rpy ssvived means dtre

lA7, Wtzy ls the rrght to work fundomentol t'a all?

Lawrer* playa an lhe 1997 blockbgster movte "Nothing To Lose,' ac{s Madn plapd by rFn RtbirB. urmphyd ramiry man urro mes b carid< an ad exeartive,
ln $reffi'r.r

ff $mse wt$ wtrk Ub's lorry, ni.t if

ry

governmenti obllgoticn yis-o-yis the nght to work and full employment?

i epeat here for emphasis fiat he human perso* is tre subled of lak ard hbs is :1Anq Etpaceeds dredyftcnr persorecread h/Godwifr'r a *"*yb srbdrcfu Hh ad

106. Whet is tfte

ed'

sho..,,EtrepoArtessrssoft'rosewl"oarede*ledaftef righttoworl(wt*&rfs'd
T116

6$.gnxije!gbrsicanOunirersa,hatis,inherentinallpeopleeveqpfrere

ngltb',tngkb

to supryt our so iurdamental, for it florvs from eur natural obligation h self-prese&ation, in fie betten'nent of ffrewodd dependents, and fronr oureiling to cooperate

..s

resaxcss. By labor, yar hormrse gifls and blents you reeeived kom fire ceatar.

it Thefir$ Ttle rtThttot\e* is partard parcelof fre righito life andte dr.rtytosustsin

S*e every lxrman person has fre right tc eam a livrng by a r*eanirqfid ccarpartbn, eren tne ioirliest job like garbage colledirrn, basket+naking or auto repair an becorne an actr--g vicrihy of a human being ard noble to the qres of otr*rs. fu ! harc indicated mr$er, riQ*ts ere naturatly mnneded wih duties. Thus the basb ennpicyee right h ruadq e&ib a
conesronding dug on the part of civiiized society in general, at sre very leas{ to help
ciiirerx find rypryhnfries for adeq.Ete empbyment

rssonutvvcu'a,skaretreesser*ialsurvivalneeds,tmeuurarc,idablefr6ldardbido$Fd b live wfl ftoflcr nwssitjesin tife. Bash survival reeds necessariiy iplude Bre compuhirn

ar*

ib

trpdse*am lrer#pefdfu. T?e secord reason is poy*o@kd, udrfrfrnweyuluorkb eve$6nffid' g*n *,nd **indn sdfrres@. ln his sense, uork may befre *$hiSresyb fordismi# ad The rightto ur,ofr is so fu rdamental ilrat even if ihere is aiustmuse
afteraduepricess, anylegislatlvemurtmayrule againstdismissalfrm:wortduetohe56 rightto life. fratt'r*righttourortis a blsiiprivitegevery much relatedtohe
vYriixx"rt labc* and

A;gnr\,'*.

Wth

ra,ork

daivbread oranymeansof livelihood, you provldeshelter'.qdgtion'

ernffi.

obviousl-v, if fre national econcmy has no suffisent work for a!1, due to company bankruptry and hi_oh unempioymentsih;ation or beeatse rnrey is nat avaifaHe, as in rncst underJeveloped ard developing natons, tre unemployed cannoi demandpbs. Given tris sikrcton, &te sbte is s{illobligatedbyalimeanstoa pdayvdrid,r shotlH pronr*teuorkard

ftd

indsryn$t as ib EreilJe fuits &e human personmay not sunive at all' cex.lserrrationisind*cd a'larof natrewhich, needlesstosay, is&adunurqbdlsgbry' I &8. ls

persondand recessaryworkhastirmir,Einsbdraraderistim, namety, thatitisbotr

df-

3t ihe shhsiEs has bee+ providec by Rep. Ralph Redc. diairmin o{ House eco*ronrb afiair$ mfimit&, w[o abo eslimated &i]al 'there are 28.36 milliOr emp,ofec Filipinos. ol rhldr onty 176 million

tl:e right ta work s constitutlonol riglrt?

is

{rorkr{ fufl lifte' He ,ainted a bhak employneni }icture til lr*r onc mi}ipn graduates of lggg, addirq $al ii+'once'psss:bk dream 0l iitelime Bbs in bluechip conpanies lryas see Jcss
Ptorirppille Adry

are

lngi:t:q

(March 25, 199S].

ssne..

oiai

tris basic right in at bast impcrtance, the Fhiiipprne Constitution did not forget to incorporate tu/o artdes. to lndEate:

hasmu$

as

tre right io work and just compensalisr

mi-sidered to be sf paranotrr

100

6bbd&/dne$

t&bfo fi&rm h dre Nov/ridbrnim

fiNOYEE R'G{Is A5 EIHI64I

PRJNC'NEs

BUS'NESs

101

'N

Al&re 4 Scfion 9. Ifi e $alashafl rxr;r.fiate a W ad#?ambsmial d*r hd t*# arsun fie and hdependan@ of tw natkn and ftee ke pe@ fran

rytty

! 10. Somc theoristr conslder thc Jo$ os o Ptaperty ls tfiIs comect?

Ye" $ome pro-laborpragmaffi aeiustifi# if frey rcgard

rlght'

* ri*rq

daadald o{ living and an improved quality af life for afr.

tei$

asa pqpertyt

S+

.
'

Artlcls 13, $ecdon 3. Iha stale sha/l atrwd full pntxIiut to labot lrxxll and aarseas, rganaed and urwganized and pwwte fisfi e*plrynent and eqval(y d

ItnxrSberenrenberedhatf6rtleseaternnjuityof peopleinnrctdarelopedmnfrieg ffi wasfxfue'nr6rsof poert*n' ft',rasfboffi recogi{imdirdas pfi6ps u,tt*rt

pared

a*fioynentqpofunitiesforal/. ltshallguaranteefhengir{sofal/no,*orstosdftr?anssd, &dive baryaining antl negatr atiut s, aN p*a*fu I mncededacflrfes. ittduding ha ffif to shke in acconCa nw wrth law Thay shall ba enttfred ta *a.trity
ol t*nure. humana corfriliazs a{

tn

way to econwnE

groil& ard proeperily for sone. As ftrSre e61$s, he

omdh,

mdhe
sqdd

r.se and

proptrpdagerd{of brd astnirrnmtlairabb pmsessin'al6tBkeyb'

sffih

and po*trcal go-r,w-

nn

$nd was approgiately red(oned ry fte k\ff as

tE'lwl

gtry

a bvng wese Thsy skall also parlfupata and &cisiot*nalong pocesse s afladn rg lhar r6rfrls and benelils ers may be
and

*srl(

propaty,' and h tre',rrods

d lhd ?lhts

pwndedbylaw.

has bec0rri6 fle frat orEin at swrce atl wafr? of nd;gr dspands ilre fu{gra olirre n*rfting dass"s great progai uW{Ire sdutm

Tw fiqrarty ktf re sal -

ipee* tro tt ad pmpand lorlxsArrylst 21, f gff funrecan&rg-a geedl to naagol lo da/rver- Eengro Aguin Jr $mis: ?hs Fr&h@ ae& far wfinglnue. butwillsurely ask fornolhrhg/ess than alttho tights utd freaobmeguar&badbydreconSfru$ol... ttw /rp$sacredegaces,tR r&e
ln a

prqNrtysrdr as lard ard h.S#'g; (2)'persond popotyE xfr as nrorq, Oots fur*S*Wsls a'd pateraL b itprya peconat poos**ms; rd (3) "nhngibb' prqaty stxfr as

Hishricallythoredevelopedthr*etradi$onalkirssofpropefi.lheywere(1)"raf

rytffi

lix.rt&rgrthfir*r.'

109. ln the Phtlippine situoticn, why shauld lobor-intenslve tndustries be preferred?

For a develooing muntry like the Philippines, wih a large population gro*tr and an excess labor supply, trcre is an inherent advantage in adopting a development sffiegy that

LirO.*U.'"F*astrhrfrkindof prapsrqi? Butist'erearryg*rtotlmUntybetirBsriS and land, fe lafter being recognized tlorn tre b*ginning as tre real prqerty0 ln rnadem devebped socieiies, te ryerwtrelming malors of k peo$e h 8|e lfu} brce ar6 rank ard fie urcrkers of orgrwtorc, f*amafy, rc rryized irndspensa$a lrmrc
nor of produdrc*' in our times is S\erefue tre !ob. The lob may neiUer be ssen as 1&6}lh' h hre legal sense, fut it is honevera'right inte mans of pmdu&\ at 'persoral tp Fd us n rern, *trrdr ii fe oU ae*niton ol red proper+.y Tgd3y, as il h# ahrcys ben

ryoffi
Eve,

siu

otAdanr

ad

fieFb

b $'rg,rrorkg,s rneafis 0f

ptnfts

hbar-intensire hdust'iaiizatirn. fu impuMspedof hd;sfializalim is suppesedty its capacg to generate nore jobs and full ernpbyment

enntonal slalility, to personal

Atf're

acsstotanrys$pdt b SocinEO.{ryati de"-eloprnent, opportrnites and dtiewmenb.

wyleast ffi'Pbyiflg opiml!:mrryill haaeh reco6aeM}#

Unfortunately, the situatron is far from normal, ln view of the magnitude of the srt Eiion ard very scare dommhc cap*hl resources, as a matu c{ pdicy, Ee gs/emn nt shculd arcurage labo-i,ntensive irdusres fust as agans*mewfrrh se eapbl-

men$qpnent

B#m of he characteriitfs ot ptopetty rights The aroldlon of tre undersbfdtrg of lob a eoresponding du$ on the part of managemetlt For one, kind of rroperty connotes managefrsrtcar'notsimptybkea*rayfspDwili'Eutdueproess.Blllellt}efr*lse&1*a properv,w te rnanagrn*rt declsmr h hire, fira, romde or drr**a nray or$ be mmited
wiflr oblective, unbtased and fair 6lteria.

Fsstrrn ffi

nknsne

T1.tis

approadr

is mnstituUonalty

mandated as folb\*s:

Article 12, $ecdon ?. Ttro Sfale shall promote industnalization and fail ornpbyment based m sound a griculturai devotqmenl end egwian nfarm hnugh Musfies ftatar*efuf andefiaenf use shuman resources adlrfildr aremr.mefifve in bath domestic andforeign ma*els. Hawever,lire slate shall prctect Fiiipina enb,pnses agaih * unklr fueign mmpettban andta& pracices.
8y fi':is provision you understand that the right to fuil empioyment and eguatity af employment hrough equal work opponunities is not merely statutory but elevated into a curstitrtimal{;ht lnvieiodttris, ferefore,evrryFiltgmbbonrwrhfi"ebasbnsi'dh}rtrkAs a rmser of hd, evay man is. The shte is maMated to adopt measures h tre effed trat ali ailizens may be pmv**d wih erndolrnent (not neessanly by fe govemment aHre) arrd tut equaliob opportunities may be open to all.

Maragmeran ay abo be reqtred to pracix'nonwryHimunlha.(mrrpaxdfon' AAide 2ffiof he Labo,"riode offle fti,rjpBnes, regarding S're sealrityof bnure, sb*sfrat
ktfmn a'pemn irasno pryen! frrspb maypossibf be tus onfposssssffi or means dlnzelrhood lheraforc, he Sr*tild bepdeded agaand a*ibary depfualiut

ofhajob.
Furt.enricre, te same ariide d fre Labor code addd h emsesiE hd ft6 s,fidq&, shalln*ttefininatese seruicesof an empb'yeeexceptfi-ora justmlpeo{ufiareutrtbedbY FreCode.

$2

6$6d&r*r6Edi$fo

fifirr

dre

Nwtri&mfum

Pf,'NC'PLEI T}lftCIYET R'6HTS AS ETHIC(I

BT'''ryryS

'*
of BrT x'natim

JO3

Bacausehei&maypo$sibrybe anyc,E's
alsqF cary rE resprsbfity
to ar{icipate

poperyr{f{. T}nrnaeger-trte&trereatyuarebadherebsrefrir:dsta"iJni-sluid

onry possession, vrB may rcgard job as

md'rnflp&Ornem.

re&rrdarries, rebin urcrkers abcr.rt b be hiJ ofr, or

S r*r*canilrmam, he6df wfEnhdstE bfire<tar&mM Ut*t offrn, [* *rxta paya tE hea/y is rpt stmif.,fy b hire hint'her' is no 1ol e:siiv arvailable fs

$*sfllsendq/ds oppstJrity

f.*oi ;ffi;;il;LGte
'

6b

frml

&mf6 ratrertpn tmndqnnerrtconrpensaiion.

ln gioritizalbn, fre.protedion ofjobsas poperty rights mayrequire reduMancy

thlr dactrlne to lobor? l2. tWhatore the lmpllcetlonr of

THE RIGHTTO DUE PROCESS VERSUS EMPLOYMENT AT WILL II

V1/herrgerardwherB,ergmlq/rrEr{at*iliisofcised.tecoMiwfifeofu,ofiers awrw6 prernse, hatb, l&r's cah:lated $sy. n^,efirs;al d#*dards's beonBa air*pag A.dt rttp managsrEril asue df,.hcbrs6rcAed'.ffiffi -c"r**ely*i,u', p''operty dght ilrru* i. *.Sdaed a pan oitre emp@s

l. Whot is employment atwilf?

levet of a mere

Fcrtreerrplqpr$fiok1!'okeshedoctineolanpoyncnta(wtT,hbofbbCI.qhtbhe a vatues ' This is csrbinly produ&", ;;lrrent trat constit fes no Dersonal
of nork

doeluationoffre***."*t*-su*''greckorredasoreottr'up*p"'rioofcariihlnaterhan
a

pennnagement principbs,'employment atwilf seems tCI bs he most dchtorid hdprader. Byvirtreofhisdodire, emfloyersandcuporate o*rnrs.maydsrniss
Arnong tre

me suqeA

wifr an hi[ative of higher

c*n'

fnrer@lBesatwil.."brgoodcatse,hrnocause,oretrenforcausesnlcmtryt+rorrgwffiout beirq tere$ guifty of any legat wr.urg.q

Ard tre gromd to, ,ts ou#'is nug emgopr, cwre, o, *eo.affi ffivnasomrer"shrPng/it

aserqeceo,marwrngrtrnusviFfousrydelurdt}edo&irEolerrffiS,nentettttf,. rreans frt rvary na,lrir rrghrb pnvate pi'operty, whierr

hA;;;;'4,

fns

Ure rEtrt to

acqure, olrn

ad

accilrnt'dah

fheprocaplbfi*dccfrineof ernploymentatwillworks alltretinetofre36varegeof nwagen'terfi.lngensd,t'isdosileseensbsufissibebtEfulGilingbndar*s,piv$egies

erd absdutrsr!;hh
1

bborresourceasine msesslors, assetsard propertes,wih

Rcmrdingly, $e ernployers benere
see

of

tre asse6' srxtr rEhtie also

ofte empiryer
fr*lyaccepls fi e1o0 and hsbhe mn kerefue My

ofwhat$rcy hry lrare tle abslte r$lrthdqme

. The ttwlcer

fiN utokx

hertytrelrnfslb.
2. B ut

jcbil

orn asfrey

l,nGir rr.rstness as tsry wish. Ernployers t*.mlo and to private orunersrrip, enttles right muptedwitr t . *gi[tof.."Oom
itttano o

darmeatfBirprapeny
use and

adietre fie cornpany's gcal of maximum eficierry anO proCuAivity.

erffiyerhas ft e absolufe rghf lo droose and deci&wtto wf *CI* in lro arganizatiw and who ndl not rhe hiring and firing prerogatives are based on te need ta m ffre
ta flre

ke

imprrwevfiattrey*,l*cuoi,un.hurrranresourcesandallfrederaspecbofhsiness. I 13' Why Is ernployment ot

-. -ff will unethlcoff i

'"

'

3. The empbyerhas fie nEfi f fo hlre, prorno'le, demob anddsrass flre Horkers grorrds he lirinsetf asfa$*sfted* a Eivilege I call despotic and didatorial. Acmrding
docfuine, as
$.re

Ernplqrrnefttatwi$isako{rnetyrrnetricalinb.rsiressbecauseofscfrskffiirgn6rd
reffitrE;
1

o,vner of

tle propaties trat

constitu'te busiress tre

emplq6r ras

nghts hai wiii entile him to unilaterally dispose of he workers whose labor, acmding to his .prceplion, negative$ a$eds pociudron.

fu

$operty

. tt is

just one of the rnoralty wrong to see labor as

hdors lnvotved

in produc$on

Warkersarenot**ptJ'I*-#'**nt'i*tt'oltFe'so'nludt'*e
of

:t--prt

be uganiza&on, mrken l, ave no vdcg hsilcze fte deabirnsafn:anryemenf sinoe, as non-glr,erc, fre u,skem have no ight b detarmine hwfhe busness mu$berun.
4.

ln

*tnu.: f'e emplqre/s propertyrlEiTt wren Cignit, disdained No, t is devaluated an. ni#r

2.

ab$iutemanagementcttx'rnenresouEesa tts morally'*rorgbconskjertle hewu*er

ry;;Z -trk;s
e

m*'"rl**"O@Fa!'
rrot a

cunmo6!

tr4orevah'nble

wlrercwheneed

workers do not realiy have much choice but to aceept hlse and exaggerated aeasations
to fire

r&moie t\em arises.

fo

5. The crrfine d enpiaymentar wrf uryf.s ro & e do u ila unnrsfa,.{a}b dsad,aniap orfte hryksrs. Ttn uortels

adv antage

d trw enpbyer b d
ceverp nrnsaa

or it t''u t"u *, lboru& tran atl comnrcdi,io't J#|"''Jt*fo* initiative of hisfterom' iubtinre dignity, personai$ and p{tvate propst/if*iieS*O' isbased onseem@yds r$htto

t**U'

**o

s'*i{

3.

Emp$4mtatwilt

opporfun,ty to

which is not an absotute nght the neeos and h'n*'

lt is

by because I s conditioned neffrer an unconeitroiai rlght

bonotryed Manuel G. velasque!

descriptton of 0mploymont st will in his $ork *uslnsss lhics

as if oisposing scnte to dispose of the employees 4. lt is theretore morally wrong **pty ui apFearrE to fire or denpte at*fi torlebres after use. TIn nght

'*#ti#"*'itt[

*"muntv *'t'e*

u**tt *':T:-

'

'nJoit''u

*^

;;i;;;enotc

4.;

104

6bbd&rltre$Et'rbfu

ftirc

h oleNar Mtavnt*rr

EA4PLOYEE RJGHTS

A5 ETH'(J{I PRINC'PI.'S

8US!NESs

105

'N

14.

What ls thc employec rlght to duc proccrs?

l.ClearandsimplenoticeoiruIes.Whilebeingernployed,itisthedutyofrle ard quH'rsf'ey ned b f06otr' ffidryr to give his wcrxers Gi"c ti*ph *b*otrr-tes
anO reguhtions mnsistenlly and

USJudix Franldute/sgenerd descri$imofdr.reprocess b rdirB nnrernrbsEfsr lftesportng lreadhdr@":Wtereasryorts hasbtday, he la,vhasdJep(ffi. Due poess iste focedxe Sufri& an er@1Be can apped a decisbn oraction m& $a supaixh orda to get a rational a$anatbn of he decislon ard objedive rwiew of ib popriety,
Everyone b enti$ed to

wifod

dis{riminations'

kir6

a fair hial. ln

inEnnentiorr

te 'cold neutrality of the impartial judge' wtwn I beliew can t'e uu$ace, due pocess is he right of S'e urcrker to gkrarre, arbiba{ix, orsoneo$shirmelhod to evaluate hkt, finrrg, promdionordernoti:n. Under

t"meworkersutro

hearing proces, il',e onty

3'Fakandkrpatdheakg,Ern$yerssha"{dpovidealairarrdimpartidtrearirgu rubs' are $Epededdha;irqvirlatedte a fads' Empbyas sl'nuld deign' cafi ard ararqe a " Abieclive determinatimd ffie o$edively as possHe' as

prtp;

oin'f'tef.l

to

U"t"*i'e

tre futlr

his nght all rank ard fbuorkers of any oryanizatirx aG csrsijered au{ornrrurs persons ad
must be treated laitly and1usfly.

S.Nontiabilttyol0winnxenl.Employersshouldnotholdanyvrorkerliabietrm#s
over whiclr hdsne nas no aJlrority,

lurisiiaim ard contol'6

theesserpe ddrc process is di$illed rn tle lnnnrB cryof Thar{Sdes bAkbiadm: 'St'ike!Bu{hearrnefirst'Dueprocessdoesmtask0fi6rshdowidfeyoJ$fbdo;ihh,n

pnL lt does not infringe on the employ#s prima fack right to oryanize, rnaximhearddispmeof trisfrerbusiness.WhatwerhapostohrsinssbsrA&anliaffyte
a piea for falr heat,

A GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE

empfoyer's accounhti&ty. TIE and

enpq/ee

fie latler's indMdualprerogatives spdnging from hivtrer r$httc pivate pmperty. 'Ihe efit q/ee rightto due prwss nay also be mnsilered a dreck ard btance mfre enpfipt's
oppessive docfine of employrnent
at

rWb

due process nerety

resticbhe zuperkxpo*ersoftn endqr

Animporlaniareawheredueprooessmustbeclearcutandprecisehintle. ad oig'L ott be culbd trom the Far Emt Bank hearirq of grie',et c.s' A good;;n'oprt 1 undet
HanOUook' on page 37' Chapter ' Trust Company (FEBTQ E;ployee

o{'GrievanceProcedur6.'
$ectkm
An employee proper channels:
wtrro
1.

.,.:.,-

'

';.'i;r

'.-*

will.s

Grieva8gl PPeedUre

15.

What are the condltions of a due process?

may obtain relief thratqh thd*a has any complaint or grielrance

The employee right to dre process is a fundamental right By reason d ib universalrty and turdamentality, te nghtto due process is acfl,ratly eveqfiady's hsh nghtb be heard. lt's

*nf

bal*rcal

fair and lust that the management's exdusive nght to hire, fire, prornote ard demote is by the empbyee right to due process, wtlrfr consists of a farr hearirE, a Spnce to

Thotnmediale Suparvisin gAficer supsvgion is his conesn ard nesponslhffiry' Everyone urrderme rmffii xe fuer,s supervising ofricorlr tf1a- ttVU"OV eLe' the lmmediate Knowing the er*ployee 1

*t.

apoeal and an oblective evaluation of hisher case.

ffi;,ilth;ll"tp*h**tn*n'tomtiriemptoyeewilldisctrsshisproblms''''''''

emp@ee be guaranteed ard *asred of histr hLrnan cl$nrty ard basc rights exceotuhen ya.r resped his/ter righth be heard. This furdamenEt rightto dre prress wifi ensne all ernpffpes t'rat nunagemerfr &s rxt hande hrn Wtnsty, ama$r, . mpedidaHy or virdidively. Because, whether yru fike it or no( here are enplqprs sftCI do.
Ho;v eise can

te

'*''oo*t[ *t Shoutd he leel rf,af ns mrxce,i-ir*

Offica.Dapsrlrrwnt Headi Unit Head lBranch Manag arHoad *rue for boking afiar his u' The emplayee i, ,,
1

or* it'i{fao';
hb

'nfone U*n *ponded

the Unit Supervrsing Oflicer, ne mayapproach

Head'

to satisfactority by

lmffiH

'

Dte process nfers b he hirness of te pracectue hy'rrtridr marragrs srd erndqgs implernent sandons on their subodinates. F*imess here nreans uprighfress, re*thjde 0{ coned aclion. dnd for the procedure to be tair and just, tre following conditions rnust be

fesert

-r-:,

-z--\ -y'\*

-/"\-

/"' "\-.-/'

See Pakicia H" Werhane and Tara J. Radin's'Employrcenl at yril &nd due pocess' h ?. Beaudranrp ltlcal }?eory erd Eusfness {Ewle$ood Cli{fs: Prentice liaI, 19fi), chap 5. tn }eal and business ethics, a S0od reference book on due procer is Oue Process, edited by J. Rolsnd Pennock and .lohn W. ChaBman and irst grblishod by Nm York Univosity Press h lgf7.
anC N. E. Borie,

;, i"**ru

and Frocedurar Jusuce,. in

his artide'Due Pttctsg condit'onr ol a dlle orccess See tlr* forEoing rvflh oavid Resnick's psnnoeriiJiti. w chapman, ed3 pp 30?ti'

fi;.;r;;;; j ;oLno

'

rf,<*8,.,fia,s*4$ft

106

6btrlEue,ncss

E6b forF$*ro ir drc Nav/rtrtern*rn

E}ATLAYEE

R6}IN

AS ETHIr,,.L PN'NCI'ftgS IN

BUS'NESS 107

Socdon t0. Corfficafui of erqph1,t"rsrt A dsnphsad

rtrkr$t d M al&W to w*w,

offtts angagement and
tra ums emp@red.

rdterdratrg

tefinst srree drannels, lp

slix

ffi

on raquesl, a certificate fram tho employor specifying the dafes

frat his mncenr h6s ndbeen

tsnin atiat

a{

hb ernployment u}d
71.

tr}e

ot$pes d$ork 0o

*firft

anployor shalt submit a nonffity repal to ttw, Regional CffmhavhgfrMf*or, ow tx ptaa of !ro,r( d d,srnsssis etredxl by hin Arc mmth, specltykg drcmn fie narps of dWsssd lvarkers, he raeson forttef drsr?Hss&I,

Srfon

Reportof dismlssaL

The

eW

enSyem,

Ttn Empbyee Rehfiors Comd (ERC] shd senre as a bodythra"gh eihffi fre if Seysodesire, may diredy ak$rehgrhvarcefu ormmplalnUs.

tn

dates d

*twawrwttsdlbm*mffir
as

atpUrynt hsposdryB/a$Mbyfwr rrcr

s.t*r odmrfiftrrnafiat

nay be rquirrd by ilw Depstrlent fu @iry gui&nxrydsbds$cd

flrposes
idthin easonat$e tinre and in wiUrq, of his afleged nniscordud or infradions. The employ* b guaranteed tre opportuntty toexsin a# be
heard. An

qnp@

shaB be infanned,

The right b *rc*k and fu$

em&ynent

is consir1ered a

h$her pdnciple han fie

b
a

ds
fu

rtt'rb d tte

e*ptrBrl

The

rlfit b uotk is so fundamenbl tnt $ffi if hete

iud cauro

I15. tt{hot does rfte l"obor Cade say about the employee,r rigfit to due pruce$?
Ttefr:{loruirg aresedbrs intE Laborcodewfrifrare right to due process, partixlafi on tre nrost sensitive isflJe d
Rule )(M

dismi*saladafteratediNsdmpocess,tncoutnuyslillruleegainddisrnissalfrornrrqk duetofrehdtralturtfitor+orkisebasbprivilegaverymudrretatedtofrrc{Thttolifastd he naUral drtry to susbin 'rl The furdamenbl r(7ht to wttk shwffi at*ays prarail.

.
of

A cara study related to thc employee rlght to dua procers qnd termlndlon

ratrrereptcitabodteuor,rers

ol employment

tE hnnination

emgoyrnent

-Temimtion cf erngoyment

'

IheStryrerm

&urtdir#edManlla

Ha*v',rcr, upon

mtumlnglohisrnn,

Mr.

sec8bn 1. srunty of t*urcanddteprocess.lrtror,re*ersha/lbedisrr$bsd ajustor auhoized cause proided by law and afierdueprocess.
him avtriften

exu$ttfv

secfon2l/oO,ce of dismisal.Aryr4obyeru{mseelatodsrnissauorirssfraf,irnr#? notice stating the particular adsoromisson sr stitutingthegmundsfrh6 dsmissaL ln cases of abandonment af wrk, the notioe shallbe served al fie worke/s Jasl
rl'lor4r?address.

,+ctrCoryc.sfim fos?r$afear+crkrafrer Gotareprtedtlysau8b anpbpe Aed*g lindrngno subga ntid evidence tswanant a.bondh ofcs.$, arywfu theilrWchtrnlgs trs drsnrissal frcrn #re fim. Ihis rBrersed insile tlnlawdry bg aN alhgr,dty futN tho ruforg of fie f{atrcnaf la&or Rolatpns lhat his iqoney nas arnong frs mnfenfs.
Commssmn a

gue$'s

f'rmg racn yal oaseA on'

Esrnen'n

affidavfr claimrng that

Ihe ffigh.

C,,t nati *a $p affiwit

secron 5. Ansrryer aN hadng Tln tw'xer mayanxerflre allega&onssabdagarhd hin in the natice of dr.vrrssal nrlir in a reesonable pei* fram re*iBt af such notiea. The ampbyershall atrordthevwt<er ample qpaftunitytobe head and defendkimsetf witrthe assrbfance ofirs represenlafve, frire so des,h?s.

Madlosallempldtosteaifmmhim. ft r,[irirfuAus ,/ Insfead, frk $upemo &ud agro$d ...Ii{r: Gof*nenatdle with the labor arbilsr thaf fhe ftofel wheh fB formtr mmaqe#Err si?p,yr# or flre ffiahms - IIre trofel ol??sal aiso adniftb&"trb i6fleC to
.

contaiied hatet

'

. seefon
of

6.

he

oeasjon to dsrruss. Te wptayer sttat ifixrrdab/' MW au#r,er'n wrilirq

decisian to dlsniss hlm slalihg

dearf lhe

re ason there*f.

section 7" Rightto ean{est drsmissa l. Any decisim taken by he emplayer shail bo wfiltoutpreiudica toffie ryhtof thevv**stacvtbst0ro valb{y ulegalityof hisdrsmlssa/by fihng a complaint u** fie Regianal 9nn* cl he Ceymmrssrsr. Sr0'on 8. Fenodto deci&. Cases ihro{wry fire r/rsnnssa/dr+orkersharl0e &crrredby the Labar Arbiler u*ttuin 2C warking days fram ih6 clls o/submlsslon of such cases lor

conlained in the afrdavlt af eomplainant crtc*ff,eoorrpfafll, as&pedbyasdf,fy IakashiGofo, cons#r.diry'&uDloheeruay' office4 axuntety interprete4 Ms Goio's Tne Suprene Courl srd fhe iapanese nan-ation. guesiisffic'avd cannot,by Furttumwe,t*pfiinfairtietordw imagindtbn, ba oonsdered it u gued nes-not presenfed to sr#erme lo pam*f Mr Mad/os'dismissa/ 'tn"

a::,r-T!:ry pr**,

a-ny-1T1L:i

trcmhtsemployrrEn|
,{4r Golo

arused lhe hofe/

n*rfterof

p,;*trinrcstgafororto ft, 65*" ,rsstiasny was to c,inf,rm i1 1is accuntely translafed. /n ruiing in fawr af
arbiter

iii

desscn

sec0'on 9. R#rB&ternent pandng tlearing" Ihe secretuymaysuspendgre e,hcfscf ffie terminatian pefi5$19 resoiullon o/ lie case in lhe event al pnma tacie findrng fhat t/re Erminatian may

tfc drsmssed /.bor aftendanl, tlm $upmme February f3, 1991, in a firnsJafad!fidoirf, Coud oiso brushed aside Manila Hatel's a,gurnenllfiala colleague'of Mr. rtr{adbs, lh* lrotal guesl sdid De mguesfed

attempting {c poe&cf fils Yl 0C,000

on

Mr

Madlos

le

catlaet

ils

launtiry

ilems.

ltauricioAdiana,co,roboratedMr
Becussllons.

6olo's

cau*

*ious /aborgl$#a u is in tnwhnwntatian

#.

.tsI
I

108

6bbo,&rircssEsrbforf,ffiroi ir 6ct,arl.jii:rnim

TA{PIOYEE R'6HIS AS ETHICAL FR'NC'PI.ES

&IJS'I'IESs Trc
'N

6d Mn tladbsvas at ke M ol t tlp b# d theopsile erd auray fiotrt frw ' lable, aN lhal they wn in eech ofiwtrs
mom,

adanms'.#na fr.ih tri & iladilots' rcrsicyt thd,there *era flmae of then in#s fi6

ln fact, Mr. Adriano's sfslarnsnl

Casuaf The enrphyee is casualwften he/she is rieither regular, probatirery rnr

mmraAual
From tre furego# revtswof terms il's apoarentffi insofur as te h,vis wrcened, cor{ractsl andmldv,rykgsaemtcorerd $anysealrrtydtsrue. OrEf'ereglaritffi bmnres a regular emptoyee. Frorn he bgd point of vEry, it ney is, and laterl*rm $re
be legally con'edto enteri*to an "employment by

contad.'

uttie per*l ttwt Ur. 0riroS so#cdclofhes ware bekg erlbcted..lln ccnfanfs of lha affidavlt ara a daabte lrarsay, 'tt has dbsrllttsty no praMiw ydue. Io degiw Mt Madlas d h& al}y s*rco ofheftoodbosiss dfldtdqlftt/

s$tt tufiig

tlle

This hu,{T retre hrrs* ard etr*:s begirs, ftr (yetagah) d*E goes bqp*dsttatb rqrir.dbylau Ardecmn"regu*aremployrnentisufierernwtptoblemsare$ke4ybaddo

acise because of lhe abssnce of legal pmtedion. For many a shrewd businessman, it is

effns,l{rd esshrb

dmd

u'ft seci{xm

fm

fie b^,. i/t &sirmss

et

dord buory

ahaA

going to hell wtren he dres ffran going tn jail or paying a fine sooner or later.

rernirde{ tut Fe uorker's right to full employnent anci se*rity cf &nure is fundamental. As far as business ethics is mncemed, you are not exonerated w,\cft ycu
You are

THE RIGHT TO SECURITY OF TENURE

contradualize emphyfrEnt

ufiless full emfloymentis really impossibb.

I t7- ls secudty of tanure o bosic ernployee rtght?

Yes, seo:rity of tenure is a baslc
tenr-:re

caseof regularemdq/ms*, rte servk=sof anyone dtrevrcrkers canrd just be terminated except for a just cause or after due p{ocess. ln case of unjust disnbsal, t1g iaw provides that he employee should be eoti$ed to reinstatement without loss of senionty nghts and ctrher prMleges and to his fuit badu@as, indusive of albrances aM otxer
in

neans trat

ffi

d bdh

VATID RETIREMII"{T public and private empbyees. seo.rr$

ffi

ILLEGAL DISMISSil,?

of

bglefits

computed from the tirne his compensatlon

wx

refisblement
I

withheld frorn him up to tre time of his adual

elus revg,vourterms.

*hrfr

are usually necessary or de.srnable

Ragular An employrneni is regurantten he r+orker is engaged to pedcrm adivfies n a usld hr$ness. t1firen le tras rerUereO at bst g.e

year of serurce, wtrefrer such

swix

is

s{intrc[Js

or boken, any

emsyee

asrquiar.

ocns#d

ry iae

. agre rrat the latter works only fur a specrfic p6

is conb*actual.

contractual An employment

is

eentrad{ualwhen the employer and l\e emplcyee

or

wlen tie urcrt

or servce to be prformd

ls seasonal in nafure and his employrTienl is fcr he duraton of sre season. For example, tre employrnentof manyof ourcapenters, repiard maintenance persori,eland seo.rngguards

Walimary. Probati:nary empqmiefit may not exceed six rontirs frorn fle tirr"e tre employee started uorking, unless rt's co/ered by an apprentrceship agreement s&pukiing a icnger period. fte sennces sf the prabatlonary enpblee may b* termlnated for a ju$
oi'whenhe/shefailstoqualiiyasareguiarwtfxer. lt'simportanttonctetratSreworkeris autornatcallyccnsldaedaregularem&Fe'A{gtheJsteisallonedtowxkaftera pohralionary
penod

Oegeris rtert*d uwkirq as a bile r,rirqlrco $ile{t $xr ffiAwa hed &'&iin canductor in t lus 6{npany $yfng flte 8rras monhs srly, -Tfre.baq$ of ll$.r*ffi; nrent was $m @Ircty reihenrurt rytr nodL'em rs:te sorne 25 yean befora Sre he CM. Brrt $gsio dd nd want h etrS case aros. He was a member ol he loel union in tfie sald csmpany which was yet, H* hlt he wx stil yan'q. H* ltti&db r affir$d uffi a rHird fuffim. Thc unkn be ratired at 60 years af 6e. So he a Collectlvc complatnl for lliogd dimlsa.d agdmt trn he ioined enl6r6d inlo Bag*tnf A#E6t?ts'Tt (ffiA) witt Uto e$ mnpary.tV*@atuWY(fuMd? An crnpopc mey be rctrfii$ffil ecnpary, rrih tte Mrsim d a ra$rEua{ Sm kr tF mffileet ol te bue wrymy. ndCng he retirenent rye est#lud h hc CSffi va Eagdnkrg A6een"6t* (ffi A) Arftong he haturuof ha retJrumcni pla,r r o8rer $pllcai$ urplqpmt onffi (Art refr+mmt rm* tu an$o1w' rytqx@ Lqffi radlkE ul age ol S years 6 upsl ?89, Labor Codei, This law leaves to ttc cwnptethg ?5 years of sen ice to the employor and empicyees he fixiry o{fie' wnpany, wf*d*ver comm Snt Under Br age o{ retirement. The CBA pravisiom CBA, the c$mpany Bgroes to grant lowwing he mtpul-sor), relbenffit ag* t0 less Eran 60is *otcontrwyto lawMttto: mlil'ernent bend8 b &a regdsr un$yees !! doss not dimini* fre empQrees' bs'*lflE. wlro nmy be sep$rst*J ftom 8!e ebmpany upon reachinS ths seid cornpulsory ln almost ail cou*tries today, early rotiroment, that is, before age.60, ls re$emeni age cansidered a reward for services retlderd , The CBA was signed lh,'ee months
"

ffi

cause

bef*re CXega*o readred his 25$r year of service wiill fre cornpany. At lhal tims, he
was only 5? years

old. Yel he was relired

es soon as he reacfied thb 25th year of

since it enables an empioyee l0 rssp ths, par$cutady retirernent: fiuits of his laLtN bsnefits wiether lurnp sur* u othgili4sa st an early age, when sald employa*, ln

610&, Susi4css E&rs for

f*Fro

ilt t're

Ncrv,tttcrmium

EfiPtOYTg R!6HIS A5

TIH'o{L

PR'NCIPTES

IN 8UI'NEsS

1't1

paranehn of ryessmably better.physioal and mental lifu's vt*ssltudeswifiin Sre i' :r r..r .' conrtitiar, car eniry tem bett* and btqer. hh forhQttty o weekly wages.

CASE STUDY:WHAT

WIIYfi,

DO?

&rsd&e

advan-tages of ealy retirernent

Your organizefion is undergoing

hu ma n rcsrlurce ree ngircodrry

is tf'ral tfie retirement benelits usually

cursislingdsubstantial

ard fi rss

cdt

windfa$ can

agreed by

your Menagement Carlmdfoe

benrtto podudive and pofrtable ues way' of inmnre-generating investrnenb, haeby ffir*tg a rnue {Pifuant nea.re
of Snarcid

{Man&m) to ferminale fhe sonaces of fhe 'deadwoods' (lhose unprodrctiva and obsolete emplopas) of the oryanirefion'

soerdffand indepeidence to a

retree, r*io up titlheq has b contend

witl

18. What ore the fust couses by which

the service of an employee may be terminoted?

ln reuiewing theiramploymnl rewds' pu found oul that the "deadnmods'arvolvod havo been in the company fram 12 to 17 years and they praclicalty gare fhe bosl

pam

of fheir urorking lttes l0 pwcanpany Per your company policy, full retinment
-' .i
1.'..a

Any employee handbook is usually dear on this. According to the LaborCode, an ernplcyment may be terminated for any of fe folloiwiry iust and grave causes:
f.

Serousmlscor duct rr:willfil

difir*jim* by ke

employee of tte tautut qders

I19. Wtrot must be consldered beforc firing on ernProYee?

process' The disrnhsed for a iust cause and only after a dtre right tc tenninate must be rymnretbal to tvro essential condttitxs:
A u,rcrker may be legalty

lhe unplayer

any af his representatives;

2. Gross and ha bitual neglect by

ffie vuorker dhls orherdufres;

3. Fraud

wiltful brcach by

he

employee of

he emplayelsfu$reposedin
rcpresenfa&ue, and

him,

('1)

aiustcause frtenniretion and

4. Corn nrssron of a ainre or fienx by ke wplsyw{ah$fepesm dfe x@yw

any immecilate ntember of his famity or his duly

autwbed

(2)

fre emplcyee righttodue process.

5 O{ftercauses analogous

to fhe

foregang.

The em$oymeniof a vrorker may also be tenriinatsd dr"e to redurdarcy, and the instailation cf otherlabor-saving devicesto preventlosses, dosingorcessation of

reffi

and even in demott6. hearing and a ctrance to appeal. This is fundamenhl in finng

Therighttodueprocessconsistsofanob.iectiveevaluationofhisfterec'afair

opera$onofthebusinessorganrzafion. Thereisabsdr.rtelyaneedtorotifyfeemployee{s} concerned and the Department of Labor and Emplopnent in v'rritinE at least one (1) mont"t befcre ihe intended date of terminaticn That is insofar as fre la;v is concemed.
ln b*isiness etrrcs, itcan'tbe overemphasrzed t'e bdhathe righttowork isbasichat, Even ii there is a just cause for dismissal, business may still rule against dismis-*al hoin work because Sris right is essentially related to ffre right to life and th naturalduty to sustain it" Tlre

faio, juslty axi rB arb'lariy Due promss will ensure f.re uorker srat henshe is t'eated persorratdfrdhe.fuheassurdof hisl orvindidively, hathdsh iscrx'rsilCered an autano'r'iotis
her human dignity and
It is not

his&erbash dghb.

enough, however, to blte notice only of lle legal requiremenb you also nedto reckcxr some moralconsiderations, havrng nrmlrdt'iattxefiical employee, rcalmnsideratioo b hatt'e shoud goover and beyurd he requirements of fre taw One efiT

*T

ffiU

nght to life obviousiy rules overail.

Uasicdnttoworkisrelatedtotrer[hitolifeandUresupportofhrsdeper6iefits. and life are like twin brothes, for tley are omplernenbry'
lf, forexample,

R4'isbv'crk

the past 15

yottrempiolle has been taithfullyand productvety fitst bme, say' an years and he is now paven guilty of a grave miscondud for sre

Y*P*V*f'*

offense invotving

nonesry*more particulirty n'isappropnation of c.mpany{r.rt'*-*

Evenwtrenfiereisa,r'tstcause

penattytObeappieOsnorUnotbeanrnmeciatetermrnation.

a due process' ior termrnation accoi'ding lo company policy and even after

,, p,us.ntJ by Atty, iose

C. Sison based on the lgal cx$o Pantranco v. NLRC, et

al,

G.R. 95940

i{

tobor Csss 8*/lelin (July ?4,1396)" vol lV, ln$ltlu16 sl Llbot Studies, Deparlmen! 0f Labot snd
Empir:ymeq.- with Cariito E. Omal as Edrtof-in'Ch;8{

ol the eulhol'5 Busi**ss E$tics caso strrdy providod by sonny P i+erteilo, guesl spo3i-er in oile
etassm. Atcneo Oraduate Schosl e{ Srrsiness iApnl

5' tS97)'

5--.:-_ .:_

-'.:;r :;;i- _ala;{it a*l#tdc

:l

CSbd &rdrEs$

Efib fr fifpirm
br.einess to

in

dT

e Nerr

fiiferurinn

EI4PIOYEE RIG''fIs As EIHICAI

pn'NOPl.{'N SJ5NSS

11

EtricsdklaB b

mnsUerfre em$qBe righttoulruk, wtridr is a bQ partof

tiis rqht io lib arH snse of his dependents. As brokenheartedness may lead to tragedies,

sep?sr' p4 ffr#t alfr dhb m+orken Fwided he.E Fid hishealtrasr,rdasbtrehe ft;*W6r&;urrao'*m=*str nrnfr salary
to

,t Last one ,nontr salary

or to

onehalf

arti$dtem*naliNmayleadtoakiof unlnppyendirgs 1lleunem$qBdbsesaoppotunity to earn ard to suppot his dependenb, and rnay even lose his self+especL .
ln the event of an ofiense involving honesty, I usually propose to management

n*'*

lo

mrskier a iong slspensim as a moe appropriate and per$nent pmishment Ben immediate firingftr t'rme wlro are plwen guilty of a grave misconduci after a due process Personal renanml s retratitstBtbn b pmsbh v;ifr susixnsion ful not witt termination. 120.

ed to fu* back or.oroing to the High court, Rodorfo is.enti oittrirnronebryequivatentornpEcftErntle.tfrhB atbr,vances, ard to his otreri*,.rnr Bdtuages tc the rime of h's actual reinshtement compnsation was wrt*rero?lri *m up
repr ser)t

wages, indusive of

compensr[.,..

fut ;h*H

n*l

ueer,

*s*o ryhesndqreehrtrambdbee*e

ri
"iii,,ir"rr'i.t

lllegal dismlssal, the Couri added'

lt

sicftness

a ground far termlnatlon?

resoiutron dated 0clober r , isgi.

fonr any disease ard vrfnoe

tl"ris

Yes,you rnaylenninatetle serviceof an ernpqpeudrc lras been fcundbbe ocxrtinr-ed empoyment is ptohiblted by lar or b p$t

#d to his
import

suktq

G..l;, *ur orc"ruo to reinsHe Rodc{fo cerrf,cationbya**p*.nipru,.;;id.t;rh..*ytEtheisttbtetimtovskrrdbpaytBm reilmtourrrt(, he slEddbe p&,

as fi.dtbacku/ages. snouu rre[e cerrifiec pay au,e nate separaton

TheHighCourtthusmodifiedtheNLRCdecisiondatedAugust2g'1991ardRs ' tnpez st tidto pry*cairylnfitto

orun healfi as uefl as to tre heafth of his c+raorkem. ln

sder lo &lve deeper inh

by General

fe

bsue, lnanate a legalcase here, t'rehcb of wtti$ arehefolbwiry:

Marrt. 26, , 984

w4eo. Heretre s@pe

into ra.*, and

detk*.lxi,ewitT t'e Wdfnbr''WHb6frd'Ehcoryored

is entorcea

fr\ilJ;il{:.}f#-code

in addition to sf 'rtre

t,e pavnrnt d bd<

Rodolfo Lopez was

emp@

Te$es, lnc" 8s madtire

tre euricar stanoaiJ

uyne mandde

bgdsystem.t

operator

l2l' Can a workar

qf *tioiiu.iione

tetmlnote hlmseffl
tdorOo#

Jufl 1 7, 198f.- Roddfobfi ilt and',vas dragnmedwih mffiatelY adarrced pBmmary tuberarlosrs. l-le was advised to go on sick leave by the company physician and t\e Sociai
Searnty Syst*m granted him 60 days, from August 2 to September 30, 1988. Crecenber 1988- Rodoffowentb Gerdexb repst forwsk hrtwas insbad dvised U're corrrpany pfrys'Uan to extend his leave foranotfmr six rnonths. May

fis/herlob' Tho Ereryvrrokeris absoldelyfiEe b chooce employerawritten

dfiePhffias

povidesthata.nvemprcyee"rnayi;inaLheemproyeiormiqFrretalrffihrprysnfrigfi]a
the emptoyer can rroro nis rryJi<e.riiaor*

monfr in adlarw, evenwffu,rtalustauso.ocfrdHy t" Jr""g*. if tre latter hils to serva frs fsrnr sdt

4loJuly 241989- Rodolfowas mnlined athe Quezon lns{luteard t'tiswas

Lrre

nct,x

krlot#fi to Genter EdgarToleniiro,

pers0nnelman4er, even ammplished his Medicare

fofin
Rodolfo received a notice of tennination effedive immediatety on 'ldentino. tre ground that he had been absent wihor( offidal leare. The notice was sent by August 2, 1989

b,aamc

servrng sre em$oyerany however rnay p,*an eno ro te relatronshipwr&o,..rt te fdio*nng iust eauses:

vfikil bbr AWOL or absence without leave' ln the nrrlriary thts act is refered lo as The smdqps abandofirrq any emplqprwit|ruin*ice' a generai term tu any urcxi<er
ncimlorsny0l

September 6, 1989 - Rodolfo filed a cornplaint before the National Rela$ons Cornmission against Ger*ex ar:d Tolentino for illegal dismissal and for nonpayment cf the
1

l.Whentheemployeroranyofhisrepreseniativesenouslyinsultstlrelronorend
perscn of the u,orke4

3tr-mmtr

pay and

swice

incen$ve leave

br

1988.

2 W*en

llre emp layer

any

hts

repnrsenla{n'e

amds

infiumar and unbeera#s

Oewmter 7, l 990 - The iabor arbiter ordered &e reinstatement of Rod*lfo witt fu ll backwages tunS:letimehissalarywaswithheld untrj his adualreinststement s{Jbiedtohrs fifiess frrlrrk C,entex appealed fie case to NLRC.

trensnsnt t0 fle urorfuee ar:d

ri:e person of fr

3.W*nffleemployerxatlydtllsreprcsenla0rlecrratrd,seG,kneoro+fsnseegs#ts imndtata mambers offirsfierfar*i? ini *

**rii

itit

Iugusl29

199f

NLRC ruled hat trere was ro abandonment of wod< on tre part af

Rodolfoard C*ntexwasordeiedtopayfemmplainantsixmontm badtwagesand, m lizuof reinsHenen( topryhim sepaatiofi pay equilalenttaore monh pryfororeryyeardservice. Gentex filed their petition before the Supreme Court, where it contesied Srat the
findings of bcrtrilre laborafuiter and NLRC uere not tlr;x:rted by evidence. The High Court countercd tT at under Artide 284 of the Labor Code, an ernployer may terminate the services of an emdoyee sufiering frum any disease and urhose mntnued ernployment is p$udkial to

Theteirninationofer'np|oymentinitiatedbyfreunrrkerishiscrrrynbusir,essagittshb

prri:iege Heiskeetoutt*itt''Viobandhecanfreeivfindenoiherjobifhewentstc' horn abu*, uniust

*oiecver, ne nas rre

oJs];ffiil;'i;;;,,

oisl'iry ny prcrecrng himse[

treatment and exPioitation'

lnc and Edgar Tolentino-vs.- NLRC' Labor "-gunuor iurtle, iebor Case Bu#e{in (JunB 1993)'
I

Rdolh silrier Manucl P' Asuttdo{t end

onc:

No. 1OZS69, in

-*"91

114 Gbtd&r*6 Ertb&trpilo

h dlef{ew

Nfantun iuctiH

EI'IPIOYEE RJGHTS AS

EIHIAL

PR'NOH'ES lN BUS'NISS

115 .lnwt

';''
.
:.

aWWl nd WAm dwrorpheAssdr f,af tr, lr*, dl#ydwteoearpra6a{ rfnfserme drryarsfttryAlnedcnc4 . "rtr*fedot il *#on E lrrrpvt{fim r+alrdga.rdr sn affiidrt o6rb S 1rs$.s!m ttouBfi itproaires a vad ar*unt dgedtr- Jokr XXfiL I Sefrrdfre0*fi8,9d.S3. ,.;. ,i
tf W 122.

. A mh b rtt'e,trrr i?aaa.r h frc mirirxrn 'tege wago hfte wdl h u* ne acwwnyand costl,obs.

be a bondsr#,e

tlaw"dre tllegally disrnirsed wor*ers compenroted?

Econornisls ha w fand that minir*um wage lncrB8s6s msisbs . Hiung trts minimumwage willkeep many young geopte, especially minallias ard unskilled nmrkers, out-af jab opportunities. Tlte dive to raise the rninlmum uege is largaly p6;6;&gytnoifuAa anl Ar*en. Eut many paqcle fa,l fo se ttl &sft rcfieness of minirnum wageincreases. As a small business or4le[ I know hclrtt difficult lt iS tO absorb fra cosfs d unfur*d mandates 6ks tha mhtmum wage' The minimumwaga is a slerting wago, lt,s a

anc#s)&ndffirpexatixr

Tte en@Bes df'efivate seCs.s are pc{eded S hragainsl illegd dismi$sab ry

in the case

ga$way {w

the entry.lcval ta dAtamha

dalled

e*pbyees
r,,rorfers

fo

garh

mpbynatt expaw,a. stu&s

rmihin a

sha,v 0!al 63%

dr+Hnrrn u,@,
a bta

trxem$qrersbpayifiegSdsmissedemphyeesfi:llbduages,

of drc anro.rnt of bck vags tc be pakl to itlegally terminated ,aorker:s. on Decenrber 3, 1 gg6. tre supreme coutF tE pilEte sedu*crken an added trdedix agaixiikgal dsn{6sab h/ resndfig
induslveof allo,'rances,

Priorb 1996, tre supreme courtwas steadlbsty affing 0re ruting 1fieiury Drug Co. tnc rn. Ccxrt of lrd.tstial Rdatilrs' utr**r fo*eO O nree years

eemigherwages

year. Small businesses 8ra

lr,age scabsmr,mh befterfian Ca'rgresrnen rburBeud8b' wrffi trle itrplenentat*x of welf ara reform, ffiaz will ba maty

Iodng lb,rpbs
Corgess,ases
l,Jow

'-

paqle

itv*ll

tn

be much harder for hese Arnencans h minknun vnga.

emplaymert

il

frorfi tlteir tnninatkrn un$ treir adual reinshtement in he co*npany.

rhis rneans tut a dsrnssed emgoyee ufn bok 1 0 prs b prove tlat hb bmination 'rras illegal must be paid by his employer his salaries, indudirg al',cnrances, fur all hose 10 ;eqrs. The Sqrene Cflrt aQlained te reassr urfrlc
The undatying reason for firb ruling is that the enrytayee, white litigating the Igga&} ofhis drsrubsa{ mu# stilt eam a tiving to supput himsetf and his fan:rty ukite fuIbackuaEes have ta fu paid by ke ernployer as parl d he prie or penatty he to pay tor illegally drs.nlssng tris emp/oyee.

ly not frie time ta mis ffie minimum wags .leave rncreasos f6r wktitwm wagefo tte enpbyaa, nd pdicicians''$

del?nrfe

frr
b

fe mntary tre nrwr

frat an increase in tre minimum wage uarld

hx

UO ryo*.,tin $ridi.es ad sunep' a bss dioh b inseases in frE Lar,,renca KaE and Alan B. Krueger found out that the 1990 and 1991 jobs h TeEs, Mississippi, l'lortt minimumwage had no negaiive impadon fetfood irdustY 66uafi Carohna, t+ei .tersey andPennsylvania. ln fad, trey discovered tut em$oyment

"t

ln a serixof sfi'dix, Us mnrnlst

ldn'Uy

l@d

increased raiherfun decreased. Theirmncfugionswere based on lntervbiaof managersd 400 kstfood establishmenb sinca fust foq'j, a theory $ays, isone indusfymostgeng-atly
afi eed by minimun wage irueases.ei
Ta furfl.er drallenge fi'ris daim,

easfry

This rulirg of tlre supeme courtwas a Bafuguard againstbigime corporationstrat of tcir ernflo'pes witrod due trocess and legd jnstficatnn, as it rnry sone{imes lnppri 11e nxing b a wdccn:e development becarse it helps be hborers in f'eir lo16 qrrsl

gd ril

tris h,ire in fie rnauoeconomh perspedive, il can be

for bfi e( vcorkn

ffidilirrs.

THE RIGHT TO JUST WAGE AND COMFENSATION

rernmlbercdFtt'eGneaiDWressimuf,rtirmusedtirecdiapeof$re""ht&Sam'semncxrry wages d.mg lrg 1 930s was biggaed nrainty by ,tumi'an ernpkryers' sfubborn ref.sal b nise alsodre malcrilyoffi'e nati:n'scauumers ttrtsU.e',rofreisil,tmt"reiremployersforg@uere g eonn nodities ttey $renr-selres produced &si*g couiC not afford to br.ry trc nram*om ns*
[lerob[st1ga0s, badingtocrue{trodudiffi.

}-k]ablebsuppctibo*,nvre$lt,t'eus[rynai

.23. Wage odjustrnent. How, how rnuch, when?

ln 1997 US FreskJent
Br$

e.ccnorry smply caveO in, serUing chaotie sfu:d<uarres 0rat shatered ilrg Scbd catasfc,ilrg pror.ed forever to t'e wcdd tre *.preme roie of uorkers tn tl.te ecornrnb

emry'

T|is

unime-

Clintcn calbd for a

gGent adlus8nent

in

olerfle nexlt$ ! years. Tlerud,numwage.*as$4 25perha:rrd lns

been

tle n*nimum wage dtris tevelsince

1991. The histonc levelof mininrum wage, 50 percent of averaEe hourlyearnirqs, calls fora mininium wage of $5.69 today. clearly a minimum wage of $s 1 s two year-s from 1gg?, alhough a modest one, was a step in ihe dghl diredrwi Dunng a senate deliberation of tre sarne presijential proposalto irrcrease the minimurn mg*, a pnrate indMdualwrde a pdton letter to tre Ssnator<hair"of fre deliberation commirtee, suggeslrng the following pointens

r
r,

$earctr ior

.Lollsr

i6rr

'AFL.Ct0 Fact Shoct

nrrn*age 5,htm.

tshon at htlp:l,hrf,.n

ttb

org/sbscJl-minwage-$efiaie.ut

'lhe Neeis ol W:;tz'1g America' et http:/lcriscyo'g1aot-for'profiUunionsl

(and lquote in fulli:

Gbbd &d.,e6s Etiks for Flpinos in dre /'Jry r'!ilitrrmrm

IN 8USNESS 1CIV|ruOYETRIGHIS AS ET}.{'CAL PRJNOPI.ES

117

t21, Cmrpare thrs to the Phirrpprne situctlon.

As an.itemof comparison, the Trade Unim Congressothe Philippines fiUCP), ltrsang:MaloUro iKMu) atd the Fedemtbn sf Free Workers (FFW had rcp06ed anoher

125. How did the

ln

conc+t af

wage evolve thrc'ugh fiistory?

name. of rre 13fr cenury an ltalian Dorninican schoiar by the

u*ST

loyalno f11ry

elxtatedReirstwqeaiheannunttlratpen*ittedherecipriovrturo*atoEvehan*"r*..
mnsistent

pgOle$ttfuuagehike$fienhe ptxs
folbwinghe hisloricsudden plunge
in

of tmicsbp*esulrere

soanqdrc h pmodryedttbn,

tre rcgional stock ma4<ds bitterty experienced by he

Philippines and most ASEAN countnes in the fourth quarter ol 1997 (and continued the

t* posdor! k1 sadefl Todary, u ffiokJer his tmsy of a Fdlvaf 6 Td'q#d *r,-rO.q,*-,t*t*it*.U"t**upninsopt'tyoftresHicsock$draradedzedbyaffi b dsffunr
ctssr strudwc. Wagas haJa arngte
incofiE.
Tlre c*ndof wase has evotve'd thron4trouttre part6.darty in Uro fdp1dU nset Mn tf't" tttOusicn of tabor.
fu

naion, a&erding to him, ard tratwas

lorq

folladrgyear). Theyexpbinedtrattregrow,lhinthepncesof cornmoditresinthenalonal hddotgoodsirdcdedlxrumudrflretake+rornepayofteordmarywcrkersdedireinlalm.

The busines.:comrnunitymeanwfrile had its
(ECOP), a

ardryiflrs

om

reseruat!:ns aboutfte wage hike,

Cfu;c

Spain arrd

ry Pet'@ md Sn*l
8erfim

esperially if Ear*ed rra bgidation. Acmrding to fie Empbyers Conftderaton of

legised$ery ir"ceasem,{d ndtske

fe Phifppines hhm"nib*scrbsJd'li,'Jagea$*nenb

mu6, tabr, witr Ur*ted S61es u,6

and statery.

C&), rc pr*nOwtiarf er"a was

charadsized ry

cap*iity and viaHfry. fusrless ertrepeneursassmretuthe increaseof labormstnaylead eihstoana$q.tautomatbn u darrsizing ard !'sefore rebenfiment of tnusands of u,skers.
ard co:ld
make any distindon witr regard to indusfy aze,

rd

1S? bhd<bu$ernwie"LaAmlsM.- d{rded S Sbt'enSffitU'511$acrf ser'trc and symUicvUoryof cent revia*tng. H e E&alttte beEinning of he kEal
11"e

Foro

bedap

ltltpt &e hsiness commun$

is saying is tl'at our corntry may not be

fieglobalmarftetdrntosoaringlaborcost rechannel heir investnents to other counhies like China, Thailand, Mexico and Vietnam vyfiere laborcosts ae much dreaperfran intle Philipires. Thgvare asking, inviewof tris, if a ner ru;rd dwage adjusfnents ls indeed necessary. Ard if it b recessary \4fp shou6 initiab
*udr
a

mmpetlive to Wagehke,$reyfeorize,maydriveinvestorsto

tre dark nmffes{Uaurcot;.ffi *,"V,

human

-lr* p-* klieved hatsg./eryofre forcsd tsd and inbmdiord ta6, by otrrers was ; n*r..i *t.nt to pate the way for national
es

fep{e*rk;-;/; Nd;

J;;med

sengbe Pcfr.

lt

afi[ingrcn*t&d

tAfun

eq:nomb Eade ard dercloPment

soHflEirprodrc8 lr/!.nB.re sftseisfltuailybecametee arlisanshey

erdlcskra

move,

Co4ressortn reg!:nalwage boards?

by Sre business sec1s,

Ihe implica[ons made

tlut

rs,

wtreSrs

wage hike can

eally

"farrprce'Frunrteftff1,\llllh'tle*.duC*uottft*pke''ErevqeqFEflluasscmdtavbcrfl a.rdgrarr':rre ff"'Cnf,ce;o*t*nnge"asndselfreetyby$Earlsarsfienrs*ce'A''k' and to maintain (hJt 1191 pr,ri" *r, ene that pennitteO tne w+rtir to live, lo raise a family
livtrg necessanly advance) Sre averege condition of

',rigger lhe postponement of the expansion plans ol some business or scarc off potential investors or result rn capltalflight, rs no tongerdebalable. The bad dream happarcd in i999 ',*hen MNCs

(indLdrs Colgats.Palnnlrve, Johnson ard.,ldmsq Wamertamberl ad Philips Ele*onics, amcrg oSrcn) pulled od ftom the counby and te Se kxemost reason glen was

assumed

Drnrqandimmediatefaftertreindushalre./olution.bothcapitalandtrecapiffi re$md t'E ter arnent impclarce and dominanx The fadry sy$emgra&rally
more

dansficqeT\rl^ere naresd
tn flris era

rnd'linsl6bffirEsLb6titj$ftxtreskiledsahnnn

the highercostof

kborintlre Philippines camparedto

its Asean neighbors.

T1'le Esbeda pesirkncy, business sedor and Juan de b Cnc urere in quardary going to happei'r rext..

wtut's

fe dax distnclim beMeen the eaptaiist he evclr-'ti*n of fs concepE 0f wage probaded'

andthe iaborerscame aboutandwitt it

jurt wage? I26. Whot are the theories regording thr

have heen pmpmmg For many yeam, fl"rinkers and praclitisersof business hecnes ahuttriustwage, anrcng tlrem ari tfiefdlo\'ving

vatiox

gooess ite are dbne&ng ourlabryfuce an d dMng then abroadrn seadr of greener pasturas (better sa/arbsJ ? Ji s rrftr fh e greated doubf ftal ke Philippines in general had ewr had adatn mindio atleastnufturelha ideaol awoi<ar-rentered econamy rnsfeedd&e invesfientonfe,ed wtx,ry w h aye gra,w so fan afic afutL I4'?:afsltp h
Jhe

us ofalfadru ihueslffi r+fien

h.e, vw afu'adrhyedom wrlh fle rnfenffi fopr"oude *wk for Fi#pinos, 6ul*e afno$aiaays gef lhe $oderendof&te sffi ffralis, ue are rn evitably
suckeredmio finding people wha aro desperate enougir fo keep fhesa busnesses alva instead of fr nding lnuestnenls ivir ich will provide wat< kat wr!!kaep wrwclkerc alivo.Ita/mosfsomds like Dr. Faustas sfnlong a .fiir deaf w:&$:eDewl.

Adam Srnith and Daad lr*n Law cf Wages. The English social philosophers' demardand*'tpply' Recerdo. t\o..ghf of tu mirtetryceof 6borasdeoendentonSetauof pbs and emSo'fer:s fo labor' Frarn h& ton of v.rc'tters for This heorl urrderlined the itsscafce0rd1e+$,.#1 l,on uwdf,/a5te*tuftrfr sbtedlhatL?horsepnsverrfnn came t,e

;#t

ii is Plentiful

unemploynent, dealw#r tireir

inlhePhiiiopinesancjctherneighb0ringcountrias,beceuseolhighrateof *fn

' iauo"".riiilvt*****'oities

it is not

orffiartit"nno

nuilLr

of enterprising emplcyerc even today

in to

The price ef iabor.is

stipuiated in a contrad amrding

Lswdl#ggss' accordancetosle 'rpn fre pnrcpte of suppty and demand'

"

..

ad

11

6bbd&6trc,sE ftisfrfifpircoh t're Nov&ldenrurn

EfiPLAYEE ftIGHIS AS ETHI(AL Pft'NC'PLE5

8U5'I.JES5

119

'N

ud#6x,tpotrerffpirserviceswhen necessaitrbehfie

somr,drsohditistdsrrpisingbfindsorneof treloarestpaidlrorkersintrewwHanung Frilir*r86, truonesrans, Thais, v[r,rmese, pJl,irt .lr r.o lndians. lf tpre is
a murtih.ide

The

minimnr wages sf byfre

gorarnmonf

to

gded bwpaidenpbrees agaix$a,

of

fre demand forraboris limited, tre pncerorrao**r

typos ol expkita*m Dy saffing a fimr in which thsir rcmuneraliafl cannol further lali lnspile ol tris, nrore often tran rxf, you still lear cases invdtrng several vrorkers wt'ro 4reed b a wage
U:at is way belovr

he minimurn wage simpty because there

e sagah,hg rneoy. ap6on Erglishrnar by te nanc of John Davidson irm.uftrd tr6 i*a8,tbrba mnrmodfu u*'rose plce r rewage The Hie of rabon is detennired by a lergainirg Fross betr,len hryers (erpbyers) ard ,*fferu t"loO.

is no oflrer means of

livelihocd

available forthem. Bminess ehics hsisb hat labff mnbads must ahrays be determine<i by justice, md one principle greater and mors ancient han tlre freo oonsent of contrading padiaq name$,

inoustry hiemad#*nalxorksforaparlicrla^aageif tEino;nenhlrevenretobeproducedryr,e addiEona,$[Ht(erwould exceed

sT

3.Maryinalftcdudivity. Gd bdq@r' urages [n nrodern

Thistheorybecame&estandardvieupointuftidr ecmding ohrs proposiliofi , .**eroy"*ru

crrifut necessarily

hat[cwage

slra{

mtbe bss$ran errx.ghto

srffi

aurcrker. This also indtdes Bn

ncansof

livelihood for his wi,h and ctrildren. Everyone has a basic right to just and proper wage, determined according to sorne
is a rneans to provide forthe uorker and his fumily a manner of living in keeping with the dignity of the human person; anyhiry l*ss is momlly unaccephble.

becnrE

*fq{*.rj

$:is

docfire asunes

snewfff rnore ad rncrewnters 4' Lfu Theory of varue. Becoming

$'rat

e cost (or,wage rate). The inryease !n

were

driJ.

criteria

ofjustix ardof murse inpoportbntotre avarlabb esa:rces. Ajusf uage

er{i$ed to ailil troduces.

a popurarand acceptatrre urewy of a justwage, elery oommocrty prouucec coid be bacd uacr< lrumaey to ne bbor in produdion. Labor isihe source of ail rarues and shourd tre..t* u*

But so*ial justice cannot be said h have &ean safisfied as long as workingrnen arydenied a satary hatwill enable them to secure propar

&nehilxisstilluneasyandperturM.

BusinesseffTicsstillfirdsat|treseetrff}lr*c
rn

heories of nage insuficienl if not o.rbighfly unjust and herefore unacceptaH..

fri:spttposesntratcarbonretrguesttreoryorlustwagetoft,r*t*,
free to deliberaie ib meritordemerit

,b t nn,

uroy*arelse

ffineandfue$aflirry trn ptagw d $ni*lrs/ ryortirdy*aoq{ifing a peupersm, as la6r es firey cannol make witable prow$on fhrorrytr p ublic pivate inwratw fo ffi age. fu'penods d f,bax and unompbymenf - Fmn he 1 937 funwnt d HusX{
Divini

nffi

he fae ahae (sry,

ln

fi,:st place,

efria

ernphasizes thattre justwage is to be determined rot byo*.e

Re&mptub, pan. 52.

an agreement between

dsorerdkdm.
consdqred

tre emplqpr and ff{ uorter), Urt

b),

flrc

oc,r.d.,"tul

'Before deciding whether wages are fair, many things nave lo As

128. Why do workers haye the fundamental rtght to o just wagb?

ln 1 996, Amedcan lea*ren ard shrdenb rallied and canpaigned for a minirn*'n vage forYale Universityseruiceemployees. Theyvoiced outheirbeiief tuttheuniversig iusan

Entirety fatse is the principle , widety propigateit*ay, nX *e *atk d iabry aN hercfore ke quitable rclum t* be made tw iL sttwtd equA the vwtt d ts netresurl*- Leo X lll, Rerurn Novarum, para. 32.

obligation to provide he minimum lMng wage br all subontraded workers. ln prini$,

mass adion made lt dear hat uorters everywhele (rot onty universlty service

feir

l2T. What ir the just woge?

ln the legalsense, &e justwage is the ninimum wage, rt is the rvage thatwil natonf enabie the qxrrkerto meetthe bare cost of living, but wiltalio prcvide a riieans of desirabie irnprwements n his npdeof rMng. Forfre wageio ba just, some afio*arces {armntir4pnoe.s rrust be ffiisideEd. cornmon sense, fcr insbnar, imltsss srat wage gly ufen pnces sf cornmodiibs irnrease.

empq6esi, botr reguiars and contractuals, are entitied to a wage adequate to support hemsetves ard tlreir
farnilies in decent condfions. This means an incorne suffcient io afrord uholesome fuod, to rent or buy a good home, to prcvide for"suitable education and adequate medical care.B Does the nght to a famiiy.*age require ihat ail workers receive a pay high enough to supportanaveragelamrty(someirrnescalledabsoluteianilywage)? Orshouldhewagebe adapteC to the ditfei'ent siees of the lamilres (retative family wage)? Additional suppo( for largr; taniiircs nuy rather be taken care of by lhe communrty w socrefy, for inshnee, in t.le fo{m of tax r*ductions cr iamily-allo'+rances. The followrng are sevenalfadcrs to mnsiderwhen detrrmrning a fair and just wage.

w i**r*

,*run

12 Adam smith

atr{e and published Theweallh ofl,I{,,ions in 1716. besed on hciures which fomied pa( of his r*urse in morar phirosophy when proressor ar ths university of Giasgow tro* iisi to rrgr From thrs wori c$me about lhe lron Law of !trge$.

1.

Gorng saia ry rate in tho industry and

ke

taca!i$.

Tl:e xnpefikapas#on of he wnpany andttscapaofr prolils, fie more it shwld pay.

bpair lte frrywf'u

1.. ..,.. ..:

,:

:'.

.. l

120

EA{PI.OYIE R'6HTS AS ETH'6qt PR'NC'PIEJ IN CSbolEus,ncs

zuSINTSS 121'

Efib

for8tpdnoch drNovllflemtum

J, 4.

The skilllul curtributim olthe waker The nature d trw ifr: trryrrums

slwU tn g,Nsn W

fo heal& nskq seanilynsks and phys*at

tdls flaal roq:ie elposure w anwtmd bur&ns.

and 6 am.

Servlce ircenllve loavs; 5 days with pay peryearaf'erbrre yeatof

sMCe

5
6.
7.

Thelawdmin*rumwago.
Farhess of waga ne@frryrc. Relatian to Ntersalanes according fo ha needs of lhe wadtor
it

Sryrndon pe1c mlnimum at$crized carss ol seParatrcn.

1 Sttm*tt

of

12

morffr

py

for are*y year of serv*x Or

b sfiess 0ut triustuage slodd bs eble h trwlte he nskerhllivealihwcrtrryoflu.nnandgtdySrt*nse'f ardbrhbeperder{s. Tftelcrktrslrsty

fu

alurays,

may be essenlid

has a nght to receive a fair and just compensation for his work, as he is entiited io equal

remrsenatnnhnrukof equalvdue.lnadditi6nbsd{-irnprovementapersonwUrksbnpke a lrvrng lo support himself ard his farruiy.

Hence,
'
a iust

0te

r,orkrs h esebtr$fg
Sfra, bs

, ":;:! Paymer*dragec ':;ir"'' tenderatornsarflrep/aedumrk ' lncedt,legd , dme@ d ' Maybema&frnauglq abanknpmurinBrp&n ar f#rffi
.

Wf 1/12 of M

bash saary wrpCwlUln fre

mlta

'

*ffi 25

twaer@pes atdnffh

wage rnust be

sufuier*

Niustoabank
Shd be giwn rd less$ran orrs eryeryt$E$Edc trtillcs\,t&*ts monh at inbrvah exiledrp f 6 dap. ln casa of bankoup6y cr liquidg11Et of tre hrsinesg, uorkers' nsrey daims slrd be prehralce owr go\ftfifitercsrd oharcredbrs

to suppty la enable

ail

' to upltft ke
'

necessfus and sorne reasonaMe cornffi in living; wrker and hisrher funily to a higher slandard af life,

wakerfo make sane sa vings tu fiture ux; ' ta enable to aquirc a ffwderate prWafty.
the

ad

'

m*

dred lo fie empryaes

lnsurances for cld age, sickness and unemployment rnay be cannted as forms of saungs
for tuture use.

lnesmudr as he just wage is te minkrum uago in he hgal sense. it is expeed 0ut r.r,tren tre empioyer provides a minimun uage fu his emfloyees he is folloling a mardah of he la,v. But, somehrng more is expeded fom fe employer in he d{cal sense.

129. Whot ls o famllY wcgc?

k| $e over and above what s knor,n as tle just wage, there exrsts a c+mpensalm trigher fnn the mktnx'rn ut4a a famity wage. By estimatron, it is subsbntialty ahmfuandfupovidingasofid smritybrits otrretamilywitroutfreotrerspCI$ehaii$hhk6 salarygiventoircneao

worker called

yvr-rATr r.4E0R
r$HhIE$TMPAYB

cffi sAlsAffiJrHolntrnft fs, offi [BIE]N]

pcme he fdlodng
compensatiJns:

recerveC Oy an adufi

w1-p! responsible for a fanr1y. Family wage refers h thc remreratlxt

wtridrwillbesuftientforproper!nraintainir

The em$oyer stmuld

Holiday pay: aneday pay for every regular ho$day even ff unururked subjed to certain corditbm. .
Premium payffwo*wiBhrn thoor:s on a:

h.rture.ltisa single measure such ru to msfiet$ up gainful ernp-loymenioutslCe tire home or a type of a social to *eir tamilies devotrng Sremsefues exdusivef

Spea'alorresfdag plus Wa

basic darrlnafe.

thelamilywagc istorone spouse, usuall'y$}rnother ta properfaining ind educalion of herchildren' As $Pde{ devote herself exdusneiyh $te ap,olicathn of fre kfua dhrnily arguments and coqnterirguntenm uge raseO regarding fre
The

nobil$of heidea

of

wage into today's societY. Rest day falling in areguiarholidap plus 3ff/o of 2000/o

olbasicffi.

Ovatimepay
A di n ary days: plus 25% o{ b asb

wagc ln Se Ph*lStxs' tm nght soiidl'y eshblrshed in the 1987 Cmstittithn' The ernployee nqht to a tMrq wage is a rrew
Tlre famity wage
is

oflenfimes synonymous to the lMng

Speaa/dap, resf

tw$y nta. dap andtm$days. fis Wo d

ffiA;;;i*.*rytiu',*.opportofGworkerbr.rtof
rcgular twrtly

hisfamilyaswell. TleCsrstitL'|ioil

rub.

recognizestesacialnanrreolevery

ir*dividiralwuker, his nghtto marryand

haledr#rsnand

ra*asUUeAm*,l Tferifrtog'"s'liwageisFtewageud"sebyawnrhef cansG1g.dElEel&,

fcr himsell but aiso hls imrndiate decenry, well-being and an imp*'oved quality of life not only lwing 'wege. famlty. l-n rris context, lr*rru wage is otrerwrse knonr as famity

Searcfi lor'The Living wage" {Oct 21, livwageRinks,html.

,1996)

ortiel ht lho Yale ,\,ars st

htgrls*a.rwspa&.org,

*ii;,.."

'-'rq!:!ii:h,!iil!&l:aa;.:,:i,,-r.

:r;.r.:r-j,r. -!i :i1i,rne

iri11i":@d

1m

6b$ol&rsttess

Edbfrftiro
calalated

dre

f,lw lvlikmtum

EhlnaYEEruGHrs AS gIHIC{t FR'NC'PI"ES

8US'NEsS 123
'N

The wage b

by txs Federat on of Free Workers as one

hst ffiiing,
provkle

. . .
,

social objective, trat is, o{ eventually heeing $le people ftom povertry and providing an

Has

tn capxity lo buy M ardmdicalwtriY;

witrt suffcient

nufual

value. ade,luate

inprundqualitydlileftnd.Wtnreasframilnxrnwagepedainstorfiatis
virue pertarn b tvtut b eficd.

bgal,

tnliving

Has the capacity to educate children at least up to high schod

aN

, .

opputunities fo l?nlsh co#ege; Gnestfenorker an Wpoiun$ tobaid and orn a ntrdie#hwe farlushntily . Prcvidesthe wwl<er an oppolunity to enhance his ktowledge a,?d s,olrs to &wlry his apacily to impnve prcdud*x;
Gives

henhe

Acass dlustcornperraton fur Rllpen &ttcart ln Salpan

oryls*nsdv,wr(l{'ne andonpansalbdal
h

he wgker an opportunity lo save for arnergencies and M 4e u W

irwesling in snallerbushess Io augment his

fffi

inoone; and rneasurss

goesnof dapend

x way.lxing abte, buf a/sorcquiresndrlAqp

LlribdShes Ltu@rf nst{ #rdr,srdJapanese crrrpank?s in I 992 m belnlf d wawn *&r*iq af fi ree dubs

Appeals udwtd

ffiE
I

m Juty

I CI,

996 a

rutirq

g,aafi d{+,a,f
r*ege,

Smes lha

lmal minimu rn

tlen

af $2. I 5 an fiour.

'andpolicies.s

*a
tr ar

isatd irfrwf&fien

nffi,as lbie

ws

Ile

cornpanies dlsagreed, #0ng ir r+fiifi enpbpas vwt Miqt

&

vourg Fifi Pirw t*aw n ra1lo1e4

tnuo*lngman mlstbe $rtrEis*fix fte supportof himself andof hlstamily.ltis rightindxdtratthe retdfrp
firsl flace,

'ln

te

fi:emge

pakl to

bysozn..r@enouemrPrluseshos{es ud &t e{s d$ai:atnt$Aubs m{dDe

fu ke tine ffi ey *ent' at calf for uwl< or #gW at frrc qn{oYe/ sPremr-qs fo be
s{a;le#ie far vw*. Tha apPaals m,ufi h a 3& ruW, uphoHa&a*? bY Chief U S

ccmrnm meintsnanoe, as in tp nrml home orh trrefamilrs of many artisan ard small slepkeepss. 8ut itis unong to abwe fte tsrderyma olchffien fifis',rreatoless of uronrerL Mothers will above all dqrctetreirtracrk btre hcnre and 0rcfrirgs mrireded wiB'' iq inffirable, and b be opposedwih dl arsterqfrr, bf'e *rse$t'rery mothers of families, because of the insuffciency of the faher's salary ar* forced to engage in gainfuloccupations orrtside he domesticwalls to the negled of heir o,wt propercare and duties, partio.rlarlytre education of heir
fumity

ffirfibute

accordhrg to treF porrlerbmards

tp

@a,ertine fgdH lmae tSeyaeoarffi ad

to;b

atack

dfrer:it6r&, a fedeml ap p e al s

authasrule6.
Ajlentorkeadr

@fm?i&8
*Ie

&sfrct Judge Nax Muasan that the

Jc escno/f ttork ti m e

effx{iwly for

rlfX

Ae gfi ,trdr?enf

drifdren"

PiusXl, Quachagesimo,funr, pana.68 and 71.

**id ; lh e iva{Tten }Ysre rFq.lired lo stay in @ryarrybflrsces frun 2 a m. to 6 am Ft anofilarthres hours duang fie 6ay, they rrcre afotrrsdtg laa've tlw banadcs onfiin the company of af leasf two ather
e

freir:. own.puryoses and effectively *xerfadrolf hsurs info uork fme.'Tle

m ploy ee$, aifrer eigning oui and sfaltn

130. Whot is the difference between the fomily wage

thei

destinalion.

Ile

g US gavemment

iMHix
'

ud.'Tlr'eyutena tr,nfrned in hebarado and sereret! restrrcf ed dunng th eir frer. lnne' wifliouf any legally rccogrnized orwxkrelahd,?eed " i,r16J,i$
in fr e casssaiC

fie wageorderc talalled

ond the minirnum wage?

a$ued that atlseven fiours should be

nwekgl$4ffi,W.

Tiefamfu wage is rnttre sarne as Se minimumwage, forte nrinimtmwage is a fioor belotr\itri:hremunenatixcannotbll Thusil'sbasicdtyaqrrantibliwcormptMinirnum uqoe referstotr kast$ageonwhijtan indiviir.niwcrkercan besetf-sustainng aHoib,in fie o,ir*rryrequiremenb of life. The minimumwage is mandated bylaw, trerefueit'stre legal

wq$
',\qE

THT RIGHT TO GOOD WORKING CONDITIOFIS, SOCIAL SECURIW AND HEALTH BENEFITS
t

But

fe

b.ri: also his

famiryL. lt

familyuagecrhingwage takes into consideration not only Sreurcrrkerlinnself, concems not only his ordinary requuements rn life, ilke food ard sirctter,

3l , tt{hot Ir thc bcsic rnproyee right good worklng conditions?

sitt tE gt1tr m$oyee nghb
b 0'e right

irke education, clothing, healih care, of his family er lxteilainment, etc. lt is therefore a qualitatrve concepl intended to secure a very rmporhnt

ru::al! the additional requirements

b 'v!o*irq cordiGors wt'ere yuirg tre $rysical healtr of tre uorkens is not endar{ered, morals are safeguaded, and ha
lndissdubly linkd

peode'srnmaldg\6btrrpf*isndirnpaired. ?trnaybequicklyadded "nathmaleemplopes have tre right to workirq conditio*s in acmrdaree v,'ifr their gender requiremenb and fleir

t''

d.:$es as

The orqinal comept ol ihe,ain;iy wage cstfie frcm John Paui ll, rn his 1981 encyclical Isborem

wivs a#

n'tofilem.

:Srercsns, para

19.

,9!.'n.,!,.t

124

6hbol Eusnes rhits fa ffipnos in fic Han /vldennirrn

EI,IPLOYEE R GI{TS AS

glH,6qL PfiJNOPtfS ,N SUS,NESS 126

,,

ln designinggoodrwking mnditi:nsfufreuorkerB. ilisappropriate furhsbrre0lat theempioyer ensures proper illumination and venliatron rn thc workplace, availatdldy of fin extsard exlinguishers, ocanpatimal personret servrces like first a6. familywelfare afid oher semce6. Yu: say t'iese u,crka-frbrdly reqriernents ars basE; fut let's hce i[ hey ee at l,mes qlcr. ed, il not outigHfy dbregarded. To be iust and bir the employer needs to be wry dear and frrrn in his conviction to proted the workers and their inherent rights to uftolesome Ceveiryrnent

133. lYhot are the dutler af emplayers rago rd I n g w a rk h a za rd s?

Best se$lrg au$ro $cdlAdams, h eeolfFlho@, ponb out ttte follo,ling busiress girnrr,hk as one of he great lies of maragemert

furlwrruna
and hazards
ln

will be

aequal@ rwafud.

Ws refierdnsk lake,s.

struc{ures and sunoundings of a business system in general are sudr as to comprcmise hurnan dignity, lifu and health, then trat hrshess system may be onsi<iered unjusl.even if it's factually making a lol of money, tf any working condition in partiantar
con#itutes
rn anyway an inpedinmt to te rr,uk#s persond glorr#r and cauairq her b,od'y snd soul, srctr r,rorklrg condition is dhical[ improperand unjusl$

tf the

b ecmornic reasonq freety ard ho,,tingly acce$ fls fiskt txr umrkdace h excharrye ftr aeed conpqsatton. ln special cases, st cfi ag trcse assigred to constudirn of a hi$mse bui$rg, uorkers slu.tld be fuIyccmpensated for aszuming tre risk in accordance wifr tre jwidical requirements. Like conskud*m s'o*c,
Many people, pefiapa due

twm b hiy

cerbinfield researctrea, miners, Merabosrd Pi-DTlinemen alsomakea dficuttbaler$q acl ktuneen life and deatr as tey go abdltfear\iork everyday.

t32, ttthat aboutrisks and hazardsrelated to work?

n'mkga*
Rrsks are an unavoidable part of certain ocarpations. Hazads and darEers in tre are recoEnized bytre gldal wrrnunrty as vrialissues h coflftoflt Tirre are u,sk-

Emplqprs are ilefinilely requtred to kno*r and implement te juridical obljgathns as ccxrtainedinfre Ldborha.lnlaimesstouCIrkers,tteminimumemployersshouHdclsb prwi<le ample and necessary pmtedirr devies b workers or at ha very lea$ eert el?crt b

nrd<,eFeons8uCivrsib\rcrkrfi*xxfy.'hmrcr$e,en$qprsrff.lsipcryldelirfxfuilo*h$

relatxj fuzard: wfrklr arise ftom tre nafure cf rnanuhduing and kinds of hslness andvitriJr c,an esecl damages to anywcrker in vanous degrcnes like medranical injury eledroa.rtlN,
hurns externe ternperatlre, ncise, upooure b drst drayriul funes, mnosile gisorring, skn mEr]ts. |'adBtron and drers. You'vegotto addresshis issue.

'

Olftruagns fiatmiled0rnbkprwni.rn pr.r&d. k

dur

sknf,arbuf

mn'pffio

btprnw*et,

cea

of

shbla M. Dumapi, a uorking student before becoming a pmfessional, harards and riskswhk atv\ork
whtte in cdlege lvvaked as

sham some

' We mpb'yees sryfeDia lpal& hsunanca prugra ms; and ' blloct kfcr$talicr, an heafth hazards Slaf m,h ude wiffi gtvan i& *d mala
wr?fi a

such inbma#on avaitable to tte empbyees. ln 1997, a world fonwn aboutururkplace safutyard ocapational healfi knarun asThe World For';m on Safety Critixl Compeience $5 organized in ErqlaM. lt is a unl'?e fm.m or cerilafuexdrale of knonteQe, vieue, cu'tbes and nstghts kra|l nen4ers in ma$heard ild;sfibs, wtrc{e darelofrr ard assessrg S'e cuapeterce of pea$e ftirq safuty o*licatuod<
is vfral. ln

amen*eroffiecrpwatJdtibee. /uasassmgdaf
rnosl yatrypeqple vrale

fie do$ng line,

tn

wee ha

rc d ilrc night wt*n

urpo@r

athcrre. Frendr/fes r,r,ere tqulartyor*redDysornalafemrners, andof,enfmesfia fivtng panwasfullolbailingvegetable at. rhe,roorwusu$ua llyvretduetadeaning and phy*cd prepantiet fw he nextdals ryrafons. Sudr was the kind,d h azads I brared eaCr tnne I repqted to wak.x

pmrc#ion-co*nmerciallycabuhted

inlematonal fora such as this, tire single most important philosophy behind is as bstterSunmmpensaton*u,trem0"ebo&tnline

is +.his: 14 safe la bar is a ftuitful lab*r;eI

i.

Philipprr*s. it i$ sad to knor fiat miilionc, indtdits dt!t, itboren, lrork under haardoLs cor..lditions. see rte Pn*:?rine D*ily tr,quircr {oct 22, 1ffi}, p.2. Autro John Hasnas has an artic* apmpc xorkphce dangen, thks and hazards entitkd tiazsrds af $re Enterprise' in Thonus Donauson and A! Gini. Css.es Sludics in Eusnass Elhms (Frertke Hall '1936), cl.rapt.*.

in Ya.b'i.6 cofistruction sites in t',{akati alorie Geogeio*n Univeoi?y leclurer Tom L. Beauclramp has a cee{tbn o{ eee studi*s relaied t0 ernpk}yee nghts, psrtiqrlarly sbout workpiact seteS, ln hts i:ook C*sc Sludres in 8usm,ess, Sociely and Efnrcs (Prentice Hsil, lggg). Oumapi attended the author'r Business Elhi6$ cla$3 ar ,iGSg, ?nd trimesler ol 1sg6-g?. tn the
kilEd

A struabois of D0!E's Bureau o,f Working Condi$ons r?po{ted there had be,,r 3,044 accl,en& wtrkJr iesufled ia dah or toiat aff, partht disabilrty o, vrorkea fiorn lggz to 1gs. ln i997, c!;hl p*opk l*r,E

t'

Searfi at htFl rfliff.fa$sle$.cs.uuliansce;rd/tcrur'rrjdefault.html. Thrs yvebsite lyas established by a group of $anageG, techmlogy deyebpers ar}d *fisuliant$ from porls, rnadtinre, offsharB snd reil
indusbies aoms Europe. lr,,lanagers o{ mapr hazard radusFies in the Philippines may registsr and lp-am ftorn hh iorum. Sear* abo for John F. Yor.rrg Iniemaional 116., a col1sultanq on harards a'd daigers in tho mrkphcs at httpfAmax.ityi.eon!. Looking fcr an arciriye whbh insludes 80,C)00 rutariai safety dala sheeh, search at ht$Jlhazad.ccnu-msds.

.i -1tr '. "-.,J

126

Ghbo, &rsk es

Efib

for ffi;*ros

dre

NorA4,reridnn

E 4PtoYEE Rl6$rs As

EIHlfAt b

**@
efio{d

134.

An the datly losir, how mony hourr of worft

orc rregulred by iaw?
uflking ho.rs
is 8 rmurs a

leane regulariy grant wcaliorJsid< in he privaie sedor much rest to reptenisn

te

$rorker a dErEG

b gg

rle Labor code. Rest periods of .. short durdion durirg vrorking hours may be counted c trcxns uorked. To be etrlai here is to mndidi he bg3l req*erngr8, wtrere etrics ard tB hw mincide. A nreal break of no less flital 60 rnlhubs or one tro*.r b penni[ed. ff fE nned break is l*s fran 60 minutes, tiis nay be

m?

*T*l

@,

as

#ed

perhrmhisdutiesbeter'

uorniliInffi;;ililui'e

16' vn'my tMv{oi'd

er},He hkn t0

in

sfutured' Eqltasha*tsbocsruftcbb*dmonBif Asteorga;'rizaliur becffitesrrnre

take-homepays'Tardinesu'*-not"O'nOimpesoequlvalontevenfuallydedu#lcg'rH

omeldersd wnpercabE ene.

rH'HHffi ffi HTffiJ'Sffimfiril'*ffiffi

pay

ffi
r'

Fulf amrefrattrerlm*erisa human person and nota madrine (atthougheven a ltuaErddywashrrB ma&tte needs a break), tre en@prmay give.edr empoyei a aayor C24conseartivehoursafterEfuTsofnork Arbrde24of tre tsiiversatO*anli6;tof Human

ilj [r,"*t t* * ma*,,..$s dedaoo ., *gffi;,rnn

rn sorne

ins*l.*s,

**JSe on&e

psrtdtre-er@mcal

hapFrL

*g"t'ticbs tt le+re

@fssbteshat
Everyone haske rilhtto rest and teisure,induding reasonabte tinitatist of vwrking hasn and peiodic hotidayswih pay. Laboremancipation regardirq u,orking houns came a littb bittoo iate in history. ln he Byl*v,urrrkinghqJrsin Ergland were from 5 am to I pm wih 2 hours to eat and rest in bet*een.in t 7St, phiiiOelpnia carpartersintte unihd stateswertonstikedemardrga lohourucrkingdayardasa result te bitorer s wuking hours was kgafiy rcstided to 1 z lur*day, h*n event ,aiiy torrered to 1 0

h $ay bepndt'e onespm*e EmpbYeesrrare arso a eitrerh ldll timeof playcnntrrergems'

*,"#fi

ntiliffi;tnttGAt*'tn

sdlhdg*'$ TrqF* mlrcFcu sevuen*t

Yryl

e$dapofhdoryprodudbn,bborsstc$bdftomg-nrpbsurdovn.

teenrPtoYerregardirgtine' rlgfrts io soclal seartty 136' Whrllorc the cmPloyce ''" -;;J ilodl ocnclits?
and fundamenH ngr4 imagination. tt's a gtoUat strtes fi sthe ri$( E d Oeda ralion HunanRtlhis
7?re Universal

Thisemplcyeerightisnotiusttre,produdofanylocalholier'lharrtmubbbyid'e

ilars/day afler long and arduous regotiallons.

It"*as Henry Ford
of

Pfid
'

fe draHe

autonroHb in*r$rywfro esfraHshed tre B*rogru,rxkirq

iln

*"f

day tn 19'14 andtre Sdayrlrmrkpa,A,eek

1926. From

iencefortrtrevmrkirq leg1imdesficur

uniuniuerialrigtrt' Micle 25: (1) Everyora

and mdjicat ca*

Accordingly'

Yry

furfte dardad of livingedequats hes fie ngfrt to a

og,o

work became acceptable to Elobaily like a wild forest fire.

he westem nations and the pr+labor idea staied to spread

heatntandweithrw'ii;;i;Jiioa*ii.niiiiaaa'ry's5"'s m *u"nvh dte a'err

of
unenptove'q

*H#;;;il'rttn'otJJn*'idr*i ig;

#;ili;ffir.l
cond'

t*

EM

I35. How con shorter worklng hours be Justtfted?

foriaborrsnotdiffianiojustfy. Slorlerlrmrhinghouafuvrmrkerswouldohi,u:styenadetern lo spend some time for leisure. famiiy and also to conserve physical strengfh lt can also
prcvtde more lirne ior culturai and civic aclrvilres and thus hcpefully help them beaer citrzens. As the saying goes, "All'*ork and no gay rnakes Jacra cuil uoy "
1o

hs fr ctramsfances beYond

"N"rh'*.

To iustify

something legitimate and nroralrs easy lo do, and hus shor'rerwukirq hours

"*H lnpradice,&eLaborCodotarsla,egfrgrtusocralseo.rntyrrrtsrrrrsefsSS,Pq'

r,, L, 1 l!

become

'

This in tum cen leacito lhe increase in producfion. whe-n positively taken, shorterworting hours mayresultin a more metlrodicalimprovernentof lJ.ie'business systern as the employers try to ofBet u1e shortening of hours by devising a more

. Shorterworking lrcx^rs mayreduce allfonns of absenteeism and alibibroughtaboin by leiigue and monotony.
systemaiie

and 3 :t';tffi#ffi1JffiHioiL*'r**ry'*og**its* and tunera' be'?st?s] brirfalfo' b;il' it;tll aisanmty ionelfis'
mhe

Olherbenalfts'

umrkloadforall Labor in general can be granted adequate peaods of free time to attend toheirsoaal ardreligrous obligathns, befievirg fut rmt is a good partrerof urcrk Allhough sre laMCode
is silent abu.rtuacatron

lsT..Whatorethefivegeneralcdiegorles of roclol lnsuroncer

qnltrrB Anumberofdeve|oprngcountneslnAsialikeSingapue,JapalT***o u*'r"pdg"*t aill irrsranca -r
ofi

Hong ltung
I

and,t*si* bare formnte seduempbyees,

sre malcrityof empbyers

ffir#;dec *nd'

can i,:lentify

#'* o'r'** tm'o tt#;ffi' f,vt dffi;;#**' te folhMng: tra;

e"oo;;'#ry'tv
ar'd
or
ane

are

mnmon

in

tra rrsdem

13+! r:..4:ol

128 @dfudrrsfiibforfffrirasi,r

dreNr.rvr{jkrr*rnr
T}1PTOrcT ftIGHIg AS ETHICJI PR'NEIPEs IN BUSINESS

129

2 4 5

1. Ail-age

and irwalid suwivm'r,rsuranm;

3.

Heailhandmatem$iilsuruffi:
Familyallrwanms; Wak-injunesinsunnm, and

Urwtpioynrefiinsuaw. b
say,

N6Ess

w*ssinprliarla

twlrmnffixfre much b tre smial searritlrd citizers h genral and cf Sadhsay.fresefivegereralcategpriesofsocialfuesJrance*remade

avedableonhy, in th* developed and highty industriaiized natrons. That is to say, in less detebfledcoufiries, nx$eofimfiran not cdegcriesof sociatinsrrarreRetesearerx*all fte ffne availabte, CIwirere t'ey are avaiiabte he co'renage is irdequate and inmmpiete. $peaking at tre annualcg,-:ference slthe Assaciation of HeaEt }*{antarance of t'e Ph'dipFl*s in 1987, hnner Labu seaebry Leonardo euisumbirq said srat onty 2B l^eattr maintenanea orgar:ieations are providing heatth insurance to an estimated frree million

Flli$rowortrers. ltmeansthator$y10percenlofthemunffs30mifibnrsfwEbborforceis
mvred by healh insunance. !n Ere same confere*ce, euisumbirrg sail wiilr snphasis

frat

lhalhcaesnt*rslrrcrk#s godrt'.fyad

lealB.ryu,skhrceba

per$veusl&ree.

Ihe llalangras Coal Cwpcratioh

@aZatWWd&rnasfB,alge$
*ael mine in he country. lt had a yaairty ryacn! C?00, ffiO ions dodaparft af sapptied lS% o{ the coungs afinual

Co.rpffiy{Fl\,Uq. Iho a,?dftf0d h their oficial,epofis fo Pn8srderr, Ed6l

ffi

THE MPLOYEE RIGHT TO ORGANIZE

AFJD JOIFI UI,IIONS

/Bqita?red

,"

he mieexphwr nes an awcidant and that &aru *rs no' err.&noa ofgrm nag#noe on fn prirt d NW m*ryw*- ff* ryE sisofi&d otd fie usa ofdyna,fidts, salo{ega a*d fan play h ke tni*xti. Fre mospI**te
said thal

Raapq

I38. Whot lr a lobor union?

nghts, Thrs toph is a hom in &e fiesh of managemenr, ln order to enforce and prokd seil worken luvethe undeniable righttoorganrae femselvesand joina laborunbr Tire

union, sor,refirrres calied a hade unicn, enables tre worters to bargan among others, in a soiirJ and eiiedireway.

?xffi

hbcr corsgcs,

caus dttm
.

ao&fi

fr

rryb sir, $es

.

a ryadr nftr* rydsda darye,s btd cf rrefi ane gasa{ fie ts,$s,rfu td?g a*a d

ccmpared to the usefuiness of wafi-llngting, the idea of mllective bargaining is based on he srrnple pineipie hat$everalumri(en adinc and planningtogeiheracqu*e ssre
kind of p,o.ter rnore an

dlsrISE

orgariz# laca

tran en irdivrdual ading and planning by hinrseif or aio*e. on tsp group is ncema&y in a positicn to hrre iawyen and a&er gecialis

aThd.
may

se

assrst in the iayirq do,vn of t|-re iegitimaie anil jusi lahsr eanfact
ln otherwords,

fie labnruncn

is

arciuntaryoqani:ation

of

rqrikersftxtre

of their econarnrc and social inrerests in the tabor

rcfrdhn

acarding totrhe Laborcode*anyempiEee has

for
aril

madiet There's no mistake about fre ru;ltto;crn a unron mi!'everyfuciday

tcprc (o!.hand
-

it*

olhiartreremplqrenl Therefore, ruLher&an avorddre

(ovtrtoHRD), it swiser

manageis to face tre r*airty of labar union headlong

anrl inteiiigenily

li musi be sard fimr t or.{set ftai he.e are swcessf*rl comp*nhs r,*ere nukas do rd feelsreneed tooiganizeuremsel'res. The reascnis unron txlsiingonfepartof $:eern@1ers but, on fre contal; because of tn b*nevc,ierce and best Eeatnent mrii;:g frorn nranageffir{.

es For a

csi:tarative Study ol labor unions in Asia, pa{icularly irr Hcnq fung, South a,hJ N0{* Ko{6*, Malaysia and Ausi.raiia, see hfrpJi*nw.csudh edulglobal_apiioni arld http:l,,labor.org.au.

130 Cb0d&!i,crsEd6tsff

,os

h f,B l,,a#/rlgtrnir,i
EAIPIOYEE RJGFiT'

ff EIHIC]{I PR'NCJPI.Es
'H

OUSINESs T31

l39.Why s&ouldn? cmlloyerr &c afruid to deol wkh labor unions?

is tre once polerfu or sre ftflrpprhe Ahlitws uas one ornetrieJraos ffiiorp dhe ptxttrfteAidines, fre nefiB'BkCI Brixtr*Asi*?first rtwas a union offlre rarft and fih snp{ryees

ehpgrcsAmoaturvdrifr

&,* oempre d

arabor union

pALEA

Jdn a m'on atso springs from -eryr*

;E* *s{8700 rnernbers. Dritrb raborcrtsis t r"a t u* e*rne of ne ffi in-s.pc*o* n ***prungiegf $,e *'1o* d-";; r,aedised.Asia,s srnrniesr airrine. "t 1HF PALT*#i.qr,tsirdfu,wt*t ccutd hare been rt",rd ;ilil"*g
I ry f:nt onty $aind he unjusit*tnent aUse *U "gf.naU* rf mrye{nmt' herre it h onry a materof proloca}on. Just and benevdeni*i*grn*t

kbsf* car hCty tp hlorss ktu bfurd rctarce d trrfair mndrlime otstrlq kno&cl, Erg akald to*amthecnleleonseqr.ures ofiobleesnese. Attmee, it'seflcfiarOf dr&a
bd,,leenr,r,Eftwihunfuirmndrtixrsadunanflryrrcntmhe@d$ng,sd(s&':

Amfoda$,loo ardequdporxcrrs. 't}n cm#ys r$rttoor$nb &fid tre frnOane*At fuirt of&eirett(emb be Ustffi s ts* sd persorx. ltrnayttappen, patkx.dariyh$t Phffiresduhgbadtings, . .@ym
2.

Rd{,o

b0

ffi

ffi

.',

Yjltyr*rykysiw# sret b66ngs

Ttpbiffire i$1rltgeryd' tf et} snpqffi vor/d reaByrespedtpuorkers as h*en pasan ard irersy $'Eir neix* to pot*ati,i" ir I*n r,* wru+r,e."a
bsapprerrarsirae in deariqgwiur hbor

*;

G,

When sudr partia:lar sih.ration arises, fie labor unlon can adtievaa negotiafirq gqualfiy bdgeen trreworfers andtire eneffer*'tri6 tE Eobted i{nrkg.iE{Jd ndf*r}sctr secure. tn jdrfng te union, Se umrker b sahEr.rarded of his bash r{ht S he freabd es e frffi

ffiiore wc{k;n ding in

ardequalperconlnFbrqotialbnsvttnpstrutlemdqers. ," ;; . .';,,;,7,';,i,i,rrr

Ihhissoirwntdr*d'ei&Lr*J{Tf6beelprosrbbeamcd#ir-Mqmt', in fire defenseof fle ri$tsof S:ewqka's. ib-trr$srubHe msib have Uem e@qrrysb, .'
nunytoiiirrqrnmandvrornenmosst"eglobe"'lnexu.csinghenghttaorpt&#di*itE hfurunirn, E'ermrt<ersatarry p{m bwre a'socio+iconsnic po*d t'em$e stdSBE
break the sccia!and economicmonop*listic predominanc* of tre ca6*blpmver.
unionisrn is

'

ileednE{fe6:.

pc$ftrdnffigsrsrtsofraturcindriiiuarurcrt<irln
an

ee.sl rbgsding poaeragainstarryab,sive cuporate

s*aarydh d.,s,rerr,s*n.a** minqens,tm

ir pinclple

bgi[mate

nffi

of

stryle

hri rrct an inkitbhnrmrk$o

o@'

Alekf

rrEnagHTerit

I $hflrid cmirrd modem ra*ons grau rp fronr tre sfr4gre d&\e rnnrkers, ryu.tret fre mcH ryreciaunre lrr&s8id vorkers, h prdeofreirJu*nr,,e ug*o*

-_

rn!.i* "n4rgMyovriersdten'earsdpmd,ra* U'"**rrehabffir*af.ndlrdspssa*e "G,*" rmri socrdy, te pmcipal bsk olvdrich is to defend tre exisenria'he**
r:srs wtere Ereir*ua|

"^"*"

t4t.

imper*nre elementof sooallife, boih in contemporary induirializeo ano inouiCriariaing

lry *nr, rghb are concaned Crpnizatorc

Jn**eo

of n X typ*

**

an

t 40, What ore.the moralgroundr of tfic rlght to orgcnlze and taln lobor untrorsl
namery: gre nght to fiee axociation and ure rignt

" Fmedorn ofasscobfw.

dbe treatad es fTec and *dJp**n. toFh

e rebor r.:nrm is dryirred *arn No rnsr b an brand snd ff}an i3

The ernpbyee nghi

ry,' .!b: ry e nght of nature to ronn privete societies end associrhH f* f* ilrpose cf deferuu\'- lreir vitar interwts,
as ra,trfi as

ffi Y rr

nght of oreryhumrn prrson

sosdr*

association k also fre srna r(gittratsA,rles lrTeoke E ursirxess ard gain profib. Tt** human person pcrr ui mmrorcr

q*iurg.

ti r,i*

fte

drdrd*

tu

That labor ls piacod on an equal footing with management is a business history and in tre t*blsocio*mnomic system. Sinca he

r$ht

to free

*j*p*q*x,

b fonn

labcrbecane freer'to dialogtewitlr, d*pute aid oppose manqert*thtm mnditirxs in hilor mntsacb, primatilywP* sudl conFac$caffH

irfilts

teir respedive persond ffid pficeua*r.r*r gr*^g,

] @ ffi *'it 1:ry' safeguard and nol to mangle fris nafuralnght 1-' "'* *, U* and e6'l{:$rt}
*^* ffiorE
,

*trtrarry goiemmert is $'erefore notarklrcdbh6iJsreuarkersbicin rabo, ec h'B as hey aie nd deary n conhdidion *,rtnoran *no n* r udfge On fe mnr.ary, te shte or any fii$eaf am,fV f*as U.*., tuAlUV ,*t

32

.t
C$6or& i'cis Ethr
far @*ws itrlre

|.

...,.].13

NeryAl*wdrm

t^,rft0'reE ff6Hr5 AS 8rH'A[ pFINCrprs tN 8US'N855 133

142, Why Ir ttra rtght to

orgonlre and lobor unlonr not an abrolutc rtght? Jotn

and emproyers to

sornekincofhienarc'voln

whata sigh of rerief formanagers

!o our human nature, other rights organize and join a union

is

rbr,b accept oritizad:iili;,;iffi,rghmosth*r,anr[htsareftrrdamenbr no'ia.

_F_or ra*i,,tr rghr rt rs a conditronarright.

k*assrat human

," ;irl;il;

exlmnte, the emptoyee right to

Labor

micrs

are-

others. frrer, if i,, onto,emia brnrards ohers, s*s h becar:se ir

'a$aitf

3"to*'ffi.dffiEffiffi$ffiffiffim +,ffi
f,;.;,ggL
a

ffiTtrffif*e

indeed a mouthpiecein rire

in

atco,uffi

hr # utr indtui*,nr proressb* nspeciary r,s *,*r,

stuggre***lir.*,

hke m chsa*of oppcxiilixr ** ; ul_-s;;il;-*tlx;ilffiH#.sftrsste.

ffirffi :Xffi*g;;y,.*tn;;#;,t.r***,_tn*i,Jffi
rhe emphyeedghttouganue

t,r*,*o

ff**

andpr, a unim isnotan absorute nght rhis m.usrbe s+:r'r rn rhe rrght of the strong tende,cy of somu rruJ, ,n,*iug to subscribe io an erteme sooahst ideotogie's ano to oislri*i*t_ and poiilicaf convidns. hstory has proven urat raoor a number oi roc ard trrey usuarty a,imed at hose objedives of potirjcal a th,; tl'is type or unions tend ro misuse heir (ssike) bran aten

ig_rriffilfigious rnd. tirin*,no,*o, ;d. i; ;;:

*,*", ild

ofiert*n

\Aflat

freyuereeseb*icd

Ihe

1,43, Ta
role af unions is not to play politrcs, particularly, dirty

ffi trSffffi ,ffiyin'*";'ililils#ffi;r'r,uvi[*d.oi,;,o;#**n

tr* erQious and poritcarcon'rictbnsorne;rmemuers b piv=te property by rea son of

poltrcs $ince uniorn

do not

orgoni:e and loln labar unlons ls not oaly a moral rktrt bur ofso a responsibility, lYhy?

The worke/s rightto join rabrrs rimrted bysti,a h({:erprincpreand more bascnght a pe'=msgrCI.rRof

oerso':storerg*,l,dilp"rr*,n-"."r.
on

The unhappy t'utr is that labor unions can also ad according to ffie prcril pinciph eapitalisrn, Labor unions tend to seek out as much advantage as their sbengh $ouH #oB. Abuse is at*rays possible because it is a hurnan tendency.

il?n",J* pnr a labor union is a contingent S and not an a[r"rJ"r,ight

::?.*.*

Laborunlcrs musthcnor t_ite r.e nght 1furyqe.,T

**p*,

-locratcway rhe ,* ht to orgarxze

nd

The 'ideorogrcar,' combative and divisive tendencies of certain rabor unions ;rtorrratimgymadeitserfintoacondrbbnarright"

For insbnce, common sense tells us trat Sre wago rnuease as rn*y bo enadad S laborunians should nrtoverstep the limiis cf tre emnornic produdnntyof ltrc wnpu'rywftr capacilytc pa'/. ln h*ory, rt is notditficult to understand this rrinciple. H6tvev6r, in fdifie, umrkem n organi:ed labor unbns are almost atwap irdined to denmnd rnm wqe rmneesig that normally exceed frese lim(s

tg*xr
F'e

dispositi.n of some unnm

r*rcn are 0T reforehigherprhdses

had;; iEr;.

# Jn*o, g* und xre ;ffi 0* ffi[* rcHb uftor.rism besr interesiof subo*f*abd.
rs

unl*i.*u*tanabsoruterightdrehs.re

Laborunbns prcfit fiom a positron of for.ce to irnpose, partimiady by means cf #*e wea@ns, a loss-loss sifuatisn wh'ch is too burdensome for he overali eoo,,:crny and ftr Era
particr.llar business leaders, hat

eshblishment lt should be clear to all Bariies, speifically to Ure unlo* b tte smio+cryiornie poner of labr unions conesponds dulix end oH$ation*^

Tlmgreatertrc po,verlaborunims assume, theqreatertTeresponsiibi$tjl's ade,ligs. fre durty, wtren seeking forwage increases, h consider$ra genemi econornic intercst and fie financiaihealh of theirparticr.rlar brandr of indusfiy.
First of al!, unions have

Condensed from l-,{ax Solrven's cslumn in

fhe Phitif,gine SlarfNovemher ?n

1Q961

n*

34

Cbbd&rilcssEd,bfu trD&6h rhl,Jarrrtf,enainn

ET,{PLOYEE

ft'GHIS AS Eru'CAt PR.INOPIS 'N

Fop.rlicr,b rise in produornty hr rre-cffirpa;t rE i'.,6e in prod*y,l

,remse*es bound bya strdard

L',tb*ersrnrsfuilyrffi hdufen treyndea reryestfira ircr.sse as a bas* pnyroj heir -"g. ,o*, #rr,*, arso share in

8US'NTSS 135

progressiue

r.nrages shouH r.f*,i^t[il_*.n.* hathborers mr* harn mncur wih bmnsiler

fu

the responsiufity fo 'mrm

d"dd;,[ffi*p.,r*g
ry o

Tln wnpany pays haza;il allcwanw to ragutar employeos w*o arro adusfry asqpadir aprrpcros'mst&,Bd An*X! o.hu*futqfiatrq a*, l#,f*ebrnsrh d,nsr,*fifsaodte,o,ibls ampr'str, t.. Tha banefif ginhdi lr,rp";;iiirtuo.

bt*iruage

r Jrr u*-,on #haG tiiir,ue,rrsctobpmv*Jeopportrr*tsr "d*. te* *erdq\-;;"* ;'t"pd iil;"#;ffi* g*., aoor*rim pofrcv+iuring sho.dd n t b.;*r h;;irmtyof Tlre tasr fi ng des*"0 in rluo, jd#'n,r.,, an origrdrywi[rin te union. u.;ont*-[*

@strmcon..*'totur,igh*

Amfprdlybtntcfifurddemocnacy. Laboru*onsreston free associalin sotrat theirteadersin alressentiarqu*o*. rillLrJrendentupon the majontywirof -*ou trreir n'eflter$ cerhinty, fT e leders *y

dainrs (a qilrt).

k'twga
rre

n'"y M

wilt&un

vdten

dassrbdhazardaisbasedff,f,oevaruariat
nremorandum issued

tte *nd'tiars
of

i*fu

aa ne[*r,

a deatritycmsurrar].

-*- wrg*

nr *it offre

memuers int6

.1;

trheilrkers b

crilicaf srAtrB21, 1ggs. seqrritycor,$jbntom."roo..neotratarilra4frs6ralgiurpsof

compriance of rhe polcyafiertte seo.'rtyconsultantoffierof the cornpanyaeoareo tiet*ee'pro1ect.f,*ot

in rernote barangays,

byte

HRMD Managerwas adr.raflya

' anned di&sidents were noriced

tre sifuati", l, ur" p,q-d ur*aa

*,

f 44, Are labor unlans ?raneto obuses?

a speo'fccase

*n*ffiff
Itls esSenlial

silrdykfEre tE issre b cerbredm

t

tn bctralhndsEy

on Aust 24. 1sgs, he HRMD manager unexpededry received tu,o retem ftonr tre unim p'esirJs'*s cfhe tq{e.imd DurnrynteFrcJeds. fte refiea indicabd trat $:e unims were iuriars ard dsconsoraE anouffi,i****nJum, daiming th-t t - xrirr,to vidated trc existing CBA spedfically fre provision ,U.intu*nce U,,* of tsenefib.,

,ilffi

exendsafiacross*";

b under*r[t

thzr ph!nn-E*,

The cornpany expbres and ,tirizer rt fle top corporatron in fre phifippin.*,

r*, , il*lfu gn of nature, ano Grs ie ,*e aJrr" U,;",

in the

at

to trtapocor,

,ue

'

=,rsd

r,uorG"n recelvrig haza,d ,*llo*arce equivatent to 1y,-:1.1.: or* pryiii,rJl,o.r averag., ,.*r emdorree rcceivec abon per monfi -*',"i *r"[r u i torg.O1.t! mirfion peryear. sirrce he or r 20 grant has be*n provided u1 rime, the a,owance became su*r{ialpadoftheir"income, a af*caea mrUleE,rnenf of basbrrecessities

ry.v.e1indust'y h nuirrtainas-and n*q b,E A; '*rlde, ' ad $ince Mar"'r 31 , 1986, pNoc-eoc

to trre nature of the

* ,u tu.slescrne sddsd,a@eornbflre industy, ureft,*ere@ybcated. especiafirh ryd;ffi *& Jr*m't .-:-._

nn
sawtrat a.w8stoppri.

discorrtinuaiion oftfe emproyees' hazard a$onaro. padies mnoemed, fire oornpany president

Tre Leyie Lmim infonned heir projed manggers of a possible stike if manennrrt wouldinsiston putting into effect themntents of te memorandumr,rfiidr calrsfor&e

i, ur*orlii *[ii#*
-*,roG

rilimery,

a;

cainfy, geolhermar pianb are ilfua'y

_,+" ;

n.io1il'pr"y**i

f;**"ly CpF;i#_q*t

'.,ffi

The managenent of pNocDC went aily decided to possone tre oiscontinrctier," hazad arhaarce untir further stLrolei. witr an intention to paciff the union members, the searity consurtant officer, HRMD Manager, projecl Manager,
of $,*

or*tir*

Ma%gerndasa'r'razard

co"n'*neu"ore*s*s.noi"*uu"m,,,g{ifu.*r*

Gene*riranaqerand

1n..3*.0*r;;ilfi;_*

sxfia

fuod,

on the determination of sT e safety,ess of a pro.|ect area. The revised guiderindie,e t,en approved by the company president. To date, the three projects stiirenjoy ttre grant as provided
for in S.n na,v

HaredArp a fulqr.

orArgust 14, 19g5, tre Hurnan Reanes ManagernentDivisirn (HRMDIMarager, ss'Ed a rne'qsandurn reoaro*g n,, cesak;-J *Ji of three pojects, nameri: eid, Management sarv that rhe granr esatixr (ffiive SeotemUer r, r X$ _ _ril tr,, existf* pd,cy, wfrirlr sbtes:

* ril;; ilrffih;t** ;-""# til;fo*. ;,*,;

sdoardy migh$y drove tre enure communist madrinery out of porand r Ho*ever he dse to pr:uer of labor unions is nol without lts danger. Ttre workers a" ,r.t i**unJ ,galnst gle tempbtions of ab,sing flmt parer, ironicafiy]in a capihrist and expnmoe ilitrroi."

]t b hE hat labtr urisrs ar orer tp vrorH t sl. becorne a nnst eftjent and pragma$c t:s*n*nttgdeJe'drrerighrsof uorkors eveffiere. rn recE{hittov., iruor*ilncalsd

THE RIGHT

iO COLLECTNE BARGAINING

AGREEMENT

**

s*iroxn oilrs enrghieningff.Pr"r",

(pmnrilo xar'

rsgr[dop{.,,

- e.*x-.- ,...-i, -[:rq"no ffiflf;ffiifl .::.":;;by

n fie hr*tpbo. h gusii+esr Eh*,,: Anreryr'rr on h tunc*ru and durhr dr}it a,io J ar hrprAru* ors/srrikdr2'inrd. oivinr Rey3s, rutfior'r rtudcnt at he Aieneo

-e"-#'driJ1,yT

iiffi

t4I.. What ls collectlve bargatntng?

Fnarrisco Esteh,
of Laborard

ri

i
(of $re
rs

i,*"

Graduate sctrmr a{

Engq6nrrrl Do!E) *tMmitEd

knneDredorofheBr,nazuof LaborRerations

Departtr*rt
by

$ *l

hat coiledive bargernira

dnkod

fr

&;

s..r

GrEet fus:+csli

Cijrc

fr ffipira
r'

h dn I,Jr* fiE*nUrn
!%

Srr4nOyEt f,,GHIS AS IH,CAL PRNOPIES ,N

SU9FJESS 137

@, rad**,^,,,, ua{,_ L_ frers ffi,*[T#iry*v";t*'';#,,#ffi ffiffi

it is

ine rabor union labor ;:a$lli;H 3-:m:r0I hemanager and seen by -"v Nr'ueIy lDeans m setue wn lo setfle rtatl As;- :H#jflm:ns f i* collectr*e barganirq rusryas rE tt*r*pa[ a'otued in mntamporary rum;ffi Darga'r'E has a,olJo incontamporary 5TT * rncr.,",*,*J flT:y' falrworkingg cond,tons r+' *on,

bargaining (and notthe stit manyas.he nunv as.tre nost reasonabl reasorlabb

;;*ff

r' rv * ru worru tur rf,{Erjl

-ffiul

ft
I

e Slafa sfra# essr"ire fre nghfs

dihe

nortorrs to

*lfaganizaliorl, crlkdiw
of r,rryk

bary aiw*g,

wtrlty d

tanurc, andiuS ondhuynens

erdhms

he nb6t

rff

h fre pronrdon

Tffi
of

h*attrl

airline on $eptember 23,

need to gc back to fre sad casa of fle Philipptre A,!rkes. Ouring dG$rB of hs 1S8, PALEA rnembers voted in a second rehrenCum

sunendertheirarnpbyeerqhttoCBAfortenyearsin

!e'

wttit*

*$#ffimru'-:trffif i*** u*t,# ffi *e M M*n*r*o* itr*puynurt uG^ n*" rau,ff

]oyer aru
arre

ffi **#ffi
.o.-jffi
overe,ro

ffiffi
mardatar by

exdrarqebrthe union's 2S percent shareofovrnershipandrevivalofheairlinewtri$wasneddeepindebial"ddeficit ltwss

made dearhat fre tenyear susperuion of 0re nghttoCBA might be the wrtyuay and rehabilkate itsell The question is: Can labor sunender or suspend its constituticnal right

##

rnr.rsr

barsarn

h mcotor

CBA in

emergency tirnes? ln $e sanp veh, can tte neda sw:erder or suqend ib condiMirnal to free press ard fiedryn of eryresslcn h rsre lirnes?

d$t

146.

Do phtttpptne
to
co

147.

i';:r:, :1""; P e e rt ght l he ngh*o m'ectve bargainrng a con*y=l* nght v,vhrcfr means, :httxory Itrl'-:tl-,11il1;TJffi?::ffi#-nT,lls tu nshts .i ;#ilili: as promote
rrecrrfi
rs

Lows prom

To bargoln collcatvelyls not only o rlgtrt but olro a duty. WhyT

t ov

There are howapolhoking atcdleCive bargalnlng as aneffedive apgcacfibe dspute: ooe, asa labrr$"*rd heofrmras a&*ydbdt mangerne{riard bbor l}eordi@, lhe purpose of anycdledive bargainiryistobydryn intotle negotiatingtabiealcards,
to speak, in arder t0

"*,Jofffi*::1ru" tik
s round under he

hing about indusfial peace and advance he mutual interesb ol bofr management and bb*. What can be mm civiked tiun for people of conffidirE irMesb h m trbargahtqbble rafirtffi dosomhe uguns?

&

sitdo,vnlikeilterali:nalber6tlryaresspffidbbe,andrsolvetrcirditrerencespeaeHy 6**etktrifrkfv6, ed sfrnetq mega$Eres

As far as indusldal harmony and mutual inteests are concerned, all labor dlsputes should end up peaceabty after a caltective bargaining. ln this sense, mlledive bargaining is indeed both a legal and ehrcal du$. The meaning of he duty to bargain cdledively is given
by the

o:,s,ii,sl,d;,;#,ffi ;; n 6f,#-###,ffi.,toxtr.asaha*,**** ; ;fii #ii H condrrrons or work " i;,ilii i#,tr##:i a.11 a rivilt w,a;;;,";;;;;:;!:arso paftiiipate in piicy xamakiwp.*our rrijirg";" ana n in{{i* o**" ff r, *ry u iifu oy
st n k e i n a cc a rd a

Ihesfate$,afr

##ffi

laborCode

in Se

blawing uords:

.- Z.Theemptoyeeril i-;r;p3{4i6sr;i*^"i;fi,.t#mlifl,r,##::ffiBg?ffi
' f*
Gn
n

"s@
a

r.mcili ation, and shat!

* #hW # rffi#t:,'#trfrffiy n spw t *w w*et ,*n'iri,1;;;,1#ffi;ffi,*trrff,

s ib i

Idlicle 252 llm dfy fo &aryaln co$drely noans &,m porhnnanoo of a rnufual obtigalianfomeeta*dco,r vone promBily and axpediiiousiyin goodfadh forf.ia
purpose #*ego$a0rrtg *greemenf *afi nrspee{ fo wag+s, fiours of uax*
tenns

rtv ba

anddldlmr

,rft sbasiscanbe

andcald*ons C mplalmant indada'gprysafs fur*$us*ng anygneuanees o'quesfio*s anshg u,rdorsudl agr*o rent aN executing s conlactincorporcbg srd agreea*nfsfreqtesfedly eifhwparSldsrid Ci$doesno t w@ any fo agee lo a prryos a! u b make any careessm,

For

t'e

sake ef rrdustiai peace

fe

La0or

Co& povisbn osigates bot,

nurryrent

and labor
Oupure Sefileme
1

rF*.Hi# #afax#q : '^ tt,*..0rp,.n.#i;1'Y n

:;arcaining'

l#:ffiHHT'J
wort<ers Educatkt

" To meet

and

wwte
rn

prwnpffy and expedrFously

.r

n,irrffi]1ff#r?f*t

t J H-ffi.sem aurru"/,'iJ'i,tron.

nar on'prob,em Areas

2. Ta negobate wfuout taking undue afuaniage af t*s othec

3. A,?d lo

negofale

good falli.

barlaining *orks in cther ccunrries, see .coiledive

?t

,-

138

Cbbor&ri.,6Erhb

Fo.Fry,6 ir rh Napllifrnnim

EA{NOTEE R'GHTs AS TIH'CAI Ff;'NC'PIES

8US'N'S 139
'N

Ihecmmffi dtr*rf,qrn ad dledive

ffifrffifiF,,
t*a* ^ E ihrearefonr,asb"rri;;r*W_ - lt. tawsrys eB ;w basic ree,,,n,"n"*m'.*y fumnb
Ataneo

hdwgeMnrukas#E

ffitrc

barpolnirq are basad wr tra

rmdr SwrgeET ar

Sin** organized labor is rmnrratty in a positian

skt@ ph$la iffir#uduiuksffig d0fl4, io hire tawyers, spokespersons atd o'ifs

@Eduatesdlo*Aarsa.ro*

specbh$ufpcan assidin te BirE dslin of Sreiust ard legiiinate bbamnfad udse sB h a nue stabb po6ilJr8 b ke rmtagffient

fiat
ln a unirqueuay,

tle doeffircntof

ffie

unimism and the dia@re bdlAeen

fi*e
i

Simaritynnansf?e$#m
andnat fa&i,gr'

t .,ffi*na/,s

iffi:i

j*stto,;os.v.,,*iP*.3:llwilnffi orpqedin * *,':,rsisr m oia,s wai ;;;:&W;Xffi

utuorxntrepo4tidimardkffi*sda.ffilybru*${abm{sornefa,.rgg6leU ned$cdox m fsecorsnicard s6{A# gf$r, fltre padb-Cati be&rcen he bborrrarmgrnrl rehtrs.

?pcCI,st

fftifugufuft.laretwe*i te exfu?oe i4
b dwead *,po,**, to

Y,ffi"#

Continuous diatogue. Labor and management,must

ffi

q*n

i Colledive b,argaining nxrd finally lead intrc some kind of an agreenrent Fallurti U 'l reach an agreernent is an frpasse. You kno,v ttrat if an impasse is i*rieved, fre s1i{6 " ' nxnserscanwiffipH mmUyast*e. qutru abgitirnahdr*e,*reent$1pgnet$#a -j ' j. *, **.r*nnicfwreusirreseilsrrent -i:l::*il*l i'r,' gScase
.. :.''
"

Tlre l

dn**r*rcrti

in

nmr**res a+emsk

tro,rra

refrs* UEor11pq1$-';'-,

lffitr::;3i!#;;;:,#:,tr;;;;*;;;;;Loo,.u,,,sr;;*],t
you m*an to ,regotlote tn good futhe duty iaftf,i---, The contempo"S,:lp*g is shifiing
'-rara*nen
EDof

adtievo rgutar

canrdlintoafull.sealeknpasse, asituatbnud,ienlailxcankiilbotriEdf
prpcese

andfufrmh0B'f.:..]i

&rtrea&icaafteetenil4mo,,ementl$usangMayoUnoorKtriU,0'plftit-+".i#, pa*ersirip retused to diabge, to glve and blte, to listen adivety. Ttre issue ceased Udng + a :;..'l
unionrfiembrsregretfibtyftrudf'remseivesintrelmgtistof

eoorrrynhard becareilesgical RubbermrH h Ncilalicheserenhldydo$eddmpatdtp'.t"=:

148. What do

fdespmbunemdqFd.'.

i,rhrpt, T@s nure*rs d#,te se#er*ntasadve*i,naranoar@iir[.1,*"og*

paft,s$Epffi

,1"

kom rabordrspute setuement to rabor-

THE RIGFITTO
149. What !s s

STRIKE
strike?

' ,.'.,.ii'tti'

f,:*if

ir..

ffi'#*^o aro* * G mnaer,r" canbemhda*crnfidersrrbc*rryts& of bari '*mrer,herefore akar, ,.offi ff'ffi i3*g."*nr de{rsh**"rioEhere gnoc rarrr Forsood arxl negotate
p"rm*r,p
una

oi muruat interesb, hey rrrmter'H parricrpdiur r'"0 trere

farth. tt is

prefern.;p*i,

^"*

ut*i* r,.aire
ttrep,omcto. * *,,se o

#ffih*:n

r+ei.,ce,

ard partrerstrb. anJi

, .- . l. ln 1970. h te krd dercracy and equal oppct'rnib, US pffiUentmfi# t{Don d6k2( a naticnal enwpcy a,rd crdered 30,m0 tmpers to NarYof( Gry b bffiil( he frs[
nalbrnMdaposbiurcrtee'sfifqe addsfiation0{anationate+rergercyryhetTledpoirefti rnan On oerfr mt rst gdve us scr'"e idea on ho* equalty po*erf,.rl a strke adisr can ba
ln a kind o? en tdlinsfr.rn tc em@rers, a strike oruork sbppage b tuly an effediraa me$od us*d by labcr u*ions ev*ryrvhere to pursue the lust rights of freir members. Tht questkx ls, are hey iu$ified?
is rda bd(*3| $tke h $1g refrsal torro/x onte partof he organEed$trke6, relisdderffiprs h #mitfiernlcrkem tovsk bealled a bck*r,tt Eihsrygor ivt"rsexfie

fa*h is

cciiecuve bargaining, rn ib artide

*,l roiie*#,i.ii"o*g,_^1r_r1rrffi

tabor to

il;;

ffi$#rh *r*
he

ffirilefis

in

or.oy

mandabs ,.rar

Every person dutes, acl witt jusfu,gnrze lr*lr_rjrf*oftubnghts an d in er,erlone trs dua, ud ol
a

perfomance othis

n.r*si..ry.drtytonrytateilgoodhitrrequira.r,,ffff * ^-_- inbnt b constrrrrnats h[* rg;"#*d *iu, r-**ro-** i- r#r*p*l* bargaining posirions a*d adivities. qi J;-n* ffi

Sbfte

m'
'ot Afe* CM,

either partv ro

ffi::try e''turo.rolrv r!; i; il*sai

Sreat'rsnuyOenrhsTec*"rseof amlledivebargainirg,n'tienoreoftepalkphftelgb6r

consi$,,rion,

ho an,

or require rhu

*[i*g or u

o.o

cofiM carndcsren*ke

oh&i.t he ecndiliffis

it

dsires.

I50. Wfiot or* the moral bcses of c rtrlfte?

Siike
is

boh

onlyto sEenbe

fsrilsetuffi hd alsolo s',aq I $tjke.

ffil

and nr*ral rod of iabor

fte

la+r

pr"oie$ thc r$ht af tahoreru rwt

Mo ol thspnSdm!

(RA 3689I

An r0, Ch*e.1.

f40

;.,.."..,.,;:

6hbol &$hcss

Edl

for Ftplru in

dra

Nrnv

Milerr*m

EtIPI"OYEE ftiGHIS AS

ETH,0{I PTNAnES N

8US,N$S

141

The rightof hborers

,,ob at

b alla

su"ike

ttreir regilimate right to sfike, witrout being su@dedbsorne kird of personar per'ar sanoicls furtalrirng part in a stfte. t mus admit0*t sr*e is a tegitinHe rneans h$, a t srn* rm", efnphasinrq hat a stike nrnains, in dear and sirnpre nmrds" an " purp*ses, otier Snn exberne mean*.
aim.
rt

briiar sgeemfis wih managr*nt Astike isefrkx$yjusrifiabre insotarss ffre stike doas notvbhb0rs.rqgitlrnde and moral r*hb of ohens, sLdr as t,. cith; , ,E^, wodtcs shourd ideary be assured of
it

ui,

so bng as

*rirq

viorates no pnor

spnrqs lirrrn rrc nghtof eadrvrorfterhquit his/her

R6aU Rqan fred rnoddfl'enali:n's airtaff,ccofit'obsftr sbiking illegally and sdered feir unkrn, Ilre PolbssbnalAf ImJfic ConkofierAssodaffii,
ln 1981, US PresiJer*

il;*i p,offiffi;:iffi

deet*ed Setrd rnordxbfur, sfirp400,0muor*echr*rrHummrsideredflelargsdk rallyinArnericanhi*torygatrered inWashiryton, DC, in protestagainslthepol$gsdfr -n*a,ef*dsnoffiilrated bhgs.o{6feta st'ikocan spwka wp{f Reagandmirisffiimr.
viocxrscycle.ta of ca$se, s 6tiks b atuoe0$ytrd rislcyon llre partof meem$qpea.

Jd@ a e$*c

b ufiinal

**t

,,*r u. anuseolspecxar-rv ior #iucar or aren

ai'useof

E oeriermnrarnow tets'' afuse of fp sfkew*apon can leadbfl.,u paatys*0f t,e ',*nte or sociGewlomjc tife, or ar rhe very te_;i;irh"

maymeantratanernsqeepushislha!:bontre$ne,nirl$,lntiepfocess,mryrndts&a erni*o1roor.,lffirableOeintrx*nprsectdinandhmniEaticn.Asfikenrrydsonw,tful*tg hiiltrer lifa srd hbfior$rnfit's esaxity.

Tho reason wtry alternative,

;fi;ffiTffirfinagsis, $re$rkeueryniscont-aytorrenqur*r*moff,a*nmwrpodof
u rc
p,operry

adrrw
it

ctffi

e"d e#,nellmes kruper:aHe

dma6t

of a

stika am gnoda'fi8h

rre

shalH be seen as Sna u!$trst femsdy, tre hct measure ard Su frreleda?tC

:ffir;il*iaan
lt

rrnoerstil narse

socirty.
of human raboriEerf

sinx

B! nature, rabor

lS

l.

What ore the Fffe cts af o strifte?

*rkes*n bean Hordever,e0thsffiseshdarry hrtrdtimab$leaponforhatairrnwrtoflud,fiddffiards. stopage duc1| b d,vE6detirrer{d ha hxirmsfirmg1b auf"oh ffi11gtr of irdsryueet
Softe qJestion retreins:
ts a

stf(e$trhflxffi

The

idafu

mght be usefrJ b cih

had an acanmdated ro6s

lry pr'etbed cornpania pALstffiined-hses

yTr
rn fl"e fiscar

vearen*ng trtai*r

case kr\Efuirq he phrlippirne Airrines, Asia,s firs, w,rridr of 10.7 b!i[* no* imsto rggs, *d a ca.fie of by*ns rr*,fe

te

to

po* li,

ire {eneral public. Moreorcr, because it oftsn leads to biitemess and animbsBy' it ha nmnagetwrtrnployee rela'tbns h pg $ufu'grd detrimenhteffedson smial peace: on

"s

fr

ftun

d pesm. That isb prohadedcomo{estirggbfo,*,r.*f",iffiwfridrtrretyoon

us6

rggs,

*rt

n ,t

*. n*ri,G[ mLnion into a

sry, pALhaseme,gec

on

tre affected mcietY in ganeml.

t52.

lfhot crc tfie condltlons far o strlke to be

cthicolly permlrsl$le?

Lucirr Tangainedfl^re majority mnftor from tre govemrnent. rn l ggg Lu:io Tan stepped out oirnr ano a uong Kmgsased mngtomerati came i* to r*uun uptl rL*r.

The effedsof a strike areh"rlly repeehensible. Becauseof this,t'rere aret'rmiB setW

Tm bad (rtcannrdbeaoi@)tutf'ecostof a sfike strikers and the company The oeiotoct<

management ard PALEA resufted in a wr'ldcat days, covering rul sa,hb and Arl sou/s ary=,

is ar,nays

i, nug;trton
sfiki

bo

high-bdr
phirippine

forsrc

sfike hadrefrtrousardsof

Firipno?'.,df-;b;p.r*;u*shandedfsr*,rs.
inandoutof

ti*r

between the Airrine on odober 30, 1gg6 and lasted for tr.*e ,*ry sdernn for npst Erirsn6. The PALEA
Manyve,-e ncr

socialjustie ardflrenatJtd le,YbSe rxc of tre Etikeueapon" AstrikeismorallypecdesHe urder cerfiin d*fined endilioru, and t need b t*dtle $xrn one by one l-*re, @rg tut unkm leaders anC membem might ur*erstand hat the loilorirq ere absslute conditons b ius$ty

skginga stike:

able to fly at aildue to flight canceitatrons.'

PAL had a daitvaverage of Bs.fl,ghts coming

f. z 3

IfieSB<emu$*fuays be fie,estrceoilrsa. l-heseccfldiffIporfantccrrdi$orisralaledfofregoalrobjech,a,

&1eits,

f'le

'

rebooking, food ard bdging f,orsbanAed

the Dornestr,;Arrporto,ror to,re 1996rahroisb.'Sirmnsnrof tregmlndopilatonsottreNinoyAquino rnwnatmal '{irportare tundred b/ PALEA s}e *lte r,ri o.r"}dii* ne*mnr fqils asrad. ForpAL the 1 996 strike arone has resurted in about r iro *irrion prso rost in ffight cancefiations, '

r*ason lbrea#ing a sfrke musf be fsfifui. Ifre fird oorrdrem is relaferj fo fre rneans lo be usad ln sfag,ng s sfike,

rl*i

&frenassr?shbeefipbyedbyfite'sfikersmusfbmo'airyscc{rytabls'

passeffi.

153. K/hy ghould strike be o lost and final recouruc?

Cogniuant 0f the adersq efiecls and sometimes ineparable damages of a skike,
as hrsiness trbcri$s and pagmatsb refened to it as an euiltlrat should be arcriried are wifiiesses tc his singb tutt pcssible. History and o.rner( ewr8

ffia*d ereniuaftyoipprecteairrineardmadear,ousaix*eennpayeesffiss.

dhpr.-ott]*,muse

Again, in Jurv 1ggg, pAL suffered aro$rcr setback and

The rabonnnn consistr,[

Jrc* o,, onLpAF

sr

fiis

tir,re

fre cost uas

a

near

rndt m

sfike

hai

*m #_-g;#nent

tuia's first ainine uo*eo

onsepiember

"r,i.rtJrJ, ails,;, *,y ,o

;
S-r"h t*'Labcr
F{istory"

at lrttpJimr*'a.uniononline.comlhistcry/1970'h+'m'

i42'

&b6,&.r$ffi E is foi.fdpi,6 ir rle f.larlr{Carnirm

ln our

_ ,
t
,..apf

t^lPtovff
54. Why muct
2. Tle

6Hrl

A5 Erl+,CA{ Pf,iNOPttS ,fv BUt

' ': 'l 'r' ::': l+"t':':t'11ra3t NE$S l4s

1

demands. Yet unirN 'rteapon ht^re

peserG@ ciru:mstances lu'Brer f,' stike may sf; fl be a necessary 0ra4h . uftimate, means fortre protedion of he workers'basic riglrts and tre fulfillnrentof tnef pst

..

the ,?oront far catltngthc strlkc bc

cond*m
is ralalbd fo

tawf*l?
sdrt d'

l
j
l

l#ea

and

fe

vmrkers in greneral mlust Ue leO to

alteaulive.

ufimdeodion, hemostexfemeiemedy, S:e bstmeasureanOttreverytrut

,mXu
of

sailfi kplrlllt

fe

goel

oroqpcfrs. tho

asti<ecrt\erssonftr#rgastflem.rstbebnft!,sr&rwccneyiddetroffi
affi w4e u s{frlfrcart iryrovemnb
h lheYvcrking cordi$mscf labtr'

fightb cafl and sbge a strke by,n'ostkadersass'pr"fiimatsnpar*bsetiledbArtes-if

mry by adions wfrifr are rncraliy permissible.

n" fu'dedi\re

is

orcssly*ro^ledgedt@

a,d,^tro,h,rvno-irmrreirri6rts

Astike bfukand nrcral iffre mnpanyis de#iypercei+sd byer s n*irg prcffi h($npayirqnagesehuhearerage. Gvrlenfreonprry$mptrdssbirea ihe workers; piy lttfrJugh it is capable tb do. On the othefiand, a stikl ia u$uot lf tlto

#ffis

Efforts nrr.rcl be made to cone h a peacefi,l set$emed everytime a socj+econornic disputewu.rldadse. Rem.rrsebsincerediso*sbnbeturcenhepgtilsisatwapaprirxity.
1

wn$qpesi+lroareafreaUypiturryaUorefekssEaeragesi[$*ehsee|c*rnrotl
andmoreinctease.Noen@l6mayMrparticrpaehanuniu$stike.
Itmiglrt bewefi

:;:'
'
Y*'

- ;'
,

, . ',,.r,;,;!:;,.;1..

. The

;ustify a strike. tt means

proper to call in a thirdaarf conciiiator to try to mediate the raoo, oi*jute - alain aner exhaustng all possibiEtns.

here ought to be a reasonable period of negotia$on anc fuling

f',t a jrike is permissibt; equibble setflenent of ilre differences hare been eaniesty $ec and esrausted. ln pnncde,

stike rwd always be ke lad and find rcmurx.

;t;r;;;-th;;p*d;ffiffi;;
,n
rt

lt is an absolute

mndition

mndft6fl b ;se'rt I e PALI confactualbati<m

ofi

ur- r.ilr,

it is

usuafly

mnpaniesb repuce regrraq,orkers. PALbegmbcffs"tsrtsbliI p6fiffi'Fbrs,' depafnenb ocapied by tes:br m$fees. Tte defarfner* d\relsdy tr.1;;id,.'., incatefing,maintenance,importcargoanCengrneorana,.{operatiors.

* ro**

go back

b onspecific casto figure etv'tfls'qitdne ! nA one main rsson ftrcalkq a sti<euas PAI-EAE &Edft
ln a b{d t0 redrrce

;&li.ii
d

kfficial

lms,

fAl** O5$

ry$-$t:t.

..

istB'

$o mudr can be reamed torn flre pAL experience, herce

Afler

[,,

need to go back to

fe

rrv s stu L '".-:^i., -. ff\Lta\ta.l.ffiU I I Eltwl+t*l PAlE!(sboffd rnefibergdainredfratryp natdimdi;rflensnagrynstvri rY'|vvv-'!'r''" ; lYrlrlsrruEle heading is fiis: $ftik in he past PAL used to lease airplarcs ofi dry iease bsb {'$/fuirg llautrlyl!ullo.
Lrl tlJ! Oneof

;']'

.' :'

*nd demands. PALE"A repeatedry appeared to start ihe negofiation immediarery, but pAL managemerrt wanted b wait until fie end tf tre year li seemed f,lat pALEA felt di;iilusioned

,.

t,"h cBA oq*ed

on

se@nber

30, 'r 9g5, pALEA

alrcrafl6n$),rrolvithasEasedflanesoau,rethaseipsis(indudingfidffA:si$sfidgrd
submitH heir crlA popo*ars

i1l1,1'

':6cs

abatd PAL managemry(s irdiffe{ence

$re

urmn*d fn awxgffi.E{rfr.ffi o.rryuq

ufcn

cabincren,r)^"In6",lresad, 1sunderminingwruniat.l/fr,atPALiscri*gbbCrff+hpf&,","","togef ndoisome&000*od<ers. ttVemughldialoguesrWrPAlmanagemefdfutrfiry19.l"1.,,, aet yud ny Umrhmcerly es eradonced ly &{sys, r,fl?epgsrafioes h me$$,rsand,g

tawlavalrcprasenfalrrcs'Perfiaps,itmaybehelpfulforamoreintelligerfr'dSefiatlbn.h,':','
mention that the Memsrandum ol Agteomen! Blade and enlered by PAL and FAI-EA :' imrnediately afier the sbike, apparentfrcnGrmed frris confachraea$on prograrrWasfie
After all things am said about the obJec{iw of a sbike, I nnst be carefti
,

pALEA observed flrai the lirur reasons aircac! matenalhed, namery: (1) :n* detarls to sT e PALEA cBA pmposats; (2) FAL finanoal report kri ggs; {3) 0.re arnval af nerv ;r'eraft, ard (4) the settement of pAL o,vnership.
1

:ted by management ftrtre deray

. Nothing has happened unfir June

996

in the r,egotiatrons hsve

b *cd ffi

d
'

partiesshot-rldat*aysUteinUs*lusmr'e$el,at*rrs,attrecauseds'esffim6tdrybe
gi'arerfun fre mmeqr*ntiel hamnful eileds. llhe eil efieds are gdterfimFofda-m
io, CeCa*ng a strke, [ir*re is no harm repeating a*d sfessing exerted to avotd a strike at all costs.

on oclober 2, 1996, for t"re hird or fourtr tine, pAL marugement pmmised :i,at rtwoutd submittre economc ffiage soonerh.it kired tooo dconcti-t ry iepartnentof Labora#ErngoyrnerrtaxunedprbdcionoifieUUoOep,,encn
irrne.

pAIEA

:;eh*een the parties raere cailed by thaNCMB {a srird party) ard on odeber 2<, 1996, tire

;f*-*-

tr tad tut all 6{&{6 rxrd b8

tesemnO

on 0clober 30, 1ffi, PALEA f;red the rlorrce of sfike and s'bsequenfly went on a '.:tr;r"*vrde strike. PALEA offrcers daimed to have e*raustd a{ peacerur sriegiss al r'; other v/ay ro prompt nranagement to risten to u..reir request kr negotiaton! and so frey ':r*eded to slnke. They added that they never meant h inconveniend hhe pubric. r0?

I55. Wlry shosfd the rnecns to stoge a srlke &c m*ralty occePtoble?
3 Tlre frird and final mndition s related
a to S"

r,"c

mearx h be wed in SrytE a sE{Q, Faf

'

striketobenroral' flenrosrshboempbpdmugbemoral/yaeeprsbb' ltlwddcaraifiVb0 unf;:ir farworkers, forexample, to lehw a steeimillwitu.rt firsttaking steps necmyttrr polxrmding clSB hjmaces. Stikas h a food strs stnutd make froustm h.he odsf sdt

l:!"]'l M Guron, iil a p5ril6lly Gguifud writt*n fsport rub,ffrtllad h $B auflo/s Busi*ars Efrhs clars, 'i:'qlf A lhouilionttratRatusest00k,'Novnmbcrza. 19!6. rnoreportc-nasJiiun'inr**,r*
l;clrmen Mr Guron and a

of;rerishahlogoods Nornatierhopbitt"erthe$$enVnentolulorle:agahelfieCffirg0f
n',rnagement nray be, it is not leqltimate to de*trcry mac,\rneris5, Grrred pl'q6l:al danwge poPertes

tffi?tfi

unlx

olEmr sl ths PALEA hfsyruton csnter.

16i

t,tiiLi*!il.!

144

C"OAA,srman"forfiSrrondrNov

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:.,:-

...:

,.

.-.:

,.,ir . :: -:

,.-

.:..

. ,,,:,

hl,lentum

- .-

rrt

coNcRETE

Appuc{noil orEiH,CAt ruilcp{,Es T0 B{tslt{tst

14$

-,".].-:..::t*1|

-*#
-'

::

agar* meas-res

A[ partes shord not ftrget har r," freedom of *orken must be sabgruarded by rav or,rtnframn

uae

0'n bw sirat sabE ad f,osebbor nrust not be srfl hd r prqLdices t,"

'rrsr

-urp

**; #;
"

daims

dt'"

wrirr members.

hgislahon .,fi.,t.; ;;'o*fr smre neapon fortre pomdbn n" ,", n r ,ri; a baiarrce in soromonbwisdom.cf te

*ii,Lil._

fusewfoamwtring u-rort yvrrereas

rgnrrorh on tre o0rer

PART FOUR

hard

156. Con
The
of

publtcreryontr stoge astdke?

ee of cfd aM publa senanb b a different story. sirce any stoppage of raork on BAsc servanb wii nar,,n or pbric disorder, only be iustifiabre in rhe a sfike rau.rrd ca.se or reiity grrrjniiuii.* rno r*ry serfous affliction to gold$Yltertwrkers the rnatlv,trltredrt""rdrt';,r*goodardmrnmonseftser.quire hat dodors, ntrses, posbl
r'a part

e Concrete Apptication af Ethical Principles to Business

Th
'........

er

e,t";,

*Jl;ilff

ln business trere
You hava your

are a bt of fadors Fat may inlluerra

b"y

se#il;;;;,#*,o.n*,
asked:

wrtii are in The eitricalpr:rcipE rsually rnvoked is

reh*qredrcn s ofien

not opr to go on sbike.

greabr*

lY

yd" F-;;;;b.,*g
qrstaldea[

Doile

airfine ard tre

Hemmmunitxrirns indrstb,

to flre ca.regory

dp.ruic servix?

expenenee es rnanegers. Addod to hat is lh* urgent demands of your postt*rn srd tp organizati:nalmdesofcoruircitutyur tt6e afuedh.Ttrefadordwhatya.rps,*rxJd hink u say about tu,tr dmislon rnay also munt

orin indMduai moralfi tricd aM tested

bo&r

yurrehEai dechim+nai*rgi peconal ard prdre$ml

When itisaquestion

ffitrffif/e
hunan rights, irdudiro tresake df,e orrr*on
r.^re

!!u!ic,se,:!nts, foassess fte

ti*i

aryili**
r;,.ik;

requiredforke tfeof an entire natian.

the harm

causdor*"ry
p,esen[ unron

Tle aprmdt I dn* h fris book Eone hatgo*from ghcil*bcmq funswy prais. ln parts one bhree, I enteed somets* lnh a kld ddlscermnrrtdtn ffiefiry of business and deafr wifr h6 ftrndarenbl fin#m of fueness e&hs, leameg sorm ba*ie
to

and members are encouraged to car off man's sooar nature, the employ.*ghito

0n rare occasb'rs even when arrfre condrtions tolus[fy leaders

a shike are

right'io;*il

ffiffi :H;trffi'#iffi H*Fffi;ateotomoretu*i,*J"sr;gnt,.r

o-nrfiryirc",rauc,n u.,*issue of human ruhb. Just as u,e rEht to trrlate pooer['is rim**o by .,rd to t'e cornrnon good, heLboren,

g*d""y."to-

;ffi;.=i.,*
;&;#;t

ftirough it is urtimatery based on ,t ik.r:r"n*i*u, ur,*nditionar ncr absorute. A*

or*,on*tion.

sr.rpposifursandaxunS*:nsrncessaybpropedyesrts?)qrsdfvritrststyur&h.ednrs* ' For he rernainirry questions, ! hope to explore deeper into speci$c oram$m ard spdd cases, deba$rg wheher or not tiu fundannenhl principiea cf business ehks, narnetf ho conceptof emrcrnicjustbe, pbntyof laborovercapital, respedkrrhman6$,ti$syd ke) nghts, prebrertid option fort'e poar, he sodal drnmsim d a.r r$htto Hivats property, ard
others are appiicable.
tr{y main appoach will be ore oi casuirtry *fiich means l il pey altenton to er mtfiy <nses as possible, to adual etnical ditemmas, to real business stuatims hai call fsr e&kxl

Sdf-sacrifice for

pdgm*nt I have suMMded hrs

rnmpdiors;
(3)

part into fue cnfcaf areas of mncem where ksinas eff*x rnay aptly be putto use, in the duties and rights of business to,vards (1)employces; (2)

mnsunias;

(4)

gcvernmen[ ard {5) tn erwiroment

I have io remind you trat tre short queston-ansumr presentaiion is a brain teaser Firt''rsdsaJssi:r'6areerm"r4edmttela*anirsJestrwtbdorddbe{'aietyLirnrdmed.